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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_in_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_in_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variation in morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_in_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollen_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollen_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pollen production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollen_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_reproduction_in_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_reproduction_in_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sexual reproduction in plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_reproduction_in_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stamen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeldraad" title="Meeldraad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meeldraad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="سداة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سداة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambre" title="Estambre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estambre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estame" title="Estame – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estame" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81" title="Һеркәс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һеркәс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тычынка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тычынка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тычачка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тычачка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тичинка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тичинка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1nik" title="Prašnik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prašnik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androceu" title="Androceu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Androceu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%C3%A7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аçа туни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аçа туни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty%C4%8Dinka_(botanika)" title="Tyčinka (botanika) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tyčinka (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8vdrager" title="Støvdrager – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støvdrager" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staubblatt" title="Staubblatt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staubblatt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolmukas" title="Tolmukas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tolmukas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Στήμονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στήμονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estambre" title="Estambre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estambre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stameno" title="Stameno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stameno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorezil" title="Lorezil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lorezil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_(%DA%AF%D9%84)" title="پرچم (گل) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم (گل)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tamine" title="Étamine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étamine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staim%C3%ADn" title="Staimín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staimín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estame" title="Estame – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estame" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EA%BD%83%EC%88%A0" title="수꽃술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수꽃술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A7%D5%BB" title="Առէջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առէջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पुंकेशर चक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुंकेशर चक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%A1nik" title="Prašnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prašnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamino" title="Stamino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stamino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benang_sari" title="Benang sari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Benang sari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A6fill" title="Fræfill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fræfill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stame" title="Stame – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stamen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪುಂಕೇಸರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಂಕೇಸರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მტვრიანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მტვრიანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavulio" title="Chavulio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chavulio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etamin" title="Etamin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etamin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen_(botanice)" title="Stamen (botanice) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stamen (botanice)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putek%C5%A1%C5%86lapa" title="Putekšņlapa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putekšņlapa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuokelis" title="Kuokelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kuokelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stam" title="Stam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porz%C3%B3t%C3%A1j" title="Porzótáj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Porzótáj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Прашник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прашник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കേസരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കേസരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="पुंकेसर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुंकेसर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stamen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeldraad" title="Meeldraad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meeldraad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雄蕊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollenb%C3%A6rer" title="Pollenbærer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pollenbærer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B8lberar" title="Mjølberar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mjølberar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estamina" title="Estamina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estamina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF_%DA%88%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="پراگ ڈنڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پراگ ڈنڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffblatt" title="Stoffblatt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stoffblatt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anther&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Male organs of a flower</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Bulgarian physician, see <a href="/wiki/Stamen_Grigorov" title="Stamen Grigorov">Stamen Grigorov</a>. For the data visualization and cartography studio, see <a href="/wiki/Stamen_Design" title="Stamen Design">Stamen Design</a>. For the structure in cryptogams, see <a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg/250px-Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg/375px-Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg/500px-Amaryllis_stamens_aka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Stamens of a <i><a href="/wiki/Hippeastrum" title="Hippeastrum">Hippeastrum</a></i> with white filaments and prominent anthers carrying <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>stamen</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>stamina</b> or <b>stamens</b>) is a part consisting of the male <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organ">reproductive organs</a> of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the <b>androecium</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Been10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Been10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="filament"></span><span class="anchor" id="anther"></span><span class="anchor" id="connective"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_and_terminology">Morphology and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphology and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Filament"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Anther"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamen_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stamen_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Stamen_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stamen_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Stamen_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Stamen_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Stamen_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2619" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of stamen</figcaption></figure> <p>A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the <b>filament</b> and an <b>anther</b> which contains <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">microsporangia</a>. Most commonly anthers are two-lobed (each lobe is termed a <b>locule</b>) and are attached to the filament either at the base or in the middle area of the anther. The sterile tissue between the lobes is called the <a href="/wiki/Connective_(botany)" title="Connective (botany)"><b>connective</b></a>, an extension of the filament containing conducting strands. It can be seen as an extension on the dorsal side of the anther. A <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grain develops from a <a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">microspore</a> in the microsporangium and contains the male <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a>. The size of anthers differs greatly, from a tiny fraction of a millimeter in <i>Wolfia</i> spp up to five inches (13 centimeters) in <i><a href="/wiki/Canna_iridiflora" title="Canna iridiflora">Canna iridiflora</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Strelitzia_nicolai" title="Strelitzia nicolai">Strelitzia nicolai</a></i>. </p><p>The stamens in a flower are collectively called the <b>androecium</b>. The androecium can consist of as few as one-half stamen (i.e. a single <a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">locule</a>) as in <i><a href="/wiki/Canna_(plant)" title="Canna (plant)">Canna</a></i> species or as many as 3,482 stamens which have been counted in the <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">saguaro</a> (<i>Carnegiea gigantea</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The androecium in various species of plants forms a great variety of patterns, some of them highly complex.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generally surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">gynoecium</a> and is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a>. A few members of the family <a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a>, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Lacandonia_schismatica" title="Lacandonia schismatica">Lacandonia schismatica</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lacandonia_brasiliana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lacandonia brasiliana (page does not exist)">Lacandonia brasiliana</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with a few species of <i><a href="/wiki/Trithuria" title="Trithuria">Trithuria</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a>) are exceptional in that their gynoecia surround their androecia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippeastrum-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hippeastrum-1.jpg/220px-Hippeastrum-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hippeastrum-1.jpg/330px-Hippeastrum-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Hippeastrum-1.jpg/440px-Hippeastrum-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption><i>Hippeastrum</i> flowers showing stamens above the style (with its terminal stigma)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_(the_%27Stargazer_lily%27).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg/220px-Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg/330px-Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg/440px-Closeup_of_Lilium_%27Stargazer%27_%28the_%27Stargazer_lily%27%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3193" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption>Closeup of stamens and pistil of <i>Lilium</i> 'Stargazer'</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Stamen</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word meaning "thread" (originally thread of the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a>, in weaving).<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_&_Short_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_&_Short-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Filament</b> derives from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filum" class="extiw" title="wikt:filum">filum</a>, meaning "thread"<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_&_Short_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis_&_Short-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Anther</b> derives from French <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anth%C3%A8re" class="extiw" title="wikt:anthère">anthère</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klein1971_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1971-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from classical Latin <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthera" class="extiw" title="wikt:anthera">anthera</a>, meaning "medicine extracted from the flower"<sup id="cite_ref-Siebenhaar1850_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebenhaar1850-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saalfeld1884_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saalfeld1884-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀνθηρά">ἀνθηρά</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthērá</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Klein1971_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1971-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saalfeld1884_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saalfeld1884-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feminine of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀνθηρός">ἀνθηρός</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anthērós</i></span>) meaning "flowery",<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄνθος">ἄνθος</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klein1971_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein1971-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ánthos</i></span>) meaning "flower"<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Androecium</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>androecia</b>) derives from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀνήρ">ἀνήρ</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">anḗr</i></span>) meaning "man",<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B6%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:οἶκος">οἶκος</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">oîkos</i></span>) meaning "house" or "chamber/room".<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_in_morphology">Variation in morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variation in morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_flower_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/220px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/330px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mature_flower_diagram.svg/440px-Mature_flower_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Stamens, with distal anther attached to the filament stalk, in context of floral anatomy</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the species of plant, some or all of the stamens in a flower may be attached to the petals or to the <a href="/wiki/Floral_axis" title="Floral axis">floral axis</a>. They also may be free-standing or fused to one another in many different ways, including fusion of some but not all stamens. The filaments may be fused and the anthers free, or the filaments free and the anthers fused. Rather than there being two locules, one locule of a stamen may fail to develop, or alternatively the two locules may merge late in development to give a single locule.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme cases of stamen fusion occur in some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthera" title="Cyclanthera">Cyclanthera</a></i> in the family <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a> and in section <i>Cyclanthera</i> of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthus" title="Phyllanthus">Phyllanthus</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>) where the stamens form a ring around the gynoecium, with a single locule.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants having a single stamen are referred to as "monandrous." </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antera_Lilium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Antera_Lilium.jpg/220px-Antera_Lilium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Antera_Lilium.jpg/330px-Antera_Lilium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Antera_Lilium.jpg/440px-Antera_Lilium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a <i>Lilium</i> stamen, with four locules surrounded by the tapetum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollen_production">Pollen production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pollen production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical anther contains four microsporangia. The <i>microsporangia</i> form sacs or pockets (<i>locules</i>) in the anther (anther sacs or pollen sacs). The two separate locules on each side of an anther may fuse into a single locule. Each microsporangium is lined with a nutritive tissue layer called the <i>tapetum</i> and initially contains diploid pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis to form <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> spores. The spores may remain attached to each other in a tetrad or separate after meiosis. Each microspore then divides mitotically to form an immature <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">microgametophyte</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen grain</a>. </p><p>The pollen is eventually released when the anther forms openings (<a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)#Anther_dehiscence" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehisces</a>). These may consist of longitudinal slits, pores, as in the <a href="/wiki/Erica_(plant)" title="Erica (plant)">heath</a> family (<a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a>), or by valves, as in the <a href="/wiki/Barberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberry">barberry</a> family (<a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a>). In some plants, notably members of <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asclepiadoideae" title="Asclepiadoideae">Asclepiadoideae</a>, the pollen remains in masses called <a href="/wiki/Pollinium" title="Pollinium">pollinia</a>, which are adapted to attach to particular pollinating agents such as birds or insects. More commonly, mature pollen grains separate and are dispensed by wind or water, pollinating insects, birds or other pollination vectors. </p><p>Pollen of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> must be transported to the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>, the receptive surface of the <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a>, of a compatible flower, for successful <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> to occur. After arriving, the pollen grain (an immature microgametophyte) typically completes its development. It may grow a pollen tube and undergo mitosis to produce two sperm nuclei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_reproduction_in_plants">Sexual reproduction in plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sexual reproduction in plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in plants">Sexual reproduction in plants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg/220px-Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg/330px-Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg/440px-Phalaenopsis_orchid-Stipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Stamen with <a href="/wiki/Pollinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinia">pollinia</a> and its anther cap. <i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis" title="Phalaenopsis">Phalaenopsis</a></i> orchid.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the typical flower (that is, in the majority of flowering plant species) each flower has both <b><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a></b> and <b>stamens</b>. In some species, however, the flowers are unisexual with only carpels or stamens. (<b><a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a></b> = both types of flowers found on the same plant; <b><a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a></b> = the two types of flower found only on different plants). A flower with only stamens is called <b>androecious</b>. A flower with only carpels is called <b>gynoecious</b>. </p><p>A <b>pistil</b> consists of one or more carpels. A flower with functional stamens but no functional pistil is called a <b>staminate flower</b>, or (inaccurately) a male flower. A flower with a functional pistil but no functional stamens is called a <b>pistillate flower</b>, or (inaccurately) a female flower.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An abortive or rudimentary stamen is called a <b>staminodium</b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">staminode</a></b>, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Scrophularia" title="Scrophularia">Scrophularia nodosa</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">carpels</a> and stamens of <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a> are fused into a <a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">column</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top part of the column is formed by the anther, which is covered by an <b>anther cap</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Stamen</dt></dl> <p>Stamens can also be <b>adnate</b> (fused or joined from more than one whorl): </p> <ul><li><b>epipetalous</b>: adnate to the <a href="/wiki/Corolla_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla (flower)">corolla</a></li> <li><b>epiphyllous</b>: adnate to undifferentiated <a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">tepals</a> (as in many <a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a>)</li></ul> <p>They can have different lengths from each other: </p> <ul><li><b>didymous</b>: two equal pairs</li> <li><b>didynamous</b>: occurring in two pairs, a long pair and a shorter pair</li> <li><b>tetradynamous</b>: occurring as a set of six stamens with four long and two shorter ones</li></ul> <p>or respective to the rest of the flower (<a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a>): </p> <ul><li><b>exserted</b>: extending beyond the corolla</li> <li><b>included</b>: not extending beyond the corolla</li></ul> <p>They may be arranged in one of two different patterns: </p> <ul><li><b>spiral</b>; or</li> <li><b>whorled</b>: one or more discrete whorls (series)</li></ul> <p>They may be arranged, with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Petals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petals">petals</a>: </p> <ul><li><b>diplostemonous</b>: in two <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">whorls</a>, the outer alternating with the petals, while the inner is opposite the petals.</li> <li><b>haplostemenous</b>: having a single series of stamens, equal in number to the proper number of petals and alternating with them</li> <li><b>obdiplostemonous</b>: in two whorls, with twice the number of stamens as petals, the outer opposite the petals, inner opposite the sepals, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a> (<i>see <a href="#Obdiplostemony">diagram</a></i>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Connective</dt></dl> <p>Where the connective is very small, or imperceptible, the anther lobes are close together, and the connective is referred to as <b>discrete</b>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia" title="Euphorbia">Euphorbia</a></i> pp., <i><a href="/wiki/Adhatoda_zeylanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhatoda zeylanica">Adhatoda zeylanica</a></i>. Where the connective separates the anther lobes, it is called <b>divaricate</b>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Tilia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Justicia_gendarussa" title="Justicia gendarussa">Justicia gendarussa</a></i>. The connective may also be a long and stalk-like, crosswise on the filament, this is a <b>distractile</b> connective, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Salvia" title="Salvia">Salvia</a></i>. The connective may also bear appendages, and is called <b>appendiculate</b>, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Nerium_odorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerium odorum">Nerium odorum</a></i> and some other species of <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a>. In <i>Nerium</i>, the appendages are united as a staminal corona. </p> <dl><dt>Filament</dt></dl> <p>A column formed from the fusion of multiple filaments is known as an <b>androphore</b>. Stamens can be <b>connate</b> (fused or joined in the same whorl) as follows: </p> <ul><li><b>extrorse</b>: anther <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">dehiscence</a> directed away from the centre of the flower. Cf. <b>introrse</b>, directed inwards, and <b>latrorse</b> towards the side.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>monadelphous</b>: fused into a single, compound structure</li> <li><b>declinate</b>: curving downwards, then up at the tip (also – declinate-descending)</li> <li><b>diadelphous</b>: joined partially into two androecial structures</li> <li><b>pentadelphous</b>: joined partially into five androecial structures</li> <li><b>synandrous</b>: only the anthers are connate (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>). The fused stamens are referred to as a <b>synandrium</b>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Anther</dt></dl> <p>Anther shapes are variously described by terms such as <b>linear</b>, <b>rounded</b>, <b>sagittate</b>, <b>sinuous</b>, or <b>reniform</b>. </p><p>The anther can be attached to the filament's connective in two ways:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>basifixed</b>: attached at its base to the filament <ul><li><b>pseudobasifixed</b>: a somewhat misnomer configuration where connective tissue extends in a tube around the filament tip</li></ul></li> <li><b>dorsifixed</b>: attached at its center to the filament, usually <b>versatile</b> (able to move)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penta_anther.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scanning electron microscope image of Pentas lanceolata anthers, with pollen grains on surface"><img alt="Scanning electron microscope image of Pentas lanceolata anthers, with pollen grains on surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Penta_anther.jpg/270px-Penta_anther.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Penta_anther.jpg/405px-Penta_anther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Penta_anther.jpg/539px-Penta_anther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scanning electron microscope image of <i><a href="/wiki/Pentas_lanceolata" title="Pentas lanceolata">Pentas lanceolata</a></i> anthers, with pollen grains on surface</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lily_stamens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lily stamens with prominent red anthers and white filaments"><img alt="Lily stamens with prominent red anthers and white filaments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lily_stamens.jpg/323px-Lily_stamens.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lily_stamens.jpg/484px-Lily_stamens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Lily_stamens.jpg/645px-Lily_stamens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">Lily</a> stamens with prominent red anthers and white filaments</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calliandra surinamensis petalized stamens"><img alt="Calliandra surinamensis petalized stamens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg/202px-%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg/304px-%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg/405px-%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97%E5%90%88%E6%AD%A1_Calliandra_surinamensis_20210529152746_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Calliandra_surinamensis" title="Calliandra surinamensis">Calliandra surinamensis</a></i> petalized stamens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sterculia foetida stamens"><img alt="Sterculia foetida stamens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg/360px-%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg/540px-%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg/720px-%E9%A6%99%E8%98%8B%E5%A9%86_Sterculia_foetida_20210409164154_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_foetida" title="Sterculia foetida">Sterculia foetida</a></i> stamens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stamen of a Grevillea robusta"><img alt="Stamen of a Grevillea robusta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg/202px-%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg/304px-%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg/405px-%E9%8A%80%E6%A8%BA_Grevillea_robusta_20210411152016_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stamen of a <i><a href="/wiki/Grevillea_robusta" title="Grevillea robusta">Grevillea robusta</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commelina communis three different types of stamens"><img alt="Commelina communis three different types of stamens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg/202px-%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg/304px-%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg/405px-%E9%B4%A8%E8%B7%96%E8%8D%89_Commelina_communis_20210824095446_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Commelina_communis" title="Commelina communis">Commelina communis</a></i> three different types of stamens</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Been10-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Been10_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeentje2010" class="citation cs1">Beentje, Henk (2010). <i>The Kew Plant Glossary</i>. 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Bessey in SCIENCE Vol. 40 (November 6, 1914) p. 680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sattler, R. 1973. <i>Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas</i>. University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-1864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-1864-5">0-8020-1864-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sattler, R. 1988. A dynamic multidimensional approach to floral morphology. In: Leins, P., Tucker, S. C. and Endress, P. (eds) <i>Aspects of Floral Development</i>. J. 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(1940). <i>A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel,_K.E.v.1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Goebel, K.E.v. (1969) [1905]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organographyofpl02goeb"><i>Organography of plants, especially of the Archegoniatae and Spermaphyta</i></a>. Vol. Part 2 Special organography. New York: Hofner publishing company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organography+of+plants%2C+especially+of+the+Archegoniatae+and+Spermaphyta&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hofner+publishing+company&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Goebel%2C+K.E.v.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forganographyofpl02goeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span> pages 553–555</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendle,_A.B.1925" class="citation book cs1">Rendle, A.B. (1925). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0002rend"><i>The Classification of Flowering Plants</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0002rend/page/624">624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521060578" title="Special:BookSources/9780521060578"><bdi>9780521060578</bdi></a>. <q>cyclanthera.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classification+of+Flowering+Plants&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.isbn=9780521060578&rft.au=Rendle%2C+A.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0002rend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica.com-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica.com_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/461851/pistillate-flower">Encyclopædia Britannica.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2005" class="citation web cs1">Carr, Gerald (30 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/orchid.htm">"Flowering Plant Families"</a>. <i>Vascular Plant Family</i>. University of Hawaii Botany Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vascular+Plant+Family&rft.atitle=Flowering+Plant+Families&rft.date=2005-10-30&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fcarr%2Forchid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuUVYOFCTwYC">William G. D'Arcy, Richard C. Keating (eds.) The Anther: Form, Function, and Phylogeny. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521576093" title="Special:BookSources/9780521576093"><bdi>9780521576093</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Families+of+Flowering+Plants&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521576093&rft.au=Hickey%2C+M.&rft.au=King%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhQQho64fxYC%26q%3Dbasifixed%2Bporicidal%2Bdehiscence%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendle1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rendle, Alfred Barton (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Flower"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Flower">"Flower" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">553–</span>573.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flower&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E553-%3C%2Fspan%3E573&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rendle&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2011" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Michael G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dj8KRImgyf4C&pg=PA371">"Androecium"</a>. <i>Plant Systematics</i>. Academic Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-051404-8"><bdi>978-0-08-051404-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.5+The+Androecium&rft.btitle=Morphology+of+Flowers+and+Inflorescences+%28trans.+Richard+J.+Pankhurst%29&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-43832-2&rft.aulast=Weberling&rft.aufirst=Focko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZlOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Obdiplostemony"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYBG2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/glossary/glossary-details/?irn=1103">"Obdiplostemony (obdiplostemonous)"</a>. <i>Glossary for Vascular Plants</i>. The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical Garden</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+for+Vascular+Plants&rft.atitle=Obdiplostemony+%28obdiplostemonous%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsweetgum.nybg.org%2Fscience%2Fglossary%2Fglossary-details%2F%3Firn%3D1103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStamen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stamen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_intelligence" title="Plant intelligence">Plant intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Morphology_and_terminology">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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