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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ecology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Paleontology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_forestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_forestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture and forestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_forestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elementary_and_secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elementary_and_secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Elementary and secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elementary_and_secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Post-secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Public transit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Road </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendship_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendship_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Friendship partners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendship_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alberta</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" > 137 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B3" title="አልቤርታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልቤርታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ألبرتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبرتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%9B%DC%90" title="ܐܠܒܪܛܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܒܪܛܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="এলবাৰ্টা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলবাৰ্টা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बर्टा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अल्बर्टा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آلبئرتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبئرتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যালবার্টা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালবার্টা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Альберта (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альберта (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Албэрта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Албэрта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बर्टा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्बर्टा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Албърта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Албърта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_(lalawigan)" title="Alberta (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alberta (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αλμπέρτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλμπέρτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto" title="Alberto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alberto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آلبرتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبرتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta-s%C3%A9n" title="Alberta-sén – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alberta-sén" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%83%80%EC%A3%BC" title="앨버타주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨버타주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Ալբերտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբերտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्बर्टा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्बर्टा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Альбертæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Альбертæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_(fylki)" title="Alberta (fylki) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alberta (fylki)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94" title="אלברטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלברטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE" title="ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ალბერტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბერტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_(tartom%C3%A1ny)" title="Alberta (tartomány) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alberta (tartomány)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алберта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алберта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F" title="ആൽബർട്ട – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽബർട്ട" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="आल्बर्टा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्बर्टा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="ალბერთა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალბერთა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="البرتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البرتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آلبرتا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلبرتا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အယ်လဗားတားပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လဗားတားပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="アルバータ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバータ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A8rta" title="Albèrta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Albèrta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਲਬਰਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਬਰਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="البرٹا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="البرٹا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="البرتا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البرتا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_pruwinsya" title="Alberta pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alberta pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F,_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඇල්බර්ටා, කැනඩාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්බර්ටා, කැනඩාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="البرٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="البرٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_(provinca)" title="Alberta (provinca) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alberta (provinca)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="ئەلبێرتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلبێرتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алберта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алберта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆல்பர்ட்டா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பர்ட்டா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐแอลเบอร์ตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐแอลเบอร์ตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlapeta" title="ʻAlapeta – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAlapeta" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Альберта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альберта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="البرٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="البرٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A9rta" title="Albérta – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Albérta" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%94%E7%9C%81" title="亞伯達省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞伯達省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%9C%81" title="艾伯塔省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾伯塔省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90" title="אלבערטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלבערטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%94" title="亞伯達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞伯達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alberta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%9C%81" title="艾伯塔省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾伯塔省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A8rta" title="Albèrta – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Albèrta" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1951#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Alberta" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alberta&params=54_30_N_115_0_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-AB">54°30′N 115°0′W / 54.500°N 115.000°W / 54.500; -115.000</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian province. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alberta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alberta (disambiguation)">Alberta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Alberta</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/125px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/188px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/250px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alberta" title="Flag of Alberta">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Alberta"><img alt="Coat of arms of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg/81px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg/121px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg/161px-Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="518" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta" title="Coat of arms of Alberta">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Fortis et liber (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>) "Strong and free"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <div class="" style="width:300px"><div style="position: relative; width:300px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 7.9%; top: 59.4%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 18.4%; top: 62.2%; padding: 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 27.8%; top: 67%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 37.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50%; top: 71.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 68.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 79.6%; top: 76%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 70.8%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 86.8%; top: 77%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 90.4%; top: 62.7%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 8%; top: 32.5%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 40.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 39.3%; top: 42.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian Provinces and Territories"><img alt="Canadian Provinces and Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg/300px-Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg/450px-Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg/600px-Alberta_in_Canada_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alberta&params=54_30_N_115_0_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-AB">54°30′N 115°0′W / 54.500°N 115.000°W / 54.500; -115.000</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before confederation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alberta" title="District of Alberta">District of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Assiniboia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Assiniboia">District of Assiniboia</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Athabasca" title="District of Athabasca">District of Athabasca</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan" title="District of Saskatchewan">District of Saskatchewan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1905; 119 years ago (1905-09-01) (split from <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NWT</a>) (10th, with <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Metropolitan_Region" title="Calgary Metropolitan Region">Calgary Region</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Lieutenant governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salma_Lakhani" title="Salma Lakhani">Salma Lakhani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Danielle Smith</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal representation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">34 of 338 (10.1%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_senators" title="List of Alberta senators">6 of 105</a> (5.7%)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">661,849 km2 (255,541 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">640,082 km2 (247,137 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">19,532 km2 (7,541 sq mi)  3%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">6th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">6.6% of Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,368,370<a href="#cite_note-Alberta-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(Q4 2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,931,601<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">4th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6.82/km2 (17.7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Albertan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">English<a href="#cite_note-Languages_Act-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total (2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">CA$459.288 billion<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CA$101,818 (3rd)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • HDI (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.955<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>—Very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Canada" title="Time in Canada">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9206:00" title="UTC−06:00">UTC−06:00</a> (Mountain DST)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_abbreviations_for_provinces_and_territories" title="Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories">Canadian postal abbr.</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">AB</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code prefix</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_T_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of T postal codes of Canada">T</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CA" title="ISO 3166-2:CA">CA-AB</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_acicularis" title="Rosa acicularis">Wild rose</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pinus_contorta" title="Pinus contorta">Lodgepole pine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl#Subspecies" title="Great horned owl">Great horned owl</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Rankings include all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Alberta is one of the 13 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a> of Canada. It is a part of <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> and is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">prairie provinces</a>. Alberta borders <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> to the south. It is one of the only two landlocked provinces in Canada, with eastern neighbour Saskatchewan being the other.<a href="#cite_note-:3-8">[8]</a> The eastern part of the province is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, while the western part borders the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. The province has a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">continental climate</a> but experiences quick temperature changes due to air <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">aridity</a>. Seasonal temperature swings are less pronounced in western Alberta due to occasional <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">Chinook winds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Alberta is the fourth-largest province by area at 661,848 square kilometres (255,541 square miles),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and the fourth-most populous, being home to 4,262,635 people.<a href="#cite_note-Alberta-2">[2]</a> Alberta's capital is <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> is its largest city.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The two are Alberta's largest <a href="/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada" title="Census geographic units of Canada">census metropolitan areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2016CMAsCAs-12">[12]</a> More than half of Albertans live in either Edmonton or Calgary, which contributes to continuing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alberta" title="Battle of Alberta">rivalry between the two cities</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the official language of the province. In 2016, 76.0% of Albertans were anglophone, 1.8% were <a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">francophone</a> and 22.2% were <a href="/wiki/Allophone_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophone (Canada)">allophone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alberta" title="Economy of Alberta">Alberta's economy</a> is based on <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industries</a>, livestock and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">oil and gas industry</a> has been a pillar of Alberta's economy since 1947, when substantial oil deposits were discovered at <a href="/wiki/Leduc_No._1" title="Leduc No. 1">Leduc No. 1 well.</a><a href="#cite_note-alberta1947-15">[15]</a> It has also become a part of the province's identity. Since Alberta is the province most rich in hydrocarbons, it provides 70% of the oil and natural gas produced on Canadian soil. In 2018, Alberta's output was CA$338.2 billion, 15.27% of Canada's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Until the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alberta" title="Politics of Alberta">Alberta's political landscape</a> consisted of two major parties: the centre-left <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a>. Today, Alberta is generally perceived as a conservative province. The right-wing <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit Party</a> held office continually from 1935 to 1971 before the centre-right <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservatives</a> held office continually from 1971 to 2015, the latter being the longest unbroken run in government at the provincial or federal level in Canadian history. Since before becoming part of Canada, Alberta has been home to several <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations</a> like <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree">Woodland Cree</a>. It was also a territory used by <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur traders</a> of the rival companies <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>. The Dominion of Canada bought the lands that would become Alberta as part of the NWT in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> From the late 1800s to early 1900s, many immigrants arrived to prevent the prairies from being annexed by the United States. Growing wheat and cattle ranching also became very profitable. In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act</a> was passed, creating the province of Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-Alberta_becomes_a_Province-19">[19]</a> Massive oil reserves were discovered in 1947. The exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> began in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-alberta1947-15">[15]</a> Alberta is renowned for its natural beauty, richness in fossils and for housing important nature reserves. Alberta is home to six <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>-designated <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rocky_Mountain_Parks_World_Heritage_Site" title="Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site">Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park" title="Dinosaur Provincial Park">Dinosaur Provincial Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head-Smashed-In_Buffalo_Jump" title="Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump">Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterton-Glacier_International_Peace_Park" title="Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park">Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Writing-on-Stone_Provincial_Park" title="Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park">Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Other popular sites include <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park" title="Waterton Lakes National Park">Waterton Lakes National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drumheller" title="Drumheller">Drumheller</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Alberta was named after <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise Caroline Alberta</a> (1848–1939),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> the fourth daughter of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. Princess Louise was the wife of <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> (1878–83). <a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_(Alberta)" title="Lake Louise (Alberta)">Lake Louise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Alberta" title="Mount Alberta">Mount Alberta</a> were also named in her honour.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-PlaceNames-23">[23]</a> The name "Alberta" is a feminine <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Albert_(given_name)" title="Albert (given name)">Albert</a>, the name of Princess Louise's father, the <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf."><abbr title="compare">cf.</abbr></a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Latin language">Medieval Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albertus_(given_name)" title="Albertus (given name)">Albertus</a>, masculine) and its <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> cognates, ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a> *Aþalaberhtaz (compound of "noble" + "bright/famous").<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alberta" title="Geography of Alberta">Geography of Alberta</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png/400px-Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="629" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png/600px-Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png/800px-Alberta_Topo_Labeled_90_dpi.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>A topographic map of Alberta, showing cities, towns, municipal district (county) and rural municipality borders, and natural features</figcaption></figure> Alberta, with an area of 661,848 square kilometres (255,541 square miles), is the fourth-largest province after <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-area-26">[26]</a> Alberta's southern border is the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel north</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">separates it</a> from the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60th parallel north</a> divides Alberta from the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. The <a href="/wiki/110th_meridian_west" title="110th meridian west">110th meridian west</a> separates it from the province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>; while on the west its boundary with British Columbia follows the <a href="/wiki/120th_meridian_west" title="120th meridian west">120th meridian west</a> south from the Northwest Territories at 60°N until it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, and from that point follows the line of peaks marking the Continental Divide in a generally southeasterly direction until it reaches the Montana border at 49°N.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The province extends 1,223 kilometres (760 miles) north to south and 660 kilometres (410 miles) east to west at its maximum width. Its highest point is 3,747 metres (12,293 feet) at the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Columbia_(Canada)" title="Mount Columbia (Canada)">Mount Columbia</a> in the Rocky Mountains along the southwest border while its lowest point is 152 metres (499 feet) on the <a href="/wiki/Slave_River" title="Slave River">Slave River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo National Park</a> in the northeast.<a href="#cite_note-aboutab-28">[28]</a> With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> in the south-eastern section, the province has adequate <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Alberta" title="List of rivers of Alberta">numerous rivers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Alberta" title="List of lakes of Alberta">lakes in Alberta</a> used for swimming, fishing and a range of water sports. There are three large lakes, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Claire_(Alberta)" title="Lake Claire (Alberta)">Lake Claire</a> (1,436 km2 [554 sq mi]) in Wood Buffalo National Park, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake" title="Lesser Slave Lake">Lesser Slave Lake</a> (1,168 km2 [451 sq mi]), and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Athabasca" title="Lake Athabasca">Lake Athabasca</a> (7,898 km2 [3,049 sq mi]), which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_River" title="Athabasca River">Athabasca River</a>, which travels 1,538 km (956 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Icefield" title="Columbia Icefield">Columbia Icefield</a> in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The largest river is the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River" title="Peace River">Peace River</a> with an average flow of 2,100 m3/s (74,000 cu ft/s).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta" title="Northern Alberta">northern Alberta</a> and into the Slave River, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>. Alberta's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, is at about the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly major city in Canada and serves as a gateway and hub for resource development in northern Canada. With its proximity to Canada's largest oil fields, the region has most of western Canada's oil refinery capacity. Calgary is about 280 km (170 mi) south of Edmonton and 240 km (150 mi) north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the province's population lives in the <a href="/wiki/Calgary%E2%80%93Edmonton_Corridor" title="Calgary–Edmonton Corridor">Calgary–Edmonton Corridor</a>. The land grant policy to the railways served as a means to populate the province in its early years.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg/220px-1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg/330px-1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg/440px-1_moraine_lake_pano_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14949" data-file-height="7983" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moraine_Lake" title="Moraine Lake">Moraine Lake</a> at <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Mountain_forests" title="Alberta Mountain forests">Alberta Mountain forests</a> makes up the southwestern boundary of Alberta.</figcaption></figure> Most of the northern half of the province is <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a>, while the Rocky Mountains along the southwestern boundary are largely <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">temperate coniferous forests</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Mountain_forests" title="Alberta Mountain forests">Alberta Mountain forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alberta%E2%80%93British_Columbia_foothills_forests" title="Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests">Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests</a>. The southern quarter of the province is <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairie</a> in the southeastern corner to <a href="/wiki/Mixed_grass_prairie" title="Mixed grass prairie">mixed grass prairie</a> in an arc to the west and north of it. The central <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">aspen parkland</a> region extending in a broad arc between the prairies and the forests, from Calgary, north to Edmonton, and then east to <a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a>, contains the most <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile soil</a> in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain farming or cattle ranching, with <a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">mixed farming</a> more common in the north and centre, while <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigated agriculture</a> predominate in the south.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Alberta <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">badlands</a> are in southeastern Alberta, where the <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_River" title="Red Deer River">Red Deer River</a> crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep canyons and striking landforms. <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park" title="Dinosaur Provincial Park">Dinosaur Provincial Park</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks</a>, showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora, and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaurs roamed the then lush landscape. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/300px-Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="600" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/450px-Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/600px-Alberta_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> in Alberta</figcaption></figure> Alberta extends for over 1,200 km (750 mi) from north to south; its climate, therefore, varies considerably. Average high temperatures in January range from 0 °C (32 °F) in the southwest to −24 °C (−11 °F) in the far north. The presence of the Rocky Mountains also influences the climate to the southwest, which disrupts the flow of the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">prevailing westerly winds</a> and causes them to drop most of their moisture on the western slopes of the mountain ranges before reaching the province, casting a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> over much of Alberta. The northerly location and isolation from the weather systems of the Pacific Ocean cause Alberta to have a dry climate with little moderation from the ocean. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (12 in) in the southeast to 450 mm (18 in) in the north, except in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains where total precipitation including snowfall can reach 600 mm (24 in) annually.<a href="#cite_note-aboutab-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg/220px-Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg/330px-Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg/440px-Red_rock_coulee_at_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3743" /></a><figcaption>Southeastern Alberta features a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> climate.</figcaption></figure> Northern Alberta is mostly covered by boreal forest and has a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>. The agricultural area of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta" title="Southern Alberta">southern Alberta</a> has a semi-arid steppe climate because the annual precipitation is less than the water that <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evaporates or is used by plants</a>. The southeastern corner of Alberta, part of the <a href="/wiki/Palliser%27s_Triangle" title="Palliser's Triangle">Palliser Triangle</a>, experiences greater summer heat and lower rainfall than the rest of the province, and as a result, suffers frequent <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yield</a> problems and occasional severe droughts. Western Alberta is protected by the mountains and enjoys the mild temperatures brought by winter Chinook winds. Central and parts of northwestern Alberta in the Peace River region are largely aspen parkland, a <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> transitional between prairie to the south and boreal forest to the north. Alberta has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce cold winter conditions. As the <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">fronts</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air masses</a> shift north and south across Alberta, the temperature can change rapidly. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_front" title="Arctic front">Arctic air masses</a> in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from −54 °C (−65 °F) in northern Alberta to −46 °C (−51 °F) in southern Alberta, although temperatures at these extremes are rare. In the summer, continental air masses have produced record maximum temperatures from 32 °C (90 °F) in the mountains to over 40 °C (104 °F) in southeastern Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-climatlas-34">[34]</a> Alberta is a sunny province. Annual bright sunshine totals range between 1,900 up to just under 2,600 hours per year. Northern Alberta gets about 18 hours of daylight in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-climatlas-34">[34]</a> The average daytime temperatures range from around 21 °C (70 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountain valleys</a> and far north, up to around 28 °C (82 °F) in the dry prairie of the southeast. The northern and western parts of the province experience higher rainfall and lower evaporation rates caused by cooler summer temperatures. The south and east-central portions are prone to drought-like conditions sometimes persisting for several years, although even these areas can receive heavy precipitation, sometimes resulting in flooding. In the winter, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_clipper" title="Alberta clipper">Alberta clipper</a>, a type of intense, fast-moving winter storm that generally forms over or near the province and, pushed with great speed by the continental polar <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jetstream</a>, descends over the rest of southern Canada and the northern tier of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Alberta_Clipper-35">[35]</a> In southwestern Alberta, the cold winters are frequently interrupted by warm, dry <a href="/wiki/Chinook_wind" title="Chinook wind">Chinook winds</a> blowing from the mountains, which can propel temperatures upward from frigid conditions to well above the freezing point in a very short period. During one Chinook recorded at <a href="/wiki/Pincher_Creek" title="Pincher Creek">Pincher Creek</a>, temperatures soared from −19 to 22 °C (−2 to 72 °F) in just one hour.<a href="#cite_note-aboutab-28">[28]</a> The region around Lethbridge has the most Chinooks, averaging 30 to 35 Chinook days per year. Calgary has a 56% chance of a <a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">white Christmas</a>, while Edmonton has an 86% chance.<a href="#cite_note-Canadawhitechristmas-36">[36]</a> After Saskatchewan, Alberta experiences the most <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> in Canada with an average of 15 verified per year.<a href="#cite_note-tornados-37">[37]</a> Thunderstorms, some of them severe, are frequent in the summer, especially in central and southern Alberta. The region surrounding the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor is notable for having the highest frequency of <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> in Canada, which is caused by <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lifting</a> from the nearby Rocky Mountains, enhancing the updraft/downdraft cycle necessary for the formation of hail. <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; width:60%;"> <caption>Climate averages for communities in Alberta<a href="#cite_note-Cities_Climate-38">[38]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Community </th> <th>Region </th> <th>July daily maximum<a href="#cite_note-Cities_Climate-38">[38]</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">January daily maximum<a href="#cite_note-Cities_Climate-38">[38]</a> </th> <th>Annual precipitation<a href="#cite_note-Cities_Climate-38">[38]</a> </th> <th>Plant hardiness zone<a href="#cite_note-NRC-PHZ-39">[39]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta" title="Southern Alberta">Southern Alberta</a></td> <td>28 °C (82 °F)</td> <td>−3 °C (27 °F)</td> <td>323 mm (12.7 in)</td> <td>4b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks</a></td> <td>Southern Alberta</td> <td>28 °C (82 °F)</td> <td>−4 °C (25 °F)</td> <td>301 mm (11.9 in)</td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></td> <td>Southern Alberta</td> <td>26 °C (79 °F)</td> <td>0 °C (32 °F)</td> <td>380 mm (15 in)</td> <td>4b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta" title="Northern Alberta">Northern Alberta</a></td> <td>24 °C (75 °F)</td> <td>−12 °C (10 °F)</td> <td>419 mm (16.5 in)</td> <td>3a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wetaskiwin" title="Wetaskiwin">Wetaskiwin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Alberta" title="Central Alberta">Central Alberta</a></td> <td>24 °C (75 °F)</td> <td>−5 °C (23 °F)</td> <td>497 mm (19.6 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton Metropolitan Region</a></td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−6 °C (21 °F)</td> <td>456 mm (18.0 in)</td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake,_Alberta" title="Cold Lake, Alberta">Cold Lake</a></td> <td>Northern Alberta</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−10 °C (14 °F)</td> <td>421 mm (16.6 in)</td> <td>3a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose</a></td> <td>Central Alberta</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−6 °C (21 °F)</td> <td>438 mm (17.2 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a></td> <td>Edmonton Metropolitan Region</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−7 °C (19 °F)</td> <td>455 mm (17.9 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a></td> <td>Central Alberta</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−10 °C (14 °F)</td> <td>409 mm (16.1 in)</td> <td>3a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a></td> <td>Central Alberta</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−5 °C (23 °F)</td> <td>486 mm (19.1 in)</td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a></td> <td>Northern Alberta</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−8 °C (18 °F)</td> <td>445 mm (17.5 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a></td> <td>Edmonton Metropolitan Region</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−6 °C (21 °F)</td> <td>446 mm (17.6 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Metropolitan_Region" title="Calgary Metropolitan Region">Calgary Metropolitan Region</a></td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−1 °C (30 °F)</td> <td>419 mm (16.5 in)</td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chestermere" title="Chestermere">Chestermere</a></td> <td>Calgary Metropolitan Region</td> <td>23 °C (73 °F)</td> <td>−3 °C (27 °F)</td> <td>412 mm (16.2 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a></td> <td>Edmonton Metropolitan Region</td> <td>22 °C (72 °F)</td> <td>−6 °C (21 °F)</td> <td>466 mm (18.3 in)</td> <td>4a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lacombe,_Alberta" title="Lacombe, Alberta">Lacombe</a></td> <td>Central Alberta</td> <td>22 °C (72 °F)</td> <td>−5 °C (23 °F)</td> <td>446 mm (17.6 in)</td> <td>3b </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flora">Flora</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flora">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG/220px-Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG/330px-Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG/440px-Rosa_acicularis_8448.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rosa_acicularis" title="Rosa acicularis">wild rose</a> is the provincial flower of Alberta.</figcaption></figure> In central and northern Alberta the arrival of spring is marked by the early flowering of the <a href="/wiki/Pulsatilla_nuttalliana" title="Pulsatilla nuttalliana">prairie crocus</a> (Pulsatilla nuttalliana) <a href="/wiki/Anemone" title="Anemone">anemone</a>; this member of the buttercup family has been recorded flowering as early as March, though April is the usual month for the general population.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Other prairie flora known to flower early are the <a href="/wiki/Thermopsis_rhombifolia" title="Thermopsis rhombifolia">golden bean</a> (Thermopsis rhombifolia) and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_acicularis" title="Rosa acicularis">wild rose</a> (Rosa acicularis).<a href="#cite_note-Jennings2010-41">[41]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">sunflower</a> (Helianthus) family blossom on the prairie in the summer months between July and September.<a href="#cite_note-Angier1974-42">[42]</a> The southern and east central parts of Alberta are covered by short prairie grass,<a href="#cite_note-Johnsgard2005-43">[43]</a> which dries up as summer lengthens, to be replaced by hardy perennials such as the <a href="/wiki/Ratibida" title="Ratibida">prairie coneflower</a> (Ratibida), <a href="/wiki/Fleabane" title="Fleabane">fleabane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Artemisia_(plant)" title="Artemisia (plant)">Artemisia</a>). Both yellow and white <a href="/wiki/Melilotus" title="Melilotus">sweet clover</a> (Melilotus) can be found throughout the southern and central areas of the province. The trees in the parkland region of the province grow in clumps and belts on the hillsides. These are largely <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>. Many species of willow and other shrubs grow in virtually any terrain. North of the North Saskatchewan River, evergreen forests prevail for thousands of square kilometres. Aspen poplar, <a href="/wiki/Populus_balsamifera" title="Populus balsamifera">balsam poplar</a> (Populus balsamifera) or in some parts <a href="/wiki/Populus_deltoides" title="Populus deltoides">cottonwood</a> (Populus deltoides), and <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">paper birch</a> (Betula papyrifera) are the primary large deciduous species. <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Conifers</a> include <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">jack pine</a> (Pinus banksiana), Rocky Mountain pine, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_contorta" title="Pinus contorta">lodgepole pine</a> (Pinus contorta), both white and black <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, and the deciduous conifer <a href="/wiki/Larix_laricina" title="Larix laricina">tamarack</a> (Larix laricina). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fauna">Fauna</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fauna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg/220px-Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg/330px-Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg/440px-Bighorn_Sheep_-_Kananaskis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kananaskis_Country" title="Kananaskis Country">Kananaskis Country</a>. The bighorn sheep is the provincial mammal of Alberta.</figcaption></figure> The four climatic regions (<a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">boreal forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">parkland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a>) of Alberta are home to many different species of animals. The south and central prairie was the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, also known as buffalo, with its grasses providing pasture and breeding ground for millions of buffalo. The buffalo population was decimated during early settlement, but since then, buffalo have made a comeback, living on farms and in parks all over Alberta. <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a> are found throughout the province. <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> are found in the wooded regions, and <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> can be found in the prairies of southern Alberta. <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a> live in the Rocky Mountains. Rabbits, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">skunks</a>, squirrels, and many species of rodents and reptiles live in every corner of the province. Alberta is home to only one venomous snake species, the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_viridis" title="Crotalus viridis">prairie rattlesnake</a>. Alberta is home to many large <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">mountain lions</a>, which are found in the mountains and wooded regions. Smaller carnivores of the <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">canine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">feline</a> families include <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverines</a> can also be found in the northwestern areas of the province. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_(26497442131).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_%2826497442131%29.jpg/220px-Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_%2826497442131%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_%2826497442131%29.jpg/330px-Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_%2826497442131%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_%2826497442131%29.jpg/440px-Alberta_Department_of_Public_Health_Rat_Poster_%2826497442131%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption>Alberta Department of Public Health rat poster (1948)</figcaption></figure> Central and northern Alberta and the region farther north are the nesting ground of many migratory birds. Vast numbers of ducks, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> arrive in Alberta every spring and nest on or near one of the hundreds of small lakes that dot northern Alberta. <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a>, owls, and <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> are plentiful, and a huge variety of smaller seed and insect-eating birds can be found. Alberta, like other <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> regions, is home to <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a>, and bees. Rivers and lakes are populated with <a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brook_trout" title="Brook trout">speckled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>. Native to the province, the <a href="/wiki/Bull_trout" title="Bull trout">bull trout</a>, is the provincial fish and an official <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Alberta" title="Symbols of Alberta">symbol of Alberta</a>. Turtles are found in some water bodies in the southern part of the province. Frogs and <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamanders</a> are a few of the <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> that make their homes in Alberta. Alberta is the only province in Canada — as well as one of the few places in the world — that is free from <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">Norwegian rats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Since the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta" title="Executive Council of Alberta">Government of Alberta</a> has operated a rat-control program, which has been so successful that only isolated instances of wild rat sightings are reported, usually of rats arriving in the province aboard trucks or by rail. In 2006, Alberta Agriculture reported zero findings of wild rats; the only rat interceptions have been domesticated rats that have been seized from their owners. It is illegal for individual Albertans to own or keep Norwegian rats of any description; the animals can only be kept in the province by zoos, universities and colleges, and recognized research institutions. In 2009, several rats were found and captured, in small pockets in southern Alberta,<a href="#cite_note-Rodents_defying_Alberta's_rat-free_claim-45">[45]</a> putting Alberta's rat-free status in jeopardy. A colony of rats was subsequently found in a landfill near <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a> in 2012 and again in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paleontology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg/370px-Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg/555px-Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg/740px-Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7275" data-file-height="2895" /></a><figcaption>Specimens at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology" title="Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology">Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation" title="Horseshoe Canyon Formation">Horseshoe Canyon Formation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park" title="Dinosaur Provincial Park">Dinosaur Provincial Park</a>. Some of the specimens, from left to right, are <a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">Hypacrosaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus" title="Edmontosaurus">Edmontosaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus" title="Lambeosaurus">Lambeosaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a> (both in the background), <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triceratops" title="Triceratops">Triceratops</a>.</figcaption></figure> Alberta has one of the greatest diversities and abundances of <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> dinosaur fossils worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-alberta-paleo-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxa</a> are represented by complete fossil skeletons, isolated material, microvertebrate remains, and even <a href="/wiki/Bone_bed" title="Bone bed">mass graves</a>. At least 38 dinosaur <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type specimens</a> were collected in the province. The <a href="/wiki/Foremost_Formation" title="Foremost Formation">Foremost Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oldman_Formation" title="Oldman Formation">Oldman Formation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park_Formation" title="Dinosaur Park Formation">Dinosaur Park Formations</a> collectively comprise the <a href="/wiki/Judith_River_Group" title="Judith River Group">Judith River Group</a> and are the most thoroughly studied dinosaur-bearing strata in Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-alberta-paleo-48">[48]</a> Dinosaur-bearing strata are distributed widely throughout Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-alberta-paleo-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park" title="Dinosaur Provincial Park">Dinosaur Provincial Park</a> area contains outcrops of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation. In Alberta's central and southern regions are intermittent <a href="/wiki/Scollard_Formation" title="Scollard Formation">Scollard Formation</a> outcrops. In the <a href="/wiki/Drumheller" title="Drumheller">Drumheller</a> Valley and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> regions there are exposed <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation" title="Horseshoe Canyon Formation">Horseshoe Canyon</a> <a href="/wiki/Facies" title="Facies">facies</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">formations</a> have been recorded as well, like the <a href="/wiki/Milk_River_Formation" title="Milk River Formation">Milk River</a> and Foremost Formations. The latter two have a lower diversity of documented dinosaurs, primarily due to their lower total fossil quantity and neglect from collectors who are hindered by the isolation and scarcity of exposed outcrops. Their dinosaur fossils are primarily teeth recovered from microvertebrate fossil sites. Additional geologic formations that have produced only a few fossils are the <a href="/wiki/Belly_River_Group" title="Belly River Group">Belly River Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_River_Formation" title="St. Mary River Formation">St. Mary River Formations</a> of the southwest and the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Wapiti_Formation" title="Wapiti Formation">Wapiti Formation</a>, which contains two <a href="/wiki/Pachyrhinosaurus" title="Pachyrhinosaurus">Pachyrhinosaurus</a> bone beds. The <a href="/wiki/Bearpaw_Formation" title="Bearpaw Formation">Bearpaw Formation</a> represents strata deposited during a <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a>. Dinosaurs are known from this formation, but represent specimens washed out to sea or reworked from older <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alberta-paleo-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">History of Alberta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Alberta_history" title="Timeline of Alberta history">Timeline of Alberta history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackfoot_warriors,_Macleod,_Alberta_(HS85-10-18724)_original.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29_original.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29_original.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29_original.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29_original.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29_original.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Blackfoot_warriors%2C_Macleod%2C_Alberta_%28HS85-10-18724%29_original.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> warriors in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Macleod" title="Fort Macleod">Macleod</a> in 1907</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> arrived in what would later be Alberta at least 10,000 years ago, toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>. They are thought to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">land bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> and then possibly moved south along the east side of the Rocky Mountains through Alberta, settling along the way or moving on to <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">settle other parts of the Americas</a>. Others may have <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">travelled south along the west coast</a> and then moved inland.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Over time they differentiated into various <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples, including the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> of southern Alberta such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a> and the Plains Cree, who generally lived by <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">hunting buffalo</a>, and the more northerly tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Cree" title="Woodland Cree">Woodland Cree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chipewyan" title="Chipewyan">Chipewyan</a> who hunted and trapped other types of animals, and fished for a living.<a href="#cite_note-aboutab-28">[28]</a> The first Europeans to visit Alberta were French Canadian fur traders in the early 18th century. The first British subject to visit Alberta was Anthony Henday, in 1754. French Canadians integrated with local First Nations creating the Metis nation, with elements across the Prairies. French was the predominant European language in Alberta and was used in some early fur trading forts in the region, such as the first Fort Edmonton (in present-day Fort Saskatchewan), operated by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> (HBC). After the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British arrival in Canada</a>, approximately half of Alberta's current territory, south of the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_River" title="Athabasca River">Athabasca River</a> drainage, became part of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, which consisted of all land drained by rivers flowing into <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>. This area was granted by <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles II of England">King Charles II of England</a> to the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, and rival fur trading companies were not allowed to trade in it. The Athabasca River and the rivers north of it were not in HBC territory, because they drained into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> instead of Hudson Bay. The north part of Alberta was a prime habitat for fur-bearing animals and was targeted by the HBC and other <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trading companies</a>. The first European explorer of the Athabasca region was fur trader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Pond" title="Peter Pond">Peter Pond</a>, who learned of the <a href="/wiki/Methye_Portage" title="Methye Portage">Methye Portage</a>, a convenient route to travel from rivers in the Hudson Bay watershed to rivers north of Rupert's Land. He and other Canadian fur traders formed the <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> (NWC) of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1779, to compete with the HBC. The NWC built posts at many points across the northern part of Alberta territory. Peter Pond built Fort Athabasca on <a href="/wiki/Lac_la_Biche_(Alberta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lac la Biche (Alberta)">Lac la Biche</a> in 1778. <a href="/wiki/Roderick_Mackenzie_of_Terrebonne" title="Roderick Mackenzie of Terrebonne">Roderick Mackenzie</a> built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Chipewyan" title="Fort Chipewyan">Fort Chipewyan</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Athabasca" title="Lake Athabasca">Lake Athabasca</a> ten years later in 1788. His cousin, Sir <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Alexander Mackenzie</a>, followed the <a href="/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a> to its northernmost point near Edmonton, then trekked on foot to the Athabasca River, which he followed downstream to Lake Athabasca. It was there he discovered the mighty outflow river that bears his name – the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> – which he followed to its outlet in the Arctic Ocean. Returning to Lake Athabasca, he followed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River" title="Peace River">Peace River</a> upstream and crossed the Rockies, eventually reaching the Pacific Ocean, and so he became the first European to cross the North American continent north of Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The extreme southernmost portion of Alberta was part of the French (and Spanish) territory of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sold to the United States</a> in 1803. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, the portion of the Louisiana territory north of the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">Forty-Ninth Parallel</a> was ceded to the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The area was grouped with Rupert's Land to make the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg/220px-1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg/330px-1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg/440px-1820_george_back_fort_chipewyan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Chipewyan" title="Fort Chipewyan">Fort Chipewyan</a>, a trading post and regional headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in 1820</figcaption></figure> Fur trade expanded in the north, but there was intense friction and competition between the rival HBC and NWC. In 1821 the British government forced them to merge to stop the hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> After amalgamation, the Hudson's Bay Company dominated the economy of Alberta until 1870, when HBC control of Rupert's Land was ended and the territory was transferred to the newly federated Canada. Southern Alberta, Northern Alberta, other parts of the Northland and Rupert's land became Canada's <a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Territories">North-West Territories</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg/220px-East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg/330px-East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg/440px-East_Village_Calgary_Flood_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Calgary" title="Downtown Calgary">Downtown Calgary</a> was one of several areas afflicted during the <a href="/wiki/2013_Alberta_floods" title="2013 Alberta floods">2013 Alberta floods</a>.</figcaption></figure> First Nations and representatives of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a>, in which the Crown gained title to the land that would later become Alberta, and the Crown committed to the ongoing support of the First Nations and guaranteed their hunting and fishing rights. The most significant treaties for Alberta are <a href="/wiki/Treaty_6" title="Treaty 6">Treaty 6</a> (1876), <a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> (1877) and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_8" title="Treaty 8">Treaty 8</a> (1899). The <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alberta" title="District of Alberta">District of Alberta</a> was created as part of the North-West Territories in 1882. As settlement increased, local representatives to the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Legislative Assembly">North-West Legislative Assembly</a> and the House of Commons were elected, and senators appointed, to represent Alberta. After a long campaign for autonomy, in 1905, the District of Alberta was enlarged and given provincial status, with <a href="/wiki/1905_Alberta_general_election" title="1905 Alberta general election">the election</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> majority with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Alexander Cameron Rutherford</a> as the first premier. At first the economy was very active, then around 1912, Alberta suffered a recession. The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> presented special challenges to the new province as an extraordinary number of working-age men volunteered for active service, leaving relatively few workers to maintain services and production. Over 50% of Alberta's doctors volunteered for service overseas.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1918 Albertans experienced the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">1918 flu epidemic</a>. Alberta voters sought innovation, electing a <a href="/wiki/1921_Alberta_general_election" title="1921 Alberta general election">Farmers government in 1921</a>, then the world's first <a href="/wiki/1935_Alberta_general_election" title="1935 Alberta general election">Social Credit government in 1935</a>. Alberta's economy stayed sluggish, especially during the Depression. But <a href="/wiki/Leduc_No._1" title="Leduc No. 1">discovery of oil at Leduc in 1946</a> opened a new era of prosperity and wealth for the province. On June 21, 2013, during the <a href="/wiki/2013_Alberta_floods" title="2013 Alberta floods">2013 Alberta floods</a> Alberta experienced heavy rainfall that triggered catastrophic flooding throughout much of the southern half of the province along the <a href="/wiki/Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbow_River" title="Elbow River">Elbow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highwood_River" title="Highwood River">Highwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldman_River" title="Oldman River">Oldman</a> rivers and tributaries. A dozen municipalities in Southern Alberta declared local states of emergency on June 21 as water levels rose and numerous communities were placed under evacuation orders.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/2016_Fort_McMurray_wildfire" title="2016 Fort McMurray wildfire">Fort McMurray wildfire</a> resulted in the largest fire evacuation of residents in Alberta's history, as more than 80,000 people were ordered to evacuate.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Like the rest of the world, Alberta was affected by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Alberta" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Alberta">COVID-19 pandemic</a> starting in 2020. The last restrictions were lifted in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_20201019-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alberta" title="Demographics of Alberta">Demographics of Alberta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_population_density_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alberta_population_density_2021.svg/290px-Alberta_population_density_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alberta_population_density_2021.svg/435px-Alberta_population_density_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Alberta_population_density_2021.svg/580px-Alberta_population_density_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Alberta</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a> reported Alberta had a population of 4,262,635 living in 1,633,220 of its 1,772,670 total dwellings, an 4.8% change from its 2016 population of 4,067,175. With a land area of 634,658.27 km2 (245,042.93 sq mi), it had a population density of 6.7/km2 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Alberta-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> estimated the province to have a population of 4,931,601 in Q4 of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2017Q1Est-58">[58]</a> Since 2000, Alberta's population has experienced a relatively high rate of growth, mainly because of its burgeoning economy. Between 2003 and 2004, the province had high birthrates (on par with some larger provinces such as British Columbia), relatively high immigration, and a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_migration_in_Canada" title="Interprovincial migration in Canada">interprovincial migration</a> compared to other provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Components_of_population_growth_of_Alberta-59">[59]</a> In 2016, Alberta continued to have the youngest population among the provinces with a median age of 36.7 years, compared with the national median of 41.2 years. Also in 2016, Alberta had the smallest proportion of seniors (12.3%) among the provinces and one of the highest population shares of children (19.2%), further contributing to Alberta's young and growing population.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> About 81% of the population lives in urban areas and only about 19% in rural areas. The <a href="/wiki/Calgary%E2%80%93Edmonton_Corridor" title="Calgary–Edmonton Corridor">Calgary–Edmonton Corridor</a> is the most urbanized area in the province and is one of the most densely populated areas of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-muntypes-61">[61]</a> Many of Alberta's cities and towns have experienced very high rates of growth in recent history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Alberta's population rose from 73,022 in 1901<a href="#cite_note-Population_urban_and_rural_Alberta-62">[62]</a> to 3,290,350 according to the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_census" title="2006 Canadian census">2006 census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Population_and_dwelling_counts,_for_Alberta-63">[63]</a> According to the 2016 census Alberta has 779,155 residents (19.2%) between the ages of 0–14, 2,787,805 residents (68.5%) between the ages of 15–64, and 500,215 residents (12.3%) aged 65 and over.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> Additionally, as per the 2016 census, 1,769,500 residents hold a postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree, 895,885 residents have obtained a secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate, and 540,665 residents do not have any certificate, diploma or degree.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Municipalities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">List of communities in Alberta</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Largest metro areas and municipalities by population as of 2016 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan areas">Census metropolitan areas</a>: </th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a> </th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2011CMAs-66">[66]</a> </th> <th>2006<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2006CMAs-67">[67]</a> </th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2001CMAs-68">[68]</a> </th> <th>1996<a href="#cite_note-StatCan1996CMAs-69">[69]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Metropolitan_Region" title="Calgary Metropolitan Region">Calgary CMA</a> </td> <td>1,392,609 </td> <td>1,214,839 </td> <td>1,079,310 </td> <td>951,395 </td> <td>821,628 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Metropolitan_Region" title="Edmonton Metropolitan Region">Edmonton CMA</a> </td> <td>1,321,426 </td> <td>1,159,869 </td> <td>1,034,945 </td> <td>937,845 </td> <td>862,597 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge CMA</a> </td> <td>117,394 </td> <td>105,999 </td> <td>95,196 </td> <td>87,388 </td> <td>82,025 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Urban_municipalities" title="List of communities in Alberta">Urban municipalities</a> (10 largest): </th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> </th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2011CSDs-71">[71]</a> </th> <th>2006<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2006CSDs-72">[72]</a> </th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2001CSDs-73">[73]</a> </th> <th>1996<a href="#cite_note-StatCan1996CPs-74">[74]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> </td> <td>1,239,220 </td> <td>1,096,833 </td> <td>988,193 </td> <td>878,866 </td> <td>768,082 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> </td> <td>932,546 </td> <td>812,201 </td> <td>730,372 </td> <td>666,104 </td> <td>616,306 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a> </td> <td>100,418 </td> <td>90,564 </td> <td>82,772 </td> <td>67,707 </td> <td>60,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a> </td> <td>92,729 </td> <td>83,517 </td> <td>78,713 </td> <td>68,712 </td> <td>64,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a> (included in Edmonton CMA) </td> <td>65,589 </td> <td>61,466 </td> <td>57,719 </td> <td>53,081 </td> <td>46,888 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a> </td> <td>63,260 </td> <td>60,005 </td> <td>56,997 </td> <td>51,249 </td> <td>46,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a> </td> <td>63,166 </td> <td>55,032 </td> <td>47,076 </td> <td>36,983 </td> <td>31,353 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a> (included in Calgary CMA) </td> <td>61,581 </td> <td>42,564 </td> <td>28,927 </td> <td>20,382 </td> <td>15,946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Grove" title="Spruce Grove">Spruce Grove</a> (included in Edmonton CMA) </td> <td>34,066 </td> <td>26,171 </td> <td>19,496 </td> <td>15,983 </td> <td>14,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a> (included in Edmonton CMA) </td> <td>29,993 </td> <td>24,304 </td> <td>16,967 </td> <td>15,032 </td> <td>14,346 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of specialized municipalities in Alberta">Specialized</a>/<a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Rural_municipalities" title="List of communities in Alberta">rural</a> municipalities (5 largest): </th> <th>2016<a href="#cite_note-:2-70">[70]</a> </th> <th>2011<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2011CSDs-71">[71]</a> </th> <th>2006<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2006CSDs-72">[72]</a> </th> <th>2001<a href="#cite_note-StatCan2001CSDs-73">[73]</a> </th> <th>1996<a href="#cite_note-StatCan1996CPs-74">[74]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strathcona_County" title="Strathcona County">Strathcona County</a> (included in Edmonton CMA) </td> <td>98,044 </td> <td>92,490 </td> <td>82,511 </td> <td>71,986 </td> <td>64,176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Wood_Buffalo" title="Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo">Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo</a> (includes <a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>) </td> <td>71,589 </td> <td>65,565 </td> <td>51,496 </td> <td>42,581 </td> <td>35,213 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rocky_View_County" title="Rocky View County">Rocky View County</a> (included in Calgary CMA) </td> <td>39,407 </td> <td>36,461 </td> <td>34,171 </td> <td>29,925 </td> <td>23,326 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parkland_County" title="Parkland County">Parkland County</a> (included in Edmonton CMA) </td> <td>32,097 </td> <td>30,568 </td> <td>29,265 </td> <td>27,252 </td> <td>24,769 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foothills_County" title="Foothills County">Municipal District of Foothills No. 31</a> </td> <td>22,766 </td> <td>21,258 </td> <td>19,736 </td> <td>16,764 </td> <td>13,714 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alberta#Languages" title="Demographics of Alberta">Demographics of Alberta § Languages</a></div> As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian Census</a>, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (4,109,720 or 98.37%), French (260,415 or 6.23%), Tagalog (172,625 or 4.13%), Punjabi (126,385 or 3.03%), Spanish (116,070 or 2.78%), Hindi (94,015 or 2.25%), Mandarin (82,095 or 1.97%), Arabic (76,760 or 1.84%), Cantonese (74,960 or 1.79%), and German (65,370 or 1.56%).<a href="#cite_note-language2021-75">[75]</a> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. As of the 2016 census, English is the most common mother tongue, with 2,991,485 native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> This is followed by <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, with 99,035 speakers, German, with 80,050 speakers, French, with 72,150 native speakers, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, with 68,695 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-64">[64]</a> The 2006 census found that English, with 2,576,670 native speakers, was the most common mother tongue of Albertans, representing 79.99% of the population. The next most common mother tongues were Chinese with 97,275 native speakers (3.02%), followed by German with 84,505 native speakers (2.62%) and French with 61,225 (1.90%).<a href="#cite_note-Detailed_Mother_Tongue_Alberta-76">[76]</a> Other mother tongues include: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, with 36,320 native speakers (1.13%); <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, with 29,740 (0.92%); <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>, with 29,455 (0.91%); Spanish, with 29,125 (0.90%); <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, with 21,990 (0.68%); <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, with 20,495 (0.64%); <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, with 19,980 (0.62%); and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, with 19,350 (0.60%). The most common aboriginal language is <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> 17,215 (0.53%). Other common mother tongues include Italian with 13,095 speakers (0.41%); <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> with 11,275 (0.35%); and <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> with 10,845 (0.33%); then <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> 8,985 (0.28%); <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> 7,700 (0.24%); <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> 7,205 (0.22%); and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> 6,770 (0.21%). According to Statistics Canada, Alberta is home to the second-highest proportion (2%) of <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">Francophones</a> in western Canada (after <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>). Despite this, relatively few Albertans claim French as their mother tongue. Many of <a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Alberta's French-speaking residents</a> live in the central and northwestern regions of the province, after migration from other areas of Canada or descending from Métis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alberta#Ethnic_origins" title="Demographics of Alberta">Demographics of Alberta § Ethnic origins</a></div> Alberta has considerable ethnic diversity. In line with the rest of Canada, many Albertans are descended from immigrants of Western European nations, notably <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Canadians" title="Scottish Canadians">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">France</a>, but large numbers later came from other regions of Europe, notably <a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadians" title="Ukrainian Canadians">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Canadians" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Canadians">Scandinavia</a>. More recently, Africans, Asians and South Americans in larger numbers have also contributed to Alberta's mosaic.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Many Alberta families today can trace their ethnicity in many directions. In the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Canada" title="Census in Canada">Canadian census</a>, the most commonly reported ethnic origins among Albertans were: 885,825 English (27.2%); 679,705 German (20.9%); 667,405 Canadian (20.5%); 661,265 Scottish (20.3%); 539,160 Irish (16.6%); 388,210 French (11.9%); 332,180 Ukrainian (10.2%); 172,910 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a> (5.3%); 170,935 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a> (5.2%); 169,355 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American Indian</a> (5.2%); 144,585 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian</a> (4.4%); and 137,600 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> (4.2%). (Each person could choose as many ethnicities as were applicable so the percentages add up to much more than 100.)<a href="#cite_note-Ethnic_origins,_2006_counts,_for_Alberta-78">[78]</a> Amongst those of British heritage, the Scots have had a particularly strong influence on place-names. Many cities and towns have names of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_place_names_in_Canada" title="List of Scottish place names in Canada">Scottish</a> origins, such as Calgary, <a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canmore,_Alberta" title="Canmore, Alberta">Canmore</a>, and Banff. Both Edmonton and Calgary have historic <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a>, and Calgary has Canada's third-largest Chinese community. The Chinese presence began with workers employed in the building of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> in the 1880s. In 2021, 27.8% of the population consisted of <a href="/wiki/Visible_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible minorities">visible minorities</a> and 6.8% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a>, mostly of <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> descent. A small number of <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> live in the province. The Indigenous population has been growing at a faster rate than the population of Alberta as a whole. Some of this increase is due to Albertans who are only now embracing their Metis lineage.<a href="#cite_note-Aboriginal_identity_population_by_age_groups_Alberta-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alberta#Religion" title="Demographics of Alberta">Demographics of Alberta § Religion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg/220px-St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg/330px-St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg/440px-St_Josaphat_from_W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Josaphat_Cathedral" title="St. Josaphat Cathedral">St. Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral</a> in Edmonton</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in Alberta included:<a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-81">[81]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (2,009,820 persons or 48.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (1,676,045 persons or 40.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (202,535 persons or 4.8%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (103,600 persons or 2.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (78,520 persons or 1.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (42,830 persons or 1.0%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (19,755 persons or 0.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (11,390 persons or 0.3%)</li> <li>Other (33,220 persons or 0.8%)</li></ul> As of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011 National Household Survey</a>, the largest religious group was Roman Catholic, representing 24.3% of the population. Alberta had the second-highest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a> residents among the provinces (after British Columbia) at 31.6% of the population. Of the remainder, 7.5% of the population identified themselves as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, while 3.9% were <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> made up 3.3% of the population while <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> comprised 1.9%.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Profile,_Alberta,_2011-82">[82]</a> Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</a> are mostly concentrated in the extreme south of the province. Alberta has a population of <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>, a communal <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> sect similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, and has a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>. Alberta is home to several <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> Churches as part of the legacy of Eastern European immigration, including the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Edmonton" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton">Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_of_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada">Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Western_Canada" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Eparchy of Western Canada">Western Diocese</a> which is based in Edmonton. Muslims made up 3.2% of the population, Sikhs 1.5%, Buddhists 1.2%, and Hindus 1.0%. Many of these are immigrants, but others have roots that go back to the first settlers of the prairies. Canada's oldest mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Mosque" title="Al-Rashid Mosque">Al-Rashid Mosque</a>, is in Edmonton,<a href="#cite_note-Al-Rashid_Mosque-83">[83]</a> whereas Calgary is home to Canada's largest mosque, the <a href="/wiki/Baitun_Nur_Mosque" title="Baitun Nur Mosque">Baitun Nur Mosque</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baitun_Nur-84">[84]</a> Alberta is also home to a growing Jewish population of about 15,400 people who constituted 0.3% of Alberta's population. Most of Alberta's Jews live in the metropolitan areas of Calgary (8,200) and Edmonton (5,500).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alberta" title="Economy of Alberta">Economy of Alberta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta,_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta%2C_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg/290px-Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta%2C_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta%2C_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg/435px-Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta%2C_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta%2C_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg/580px-Petroleum_resources_in_Alberta%2C_according_to_the_Argonne_National_Labs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Petroleum resources in Alberta</figcaption></figure> Alberta's economy has been one of the strongest in the world, supported by the burgeoning petroleum industry and to a lesser extent, agriculture and technology. In 2013, Alberta's per capita GDP exceeded that of the United States, Norway, or Switzerland,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and was the highest of any province in Canada at CA$84,390. This was 56% higher than the national average of CA$53,870 and more than twice that of some of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2006, the deviation from the national average was the largest for any province in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canadian history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to the 2006 census,<a href="#cite_note-Median_earnings_for_economic_families_with_earnings_Alberta-90">[90]</a> the median annual family income after taxes was $70,986 in Alberta (compared to $60,270 in Canada as a whole). In 2014, Alberta had the second-largest economy in Canada after Ontario, with a GDP exceeding CA$376 billion.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The GDP of the province calculated at basic prices rose by 4.6% in 2017 to $327.4 billion, which was the largest increase recorded in Canada, and it ended two consecutive years of decreases.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Alberta's <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> is projected to peak at 12.1% in <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2021–2022, falling to 11.3% the following year.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The Calgary-Edmonton Corridor is the most urbanized region in the province and one of the densest in Canada. The region covers a distance of roughly 400 km (250 mi) north to south. In 2001, the population of the Calgary-Edmonton Corridor was 2.15 million (72% of Alberta's population).<a href="#cite_note-CECorridor-94">[94]</a> It is also one of the fastest-growing regions in the country by population. A 2003 study by <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">TD Bank Financial Group</a> found the corridor to be the only Canadian urban centre to amass a United States level of wealth while maintaining a Canadian style <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a>, offering <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> benefits. The report found that GDP per capita in the corridor was 10% above average United States metropolitan areas and 40% above other <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Canadian cities</a> at that time.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a> states that Alberta also has very high levels of <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> and rates Alberta as the freest economy in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> and second-freest economy amongst U.S. states and Canadian provinces.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In 2014, merchandise exports totalled US$121.4 billion. Energy revenues totalled $111.7 billion and Energy resource exports totalled $90.8 billion. Farm Cash receipts from agricultural products totalled $12.9 billion. Shipments of forest products totalled $5.4 billion while exports were $2.7 billion. Manufacturing sales totalled $79.4 billion, and Alberta's <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a> (ICT) industries generated over $13 billion in revenue. In total, Alberta's 2014 GDP amassed $364.5 billion in 2007 dollars, or $414.3 billion in 2015 dollars. In 2015, Alberta's GDP grew unstably despite low oil prices, with growth rates as high 4.4% and as low as 0.2%.<a href="#cite_note-albertacanada.com-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_forestry">Agriculture and forestry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agriculture and forestry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Cows_in_the_Foothills_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Cows in <a href="/wiki/Rocky_View_County" title="Rocky View County">Rocky View</a>. Nearly one-half of Canadian beef is produced here.</figcaption></figure> Agriculture has a significant position in the province's economy. The province has over three million head of cattle,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and Alberta beef has a healthy worldwide market. Forty percent of all Canadian beef is produced in Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The province also produces the most <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> meat in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Sheep for wool and mutton are also raised.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Wheat and <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a><a href="#cite_note-Canola-104">[104]</a> are primary farm crops, with Alberta leading the provinces in <a href="/wiki/Spring_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring wheat">spring wheat</a> production; other <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a> are also prominent. Much of the farming is dryland farming, often with fallow seasons interspersed with cultivation. Continuous cropping (in which there is no fallow season) is gradually becoming a more common mode of production because of increased profits and a reduction of <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>. Across the province, the once common <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevator</a> is slowly being lost as rail lines are decreasing; farmers typically truck the grain to central points.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Alberta is the leading <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a> province of Canada, with some beekeepers wintering <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">hives</a> indoors in specially designed barns in southern Alberta, then migrating north during the summer into the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River" title="Peace River">Peace River</a> valley where the season is short but the working days are long for <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">honeybees</a> to produce honey from <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamaenerion_angustifolium" title="Chamaenerion angustifolium">fireweed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrid</a> canola also requires bee pollination, and some beekeepers service this need.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg/220px-Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg/330px-Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg/440px-Canola_in_Alberta_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">Canola</a> field, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></figcaption></figure> Forestry plays a vital role in Alberta's economy, providing over 15,000 jobs and contributing billions of dollars annually.<a href="#cite_note-gov.ab.ca-107">[107]</a> Uses for harvested timber include <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioproducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioproducts">bioproducts</a> such as chemicals and <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> Alberta is the largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">conventional crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_crude" title="Synthetic crude">synthetic crude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and gas products in Canada. Alberta is the world's second-largest exporter of natural gas and the fourth-largest producer.<a href="#cite_note-Alaska_and_Alberta_-_An_Overview-108">[108]</a> Two of the largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a> in North America are in central and north-central Alberta. In both Red Deer and Edmonton, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">vinyl</a> manufacturers produce products that are shipped all over the world. Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a> provide the raw materials for a large <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a> to the east of Edmonton. The <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a> surrounding <a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a> have estimated <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">unconventional oil</a> reserves approximately equal to the conventional oil reserves of the rest of the world, estimated to be 1.6×1012 barrels (250 km3).<a href="#cite_note-a496-109">[109]</a> Many companies employ both conventional <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">strip mining</a> and non-conventional <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> methods to extract the <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a>. As of late 2006, there were over $100 billion in oil sands projects under construction or in the planning stages in northeastern Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-Canada's_Oil_and_Gas_Industry-110">[110]</a> Another factor determining the viability of oil extraction from the oil sands is the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">price of oil</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_oil_market_chronology_from_2003" title="World oil market chronology from 2003">oil price increases since 2003</a> have made it profitable to extract this oil, which in the past would give little profit or even a loss. By mid-2014, rising costs and stabilizing oil prices threatened the economic viability of some projects. An example of this was the shelving of the Joslyn North project<a href="#cite_note-z848-111">[111]</a> in the Athabasca region in May 2014.<a href="#cite_note-TotalJoslyn-112">[112]</a> With concerted effort and support from the provincial government, several high-tech industries have found their birth in Alberta, notably patents related to interactive <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> With a growing economy, Alberta has several financial institutions dealing with civil and private funds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Alberta" title="Tourism in Alberta">Tourism in Alberta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/220px-Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/330px-Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg/440px-Three_Sisters_-_panoramio_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4207" data-file-height="2786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Sisters_(Alberta)" title="The Three Sisters (Alberta)">The Three Sisters</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bow_Valley_Provincial_Park" title="Bow Valley Provincial Park">Bow Valley Provincial Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canmore,_Alberta" title="Canmore, Alberta">Canmore</a></figcaption></figure> Alberta has been a tourist destination from the early days of the 20th century, with attractions including outdoor locales for skiing, hiking, and camping, shopping locales such as <a href="/wiki/West_Edmonton_Mall" title="West Edmonton Mall">West Edmonton Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a>, outdoor festivals, professional athletic events, international sporting competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> and Olympic Games, as well as more eclectic attractions. According to Alberta Economic Development, Calgary and Edmonton both host over four million visitors annually. <a href="/wiki/Banff,_Alberta" title="Banff, Alberta">Banff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Alberta" title="Jasper, Alberta">Jasper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Rocky Mountains</a> are visited by about three million people per year.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_&_Climate:Encourage_Canadian_Immigration-114">[114]</a> Alberta tourism relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> tourists, as well as tourists from other parts of Canada, the United States, and many other countries. There are also natural attractions like <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo National Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Icefield" title="Columbia Icefield">Columbia Icefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alberta%27s_Rockies" title="Alberta's Rockies">Alberta's Rockies</a> include well-known tourist destinations <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a>. The two mountain parks are connected by the scenic <a href="/wiki/Icefields_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Icefields Parkway">Icefields Parkway</a>. Banff is located 128 km (80 mi) west of Calgary on <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_1" title="Alberta Highway 1">Highway 1</a>, and Jasper is located 366 km (227 mi) west of Edmonton on the <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway" title="Yellowhead Highway">Yellowhead Highway</a>. Five of Canada's fourteen <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> are located within the province: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rocky_Mountain_Parks_World_Heritage_Site" title="Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site">Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterton-Glacier_International_Peace_Park" title="Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park">Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park</a>, Wood Buffalo National Park, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park" title="Dinosaur Provincial Park">Dinosaur Provincial Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head-Smashed-In_Buffalo_Jump" title="Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump">Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump</a>. A number of these areas hold ski resorts, most notably <a href="/wiki/Banff_Sunshine" title="Banff Sunshine">Banff Sunshine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_Ski_Resort" title="Lake Louise Ski Resort">Lake Louise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmot_Basin" title="Marmot Basin">Marmot Basin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mt_Norquay" title="Mt Norquay">Norquay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nakiska" title="Nakiska">Nakiska</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronco_stampede01c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bronco_stampede01c.jpg/220px-Bronco_stampede01c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bronco_stampede01c.jpg/330px-Bronco_stampede01c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bronco_stampede01c.jpg/440px-Bronco_stampede01c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2520" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>Bronco riding at the <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">Calgary Stampede</a>. The event is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeos</a>.</figcaption></figure> About 1.2 million people visit the Calgary Stampede,<a href="#cite_note-Landmark_Stampede_Dates-115">[115]</a> a celebration of Canada's own Wild West and the cattle ranching industry. About 700,000 people enjoy Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/K-Days" title="K-Days">K-Days</a> (formerly Klondike Days and Capital EX).<a href="#cite_note-KDays-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Edmonton was the gateway to the only all-Canadian route to the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold fields</a>, and the only route which did not require gold-seekers to travel the exhausting and dangerous <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Pass" title="Chilkoot Pass">Chilkoot Pass</a>. Another tourist destination that draws more than 650,000 visitors each year is the Drumheller Valley, located northeast of Calgary. <a href="/wiki/Drumheller" title="Drumheller">Drumheller</a>, known as the "Dinosaur Capital of The World", offers the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tyrrell_Museum_of_Palaeontology" title="Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology">Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology</a>. Drumheller also had a rich mining history being one of Western Canada's largest coal producers during the war years. Another attraction in east-central Alberta is <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Prairie_Railway_Excursions" title="Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions">Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions</a>, a popular tourist attraction operated out of <a href="/wiki/Stettler,_Alberta" title="Stettler, Alberta">Stettler</a>, that offers train excursions into the prairie and caters to tens of thousands of visitors every year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alberta" title="Politics of Alberta">Politics of Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">Monarchy in Alberta</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Alberta" title="List of premiers of Alberta">List of premiers of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_general_elections" title="List of Alberta general elections">List of Alberta general elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta" title="Executive Council of Alberta">Executive Council of Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_public_agencies" title="List of Alberta public agencies">List of Alberta public agencies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Locations of Alberta's specialized and rural municipalities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png/290px-Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="490" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png/435px-Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png/580px-Alberta%27s_Specialized_and_Rural_Municipalities.png 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="2941" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Alberta's <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of specialized municipalities in Alberta">6 specialized municipalities</a> (red) and 74 rural municipalities, which include <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">municipal districts</a> (often named as <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">counties</a>) (orange), <a href="/wiki/Improvement_districts_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvement districts of Alberta">improvement districts</a> (dark green) and <a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">special areas</a> (light green) (2020)</figcaption></figure> The Government of Alberta is organized as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> democracy with a unicameral legislature. Its <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> legislature—the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly</a>—consists of 87 members elected <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first past the post</a> (FPTP) from single-member constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Locally municipal governments and school boards are elected and operate separately. Their boundaries do not necessarily coincide. As <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">King of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> is the head of state of Alberta. His duties concerning the Government of Alberta are carried out by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alberta" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alberta">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Salma_Lakhani" title="Salma Lakhani">Salma Lakhani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM-pressrelease-119">[119]</a> The King and lieutenant governor are figureheads whose actions are highly restricted by custom and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a>. The lieutenant governor handles numerous honorific duties in the name of the King. The government is headed by the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">premier</a>. The premier is normally a member of the Legislative Assembly, and draws all the members of the Cabinet from among the members of the Legislative Assembly. The City of Edmonton is the seat of the provincial government—the capital of Alberta. The current premier is <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Danielle Smith</a>, who was sworn in on October 11, 2022. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg/220px-Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg/330px-Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg/440px-Alberta_Legislature_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislative_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Legislative Building">Alberta Legislative Building</a> is the meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a></figcaption></figure> Alberta's elections have tended to yield much more conservative outcomes than those of other Canadian provinces. From the 1980s to the 2010s, Alberta had three main political parties, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservatives</a> ("Conservatives" or "Tories"), the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberals</a>, and the social democratic <a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">New Democrats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a>, a more libertarian party formed in early 2008, gained much support in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Alberta_general_election" title="2012 Alberta general election">2012 election</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">official opposition</a>, a role it held until 2017 when it was dissolved and succeeded by the new <a href="/wiki/United_Conservative_Party" title="United Conservative Party">United Conservative Party</a> created by the merger of Wildrose and the Progressive Conservatives. The strongly conservative <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Social Credit Party</a> was a power in Alberta for many decades, but fell from the political map after the Progressive Conservatives came to power in 1971. For 44 years the Progressive Conservatives governed Alberta. They lost the <a href="/wiki/2015_Alberta_general_election" title="2015 Alberta general election">2015 election</a> to the NDP (which formed their own government for the first time in provincial history, breaking almost 80 consecutive years of right-wing rule),<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> suggesting at the time a possible shift to the left in the province, also indicated by the election of progressive mayors in both of Alberta's major cities.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Since becoming a province in 1905, Alberta has seen only five changes of government—only six parties have governed Alberta: the Liberals, from 1905 to 1921; the <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a>, from 1921 to 1935; the Social Credit Party, from 1935 to 1971; the Progressive Conservative Party, from 1971 to 2015; from 2015 to 2019, the Alberta New Democratic Party; and from 2019, the United Conservative Party, with the <a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_general_election" title="2019 Alberta general election">most recent transfer of power</a> being the first time in provincial history that an incumbent government was not returned to a second term. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> The province is divided into ten types of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Canada" title="Local government in Canada">local governments</a> – urban municipalities (including <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of villages in Alberta">villages</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">summer villages</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of specialized municipalities in Alberta">specialized municipalities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_municipalities_in_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rural municipalities in Alberta">rural municipalities</a> (including <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">municipal districts</a> (often named as counties), <a href="/wiki/Improvement_districts_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvement districts of Alberta">improvement districts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta#Special_areas" title="List of communities in Alberta">special areas</a>), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis settlements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">Indian reserves</a>. All types of municipalities are governed by local residents and were incorporated under various provincial acts, with the exception of improvement districts (governed by either the provincial or federal government), and <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserves</a> (governed by local <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a> under federal jurisdiction). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RCMP_officers_Beth,_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RCMP_officers_Beth%2C_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg/220px-RCMP_officers_Beth%2C_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RCMP_officers_Beth%2C_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg/330px-RCMP_officers_Beth%2C_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/RCMP_officers_Beth%2C_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg/440px-RCMP_officers_Beth%2C_Janice_%26_Harp_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> officers in <a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a>. The RCMP provides municipal policing throughout most of Alberta.</figcaption></figure> Policing in the province of Alberta upon its creation was the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">Royal Northwest Mounted Police</a>. In 1917, due to pressures of the First World War, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Provincial_Police" title="Alberta Provincial Police">Alberta Provincial Police</a> was created. This organization policed the province until it was disbanded as a <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>-era cost-cutting measure in 1932. It was at that time the, now renamed, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> resumed policing of the province, specifically RCMP "K" Division. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Sheriffs_Branch" title="Alberta Sheriffs Branch">Alberta Sheriffs Branch</a>, the distribution of duties of law enforcement in Alberta has been evolving as certain aspects, such as traffic enforcement, mobile surveillance and the close protection of the Premier of Alberta have been transferred to the Sheriffs. In 2006, Alberta formed the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Law_Enforcement_Response_Teams" title="Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams">Alberta Law Enforcement Response Teams</a> (ALERT) to combat organized crime and the serious offences that accompany it. ALERT is made up of members of the RCMP, Sheriffs Branch, and various major municipal police forces in Alberta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> Military bases in Alberta include <a href="/wiki/CFB_Cold_Lake" title="CFB Cold Lake">Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Cold Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFB_Edmonton" title="CFB Edmonton">CFB Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFB_Suffield" title="CFB Suffield">CFB Suffield</a> and <a href="/wiki/CFB_Wainwright" title="CFB Wainwright">CFB Wainwright</a>. Air force units stationed at CFB Cold Lake have access to the <a href="/wiki/CFB_Cold_Lake" title="CFB Cold Lake">Cold Lake Air Weapons Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CFBCL-122">[122]</a> CFB Edmonton is the headquarters for the 3rd Canadian Division.<a href="#cite_note-CFBEdm-123">[123]</a> CFB Suffield hosts British troops and is the largest training facility in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-CFBSuf-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Taxation">edit</a>]</div> According to Alberta's 2009 budget, government revenue in that year came mainly from royalties on non-renewable natural resources (30.4%), personal income taxes (22.3%), corporate and other taxes (19.6%), and grants from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal government</a> primarily for infrastructure projects (9.8%).<a href="#cite_note-budget2009-125">[125]</a> In 2014, Alberta received $6.1 billion in bitumen royalties. With the drop in the price of oil in 2015 it was down to $1.4 billion. In 2016, Alberta received "about $837 million in royalty payments from oil sands Royalty Projects".<a href="#cite_note-AB_royalties-126">[126]</a> According to the 2018–2021 fiscal plan, the two top sources of revenue in 2016 were personal income tax at $10,763 million and federal transfers of $7,976 million with total resource revenue at $3,097 million.<a href="#cite_note-AB_FiscalPlan_20180322-127">[127]</a>: 45  Alberta is the only province in Canada without a provincial <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales tax</a>. Alberta residents are subject to the federal sales tax, the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services_tax_(Canada)" title="Goods and services tax (Canada)">Goods and Services Tax</a> of 5%. <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>2018–2021 fiscal plan </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Revenue source</td> <td>in millions of dollars<a href="#cite_note-AB_FiscalPlan_20180322-127">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>personal income tax</td> <td>10,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td>federal transfers</td> <td>7,976 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other tax revenue</td> <td>5,649 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Corporate income tax</td> <td>3,769 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Premiums, fees and licenses</td> <td>3,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Investment income</td> <td>3,698 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resource revenue – other</td> <td>1,614 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resource revenue – Bitumen royalties</td> <td>1,483 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Net income from business enterprises</td> <td>543 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total revenue</td> <td>42,293 </td></tr></tbody></table> From 2001 to 2016, Alberta was the only Canadian province to have a <a href="/wiki/Flat_tax" title="Flat tax">flat tax</a> of 10% of taxable income, which was introduced by Premier, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Ralph Klein</a>, as part of the Alberta Tax Advantage, which also included a zero-percent tax on income below a "generous personal exemption".<a href="#cite_note-Maclean's_Teds_20180509-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRA_2009-129">[129]</a> In 2016, under Premier <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Notley" title="Rachel Notley">Rachel Notley</a>, while most Albertans continued to pay the 10% income tax rate, new tax brackets 12%, 14%, and 15% for those with higher incomes ($128,145 annually or more) were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maclean's_Teds_20180509-128">[128]</a> Alberta's personal income tax system maintained a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive character</a> by continuing to grant residents personal tax exemptions of $18,451,<a href="#cite_note-CRA_2015-131">[131]</a> in addition to a variety of tax deductions for persons with disabilities, students, and the aged.<a href="#cite_note-Alberta_Tax_and_Credits-132">[132]</a> Alberta's municipalities and school jurisdictions have their own governments who usually work in co-operation with the provincial government. By 2018, most Albertans continued to pay the 10% income tax rate.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a> According to a March 2015 <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a> report, the median household income in Alberta in 2014 was about $100,000, which is 23% higher than the Canadian national average.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Johnson_2015-133">[133]</a> Based on Statistic Canada reports, low-income Albertans, who earn less than $25,000 and those in the high-income bracket earning $150,000 or more, are the lowest-taxed people in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a> Those in the middle income brackets representing those that earn about $25,000 to $75,000<a href="#cite_note-134">[Notes 1]</a> pay more in provincial taxes than residents in British Columbia and Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a> In terms of income tax, Alberta is the "best province" for those with a low income because there is no provincial income tax for those who earn $18,915 or less.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a> Even with the 2016 progressive tax brackets up to 15%, Albertans who have the highest incomes, those with a $150,000 annual income or more—about 178,000 people in 2015, pay the least in taxes in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a> — About 1.9 million Albertans earned between $25,000 and $150,000 in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-CBC_Fletcher_20180524-130">[130]</a> Alberta also privatized alcohol distribution. By 2010, privatization had increased outlets from 304 stores to 1,726; 1,300 jobs to 4,000 jobs; and 3,325 products to 16,495 products.<a href="#cite_note-The_Right_Way_to_Sell_Booze_in_New_Brunswick-135">[134]</a> Tax revenue also increased from $400 million to $700 million. In 2017/18 Alberta collected about $2.4 billion in education property taxes from municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-MA_2018-136">[135]</a> Alberta municipalities raise a significant portion of their income through levying property taxes.<a href="#cite_note-qp.alberta-137">[136]</a> The value of assessed property in Alberta was approximately $727 billion in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-MA_20110118-138">[137]</a> Most real property is assessed according to its market value.<a href="#cite_note-qp.alberta-137">[136]</a> The exceptions to market value assessment are farmland, railways, machinery and equipment and linear property, all of which is assessed by regulated rates.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Depending on the property type, property owners may appeal a property assessment to their municipal 'Local Assessment Review Board', 'Composite Assessment Review Board,' or the Alberta Municipal Government Board.<a href="#cite_note-qp.alberta-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Alberta" title="Culture of Alberta">Culture of Alberta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Alberta" title="List of festivals in Alberta">List of festivals in Alberta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg/220px-Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg/330px-Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg/440px-Brazier_Dancers_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Highland_dancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland dancers">Highland dancers</a> performing at the <a href="/wiki/CSIO_Spruce_Meadows_%27Masters%27_Tournament" title="CSIO Spruce Meadows 'Masters' Tournament">CSIO Spruce Meadows 'Masters' Tournament</a></figcaption></figure> Calgary is famous for <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampede" title="Calgary Stampede">its Stampede</a>, dubbed "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth". The Stampede is Canada's biggest rodeo festival and features various races and competitions, such as <a href="/wiki/Calf_roping" title="Calf roping">calf roping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bull_riding" title="Bull riding">bull riding</a>. In line with the western tradition of rodeo are the cultural artisans that reside and create unique Alberta western heritage crafts. Summer brings many <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Alberta" title="List of festivals in Alberta">festivals to Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Edmonton" title="List of festivals in Edmonton">especially in Edmonton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Fringe_Festival" title="Edmonton International Fringe Festival">Edmonton Fringe Festival</a> is the world's second-largest after the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival</a>. Both Calgary and Edmonton host many annual festivals and events, including folk music festivals. The city's "heritage days" festival sees the participation of over 70 ethnic groups. Edmonton's <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Square_(Edmonton)" title="Churchill Square (Edmonton)">Churchill Square</a> is home to a large number of the festivals, including <a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="A Taste of Edmonton">A Taste of Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Works_Art_%26_Design_Festival" title="The Works Art & Design Festival">The Works Art & Design Festival</a> throughout the summer months. In 2019, Minister of Culture and Tourism <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miranda" title="Ricardo Miranda">Ricardo Miranda</a> announced the Alberta Artist in Residence program in conjunction with the province's first Month of the Artist<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> to celebrate the arts and the value they bring to the province, both socially and economically,<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The artist is selected each year via a public and competitive process is expected to do community outreach and attend events to promote the arts throughout the province. The award comes with $60,000 funding which includes travel and materials costs.<a href="#cite_note-ArtistInResidence-143">[142]</a> On January 31, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Crazybull" title="Lauren Crazybull">Lauren Crazybull</a> was named Alberta's first artist in residence.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArtistInResidence-143">[142]</a> Alberta is the first province to launch an artist in residence program in Canada. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Sports teams in Alberta </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Team</th> <th>City</th> <th>League </th> <th>Stadium/arena </th> <th>Capacity </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers" title="Edmonton Oilers">Edmonton Oilers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Place" title="Rogers Place">Rogers Place</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">18 347 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Flames" title="Calgary Flames">Calgary Flames</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></td> <td>National Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Saddledome" title="Scotiabank Saddledome">Scotiabank Saddledome</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">19 289 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Elks" title="Edmonton Elks">Edmonton Elks</a></td> <td>Edmonton</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Stadium" title="Commonwealth Stadium">Commonwealth Stadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">60 081 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Stampeders" title="Calgary Stampeders">Calgary Stampeders</a></td> <td>Calgary</td> <td>Canadian Football League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/McMahon_Stadium" title="McMahon Stadium">McMahon Stadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">40 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Wranglers" title="Calgary Wranglers">Calgary Wranglers</a> </td> <td>Calgary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Hockey_League" title="American Hockey League">American Hockey League</a> </td> <td>Scotiabank Saddledome </td> <td style="text-align: right">19 289 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Hitmen" title="Calgary Hitmen">Calgary Hitmen</a> </td> <td>Calgary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Hockey League">Canadian Hockey League</a> </td> <td>Scotiabank Saddledome </td> <td style="text-align: right">19 289 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Oil_Kings" title="Edmonton Oil Kings">Edmonton Oil Kings</a> </td> <td>Edmonton </td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td>Rogers Place </td> <td style="text-align: right">18 347 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_Hurricanes" title="Lethbridge Hurricanes">Lethbridge Hurricanes</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enmax_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Enmax Centre">Enmax Centre</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">5 479 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat_Tigers" title="Medicine Hat Tigers">Medicine Hat Tigers</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a></td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canalta_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Canalta Centre">Canalta Centre</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">7 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Rebels" title="Red Deer Rebels">Red Deer Rebels</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a> </td> <td>Canadian Hockey League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peavey_Mart_Centrium" title="Peavey Mart Centrium">Peavey Mart Centrium</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">7 111 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_FC" title="Cavalry FC">Cavalry FC</a> </td> <td>Calgary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Premier_League" title="Canadian Premier League">Canadian Premier League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ATCO_Field" title="ATCO Field">ATCO Field</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">6 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Surge" title="Calgary Surge">Calgary Surge</a> </td> <td>Calgary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada_Olympic_Park" title="Canada Olympic Park">Winsport Event Centre</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">2 900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Stingers" title="Edmonton Stingers">Edmonton Stingers</a> </td> <td>Edmonton </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Elite_Basketball_League" title="Canadian Elite Basketball League">Canadian Elite Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Expo_Centre" title="Edmonton Expo Centre">Edmonton Expo Centre</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">4 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Roughnecks" title="Calgary Roughnecks">Calgary Roughnecks</a> </td> <td>Calgary </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Lacrosse_League" title="National Lacrosse League">National Lacrosse League</a> </td> <td>Scotiabank Saddledome </td> <td style="text-align: right">19 289 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Storm_(football)" title="Edmonton Storm (football)">Edmonton Storm</a> </td> <td>Edmonton </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Canadian_Football_League" title="Western Women's Canadian Football League">Western Women's Canadian Football League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clarke_Stadium" title="Clarke Stadium">Clarke Stadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">5 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calgary_Rage" title="Calgary Rage">Calgary Rage</a> </td> <td>Calgary </td> <td>Western Women's Canadian Football League </td> <td>Shouldice Athletic Park </td> <td style="text-align: right">1 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_Steel" title="Lethbridge Steel">Lethbridge Steel</a> </td> <td>Lethbridge </td> <td>Western Women's Canadian Football League </td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge_Community_Stadium" title="University of Lethbridge Community Stadium">University of Lethbridge Community Stadium</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">2 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Riverhawks" title="Edmonton Riverhawks">Edmonton Riverhawks</a> </td> <td>Edmonton </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_League" title="West Coast League">West Coast League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RE/MAX_Field" title="RE/MAX Field">RE/MAX Field</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">9 200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alberta" title="Education in Alberta">Education in Alberta</a></div> As with any Canadian province, the Alberta Legislature has (almost) exclusive authority to make laws respecting education. Since 1905, the Legislature has used this capacity to continue the model of locally elected public and separate school boards which originated prior to 1905, as well as to create and regulate universities, colleges, technical institutions, and other educational forms and institutions (public charter schools, private schools, homeschooling). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elementary_and_secondary">Elementary and secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Elementary and secondary">edit</a>]</div> There are forty-two public school jurisdictions in Alberta, and seventeen operating separate school jurisdictions. Sixteen of the operating separate school jurisdictions have a Catholic electorate, and one (<a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a>) has a Protestant electorate. In addition, one Protestant separate school district, Glen Avon, survives as a ward of the St. Paul Education Region. The City of Lloydminster straddles the Albertan/Saskatchewan border, and both the public and separate school systems in that city are counted in the above numbers: both of them operate according to Saskatchewan law. For many years, the provincial government has funded the greater part of the cost of providing K–12 education. Prior to 1994, public and separate school boards in Alberta had the legislative authority to levy a local tax on property as supplementary support for local education. In 1994, the government of the province eliminated this right for public school boards, but not for separate school boards. Since 1994, there has continued to be a tax on property in support of K–12 education; the difference is that the provincial government now sets the mill rate, the money is collected by the local municipal authority and remitted to the provincial government. The relevant legislation requires that all the money raised by this property tax must go to support K–12 education provided by school boards. The provincial government pools the property tax funds from across the province and distributes them, according to a formula, to public and separate school jurisdictions and Francophone authorities. <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public</a> and separate school boards, charter schools, and private schools all follow the Program of Studies and the curriculum approved by the provincial department of education (Alberta Education). <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschool</a> tutors may choose to follow the Program of Studies or develop their own Program of Studies. Public and separate schools, charter schools, and approved private schools all employ teachers who are certificated by Alberta Education, they administer Provincial Achievement Tests and Diploma Examinations set by Alberta Education, and they may grant high school graduation certificates endorsed by Alberta Education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-secondary">Post-secondary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Post-secondary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Alberta" title="Higher education in Alberta">Higher education in Alberta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_of_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/U_of_A.jpg/220px-U_of_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/U_of_A.jpg/330px-U_of_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/U_of_A.jpg/440px-U_of_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> in 2005. The institution is the oldest, and largest university in Alberta.</figcaption></figure> Several publicly funded post-secondary institutions are governed under the province's Post-secondary Learning Act. This includes four comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Research_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Research universities">research universities</a> that provides undergraduate and graduate degrees, <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">University of Lethbridge</a>; and three undergraduate universities that primarily provide <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_University_of_the_Arts" title="Alberta University of the Arts">Alberta University of the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_MacEwan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant MacEwan University">Grant MacEwan University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_University" title="Mount Royal University">Mount Royal University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-postsec-146">[145]</a> Nine comprehensive community colleges offer primarily offer diploma and certificate programs, <a href="/wiki/Bow_Valley_College" title="Bow Valley College">Bow Valley College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keyano_College" title="Keyano College">Keyano College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakeland_College_(Alberta)" title="Lakeland College (Alberta)">Lakeland College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Lethbridge College">Lethbridge College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat_College" title="Medicine Hat College">Medicine Hat College</a>, <a href="/wiki/NorQuest_College" title="NorQuest College">NorQuest College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Lakes_College" title="Northern Lakes College">Northern Lakes College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olds_College" title="Olds College">Olds College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portage_College" title="Portage College">Portage College</a>. In addition, there are also four <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic institute">polytechnic institutes</a> that provide specific career training and provides apprenticeships and diplomas, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Northern Alberta Institute of Technology">Northern Alberta Institute of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alberta_Institute_of_Technology" title="Southern Alberta Institute of Technology">Southern Alberta Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnic" title="Northwestern Polytechnic">Northwestern Polytechnic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer_Polytechnic" title="Red Deer Polytechnic">Red Deer Polytechnic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Banff_Centre_for_Arts_and_Creativity" title="Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity">Banff Centre for Arts and Creativity</a> is a specialized arts and cultural institution that is also empowered to provide diploma programs under the Post-secondary Learning Act.<a href="#cite_note-postsec-146">[145]</a> Alberta is also home to five <a href="/wiki/Independent_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school">independent</a> postsecondary institutions that provide diplomas/degrees for approved programming, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_University" title="Ambrose University">Ambrose University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burman_University" title="Burman University">Burman University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_of_Edmonton" title="Concordia University of Edmonton">Concordia University of Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_University_(Edmonton)" class="mw-redirect" title="The King's University (Edmonton)">The King's University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_University_(Calgary)" title="St. Mary's University (Calgary)">St. Mary's University</a>. Although the five institutions operate under their own legislation, they remain partly governed by the province's Post-secondary Learning Act.<a href="#cite_note-postsec-146">[145]</a> In addition to these institutions, there are also 190 private <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">career colleges</a> in Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> There was some controversy in 2005 over the rising cost of post-secondary education for students (as opposed to taxpayers). In 2005, Premier <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Ralph Klein</a> made a promise that he would freeze tuition and look into ways of reducing schooling costs.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_care">Health care</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Health_Services" title="Alberta Health Services">Alberta Health Services</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare in Canada</a></div> Alberta provides a <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded, fully integrated health system</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Health_Services" title="Alberta Health Services">Alberta Health Services</a> (AHS)—a quasi-independent agency that delivers health care on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alberta" title="Government of Alberta">Government of Alberta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Alberta)" title="Ministry of Health (Alberta)">Ministry of Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AB_GOV_2014-150">[149]</a> The Alberta government provides health services for all its residents as set out by the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Canada Health Act</a> of 1984. Alberta became Canada's second province (after <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>) to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Tommy Douglas</a>-style program in 1950, a precursor to the modern <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(Canada)" title="Medicare (Canada)">medicare</a> system. Alberta's health care budget was $22.5 billion during the 2018–2019 fiscal year (approximately 45% of all government spending), making it the best-funded health-care system per-capita in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Every hour the province spends more than $2.5 million, (or $60 million per day), to maintain and improve health care in the province.<a href="#cite_note-Alberta_Health_Funding:_Budget_2018-152">[151]</a> Notable health, education, research, and resources facilities in Alberta, all of which are located within Calgary or Edmonton. Health centres in Calgary include: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foothills_Hospital.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foothills_Hospital.JPG/220px-Foothills_Hospital.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foothills_Hospital.JPG/330px-Foothills_Hospital.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Foothills_Hospital.JPG/440px-Foothills_Hospital.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Medical_Centre" title="Foothills Medical Centre">Foothills Medical Centre</a> in Calgary is the largest hospital in Alberta.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Alberta Children's Hospital">Alberta Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothills_Medical_Centre" title="Foothills Medical Centre">Foothills Medical Centre</a></li> <li>Grace Women's Health Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libin_Cardiovascular_Institute_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta">Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed_Centre" title="Peter Lougheed Centre">Peter Lougheed Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockyview_General_Hospital" title="Rockyview General Hospital">Rockyview General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Health_Campus" title="South Health Campus">South Health Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Baker_Cancer_Centre" title="Tom Baker Cancer Centre">Tom Baker Cancer Centre</a></li> <li>University of Calgary Medical Centre (UCMC)</li></ul> </div> Health centres in Edmonton include: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Alberta Diabetes Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Cancer_Institute" title="Cross Cancer Institute">Cross Cancer Institute</a></li> <li>Edmonton Clinic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Nuns_Community_Hospital" title="Grey Nuns Community Hospital">Grey Nuns Community Hospital</a></li> <li>Lois Hole Hospital for Women</li> <li>Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misericordia_Community_Hospital" title="Misericordia Community Hospital">Misericordia Community Hospital</a></li> <li>Rexall Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Alexandra_Hospital_(Edmonton)" title="Royal Alexandra Hospital (Edmonton)">Royal Alexandra Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollery_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Stollery Children's Hospital">Stollery Children's Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_Hospital" title="University of Alberta Hospital">University of Alberta Hospital</a></li></ul> </div> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta_in_Edmonton" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Alberta in Edmonton">Edmonton Clinic</a> complex, completed in 2012, provides a similar research, education, and care environment as the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Edmonton_Clinic-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> All public health care services funded by the Government of Alberta are delivered operationally by Alberta Health Services. AHS is the province's single health authority, established on July 1, 2008, which replaced nine regional health authorities. AHS also funds all ground ambulance services in the province, as well as the province-wide <a href="/wiki/Shock_Trauma_Air_Rescue_Service" title="Shock Trauma Air Rescue Service">Shock Trauma Air Rescue Service</a> (STARS) air ambulance service.<a href="#cite_note-STARS;_About_Us-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Alberta" title="List of airports in Alberta">List of airports in Alberta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg/220px-Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg/330px-Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg/440px-Calgary_Airport_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a>, the province's largest airport by passenger traffic.</figcaption></figure> Alberta is well-connected by air, with <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a> in both Calgary and Edmonton. <a href="/wiki/Calgary_International_Airport" title="Calgary International Airport">Calgary International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_International_Airport" title="Edmonton International Airport">Edmonton International Airport</a> are the fourth- and <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Canada" title="List of the busiest airports in Canada">fifth-busiest in Canada</a>, respectively. Calgary's airport is a hub for <a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet Airlines</a> and a regional hub for <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, primarily serving the prairie provinces (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) for connecting flights to British Columbia, eastern Canada, fifteen major United States centres, nine European airports, one Asian airport and four destinations in Mexico and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calgary_Airport_Authority-156">[155]</a> Edmonton's airport acts as a hub for the Canadian north and has connections to all major Canadian airports as well as airports in the United States, Europe, Mexico, and the Caribbean .<a href="#cite_note-EIA-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transit">Public transit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Public transit">edit</a>]</div> Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, Medicine Hat, and Lethbridge have substantial <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit</a> systems. In addition to buses, Calgary and Edmonton operate <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail transit</a> (LRT) systems. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_LRT" title="Edmonton LRT">Edmonton LRT</a>, which is underground in the downtown core and on the surface outside the downtown core was the first of the modern generation of light rail systems to be built in North America, while the Calgary <a href="/wiki/CTrain" title="CTrain">CTrain</a> has one of the highest numbers of daily riders of any LRT system in North America. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1264714646">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output 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.RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">Alberta passenger rail</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian" title="The Canadian">The Canadian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Central_Station" title="Pacific Central Station">Vancouver</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/20px-BSicon_STR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/30px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BSicon_STR.svg/40px-BSicon_STR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1264714646"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;font-style:italic;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Jasper–Prince Rupert train</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert_station" title="Prince Rupert station">Prince Rupert</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_station" title="Jasper station">Jasper</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hinton_station_(Alberta)" title="Hinton station (Alberta)">Hinton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edson_station" title="Edson station">Edson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Evansburg_station" title="Evansburg station">Evansburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_bAKBHFr%2Br.svg/40px-BSicon_bAKBHFr%2Br.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_bAKBHFr%2Br.svg/60px-BSicon_bAKBHFr%2Br.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/BSicon_bAKBHFr%2Br.svg/80px-BSicon_bAKBHFr%2Br.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_station_(Via_Rail)" title="Edmonton station (Via Rail)">Edmonton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Viking_station" title="Viking station">Viking</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_station" title="Wainwright station">Wainwright</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian" title="The Canadian">The Canadian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_station" title="Saskatoon station">Saskatoon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Toronto)" title="Union Station (Toronto)">Toronto</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:0px 5px 3px;text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This diagram: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alberta_rail_network" title="Template:Alberta rail network">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alberta_rail_network" title="Template talk:Alberta rail network">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta_rail_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta rail network">edit</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper,_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper%2C_Alberta.jpg/220px-Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper%2C_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper%2C_Alberta.jpg/330px-Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper%2C_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper%2C_Alberta.jpg/440px-Hawk_Mountain_seen_from_Jasper%2C_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a> passenger train passing by freight trains in the background, at <a href="/wiki/Jasper_station" title="Jasper station">Jasper station</a></figcaption></figure> There are more than 9,000 km (5,600 mi) of operating mainline railway in Alberta. The vast majority of this trackage is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Kansas_City" title="Canadian Pacific Kansas City">Canadian Pacific Kansas City</a> (CPKC) and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a> (CN) companies, which operate <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">freight transport</a> across the province. Additional railfreight service in the province is provided by two shortline railways: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_River_Railway" title="Battle River Railway">Battle River Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Rail" title="Forty Mile Rail">Forty Mile Rail</a>. Passenger trains include <a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Canadian_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian (train)">Canadian</a> (Toronto–Vancouver) and <a href="/wiki/Jasper%E2%80%93Prince_Rupert_train" title="Jasper–Prince Rupert train">Jasper–Prince Rupert trains</a>, which use the CN mainline and pass through Jasper National Park and parallel the Yellowhead Highway during at least part of their routes. The <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountaineer" title="Rocky Mountaineer">Rocky Mountaineer</a> operates two sections: one from Vancouver to Banff over CP tracks, and a section that travels over CN tracks to Jasper. In 2024 Alberta's premier, Danielle Smith, announced a 15-year master plan to expand passenger rail in Alberta. This plan envisions rail services to <a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, Medicine Hat, Banff, <a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a>, Fort McMurray, and most importantly an intercity rail service between Edmonton and <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> systems in the respective cities. Ground-breaking was planned for 2027, according to Transportation Minister <a href="/wiki/Devin_Dreeshen" title="Devin Dreeshen">Devin Dreeshen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Road">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_highways" title="List of Alberta provincial highways">List of Alberta provincial highways</a></div> Alberta has over 473,000 km (294,000 mi) of highways and roads in its road network.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> The main north–south corridor is <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_2" title="Alberta Highway 2">Highway 2</a>, which begins south of <a href="/wiki/Cardston" title="Cardston">Cardston</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carway,_Alberta" title="Carway, Alberta">Carway</a> border crossing and is part of the <a href="/wiki/CANAMEX_Corridor" title="CANAMEX Corridor">CANAMEX Corridor</a>. Beginning at the <a href="/wiki/Coutts,_Alberta" title="Coutts, Alberta">Coutts</a> border crossing and ending at Lethbridge, <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_4" title="Alberta Highway 4">Highway 4</a>, effectively extends <a href="/wiki/Interstate_15" title="Interstate 15">Interstate 15</a> into Alberta and is the busiest United States gateway to the province. <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_3" title="Alberta Highway 3">Highway 3</a> joins Lethbridge to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Macleod" title="Fort Macleod">Fort Macleod</a> and links Highway 2 to Highway 4. Highway 2 travels north through Fort Macleod, Calgary, Red Deer, and Edmonton.<a href="#cite_note-highwaychart-160">[159]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg/220px-Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg/330px-Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg/440px-Alberta_Highway_22-Cowboy_Trail-_at_TransCanada_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_1" title="Alberta Highway 1">Highway 1</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_22" title="Alberta Highway 22">Alberta Highway 22</a> (Cowboy Trail).</figcaption></figure> North of Edmonton, the highway continues to <a href="/wiki/Athabasca,_Alberta" title="Athabasca, Alberta">Athabasca</a>, then northwesterly along the south shore of <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Slave_Lake" title="Lesser Slave Lake">Lesser Slave Lake</a> into <a href="/wiki/High_Prairie" title="High Prairie">High Prairie</a>, north to <a href="/wiki/Peace_River,_Alberta" title="Peace River, Alberta">Peace River</a>, west to <a href="/wiki/Fairview,_Alberta" title="Fairview, Alberta">Fairview</a> and finally south to <a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a>, where it ends at an interchange with <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_43" title="Alberta Highway 43">Highway 43</a>.<a href="#cite_note-highwaychart-160">[159]</a> The section of Highway 2 between Calgary and Edmonton has been named the Queen Elizabeth II Highway to commemorate the visit of the monarch in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Highway 2 is supplemented by two more highways that run parallel to it: <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_22" title="Alberta Highway 22">Highway 22</a>, west of Highway 2, known as Cowboy Trail, and <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_21" title="Alberta Highway 21">Highway 21</a>, east of Highway 2. Highway 43 travels northwest into Grande Prairie and the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_Country" title="Peace River Country">Peace River Country</a>. Travelling northeast from Edmonton, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_63" title="Alberta Highway 63">Highway 63</a> connects to Fort McMurrayand the Athabasca oil sands.<a href="#cite_note-highwaychart-160">[159]</a> Alberta has two main east–west corridors. The southern corridor, part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a> system, enters the province near Medicine Hat, runs westward through Calgary, and leaves Alberta through Banff National Park. The northern corridor, also part of the Trans-Canada network and known as the <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_Highway" title="Yellowhead Highway">Yellowhead Highway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_16" title="Alberta Highway 16">Highway 16</a>), runs west from Lloydminster in eastern Alberta, through Edmonton and <a href="/wiki/Jasper_National_Park" title="Jasper National Park">Jasper National Park</a> into British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-highwaychart-160">[159]</a> One of the most scenic drives is along the <a href="/wiki/Icefields_Parkway" class="mw-redirect" title="Icefields Parkway">Icefields Parkway</a>, which runs for 228 km (142 mi) between Jasper and Lake Louise, with mountain ranges and glaciers on either side of its entire length. A third corridor stretches across southern Alberta; <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_3" title="Alberta Highway 3">Highway 3</a> runs between <a href="/wiki/Crowsnest_Pass" title="Crowsnest Pass">Crowsnest Pass</a> and Medicine Hat through Lethbridge and forms the eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Crowsnest_Highway" title="Crowsnest Highway">Crowsnest Highway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-highwaychart-160">[159]</a> Another major corridor through central Alberta is <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_11" title="Alberta Highway 11">Highway 11</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)" title="David Thompson (explorer)">David Thompson</a> Highway), which runs east from the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_River_Crossing,_Alberta" title="Saskatchewan River Crossing, Alberta">Saskatchewan River Crossing</a> in Banff National Park through <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_House" title="Rocky Mountain House">Rocky Mountain House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a>, connecting with <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Highway_12" title="Alberta Highway 12">Highway 12</a>, 20 km (12 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Stettler,_Alberta" title="Stettler, Alberta">Stettler</a>. The highway connects many of the smaller towns in central Alberta with Calgary and Edmonton, as it crosses Highway 2 just west of Red Deer.<a href="#cite_note-highwaychart-160">[159]</a> Urban stretches of Alberta's major highways and freeways are often called trails. For example, Highway 2, the main north–south highway in the province, is called <a href="/wiki/Deerfoot_Trail" title="Deerfoot Trail">Deerfoot Trail</a> as it passes through Calgary but becomes <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Trail_%26_Gateway_Boulevard" title="Calgary Trail & Gateway Boulevard">Calgary Trail (southbound) and Gateway Boulevard (northbound)</a> as it enters Edmonton and then turns into <a href="/wiki/St._Albert_Trail" title="St. Albert Trail">St. Albert Trail</a> as it leaves Edmonton for the City of <a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a>. Calgary, in particular, has a tradition of calling its largest urban <a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">expressways</a> trails and naming many of them after prominent <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> individuals and tribes, such as <a href="/wiki/Crowchild_Trail" title="Crowchild Trail">Crowchild Trail</a>, Deerfoot Trail, and <a href="/wiki/Stoney_Trail" title="Stoney Trail">Stoney Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calgarymap-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friendship_partners">Friendship partners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Friendship partners">edit</a>]</div> Alberta has relationships with many provinces, states, and other entities worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon-do</a>, South Korea (1974)<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>, Japan (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, China (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, United States (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, Russia (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanty-Mansi_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug">Khanty–Mansi</a>, Russia (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug" title="Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug">Yamalo-Nenets</a>, Russia (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, Mexico (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, United States (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, Germany (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a>, Ukraine (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, United States (1997)<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, China (2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Alberta-related_articles" title="Index of Alberta-related articles">Index of Alberta-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Alberta" title="Outline of Alberta">Outline of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> According to a 2018 CBC article, Albertans whose annual income is less than $25,000 pay the least income tax in Canada; those that earn about $50,000 "pay more than both Ontarians and British Columbians". Residents of British Columbia who earn about $75,000 pay $1,200 less in provincial taxes than those in Alberta. Albertans who earn about $100,000, "pay less than Ontarians but still more than people in B.C." Alberta taxpayers who earn $250,000 a year or more, pay $4,000 less in provincial taxes than someone with a similar income in B.C. and "about $18,000 less than in Quebec." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=IAQFZ">"Alberta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alberta&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DIAQFZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberta-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberta_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberta_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberta_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&SearchText=Alberta">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Data table"</a>. Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209170542/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&SearchText=Alberta">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Data+table&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000248%26SearchText%3DAlberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population estimates, quarterly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. September 27, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928010937/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2023. Retrieved September 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+estimates%2C+quarterly&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D1710000901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languages_Act-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Languages_Act_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.alberta.ca/publications/l06">"Languages Act"</a>. 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Retrieved July 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Hardiness+Zone+by+Municipality&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planthardiness.gc.ca%2F%3Fm%3D22%26lang%3Den%26prov%3DAlberta%26val%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantwatch.naturealberta.ca/plant-information/prairie-crocus">Prairie Crocus Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515015621/http://plantwatch.naturealberta.ca/plant-information/prairie-crocus">Archived</a> May 15, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alberta Plant Watch. Author Annora Brown. Published: no date given. Retrieved August 28, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jennings2010-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Jennings2010_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_L._Jennings2010" class="citation book cs1">Neil L. Jennings (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuUCxztT6ycC&pg=PA98">In Plain Sight: Exploring the Natural Wonders of Southern Alberta</a>. Rocky Mountain Books Ltd. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897522-78-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897522-78-3"><bdi>978-1-897522-78-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628093356/http://books.google.com/books?id=BuUCxztT6ycC&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2014. 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U of Nebraska Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2604-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2604-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-2604-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140628093556/http://books.google.com/books?id=v1DKQL0OBigC&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prairie+Dog+Empire%3A+A+Saga+of+the+Shortgrass+Prairie&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2604-3&rft.au=Paul+A.+Johnsgard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1DKQL0OBigC%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828164627/http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex3441?opendocument">"The History of Rat Control in Alberta"</a>. Alberta Department of Agriculture. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=e2e136e9-fa2d-45ab-91dc-fe9951d40c3e&p=2">the original</a> on August 22, 2012. 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Retrieved August 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Alberta%27s+rat-free+status+in+jeopardy%3A+More+than+dozen+found+in+landfill&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Falbertas-rat-free-status-in-jeopardy-more-than-dozen-found-in-landfill%2Farticle4483243%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/several-rats-found-at-medicine-hat-landfill-one-spotted-at-nearby-farm-1.2602916">"Several rats found at Medicine Hat landfill, one spotted at nearby farm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a>. 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Dinosaurs of Alberta (exclusive of Aves): In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, pp. 279–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221041745/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firstnations/theories.html">"Canada's First Nations"</a>. Applied History. University of Calgary. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firstnations/theories.html">the original</a> on December 21, 2010. 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Retrieved September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BNN&rft.atitle=One+year+later%3A+A+look+back+at+how+the+Fort+McMurray+wildfires+unfolded+-+BNN+Bloomberg&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnnbloomberg.ca%2Fa-look-back-at-how-the-fort-mcmurray-wildfires-unfolded-1.739324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC_20201019-57"><a href="#cite_ref-CBC_20201019_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-covid-19-coronavirus-active-cases-pandemic-1.5768458">"Alberta hits new pandemic peak for active COVID-19 cases"</a>. CBC. 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Retrieved November 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Alberta+hits+new+pandemic+peak+for+active+COVID-19+cases&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Falberta-covid-19-coronavirus-active-cases-pandemic-1.5768458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan2017Q1Est-58"><a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2017Q1Est_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories"</a>. Statistics Canada. 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February 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614011505/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=48&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Alberta&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. 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February 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101234942/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=25&PR=48&CMA=0#tPopDwell">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Dwelling+Count+Highlight+Tables%2C+2016+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DEng%26T%3D302%26SR%3D1%26S%3D3%26O%3DD%26RPP%3D25%26PR%3D48%26CMA%3D0%23tPopDwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan2011CSDs-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2011CSDs_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2011CSDs_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0">"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)"</a>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722143610/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=51&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=48&CMA=0">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+and+census+subdivisions+%28municipalities%29%2C+2011+and+2006+censuses+%28Alberta%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D302%26SR%3D1%26S%3D51%26O%3DA%26RPP%3D9999%26PR%3D48%26CMA%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan2006CSDs-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2006CSDs_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2006CSDs_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=9999&PR=48">"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722154714/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=3&O=D&RPP=9999&PR=48">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories%2C+and+census+subdivisions+%28municipalities%29%2C+2006+and+2001+censuses+%E2%80%93+100%25+data+%28Alberta%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable-Tableau.cfm%3FLANG%3DEng%26T%3D302%26SR%3D1%26S%3D3%26O%3DD%26RPP%3D9999%26PR%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan2001CSDs-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2001CSDs_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2001CSDs_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CSD-P.cfm?T=1&SR=1&PR=48&S=3&O=D">"Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Subdivisions (Municipalities), 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data (Alberta)"</a>. Statistics Canada. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808025517/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/popdwell/Table-CSD-P.cfm?T=1&SR=1&PR=48&S=3&O=D">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Dwelling+Counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+and+Census+Subdivisions+%28Municipalities%29%2C+2001+and+1996+Censuses+%E2%80%93+100%25+Data+%28Alberta%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fpopdwell%2FTable-CSD-P.cfm%3FT%3D1%26SR%3D1%26PR%3D48%26S%3D3%26O%3DD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan1996CPs-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan1996CPs_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StatCan1996CPs_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207053803/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm">"Community Profiles"</a>. Statistics Canada. 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/Profil/PlaceSearchForm1.cfm">the original</a> on February 7, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Profiles&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2FProfil%2FPlaceSearchForm1.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-language2021-75"><a href="#cite_ref-language2021_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Alberta">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Alberta [Province]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. August 17, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817225147/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Alberta">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+Alberta+%5BProvince%5D&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000248%26HEADERlist%3D%2C15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%26SearchText%3DAlberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Detailed_Mother_Tongue_Alberta-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Detailed_Mother_Tongue_Alberta_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114170646/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=838045&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89201&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Detailed Mother Tongue (186), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 and 2006 Censuses – 20% Sample Data"</a>. Statistics Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=838045&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89201&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">the original</a> on January 14, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Mother+Tongue+%28186%29%2C+Knowledge+of+Official+Languages+%285%29%2C+Age+Groups+%2817A%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+of+Canada%2C+Provinces%2C+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2001+and+2006+Censuses+%E2%80%93+20%25+Sample+Data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Ftbt%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D838045%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D89201%26PRID%3D0%26PTYPE%3D88971%2C97154%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2006%26THEME%3D70%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012202030/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/index.cfm?Lang=E">"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlight Tables"</a>. 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/index.cfm?Lang=E">the original</a> on October 12, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census&rft.atitle=Ethnocultural+Portrait+of+Canada+Highlight+Tables&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus06%2Fdata%2Fhighlights%2Fethnic%2Findex.cfm%3FLang%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnic_origins,_2006_counts,_for_Alberta-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnic_origins,_2006_counts,_for_Alberta_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605011738/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=48&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data"</a>. Statistics Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=48&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">the original</a> on June 5, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+origins%2C+2006+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories+%E2%80%93+20%25+sample+data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt%2F97-562%2Fpages%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D48%26Table%3D2%26Data%3DCount%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll%26CSDFilter%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aboriginal_identity_population_by_age_groups_Alberta-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Aboriginal_identity_population_by_age_groups_Alberta_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629150136/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-558/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&Sex=1&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page">"Aboriginal identity population by age groups, median age and sex, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces, and territories – 20% sample data"</a>. Statistics Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-558/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=1&Data=Count&Sex=1&Age=1&StartRec=1&Sort=2&Display=Page">the original</a> on June 29, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+identity+population+by+age+groups%2C+median+age+and+sex%2C+2006+counts%2C+for+Canada%2C+provinces%2C+and+territories+%E2%80%93+20%25+sample+data&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt%2F97-558%2Fpages%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DPR%26Code%3D01%26Table%3D1%26Data%3DCount%26Sex%3D1%26Age%3D1%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D2%26Display%3DPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWishart" class="citation book cs1">Wishart. What Lies Behind the Picture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Lies+Behind+the+Picture&rft.au=Wishart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusB-81"><a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Alberta&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. October 26, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330015059/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Alberta&DGUIDlist=2021A000248&GENDERlist=1%2C2%2C3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DAlberta%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000248%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHS_Profile,_Alberta,_2011-82"><a href="#cite_ref-NHS_Profile,_Alberta,_2011_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=48&Data=Count&SearchText=Alberta&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&GeoLevel=PR&GeoCode=48">"NHS Profile, Alberta, 2011"</a>. 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Retrieved January 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Alberta+built+enough+roads+to+reach+the+moon&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Robson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fcalgary%2Falberta-roads-highways-statistics-data-history-1.4824736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-highwaychart-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-highwaychart_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highwaychart_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highwaychart_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highwaychart_160-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highwaychart_160-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-highwaychart_160-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType329/Production/2015_PROVINCIAL_HWY_1-216_CONTROL_SECTION_MAP.pdf">"Provincial Highway 1–216 Progress Chart"</a> (PDF). Alberta Transportation. March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160410182657/http://www.transportation.alberta.ca/Content/docType329/Production/2015_PROVINCIAL_HWY_1-216_CONTROL_SECTION_MAP.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Highway+1%E2%80%93216+Progress+Chart&rft.pub=Alberta+Transportation&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transportation.alberta.ca%2FContent%2FdocType329%2FProduction%2F2015_PROVINCIAL_HWY_1-216_CONTROL_SECTION_MAP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=18089FD23DB4D-FD6C-4FCB-BF561512BB437544">"Highway 2 receives 'Royal' treatment"</a>. Alberta Transportation. May 23, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325212610/http://www.alberta.ca/release.cfm?xID=18089FD23DB4D-FD6C-4FCB-BF561512BB437544">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016. <q>Highway 2 between Edmonton and Calgary is now known as the Queen Elizabeth II Highway.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highway+2+receives+%27Royal%27+treatment&rft.pub=Alberta+Transportation&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alberta.ca%2Frelease.cfm%3FxID%3D18089FD23DB4D-FD6C-4FCB-BF561512BB437544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calgarymap-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Calgarymap_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008133612/https://www.google.ca/maps/@50.9896374,-114.0667851,9.75z?hl=en">"Calgary, Alberta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.ca/maps/@50.9896374,-114.0667851,9.75z?hl=en">the original</a> (Map) on October 8, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ca%2Fmaps%2F%4050.9896374%2C-114.0667851%2C9.75z%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160409210404/http://www.international.alberta.ca/554.cfm">"Twinning Relationships"</a>. Government of Alberta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.alberta.ca/554.cfm">the original</a> on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twinning+Relationships&rft.pub=Government+of+Alberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.alberta.ca%2F554.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514090614/http://www.albertacanada.com/korea/images/Gangwon-AB.pdf">"Gangwon – Alberta Relations"</a> (PDF). AlbertaCanada.com. Government of Alberta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://albertacanada.com/korea/images/Gangwon-AB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 14, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AlbertaCanada.com&rft.atitle=Gangwon+%E2%80%93+Alberta+Relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falbertacanada.com%2Fkorea%2Fimages%2FGangwon-AB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soir.senate.ca.gov/sisterstates">"California's Sister State Relationships"</a>. ca.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514132745/http://soir.senate.ca.gov/sisterstates">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ca.gov&rft.atitle=California%27s+Sister+State+Relationships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoir.senate.ca.gov%2Fsisterstates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryJack_Brink2004" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Susan; Jack Brink (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aboriginalcultur00berr_1">Aboriginal Cultures in Alberta: Five Hundred Generations</a>. Provincial Museum of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7785-2852-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7785-2852-9"><bdi>0-7785-2852-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 21, 2012. <q>Alberta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Cultures+in+Alberta%3A+Five+Hundred+Generations&rft.pub=Provincial+Museum+of+Alberta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7785-2852-9&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Jack+Brink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faboriginalcultur00berr_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaughMichael_PayneDonald_WetherellCatherine_Cavanaugh2006" class="citation book cs1">Cavanaugh, Catherine Anne; Michael Payne; Donald Wetherell; Catherine Cavanaugh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_XNCXJcjlkC&q=Alberta&pg=PP1">Alberta formed, Alberta transformed, Volume 1</a>. University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55238-194-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55238-194-3"><bdi>1-55238-194-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614011504/https://books.google.com/books?id=V_XNCXJcjlkC&q=Alberta&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberta+formed%2C+Alberta+transformed%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-55238-194-3&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Anne&rft.au=Michael+Payne&rft.au=Donald+Wetherell&rft.au=Catherine+Cavanaugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_XNCXJcjlkC%26q%3DAlberta%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnorsLaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Connors, Richard; Law, John M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fH8e7dOAWPgC&q=Alberta&pg=PP3">Forging Alberta's constitutional framework</a>. University of Alberta – Centre for Constitutional Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-457-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-457-4"><bdi>0-88864-457-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614011513/https://books.google.com/books?id=fH8e7dOAWPgC&q=Alberta&pg=PP3">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+Alberta%27s+constitutional+framework&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+%E2%80%93+Centre+for+Constitutional+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-88864-457-4&rft.aulast=Connors&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Law%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfH8e7dOAWPgC%26q%3DAlberta%26pg%3DPP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2009" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Faye Reineberg (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgy0_OaTZWYC&q=Alberta&pg=PP1">Alberta: A History in Photographs</a>. Heritage House ; Lancaster : Gazelle. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-87-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-87-5"><bdi>978-1-894974-87-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614011433/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lgy0_OaTZWYC&q=Alberta&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberta%3A+A+History+in+Photographs&rft.pub=Heritage+House+%3B+Lancaster+%3A+Gazelle&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-894974-87-5&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Faye+Reineberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgy0_OaTZWYC%26q%3DAlberta%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelnyk1999" class="citation book cs1">Melnyk, George (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literaryhistoryo0002meln">The literary history of Alberta</a>. University of Alberta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88864-296-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88864-296-2"><bdi>0-88864-296-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 21, 2012. <q>Alberta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+literary+history+of+Alberta&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-88864-296-2&rft.aulast=Melnyk&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliteraryhistoryo0002meln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alison (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofeducat0000tayl">The politics of educational reform in Alberta</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4813-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4813-7"><bdi>0-8020-4813-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 21, 2012. <q>Alberta.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+educational+reform+in+Alberta&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8020-4813-7&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofeducat0000tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlberta" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alberta" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Alberta">Alberta</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Alberta at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alberta" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Alberta">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alberta" class="extiw" title="c:Alberta">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Alberta" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Alberta">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alberta" class="extiw" title="q:Alberta">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alberta" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Alberta">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alberta" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Alberta">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alberta" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Alberta">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Alberta" class="extiw" title="voy:Alberta">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alberta.ca/">Official website of the Government of Alberta</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1951#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109112227/http://albertasource.ca/">Alberta Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cartographic.info/ca_street/place.php?p=ab">List of streets in Alberta with maps</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Alberta585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Alberta" title="Template:Subdivisions of Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Alberta" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Alberta585" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada#Alberta" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Alberta" title="List of census divisions of Alberta">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_Alberta" title="List of census agglomerations in Alberta">Census agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Alberta" title="List of municipalities in Alberta">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_authorities_in_Alberta" title="List of school authorities in Alberta">School authorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of villages in Alberta">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hamlets_in_Alberta" title="List of hamlets in Alberta">Hamlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">Indian reserves and settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Metis settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of ghost towns in Alberta">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_centres_in_Alberta" title="List of population centres in Alberta">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_places_in_Alberta" title="List of designated places in Alberta">Designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_localities_in_Alberta" title="List of localities in Alberta">Localities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_service_areas_in_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban service areas in Alberta">urban service areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdrie,_Alberta" title="Airdrie, Alberta">Airdrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Alberta" title="Beaumont, Alberta">Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks,_Alberta" title="Brooks, Alberta">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camrose,_Alberta" title="Camrose, Alberta">Camrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestermere" title="Chestermere">Chestermere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Lake,_Alberta" title="Cold Lake, Alberta">Cold Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saskatchewan" title="Fort Saskatchewan">Fort Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Prairie" title="Grande Prairie">Grande Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacombe,_Alberta" title="Lacombe, Alberta">Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leduc,_Alberta" title="Leduc, Alberta">Leduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat" title="Medicine Hat">Medicine Hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Park" title="Sherwood Park">Sherwood Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Grove" title="Spruce Grove">Spruce Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Albert,_Alberta" title="St. Albert, Alberta">St. Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetaskiwin" title="Wetaskiwin">Wetaskiwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alberta" title="Category:Alberta">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alberta" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alberta">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_on_Alberta633" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Topics_on_Alberta" title="Template:Topics on Alberta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Topics_on_Alberta" title="Template talk:Topics on Alberta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Topics_on_Alberta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Topics on Alberta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_on_Alberta633" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Alberta-related_articles" title="Index of Alberta-related articles">Topics</a> on <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alberta" title="History of Alberta">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Alberta_history" title="Timeline of Alberta history">Timeline of Alberta history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Act" title="Alberta Act">Alberta Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade#North_American_fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_historic_sites_of_Alberta" title="Provincial historic sites of Alberta">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">History of the petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Alberta" title="Timeline of the petroleum industry in Alberta">Timeline of the petroleum industry in Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit">Social Credit</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Alberta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Alberta"><img alt="Flag of Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/64px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/96px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/128px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Alberta" title="Politics of Alberta">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Alberta" title="Constitution of Alberta">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Alberta" title="List of political parties in Alberta">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_general_elections" title="List of Alberta general elections">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2019_Alberta_general_election" title="2019 Alberta general election">last</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta" title="Executive Council of Alberta">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alberta" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alberta">Lieutenant Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Alberta" title="Executive Council of Alberta">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Alberta" title="List of premiers of Alberta">past</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_electoral_districts" title="List of Alberta provincial electoral districts">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Alberta)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Alberta" title="Geography of Alberta">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Alberta" title="Demographics of Alberta">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Alberta" title="List of mountains of Alberta">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Alberta" title="List of protected areas of Alberta">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Alberta" title="List of lakes of Alberta">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Alberta" title="List of rivers of Alberta">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Alberta" title="List of communities in Alberta">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_districts_in_Alberta" title="List of municipal districts in Alberta">Municipal districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipalities_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipalities of Alberta">Specialized municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Alberta" title="List of cities in Alberta">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Alberta" title="List of towns in Alberta">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of villages in Alberta">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hamlets_in_Alberta" title="List of hamlets in Alberta">Hamlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reserves_in_Alberta" title="List of Indian reserves in Alberta">Indian reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_divisions_of_Alberta" title="List of census divisions of Alberta">Census divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_agglomerations_in_Alberta" title="List of census agglomerations in Alberta">Census agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_places_in_Alberta" title="List of designated places in Alberta">Designated places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Alberta" title="Economy of Alberta">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Alberta" title="Category:Companies based in Alberta">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATB_Financial" title="ATB Financial">Alberta Treasury Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Innovates" title="Alberta Innovates">Alberta Innovates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Alberta" title="Environmental issues in Alberta">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Alberta" title="Tourism in Alberta">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_provincial_highways" title="List of Alberta provincial highways">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Alberta" title="List of airports in Alberta">Airports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Alberta" title="Culture of Alberta">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Alberta" title="Media in Alberta">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alberta" title="Education in Alberta">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Alberta" title="List of festivals in Alberta">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Alberta" title="First Nations in Alberta">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Albertans" title="Franco-Albertans">Franco-Albertans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Alberta" title="Music of Alberta">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Alberta" title="Category:Sport in Alberta">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Alberta" title="List of people from Alberta">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Alberta" title="Symbols of Alberta">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alberta" title="Flag of Alberta">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Alberta" title="Coat of arms of Alberta">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_(song)" title="Alberta (song)">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Advantage" title="Alberta Advantage">Alberta Advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alberta" title="Battle of Alberta">Battle of Alberta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alberta" title="Category:Alberta">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alberta" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alberta">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a> after 1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by area">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Extreme points of Canadian provinces">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Canada_by_annual_expenditures" title="List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures">Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_museums_of_Canada" title="Provincial and territorial museums of Canada">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of provinces and territories of Canada">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Category:Provinces and territories of Canada">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada559" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada559" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Canada" title="Disability in Canada">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1951#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1951#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107301074">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312732044">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316638768">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204828/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRqvQbDBpdCQR6cRFXJc">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001049-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79034968">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862194v">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119430263">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862194v">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119430263">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00653887">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134010&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450736">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000376465&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwv5k14fg0ghb">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559530405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515364006706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/11e1b699-4e38-49b0-bb24-5092e0f8f4ad">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05160605?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026358530">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027374904">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044703">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43878">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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