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id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_from_European_bison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_European_bison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Differences from European bison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_European_bison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossbreeding_with_cattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossbreeding_with_cattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Crossbreeding with cattle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossbreeding_with_cattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Range and population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Range_and_population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Range and population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Range_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_trails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_trails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Habitat and trails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitat_and_trails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductions_to_Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions_to_Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Introductions to Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions_to_Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_behavior_and_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior_and_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social behavior and reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior_and_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Horning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wallowing_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wallowing_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Wallowing behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wallowing_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangers_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Dangers to humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangers_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_bottleneck_and_near_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_bottleneck_and_near_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population bottleneck and near extinction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_bottleneck_and_near_extinction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population bottleneck and near extinction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population_bottleneck_and_near_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texas_State_Bison_Herd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_State_Bison_Herd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Texas State Bison Herd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_State_Bison_Herd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellowstone_National_Park_Bison_Herd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellowstone_National_Park_Bison_Herd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellowstone_National_Park_Bison_Herd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Population recovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_livestock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_livestock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>As livestock</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_livestock-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As livestock subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_livestock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>As a symbol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_symbol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a symbol subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">American bison</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_bison" title="Amerikaanse bison – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amerikaanse bison" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="بيسون أمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيسون أمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_bizonu" title="Amerika bizonu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika bizonu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Amerika" title="Bison Amerika – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bison Amerika" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амерыканскі бізон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амерыканскі бізон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амэрыканскі бізон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амэрыканскі бізон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanischa_Bison" title="Amerikanischa Bison – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Amerikanischa Bison" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon_Amerika" title="Bizon Amerika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bizon Amerika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%C3%B3_americ%C3%A0" title="Bisó americà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bisó americà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon_americk%C3%BD" title="Bizon americký – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bizon americký" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_bison" title="Amerikansk bison – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amerikansk bison" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanischer_Bison" title="Amerikanischer Bison – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amerikanischer Bison" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Ayání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ayání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_piison" title="Ameerika piison – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika piison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αμερικανικός βίσονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανικός βίσονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_bizono" title="Amerika bizono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amerika bizono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_bisonte" title="Ameriketako bisonte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako bisonte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="بوفالوی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوفالوی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanskur_bisonur" title="Amerikanskur bisonur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Amerikanskur bisonur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Bison d'Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bison d'Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanske_bizon" title="Amerikaanske bizon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amerikaanske bizon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADos%C3%BAn_Meirice%C3%A1nach" title="Bíosún Meiriceánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bíosún Meiriceánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte_americano" title="Bisonte americano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bisonte americano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%A4%EC%86%8C" title="아메리카들소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아메리카들소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ամերիկյան բիզոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկյան բիզոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_bizon" title="Američki bizon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američki bizon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_amerika" title="Bison amerika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bison amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte_american" title="Bisonte american – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bisonte american" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99" title="ביזון אמריקאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביזון אמריקאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Am%C3%A9rika" title="Bison Amérika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bison Amérika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბიზონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიზონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Америкалық бизон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америкалық бизон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartol_(Bison_bison)" title="Gartol (Bison bison) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gartol (Bison bison)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_bizons" title="Amerikas bizons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas bizons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikanesche_Bison" title="Amerikanesche Bison – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Amerikanesche Bison" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Америкадин бизон – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Америкадин бизон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizonas" title="Bizonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bizonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_b%C3%B6l%C3%A9ny" title="Amerikai bölény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai bölény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Американски бизон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Американски бизон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="അമേരിക്കൻ കാട്ടുപോത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമേരിക്കൻ കാട്ടുപോത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%89" title="بيسون امريكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيسون امريكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_Amerika" title="Bison Amerika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bison Amerika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="အမေရိကန် နွားထီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန် နွားထီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikaanse_bizon" title="Amerikaanse bizon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amerikaanse bizon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="アメリカバイソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカバイソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikoonsk_Biison" title="Amerikoonsk Biison – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Amerikoonsk Biison" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikansk_bison" title="Amerikansk bison – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amerikansk bison" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%86" title="امریکی بائسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکی بائسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon_ameryka%C5%84ski" title="Bizon amerykański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bizon amerykański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%C3%A3o-americano" title="Bisão-americano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bisão-americano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon_american" title="Bizon american – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bizon american" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awya_Yala_Bisunti" title="Awya Yala Bisunti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awya Yala Bisunti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="American bison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American bison" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz%C3%B3n_americk%C3%BD" title="Bizón americký – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bizón americký" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ki_bizon" title="Ameriški bizon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ameriški bizon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амерички бизон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амерички бизон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dki_bizon" title="Američki bizon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Američki bizon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biisoni" title="Biisoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biisoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonoxe" title="Bisonoxe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bisonoxe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="அமெரிக்கக் காட்டெருது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமெரிக்கக் காட்டெருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotoa%27e" title="Hotoa'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hotoa'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_bizonu" title="Amerika bizonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika bizonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Америкаысь бизон – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Америкаысь бизон" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Бізон американський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бізон американський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%A7_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئامېرىكا ياۋا كالىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئامېرىكا ياۋا كالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaizcwx_meijcouh" title="Vaizcwx meijcouh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vaizcwx meijcouh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2_bison_ch%C3%A2u_M%E1%BB%B9" title="Bò bison châu Mỹ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bò bison châu Mỹ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" title="Bison bison – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bison bison" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="美洲野牛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美洲野牛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="美洲野牛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美洲野牛" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bovid artiodactyl mammal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"American Buffalo" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/American_Buffalo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="American Buffalo (disambiguation)">American Buffalo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">American bison<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">0.01–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.99661538462px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span><small>Early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> – present</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:American_bison_k5680-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/220px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/330px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/440px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1761" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_bison" title="Plains bison">Plains bison</a><br /> (<i>Bison bison bison</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg/220px-Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg/330px-Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg/440px-Waldbison_Bison_bison_athabascae_Tierpark_Hellabrunn-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_bison" title="Wood bison">Wood bison</a><br /> (<i>Bison bison athabascae</i>)<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Bison.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Bison.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Bison.ogg/Bison.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_NT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Near_Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Threatened">Near Threatened</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bison" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovina_(subtribe)" title="Bovina (subtribe)">Bovina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison"><i>Bison</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. bison</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Bison bison</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_bison" title="Wood bison">B. b. athabascae</a></i> (wood bison)<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Plains_bison" title="Plains bison">B. b. bison</a></i> (plains bison) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays="["_c75f979ec5ff3aedae5c24501cfc0e879ed1724f"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=American_bison&revid=1258001832&groups=_c75f979ec5ff3aedae5c24501cfc0e879ed1724f" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=American_bison&revid=1258001832&groups=_c75f979ec5ff3aedae5c24501cfc0e879ed1724f 2x" alt="Map" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#382e2c; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Plains bison (<i>Bison bison subsp. bison</i>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f2b981; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Wood bison (<i>Bison bison subsp. athabascae</i>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bison_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bison_bison_map.svg/220px-Bison_bison_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bison_bison_map.svg/330px-Bison_bison_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bison_bison_map.svg/440px-Bison_bison_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>Bos americanus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Gmelin, 1788</span></li> <li><i>Bos bison</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span></li> <li><i>Bison americanus</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gmelin, 1788)</span></li> <li><i>Bison bison montanae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Krumbiegel, 1980</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>American bison</b> (<i><b>Bison bison</b></i>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <i>bison</i>), commonly known as the <b>American buffalo</b>, or simply <b>buffalo</b> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">true buffalo</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Endemic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic species">endemic</a> (or native) to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. It is one of two extant species of bison, along with the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">historical range</a> <i>circa</i> 9000 BC is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Great_bison_belt" title="Great bison belt">great bison belt</a>, a tract of rich <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> spanning from <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> south to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and east to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Seaboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Seaboard">Atlantic Seaboard</a> (nearly to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(geographic_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater (geographic term)">tidewater</a> in some areas), as far north as <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, south to <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and according to some sources, further south to northern <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, with sightings in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> near Buffalo Ford on the <a href="/wiki/Catawba_River" title="Catawba River">Catawba River</a> as late as 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two subspecies or ecotypes have been described: the <a href="/wiki/Plains_bison" title="Plains bison">plains bison</a> (<i>B. b. bison</i>), smaller and with a more rounded hump; and the <a href="/wiki/Wood_bison" title="Wood bison">wood bison</a> (<i>B. b. athabascae</i>), the larger of the two and having a taller, square hump.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RFLP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RFLP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PMID10382295_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID10382295-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the plains bison has been suggested to consist of a northern plains (<i>B. b. montanae</i>) and a southern plains (<i>B. b. bison</i>) subspecies, bringing the total to three.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is generally not supported. The wood bison is one of the largest wild species of extant <a href="/wiki/Bovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovid">bovid</a> in the world, surpassed only by the Asian <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull45_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull45-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Neontology" title="Neontology">extant</a> land animals in North America, the bison is the heaviest and the longest, and the second tallest after the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>. </p><p>Once roaming in vast <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herds</a>, the species nearly became extinct by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting#19th_century_bison_hunts_and_near_extinction" title="Bison hunting">commercial hunting and slaughter</a> in the 19th century and introduction of bovine diseases from domestic cattle. With an estimated population of 60 million in the late 18th century, the species was <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">culled</a> down to just 541 animals by 1889 as part of the subjugation of the Native Americans, because the American bison was a major resource for their traditional way of life (food source, hides for clothing and shelter, and horns and bones for tools).<sup id="cite_ref-Smits1994_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smits1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-buffalo_genocide_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffalo_genocide-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovery efforts expanded in the mid-20th century, with a resurgence to roughly 31,000 wild bison as of March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years, the population was primarily found in a few national parks and reserves. Through multiple <a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroductions</a>, the species now freely roams wild in several regions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The American bison has also been introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-r383_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r383-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanning back <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting#Prehistoric_and_native_hunting" title="Bison hunting">millennia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Native American tribes</a> have had cultural and spiritual connections to the American bison. It is the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">national mammal of the United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Bison_AdF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/American_Bison_AdF.jpg/220px-American_Bison_AdF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/American_Bison_AdF.jpg/330px-American_Bison_AdF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/American_Bison_AdF.jpg/440px-American_Bison_AdF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Adult male (behind) and adult female (in front), in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In American English, both <i>buffalo</i> and <i>bison</i> are considered correct terms for the American bison.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in British English, the word <i>buffalo</i> is reserved for the <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> and not used for the bison.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English usage, the term <i>buffalo</i> was used to refer to the American mammal as early as 1625.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>bison</i> was applied in the 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-bisonetymology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisonetymology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Buffalo</i> was applied to the American bison by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> as the French word <i>buffles</i> in 1616 (published 1619), after seeing skins and a drawing. These were shown to him by members of the <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing First Nation</a>, who said they traveled forty days (from east of Lake Huron) to trade with another nation who hunted the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Buffel</i> in turn comes from Portuguese <i>bufalo</i> (water buffalo), which comes from Latin <i>bufalus</i> (an antelope, gazelle, or wild ox), from Greek <i>boubalos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the same Greek word <i>boubalos</i> we also get the <a href="/wiki/Bubal_hartebeest" title="Bubal hartebeest">Bubal hartebeest</a>. </p><p><i>Bison</i> was borrowed from French <i>bison</i> in the early 17th century, from Latin <i>bison</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>), from a Proto-Germanic word similar to <a href="/wiki/Wisent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisent">wisent</a> and, per Etymonline, first applied to American buffalo in the 1690s.<sup id="cite_ref-bisonetymology_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bisonetymology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Indian">Plains Indian</a> languages in general, male and female bison are distinguished, with each having a different designation rather than there being a single generic word covering both sexes. Thus: </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a>: <span title="Arapaho-language text"><i lang="arp">bii</i></span> (bison cow), <span title="Arapaho-language text"><i lang="arp">henéécee</i></span> (bison bull)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a>: <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">pté</i></span> (bison cow), <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">tȟatȟáŋka</i></span> (bison bull)</li></ul> <p>Such a distinction is not a general feature of the language (for example, Arapaho possesses gender-neutral terms for other large mammals such as elk, mule deer, etc.), and so presumably is due to the special significance of the bison in Plains Indian life and culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg/220px-Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg/330px-Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg/440px-Bison_bison_Wichita_Mountain_Oklahoma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4375" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Male plains bison in the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Mountains" title="Wichita Mountains">Wichita Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/220px-Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/330px-Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/440px-Bison_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of plains bison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif/220px-Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>Plains bison galloping, photos by <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>, first published in 1887 in <i>Animal Locomotion</i></figcaption></figure> <p>A bison has a shaggy, long, dark-brown winter coat, and a lighter-weight, lighter-brown summer coat. Male bison are significantly larger and heavier than females.<sup id="cite_ref-Van1986_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van1986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plains bison are often in the smaller range of sizes, and wood bison in the larger range. Head-rump lengths at maximum up to 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) for males and 2.85 m (9 ft 4 in) for females long and the tail adding 30 to 95 cm (1 ft 0 in to 3 ft 1 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Van1986_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van1986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YukagirBison_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YukagirBison-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heights at <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a> in the species can reach up to 186 to 201 cm (6 ft 1 in to 6 ft 7 in) for <i>B. b. bison</i> and <i>B. b. athabascae</i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-YukagirBison_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YukagirBison-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically weights can range from 318 to 1,179 kg (701 to 2,599 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-YukagirBison_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YukagirBison-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meagher1986_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meagher1986-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDonald,_J._1981_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald,_J._1981-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 460 to 988 kg (1,014 to 2,178 lb) with medians of 730 to 792.5 kg (1,609 to 1,747 lb) (<i>B.b. bison</i>) and 943.6 kg (2,080 lb) (<i>B.b.athabascae</i>) in males, and 360 to 640 kg (790 to 1,410 lb) with medians of 450 to 497.6 kg (992 to 1,097 lb) in females,<sup id="cite_ref-Van1986_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van1986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the lowest weights probably representing typical weight around the age of sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Castelló_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castelló-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van1986_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van1986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heaviest wild bull for <i>B.b.bison</i> ever recorded weighed 1,270 kg (2,800 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while there had been bulls estimated to be 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-AllAboutBison_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllAboutBison-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>B.b.athabascae</i> is significantly larger and heavier on average than <i>B.b.bison</i> while the number of recorded samples for the former was limited after the rediscovery of a relatively pure herd.<sup id="cite_ref-Van1986_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van1986-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elk Island National Park, which has wild populations of both wood and plains bison, has recorded maximum weights for bull bison of 1186 kg (plains) and 1099 kg (wood), but noted that 3/4 of all bison over 1000 kg were wood bison. When raised in captivity and farmed for meat, the bison can grow unnaturally heavy and the largest semidomestic bison weighed 1,724 kg (3,801 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Meagher1986_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meagher1986-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heads and forequarters are massive, and both sexes have short, curved horns that can grow up to 60 cm (2 ft) long with 90 cm (3 ft) to 124 cm (4 ft) width,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AllAboutBison_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllAboutBison-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which they use in fighting for status within the herd and for defense. </p><p>Bison are <a href="/wiki/Herbivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivory">herbivores</a>, grazing on the grasses and <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a> of the North American <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>. Their daily schedule involves two-hour periods of grazing, resting, and cud chewing, then moving to a new location to graze again. Sexually mature young bulls may try to start mating with cows by the age of two or three years, but if more mature bulls are present, they may not be able to compete until they reach five years of age. </p><p>For the first two months of life, calves are lighter in color than mature bison. One extremely rare condition is the <a href="/wiki/White_buffalo" title="White buffalo">white buffalo</a>, in which the calf turns entirely white. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bison are members of the tribe <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a>. Genetic evidence from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear DNA</a> indicates that the closest living relatives of bison are <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">yaks</a>, with bison being nested within the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>,</i> rendering <i>Bos</i> without including bison <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. While nuclear DNA indicates that the two living bison species are each other's closest living relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> of European bison is more closely related to that of domestic cattle and <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, which is suggested to be the result of either <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting" title="Incomplete lineage sorting">incomplete lineage sorting</a> or ancient <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WangEtal2018_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WangEtal2018-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bison first appeared in Asia during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a>, around 2.6 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison only arrived in North America 195,000 to 135,000 years ago, during the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>, descending from the widespread Siberian <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> (<i>Bison priscus</i>), which had migrated through <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>. Following their first appearance in North America, the bison rapidly <a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">differentiated into new species</a>, such as the largest of all bison, the long-horned <i><a href="/wiki/Bison_latifrons" title="Bison latifrons">Bison latifrons</a></i>, along with <i><a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">Bison antiquus</a></i>. The first appearance of bison in North America is considered to define the regional <a href="/wiki/Rancholabrean" title="Rancholabrean">Rancholabrean</a> faunal stage, due to its major impact on the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern American bison are thought to have evolved from <i>B. antiquus</i> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a> - beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, with likely intermediates between the species referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Bison_occidentalis" title="Bison occidentalis">Bison "occidentalis"</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilsonetal.2008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilsonetal.2008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North American bison population experienced demographic stability during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Holocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Holocene">Middle Holocene</a> but began a slow decline in the Late Holocene beginning about 2,700 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_European_bison">Differences from European bison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Differences from European bison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Bison.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/European_Bison.JPG/220px-European_Bison.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/European_Bison.JPG/330px-European_Bison.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/European_Bison.JPG/440px-European_Bison.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>An adult European bison</figcaption></figure> <p>Although they are superficially similar, the American and <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> exhibit a number of physical and behavioral differences. Adult American bison are slightly heavier on average because of their less rangy build and have shorter legs, which render them slightly shorter at the shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American bison tend to <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(behaviour)" title="Grazing (behaviour)">graze</a> more and <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browse</a> less than their European relatives because their necks are set differently. Compared to the nose of the American bison, that of the European species is set farther forward than the forehead when the neck is in a neutral position. The body of the American bison is hairier, though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point forward through the plane of its face, making it more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favors charging.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American bison are more easily tamed than the European and breed more readily with domestic cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossbreeding_with_cattle">Crossbreeding with cattle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crossbreeding with cattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the population bottleneck, after the great slaughter of American bison during the 19th century, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction. These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattalo" or "<a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Halbert2007_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbert2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with bison cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vigor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid vigor">hybrid vigor</a>, so the practice was abandoned. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-Halbert2007_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halbert2007-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Polziehn_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polziehn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics which prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range_and_population">Range and population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Range and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">Conservation of American bison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg/220px-Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg/330px-Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg/440px-Bison_herd_grazing_at_the_National_Bison_Range.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>Bison herd grazing at the <a href="/wiki/CSKT_Bison_Range" title="CSKT Bison Range">CSKT Bison Range</a> in Montana</figcaption></figure> <p>Population estimates in 2010 ranged from 400,000 to 500,000, with approximately 20,500 animals in 62 conservation herds and the remainder in approximately 6,400 commercial herds.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-staff_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-staff-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN</a>, roughly 15,000 bison are considered wild, free-range bison not primarily confined by fencing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> (TNC) has reintroduced bison to over a dozen nature preserves around the United States. In October 2016, TNC established its easternmost bison herd in the country, at <a href="/wiki/Kankakee_Sands" title="Kankakee Sands">Kankakee Sands</a> nature preserve in <a href="/wiki/Morocco,_Indiana" title="Morocco, Indiana">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newton_County,_Indiana" title="Newton County, Indiana">Newton County, Indiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, U.S. Tribes and Canadian First Nations signed a treaty to help with the restoration of bison, the first to be signed in nearly 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitat_and_trails">Habitat and trails</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Habitat and trails"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_bison_belt" title="Great bison belt">Great bison belt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg/220px-Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg/330px-Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg/440px-Bison_fight_in_Grand_Teton_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Bison fighting in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park" title="Grand Teton National Park">Grand Teton National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moose,_Wyoming" title="Moose, Wyoming">Moose, Wyoming</a></figcaption></figure> <p>American bison live in river valleys, and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semiarid lands, and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. Bison also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep. Though not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Park bison herd">Yellowstone Park bison herd</a> are frequently found at elevations above 2,400 m (8,000 ft), and the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains_bison_herd" title="Henry Mountains bison herd">Henry Mountains bison herd</a> is found on the plains around the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains" title="Henry Mountains">Henry Mountains</a>, Utah, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 3,000 m (10,000 ft). Reintroduced plains bison in <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> have been observed to roam mountainous areas, including high ridges and steep drainages, and archaeological finds indicate that some bison historically may have spent their lives within mountains while others may have migrated in and out of mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those in Yukon, Canada, typically summer in alpine plateaus above treeline.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first thoroughfares of North America, except for the time-obliterated paths of <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a> and the routes of the <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">mound builders</a>, were the traces made by bison and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> in seasonal migration and between feeding grounds and <a href="/wiki/Salt_lick" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt lick">salt licks</a>. Many of these routes, hammered by countless hoofs instinctively following watersheds and the crests of ridges in avoidance of lower places' summer muck and winter snowdrifts, were followed by the aboriginal North Americans as courses to hunting grounds and as warriors' paths. They were invaluable to explorers and were adopted by <a href="/wiki/Territorial_acquisitions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial acquisitions of the United States">pioneers</a>. </p><p>Bison traces were characteristically north and south, but several key east–west trails were used later as railways. Some of these include the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Gap" title="Cumberland Gap">Cumberland Gap</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a> to upper <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. A heavily used <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">trace</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Falls_of_the_Ohio_National_Wildlife_Conservation_Area" title="Falls of the Ohio National Wildlife Conservation Area">Falls of the Ohio</a> and ran west, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a>. In Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>'s phrase saluting these sagacious path-makers, the bison paved the way for the railroads to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg/220px-Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg/330px-Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg/440px-Buffalo_in_Chihuahua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Bison herd grazing in <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The southern extent of the historic range of the American bison includes northern Mexico and adjoining areas in the United States as documented by archeological records and historical accounts from Mexican archives from 700 CE to the 19th century. The Janos-Hidalgo bison herd has ranged between Chihuahua, Mexico, and New Mexico, United States, since at least the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persistence of this herd suggests that habitat for bison is suitable in northern Mexico. In 2009, genetically pure bison were reintroduced to the <a href="/wiki/Janos_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Janos Biosphere Reserve">Janos Biosphere Reserve</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> adding to the Mexican bison population.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the second herd was formed in <a href="/wiki/Maderas_del_Carmen" title="Maderas del Carmen">Maderas del Carmen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A private reserve named Jagüey de Ferniza has kept bisons since before the above-mentioned reintroductions in Coahuila.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductions_to_Siberia">Introductions to Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Introductions to Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA,_2017_(043).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_2017_%28043%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_2017_%28043%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_2017_%28043%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_2017_%28043%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_2017_%28043%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA_-_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8B_-_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8_-_%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_2017_%28043%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Wood bison <a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroduction</a> program in Sakha Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2006, an outherd of wood bison sent from Alberta's <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Yakutia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a practice of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_rewilding" title="Pleistocene rewilding">pleistocene rewilding</a>; wood bison are the most similar to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> species (<i>Bison priscus</i>). The bison are adapting well to the cold climate,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yakutia's Red List officially registered the species in 2019; a second herd was formed in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" title="Pleistocene Park">Pleistocene Park</a>, there are also 24 plains bison as wood bison could not be acquired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_ecology">Behavior and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Behavior and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/220px--Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="28" data-mwtitle="Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_(Yellowstone).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_(Yellowstone).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv/Bison_bison_grazing_in_snow_%28Yellowstone%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Grazing in winter, Yellowstone National Park: Bison use their heads to clear out snow for the grass</figcaption></figure> <p>Bison are migratory and herd migrations can be directional as well as altitudinal in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Meagher1973_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meagher1973-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McHugh1958_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHugh1958-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison have usual daily movements between foraging sites during the summer. In the Hayden Valley, Wyoming, bison have been recorded traveling, on average, 3 km (2 mi) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-McHugh1958_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHugh1958-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summer ranges of bison appear to be influenced by seasonal vegetation changes, interspersion and size of foraging sites, the <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rut</a>, and the number of biting insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Meagher1973_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meagher1973-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of preserve and availability of water may also be a factor.<sup id="cite_ref-McHugh1958_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHugh1958-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison are largely grazers, eating primarily grasses and sedges. On shortgrass pasture, bison predominately consume warm-season grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On mixed prairie, cool-season grasses, including some sedges, apparently compose 79–96% of their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In montane and northern areas, sedges are selected throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Meagher1973_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meagher1973-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison also drink water or consume snow on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-McHugh1958_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHugh1958-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior_and_reproduction">Social behavior and reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Social behavior and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_%282%29.jpg/253px-Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_%282%29.jpg/380px-Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_%282%29.jpg/506px-Bison_-_Tall_Grass_Prairie_Preserve_-_panoramio_-_Photog_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A herd of American bison grazing at <a href="/wiki/Tallgrass_Prairie_Preserve" title="Tallgrass Prairie Preserve">Tall Grass Prairie Preserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Osage County, Oklahoma">Osage County</a>, Oklahoma</figcaption></figure> <p>Female bison live in maternal herds which include other females and their offspring. Male offspring leave their maternal herd when around three years old and either live alone or join other males in bachelor herds. Male and female herds usually do not mingle until the breeding season, which can occur from July through September.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, female herds may also contain a few older males. During the breeding season, dominant bulls maintain a small harem of females for mating. Individual bulls "tend" cows until allowed to mate, by following them around and chasing away rival males. The tending bull shields the female's vision with his body so she will not see any other challenging males. A challenging bull may <a href="/wiki/Bellow_(sound)" title="Bellow (sound)">bellow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roar" title="Roar">roar</a> to get a female's attention, and the tending bull has to bellow or roar back.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf,_1998_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf,_1998-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most dominant bulls mate in the first 2–3 weeks of the season.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf,_1998_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf,_1998-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More subordinate bulls mate with any remaining <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">estrous</a> cow that has not mated yet. Male bison play no part in raising the young. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg/220px-Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg/330px-Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg/440px-Juraparc_06-07-2013_-_Buffalo_calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Calf</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_(Zoo_K%C3%B6ln)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_%28Zoo_K%C3%B6ln%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_%28Zoo_K%C3%B6ln%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_%28Zoo_K%C3%B6ln%29_%281%29.jpg/330px-Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_%28Zoo_K%C3%B6ln%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_%28Zoo_K%C3%B6ln%29_%281%29.jpg/440px-Junger_Pr%C3%A4riebison_%28Zoo_K%C3%B6ln%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>A cow suckling calf at the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Zoological_Garden" title="Cologne Zoological Garden">Cologne Zoological Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bison herds have dominance hierarchies that exist for both males and females. A bison's dominance is related to its birth date.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_and_Rothstein,_1993_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_and_Rothstein,_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison born earlier in the breeding season are more likely to be larger and more dominant as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_and_Rothstein,_1993_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_and_Rothstein,_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, bison are able to pass on their dominance to their offspring as dominant bison breed earlier in the season. In addition to dominance, the older bison of a generation also have a higher fertility rate than the younger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_and_Rothstein,_1993_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_and_Rothstein,_1993-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bison mate in August and September; gestation is 285 days. A single reddish-brown calf nurses until the next calf is born. If the cow is not pregnant, a calf will nurse for 18 months. Cows nurse their calves for at least 7 or 8 months, but most calves seem to be weaned before the end of their first year.<sup id="cite_ref-McHugh1958_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHugh1958-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At three years of age, bison cows are mature enough to produce a calf. The birthing period for bison in boreal biomes is protracted compared to that of other northern ungulates, such as moose and caribou.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bison have a life expectancy around 15 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity. However, males and females from a hunted population also subject to wolf predation in northern Canada have been reported to live to 22 and 25 years of age, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bison have been observed to <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_behavior_in_animals#American_bisons" title="Homosexual behavior in animals">display homosexual behaviors</a>, males much more so than females. In the case of males, it is unlikely to be related to <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ethology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (ethology)">dominance</a>, but rather to social bonding or gaining sexual experience.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horning">Horning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Horning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bison mate in late spring and summer in more open plain areas. During fall and winter, bison tend to gather in more wooded areas. During this time, bison partake in horning behaviors. They rub their horns against trees, young saplings, and even utility poles. Aromatic trees like cedars and pine seem to be preferred. Horning appears to be associated with insect defense, as it occurs most often in the fall when the insect population is at its highest.<sup id="cite_ref-Coppedge1997_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppedge1997-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cedar and pines emit an aroma after bison horn them and this seems to be used as a deterrent for insects.<sup id="cite_ref-Coppedge1997_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppedge1997-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wallowing_behavior">Wallowing behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wallowing behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_(d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_%28d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66%29.JPG/220px-Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_%28d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_%28d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66%29.JPG/330px-Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_%28d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_%28d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66%29.JPG/440px-Bison_wallowing_in_Little_America_Flats_%28d6de10f5-aa68-41b9-b06e-eea5470ffe66%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>A bison wallowing on dirt near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamar_River_Canyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamar River Canyon (page does not exist)">Lamar River Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_wallow" title="Buffalo wallow">bison wallow</a> is a shallow depression in the soil, which bison use either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with dust or mud. Past and current hypotheses to explain the purpose of wallowing include grooming associated with shedding, male-male interaction (typically <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rutting</a>), social behavior for group cohesion, play, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">tick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>) load, and <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison wallowing has important <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem engineering">ecosystem engineering</a> effects and enhances plant and animal diversity on prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predation">Predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg/220px-Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg/330px-Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg/440px-Canis_lupus_pack_surrounding_Bison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>American bison standing its ground against a <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_wolf" title="Northwestern wolf">wolf</a> pack</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake;-Jim_Peaco;-April,_2013;-Catalog_19070d;-Original_IMG9750_(04985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake%3B-Jim_Peaco%3B-April%2C_2013%3B-Catalog_19070d%3B-Original_IMG9750_%2804985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7%29.jpg/220px-File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake%3B-Jim_Peaco%3B-April%2C_2013%3B-Catalog_19070d%3B-Original_IMG9750_%2804985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake%3B-Jim_Peaco%3B-April%2C_2013%3B-Catalog_19070d%3B-Original_IMG9750_%2804985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7%29.jpg/330px-File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake%3B-Jim_Peaco%3B-April%2C_2013%3B-Catalog_19070d%3B-Original_IMG9750_%2804985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake%3B-Jim_Peaco%3B-April%2C_2013%3B-Catalog_19070d%3B-Original_IMG9750_%2804985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7%29.jpg/440px-File-Grizzly_bear_on_bison_carcass_near_Yellowstone_Lake%3B-Jim_Peaco%3B-April%2C_2013%3B-Catalog_19070d%3B-Original_IMG9750_%2804985491-b01a-4c42-a31c-5e76447bb7f7%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3782" data-file-height="2611" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a> feeding on an American bison carcass.</figcaption></figure> <p>While often secure from predation because of their size and strength, in some areas, vulnerable individuals are regularly preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>. Wolf predation typically peaks in late winter, when <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> migrates south and bison are distressed with heavy snows and shortages of food sources,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with attacks usually being concentrated on weakened and injured cows and calves.<sup id="cite_ref-BvW_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BvW-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves more actively target herds with calves than those without. The length of a predation episode varies, ranging from a few minutes to over nine hours.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison display five apparent defense strategies in protecting calves from wolves: running to a cow; running to a herd; running to the nearest bull; running in the front or center of a stampeding herd; entering water bodies, such as lakes or rivers. When fleeing wolves in open areas, cows with young calves take the lead, while bulls take to the rear of the herds to guard the cows' escape. Bison typically ignore wolves not displaying hunting behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolf packs specializing in bison tend to have more males because their larger size than females allows them to wrestle prey to the ground more effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy, mature bulls in herds rarely fall prey. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Grizzly bears</a> are known to feed on carcass and may steal wolves' kills. While grizzlies can also pose a threat to calves and sometimes old, injured, or sick adult bison, direct killing of non-calves is rare even when targeting lone and injured young individuals;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BvsB_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BvsB-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacking healthy bison is risky for bears, who can be killed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_to_humans">Dangers to humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dangers to humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bison are among the most dangerous animals encountered by visitors to the various North American national parks and will attack humans if provoked. They appear slow because of their lethargic movements but can easily outrun humans; bison have been observed running as fast as 65 to 70 km/h (40 to 45 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BisonFactSheet_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BisonFactSheet-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gildarts_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gildarts-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison may approach people for curiosity. Close encounters, including to touch the animals, can be dangerous, and gunshots do not startle them.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_(Bison_bison)_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_%28Bison_bison%29_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg/220px-Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_%28Bison_bison%29_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_%28Bison_bison%29_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg/330px-Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_%28Bison_bison%29_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_%28Bison_bison%29_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg/440px-Tourists_get_close_to_a_wild_herd_of_American_Bison_%28Bison_bison%29_to_take_a_photo_at_Yellowstone_National_Park_in_Wyoming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Tourists approach dangerously close to a wild herd of American bison to take a photograph in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1980 and 1999, more than three times as many people in Yellowstone National Park were injured by bison than by bears. During this period, bison charged and injured 79 people, with injuries ranging from goring puncture wounds and broken bones to bruises and abrasions. Bears injured 24 people during the same time. Three people died from the injuries inflicted—one person by bison in 1983, and two people by bears in 1984 and 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg/220px-William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg/330px-William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg/440px-William_T._Hornaday_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison_1889_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1102_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7412" data-file-height="9607" /></a><figcaption>Map from 1889 by <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Hornaday" title="William Temple Hornaday">William Temple Hornaday</a>, illustrating his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Extermination_of_the_American_Bison" title="The Extermination of the American Bison">The Extermination of the American Bison</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A major problem that bison face today is a lack of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> the species experienced during its near-extinction event. Another genetic issue is the entry of genes from <a href="/wiki/Domestic_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cattle">domestic cattle</a> into the bison population, through hybridization.<sup id="cite_ref-nwfj_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwfj-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officially, the "American buffalo" is classified by the United States government as a type of cattle, and the government allows private herds to be managed as such. This is a reflection of the characteristics that bison share with cattle. Though the American bison is a separate species and usually regarded as being in a separate genus from <a href="/wiki/Domestic_cattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic cattle">domestic cattle</a> (<i>Bos taurus</i>), they have a lot of genetic compatibility with cattle. American bison can interbreed with cattle, although only the female offspring are fertile in the first generation. These female hybrids can be bred back to either bison or domestic bulls, resulting in either 1/4 or 3/4 bison young. Female offspring from this cross are also fertile, but males are not reliably fertile unless they are either <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> bison or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> domestic.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, when they do interbreed, crossbreed animals in the first generation tend to look very much like purebred bison, so appearance is completely unreliable as a means of determining what is a purebred bison and what is a crossbred cow. Many ranchers have deliberately crossbred their cattle with bison, and some natural hybridization could be expected in areas where cattle and bison occur in the same range. Since cattle and bison eat similar food and tolerate similar conditions, they have often been in the same range together in the past, and opportunity for crossbreeding may sometimes have been common. </p><p>In recent decades, tests were developed to determine the source of mitochondrial DNA in cattle and bison, and most private "buffalo" herds were actually crossbred with cattle, and even most state and federal buffalo herds had some cattle DNA. With the advent of nuclear microsatellite DNA testing, the number of herds known to contain cattle genes has increased. As of 2011, though about 500,000 bison existed on private ranches and in public herds, perhaps only 15,000 to 25,000 of these bison were pure and not actually bison-cattle hybrids. DNA from domestic cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>) has been found in almost all examined bison herds.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Significant public bison herds that do not appear to have hybridized domestic cattle genes are the Yellowstone Park bison herd, the Henry Mountains bison herd, which was started with bison taken from Yellowstone Park, the Wind Cave bison herd, and the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd and subsidiary herds started from it, in Canada. </p><p>A landmark study of bison genetics performed by James Derr of Texas A&M University corroborated this.<sup id="cite_ref-buffalofieldcampaign.org_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffalofieldcampaign.org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Derr study was undertaken in an attempt to determine what genetic problems bison might face as they repopulate former areas, and it noted that bison seem to be adapting successfully, despite their apparent genetic bottleneck. One possible explanation for this might be the small amount of domestic cattle genes that are now in most bison populations, though this is not the only possible explanation for bison success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg/220px-Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg/330px-Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg/440px-Bis%C3%B3_de_bosc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wood_bison" title="Wood bison">wood bison</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Coal_River_(Canada)" title="Coal River (Canada)">Coal River</a> in Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>In the study, cattle genes were also found in small amounts throughout most national, state, and private herds. "The hybridization experiments conducted by some of the owners of the five foundation herds of the late 1800s, have left a legacy of a small amount of cattle genetics in many of our existing bison herds," said Derr. "All of the state owned bison herds tested (except for possibly one) contain animals with domestic cattle mtDNA."<sup id="cite_ref-buffalofieldcampaign.org_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffalofieldcampaign.org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It appears that the one state herd that had no cattle genes was the Henry Mountains bison herd; the Henry Mountain herd was started initially with transplanted animals from Yellowstone Park. However, the extension of this herd into the <a href="/wiki/Book_Cliffs" title="Book Cliffs">Book Cliffs</a> of central Utah involved mixing the founders with additional bison from another source, so it is not known if the Book Cliffs extension of the herd is also free of cattle hybridization. </p><p>A separate study by Wilson and Strobeck, published in <i>Genome</i>, was done to define the relationships between different herds of bison in the United States and Canada, and to determine whether the bison at Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada and the Yellowstone Park bison herd were possibly separate subspecies. The Wood Buffalo Park bison were determined to actually be crossbreeds between plains and wood bison, but their predominant genetic makeup was that of the expected "wood buffalo".<sup id="cite_ref-PMID10382295_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID10382295-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Yellowstone Park bison herd was pure plains bison, and not any of the other previously suggested subspecies. Another finding was that the bison in the Antelope Island herd in Utah appeared to be more distantly related to other plains bison in general than any other plains bison group that was tested, though this might be due to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> caused by the small size of only 12 individuals in the founder population. A side finding of this was that the Antelope Island bison herd appears to be most closely related to the Wood Buffalo National Park bison herd, though the Antelope Island bison are actually plains bison. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Range history of bison in North America</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_original_range_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "great bison belt". Holocene bison (Bison occidentalis) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison.   Holocene bison   Wood bison   Plains bison"><img alt="Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "great bison belt". Holocene bison (Bison occidentalis) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison.   Holocene bison   Wood bison   Plains bison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bison_original_range_map.svg/361px-Bison_original_range_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bison_original_range_map.svg/541px-Bison_original_range_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bison_original_range_map.svg/722px-Bison_original_range_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original distribution of plains bison and wood bison in North America along the "<a href="/wiki/Great_bison_belt" title="Great bison belt">great bison belt</a>". <a href="/wiki/Bison_occidentalis" title="Bison occidentalis">Holocene bison</a> (<i>Bison occidentalis</i>) is an earlier species at the origin of plains bison and wood bison. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DEAA87; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Holocene bison</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C87137; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Wood bison</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#784421; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Plains bison</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on William Temple Hornaday's late-19th century research.   Original range   Range as of 1870   Range as of 1889"><img alt="Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on William Temple Hornaday's late-19th century research.   Original range   Range as of 1870   Range as of 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg/361px-Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg/541px-Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg/722px-Extermination_of_bison_to_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of the extermination of the bison to 1889. This map based on <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Hornaday" title="William Temple Hornaday">William Temple Hornaday</a>'s late-19th century research.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DEAA87; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Original range</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A05A2C; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Range as of 1870</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#28170B; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Range as of 1889</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bison_2003_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003.   Wood bison   Plains bison"><img alt="Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003.   Wood bison   Plains bison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bison_bison_2003_map.svg/361px-Bison_bison_2003_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bison_bison_2003_map.svg/541px-Bison_bison_2003_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bison_bison_2003_map.svg/722px-Bison_bison_2003_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distribution of public herds of plains bison and of free-ranging or captive breeding wood bison in North America as of 2003.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C87137; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Wood bison</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#784421; color:white; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Plains bison</div></div> </li> </ul> <p>In order to bolster the genetic diversity of the American bison, the National Park Service alongside the Department of the Interior announced the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative on May 7, 2020. This initiative focuses on maintaining the genetic diversity of the metapopulation rather than individual herds. Small populations of bison are at considerably larger risk due to their decreased gene pool and are susceptible to catastrophic events more so than larger herds. The 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative aims to translocate up to three bison every five to ten years between the Department of the Interior's herds. Specific smaller herds will require a more intense management plan. Translocated bison will also be screened for any health defects such as infection of brucellosis bacteria as to not put the larger herd at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_bottleneck_and_near_extinction">Population bottleneck and near extinction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population bottleneck and near extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bison went from numbering an estimated 60 million individuals<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the 1870s to becoming nearly extinct in the 1880s. This was due to the mass slaughtering of bison during the 1870s, which caused the plains bison population to undergo a <a href="/wiki/Population_bottleneck" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a>. The bottleneck resulted in a founding population of around 100 individuals, split into six herds, five of which were managed by private ranchers and one managed by the New York Zoological Park (now the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx Zoo</a>). Additionally, a wild herd consisting of 25 individuals in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> survived the bottleneck.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the privately ranched herds had an initial <a href="/wiki/Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">effective population size</a> (N<sub>e</sub>) of an estimated 5 to 7 individuals, for a total combined effective population size of between 30 and 50 individuals, from which all of the modern <a href="/wiki/Plains_bison" title="Plains bison">plains bison</a> descend. While these herds have remained mostly isolated, some more than others, there has been some interbreeding between the herds over the past 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservation efforts and copious amounts of data taken on American bison populations allow for American bison to serve as a useful study case of population bottlenecking and its effects. This is especially true of the Texas State Bison Herd, which underwent very extreme genetic bottlenecking, with a founding population of only 5 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_State_Bison_Herd">Texas State Bison Herd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Texas State Bison Herd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Texas State Bison Herd (TSBH), also known as the Goodnight herd, was established by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodnight" title="Charles Goodnight">Charles Goodnight</a> in the mid-1880s with five wild-caught calves. In 1887, the herd consisted of 13 individuals; in 1910, the population consisted of 125 individuals; and in the 1920s, the population ranged from 200 to 250 individuals. In 1929, Goodnight died and the herd switched hands multiple times, leaving the population of the herd unknown from 1930 until the herd was donated to the State of Texas in 1997, with a population of 36 individuals, solely descended from the original five calves.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2002, the population of the TSBH consisted of 40 individuals and had concerningly low birth rates and high rates of calf mortality. This led to extra attention being given to this herd by conservationists who then performed significant amounts of genetic testing. </p><p>Goodnight was an advocate for the hybridization of bison with cattle, in the hopes of creating a stronger and healthier breed. When the herd was donated to the State of Texas, genetic testing revealed that 6 out of 36 individuals still carried cattle mitochondrial DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers found that the average number of <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> per <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zygosity#Heterozygous" title="Zygosity">heterozygosity</a> levels (a measure of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, where high heterozygosity is representative of high genetic diversity) for the TSBH were significantly lower than that of the Yellowstone National Park bison population and the <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a> bison population.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, of the 54 <a href="/wiki/Microsatellite" title="Microsatellite">nuclear microsatellites</a> that were examined, the TSBH had 8 monomorphic loci (i.e., each loci had only one allele), whereas in both the Yellowstone and Theodore Roosevelt herds there was only one monomorphic locus, indicating a much lower level of genetic diversity in the TSBH.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yellowstone herd had an average number of alleles per locus of 4.75, the Theodore Roosevelt National Park herd had an average of 4.15 alleles per locus, but the TSBH only had an average of 2.54 alleles per locus, statistically significantly lower than the others.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heterozygosity level of the Yellowstone, Theodore Roosevelt, and TSBH populations were 0.63, 0.57, and 0.38 respectively, with the TSBH again having a statistically significantly lower value.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This low genetic diversity found in TSBH is likely due to the critically low starting population, several additional bottlenecks throughout the herd's history–leading to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a>–,<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a continuously low population allowing for <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">genetic drift</a> to have a large effect. Before any addition of new individuals, the rate of loss of genetic diversity was estimated to be between 30 and 40% over the proceeding 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inbreeding depression resulting from the multiple extreme population bottlenecks in the TSBH led to a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.367, equal to the level of inbreeding that results from two generations of full-siblings mating.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Texas State Bison Herd is also a useful example of the deleterious effects of extreme population bottlenecking, with an average natality rate of 0.376 offspring per female and a 1st-year mortality rate of 52.6% from 1997 to 2002, compared to an average natality rate of 0.560 offspring per female and a 1st-year mortality rate of 4.2% for the other bison herds.<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, if it were not for the intervention of conservationists, the Texas State Bison Herd would have most likely gone extinct, as the population bottleneck would have proven to be too severe. Multiple population models based on the genetics of the TSBH in the early 2000s predicted a 99% chance of extinction of the TSBH in less than 50 years, with an estimation in 2004 giving the TSBH a 99% chance of extinction in 41 years without the introduction of any outside individuals (Halbert et al. 2004). Importantly for conservation, another simulation predicted that the addition of multiple (3–9) outside male bison into the herd would increase genetic diversity enough to give the herd a 100% chance of surviving for another 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservation efforts have led the current TSBH population to be at the carrying capacity of their habitat, at around 300 individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellowstone_National_Park_Bison_Herd">Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Yellowstone National Park Bison Herd"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yellowstone National Park Bison herd started with only 25 individuals, and there was evidence of two population bottlenecking events from 1896 to 1912, with a population ranging between 25 and 50 individuals during this time. In 1902, 18 female and 3 male bison from outside herds–the Pablo-Allard herd and Goodnight (TSBH) herds respectively–were introduced to the Yellowstone herd. After the addition of those individuals, the effective population size is estimated to have been N<sub>e</sub>=7.2 individuals. The Yellowstone herd was kept completely isolated from 1902 to around 1920, and these previously mentioned founders contributed between 60 and 70% of the genetics of the current bison population at Yellowstone.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to the Texas State Bison Herd, the introduction of new individuals into the population in 1902 likely was the savior of this herd, which now numbers around 5,900 individuals as of summer 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_recovery">Population recovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Population recovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the late 19th century onwards, the bison population gradually rose from 325 in 1884 to 500,000 in 2017, as a result of careful preservation and a general population boom. Although they are no longer classified as endangered, there are still conservation efforts in order to prevent population crashes down the line.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hunting">Hunting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>American<br />bison (est) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pre-1800 </td> <td align="right">60,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-BSFW_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSFW-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1830 </td> <td align="right">40,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-BSFW_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSFW-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1840 </td> <td align="right">35,650,000<sup id="cite_ref-Roe51_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe51-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870 </td> <td align="right">5,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-BSFW_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSFW-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880 </td> <td align="right">395,000<sup id="cite_ref-Roe51_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe51-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889 </td> <td align="right">541 (U.S.)<sup id="cite_ref-hornaday_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hornaday-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <td align="right">300 (U.S.)<sup id="cite_ref-BSFW_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSFW-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1944–47 </td> <td align="right">5,000 (U.S.)<sup id="cite_ref-Caha_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caha-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15,000 (Canada)<sup id="cite_ref-Roe51_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roe51-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td align="right">23,340<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td align="right">360,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Buffalo hunting, i.e. hunting of the American bison, was an activity fundamental to the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains</a>, providing more than 150 uses for all parts of the animal, including being a major food source, hides for clothing and shelter, bones and horns as tools as well as ceremonial and adornment uses.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_bison_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps_bison-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nps_bison_2_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps_bison_2-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bison hunting was later adopted by American professional hunters, as well as by the U.S. government, in an effort to sabotage the central resource of some <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">American Indian Nations</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">later portions of the American Indian Wars</a>, leading to the near-extinction of the species around 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Smits1994_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smits1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many tribes the buffalo was an integral part of life—something guaranteed to them by the Creator. In fact, for some Plains indigenous peoples, bison are known as the first people.<sup id="cite_ref-buffalo_genocide_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffalo_genocide-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of species <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> was foreign to many tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, when the U.S. government began to massacre the buffalo, it was particularly harrowing to the Indigenous people. As <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a> described it: "When the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened. There was little singing anywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-Smits1994_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smits1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritual loss was rampant; bison were an integral part of traditional tribal societies, and they would frequently take part in ceremonies for each bison they killed to honor its sacrifice. In order to boost morale during this time, <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> and other tribes took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>, which consisted of hundreds of people dancing until 100 persons were lying unconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting#Native_American_bison_conservation_efforts" title="Bison hunting">conservation measures have been taken by Native Americans</a>, with the Inter Tribal Bison Council being one of the most significant. Formed in 1990, it comprises 56 tribes in 19 states.<sup id="cite_ref-UC_Irving_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UC_Irving-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tribes represent a collective herd of more than 15,000 bison and focus on reestablishing herds on tribal lands in order to promote culture, revitalize spiritual solidarity, and restore the ecosystem. Some Inter Tribal Bison Council members argue that the bison's economic value is one of the main factors driving its resurgence. Bison serve as a low-cost substitute for cattle, and they can withstand the winters in the Plains region far easier than cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-UC_Irving_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UC_Irving-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 270.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 268.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by Alfred Jacob Miller"><img alt="Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by Alfred Jacob Miller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/403px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg" decoding="async" width="269" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/605px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg/806px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Hunting_Buffalo_-_Walters_371940190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bison being chased off a cliff as painted by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 219.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 217.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump,_SW_of_Great_Falls,_Montana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The Blackfoot drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.[117]"><img alt="Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The Blackfoot drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.[117]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump%2C_SW_of_Great_Falls%2C_Montana.jpg/326px-First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump%2C_SW_of_Great_Falls%2C_Montana.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump%2C_SW_of_Great_Falls%2C_Montana.jpg/490px-First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump%2C_SW_of_Great_Falls%2C_Montana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump%2C_SW_of_Great_Falls%2C_Montana.jpg/652px-First_People%27s_Buffalo_jump%2C_SW_of_Great_Falls%2C_Montana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="973" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ulm Pishkun. Buffalo jump, SW of Great Falls, Montana. The <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a> drove bison over cliffs in the autumn to secure the winter supply. The Blackfoot used pishkuns as late as the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BuffaloHunters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33"><img alt="Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BuffaloHunters.jpg/272px-BuffaloHunters.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BuffaloHunters.jpg/408px-BuffaloHunters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/BuffaloHunters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bison hunt under the wolf-skin mask, 1832–33</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 218px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 216px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_Hunt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin"><img alt="A bison hunt depicted by George Catlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buffalo_Hunt.jpg/324px-Buffalo_Hunt.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Buffalo_Hunt.jpg/486px-Buffalo_Hunt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Buffalo_Hunt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bison hunt depicted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_livestock">As livestock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: As livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo%2Bmeat%2Bcans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Buffalo%2Bmeat%2Bcans.jpg/220px-Buffalo%2Bmeat%2Bcans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Buffalo%2Bmeat%2Bcans.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Canned bison meat for sale</figcaption></figure><p>Bison are increasingly raised for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products. The majority of American bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, yet higher in protein than beef,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a>, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, about 35,000 bison were processed for meat in the U.S., with the National Bison Association and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> providing a "Certified American Buffalo" program with birth-to-consumer tracking of bison via <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">RFID</a> ear tags. A market even exists for <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S., and the meat is then distributed nationwide. </p><p>Bison are found in publicly and privately held herds. <a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> is home to 1,500 bison, one of the largest publicly held herds in the world, but some question the genetic purity of the animals. Wildlife officials believe that free roaming herds with minimal <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">cattle introgression</a> on public lands in North America can be found only in: the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Park bison herd">Yellowstone Park bison herd</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-nwfj_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwfj-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains_bison_herd" title="Henry Mountains bison herd">Henry Mountains bison herd</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Book_Cliffs" title="Book Cliffs">Book Cliffs</a> and Henry Mountains in Utah; at <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a> in South Dakota; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Peck Indian Reservation">Fort Peck Indian Reservation</a> in Montana; Mackenzie Bison Sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo National Park</a> in Alberta; <a href="/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park" title="Grasslands National Park">Grasslands National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_National_Park" title="Prince Albert National Park">Prince Albert National Park</a> in Saskatchewan. </p><p>Another population, the <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Island_bison_herd" title="Antelope Island bison herd">Antelope Island bison herd</a> on <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Island" title="Antelope Island">Antelope Island</a> in Utah, consisting of 550 to 700 bison, is also one of the largest and oldest public herds in the United States, but the bison in that herd are considered to be only semifree roaming, since they are confined to the Antelope Island. In addition, recent genetic studies indicate that, like most bison herds, the Antelope Island bison herd has a small number of genes from domestic cattle. In 2002, the United States government donated some bison calves from South Dakota and Colorado to the Mexican government. Their descendants live in the Mexican nature reserves El Uno Ranch at Janos and Santa Elena Canyon, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, and Boquillas del Carmen, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, located near the southern banks of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, and around the grassland state line with <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p><p>Recent genetic studies of privately owned herds of bison show that many of them include animals with genes from domestic cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-nwfj_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwfj-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Island_bison_herd" title="Catalina Island bison herd">herd on Santa Catalina Island, California</a>, isolated since 1924 after being brought there for a movie shoot, were found to have cattle introgression.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As few as 12,000 to 15,000 pure bison are estimated to remain in the world. The numbers are uncertain because the tests used to date—<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> analysis—indicate only if the maternal line (back from mother to mother) ever included domesticated bovines, thus say nothing about possible male input in the process. Most hybrids were found to look exactly like purebred bison; therefore, appearance is not a good indicator of genetics. </p><p>The size of the Canadian domesticated herd (genetic questions aside) grew dramatically through the 1990s and 2000s. The 2006 Census of Agriculture reported the Canadian herd at 195,728 head, a 34.9% increase since 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-statcan.gc.ca_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statcan.gc.ca-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of this total, over 95% were located in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, and less than 5% in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> was the province with the largest herd, accounting for 49.7% of the herd and 45.8% of the farms. The next-largest herds were in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> (23.9%), <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> (10%), and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (6%). The main producing regions were in the northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_prairies" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian prairies">Canadian prairies</a>, specifically in the <a href="/wiki/Parkland_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkland belt">parkland belt</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace River region">Peace River region</a> (shared between Alberta and British Columbia) being the most important cluster, accounting for 14.4% of the national herd.<sup id="cite_ref-statcan.gc.ca_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statcan.gc.ca-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada also exports bison meat, totaling 2,075,253 kilograms (4,575,150 lb) in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A proposal known as <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Commons" title="Buffalo Commons">Buffalo Commons</a> has been suggested by a handful of academics and policymakers to restore large parts of the drier portion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> to native <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> grazed by bison. Proponents argue that current agricultural use of the <a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairie</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a>, pointing to periodic disasters, including the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a>, and continuing significant human population loss over the last 60 years. However, this plan is opposed by some who live in the areas in question.<sup id="cite_ref-nwfj_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwfj-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being the closest relatives of domestic cattle native to North America, bison were never domesticated by Native Americans. Later attempts of domestication by Europeans prior to the 20th century met with limited success. Bison were described as having a "wild and ungovernable temper";<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they can jump close to 1.8 m (6 ft) vertically,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and run 55–70 km/h (35–45 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-Gildarts_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gildarts-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BisonFactSheet_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BisonFactSheet-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when agitated. This agility and speed, combined with their great size and weight, makes bison herds difficult to confine, as they can easily escape or destroy most fencing systems, including most <a href="/wiki/Razor_wire" title="Razor wire">razor wire</a>. The most successful systems involve large, 6-metre (20 ft) fences made from welded steel I beams sunk at least 1.8 m (6 ft) into concrete.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These fencing systems, while expensive, require very little maintenance. Furthermore, making the fence sections overlap so the grassy areas beyond are not visible prevents the bison from trying to get to new range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_symbol">As a symbol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: As a symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big-Medicine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Big-Medicine.jpg/220px-Big-Medicine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Big-Medicine.jpg/330px-Big-Medicine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Big-Medicine.jpg/440px-Big-Medicine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Big Medicine (1933–1959) was a sacred white buffalo that lived on the <a href="/wiki/CSKT_Bison_Range" title="CSKT Bison Range">CSKT Bison Range</a> (display at the Montana Historical Society)</figcaption></figure> <p>Among many Native American tribes, especially the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a>, the bison is considered a sacred animal and religious symbol. According to University of Montana anthropology and Native American studies professor S. Neyooxet Greymorning, "The creation stories of where buffalo came from put them in a very spiritual place among many tribes. The buffalo crossed many different areas and functions, and it was utilized in many ways. It was used in ceremonies, as well as to make tipi covers that provided homes for people, utensils, shields, weapons and parts were used for sewing with the sinew."<sup id="cite_ref-NA_bison_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA_bison-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> consider the birth of a <a href="/wiki/White_buffalo" title="White buffalo">white buffalo</a> to be the return of <a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Calf_Woman" title="White Buffalo Calf Woman">White Buffalo Calf Woman</a>, their primary cultural prophet and the bringer of their "Seven Sacred Rites". Among the <a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_Buffalo_Cow_Society" title="White Buffalo Cow Society">White Buffalo Cow Society</a> was the most sacred of societies for women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American bison is often used in North America in official seals, flags, and logos. In 2016, the American bison became the <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">national mammal of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bison is a popular symbol in the Great Plains states: Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming have adopted the animal as their official <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">state mammal</a>, and many sports teams have chosen the bison as their mascot. In Canada, the bison is the official animal of the province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and appears on the Manitoba flag. It is also used in the official coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>. </p><p>Several American coins feature the bison, most famously on the reverse side of the "<a href="/wiki/Indian_Head_nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Head nickel">buffalo nickel</a>" from 1913 to 1938. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> coined a nickel with a new depiction of the bison as part of its <a href="/wiki/Westward_Journey_Nickel_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward Journey Nickel Series">"Westward Journey"</a> series. The Kansas and North Dakota state quarters, part of the "<a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarter</a>" series, each feature bison. The Kansas state quarter has only the bison and does not feature any writing, while the North Dakota state quarter has two bison. The Montana state quarter prominently features a bison skull over a landscape. The Yellowstone National Park quarter also features a bison standing next to a geyser. </p><p>Other institutions which have adopted the bison as a symbol or mascot include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">U.S. Department of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_College_(West_Virginia)" title="Bethany College (West Virginia)">Bethany College (West Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University" title="Bucknell University">Bucknell University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_Bison" title="Bucknell Bison">Bucknell Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bisons" title="Buffalo Bisons">Buffalo Bisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Gap_High_School" title="Buffalo Gap High School">Buffalo Gap High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_High_School" title="Buffalo Grove High School">Buffalo Grove High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Sabres" title="Buffalo Sabres">Buffalo Sabres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Buffaloes" title="Colorado Buffaloes">Colorado Buffaloes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harding_University" title="Harding University">Harding University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Harding_Bisons" title="Harding Bisons">Harding Bisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_Bison_and_Lady_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Bison and Lady Bison">Howard Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the State of Indiana">Seal of the State of Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipscomb_University" title="Lipscomb University">Lipscomb University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Lipscomb_Bisons" title="Lipscomb Bisons">Lipscomb Bisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Manitoba" title="Coat of arms of Manitoba">Coat of arms of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manitoba" title="Flag of Manitoba">Flag of Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Bisons" title="Manitoba Bisons">Manitoba Bisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_University" title="Marshall University">Marshall University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Thundering_Herd" title="Marshall Thundering Herd">Marshall Thundering Herd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milligan_University" title="Milligan University">Milligan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> (mascot for his 2008 campaign for president)<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichols_College" title="Nichols College">Nichols College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_University" title="North Dakota State University">North Dakota State University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_Bison" title="North Dakota State Bison">North Dakota State Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Baptist_University" title="Oklahoma Baptist University">Oklahoma Baptist University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Baptist_Bison" title="Oklahoma Baptist Bison">Oklahoma Baptist Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Park_University" title="Point Park University">Point Park University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_the_Bison" title="Rumble the Bison">Rumble the Bison</a> (the official mascot of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Oklahoma City Thunder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hill_High_School" title="Smoky Hill High School">Smoky Hill High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Law_School" title="Southwestern Law School">Southwestern Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooele_High_School" title="Tooele High School">Tooele High School</a> (Utah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Tech_University" title="Utah Tech University">Utah Tech University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Tech_Trailblazers" title="Utah Tech Trailblazers">Utah Tech Trailblazers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFB_Wainwright" title="CFB Wainwright">CFB Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University" title="West Texas A&M University">West Texas A&M University</a> and its athletic program, the <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_Buffaloes" title="West Texas A&M Buffaloes">West Texas A&M Buffaloes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Wood_Buffalo" title="Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo">Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington_Bison" title="Bloomington Bison">Bloomington Bison</a></li></ul></div> <p><br /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wyoming.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wyoming uses a bison in its state flag"><img alt="Wyoming uses a bison in its state flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/172px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/257px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/343px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> uses a bison in <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wyoming" title="Flag of Wyoming">its state flag</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_effigy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the Lakota Sun Dance"><img alt="Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the Lakota Sun Dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bison_effigy.jpg/167px-Bison_effigy.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bison_effigy.jpg/250px-Bison_effigy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bison_effigy.jpg/333px-Bison_effigy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skin effigy of a Buffalo used in the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Manitoba.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manitoba uses a bison in its provincial flag, as seen inside the Manitoban coat of arms"><img alt="Manitoba uses a bison in its provincial flag, as seen inside the Manitoban coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/240px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/360px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/480px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> uses a bison in <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manitoba" title="Flag of Manitoba">its provincial flag</a>, as seen inside the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Manitoba" title="Coat of arms of Manitoba">Manitoban coat of arms</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 1935 Buffalo nickel—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938"><img alt="The 1935 Buffalo nickel—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg/242px-1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg/363px-1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg/484px-1935_Indian_Head_Buffalo_Nickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 1935 <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_nickel" title="Buffalo nickel">Buffalo nickel</a>—this style of coin featuring an American bison was produced from 1913 to 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$10-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Series 1901 $10 legal tender depicting an American bison"><img alt="Series 1901 $10 legal tender depicting an American bison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/US-%2410-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg/139px-US-%2410-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/US-%2410-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg/208px-US-%2410-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/US-%2410-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg/277px-US-%2410-LT-1901-Fr.114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6132" data-file-height="5309" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Series 1901 $10 legal tender depicting an American bison</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo""><img alt="First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg/180px-US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg/269px-US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg/359px-US_stamp_1898_4c_Indian_Hunting_Buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First postage stamp with image of bison was issued US in 1898—4¢ "Indian Hunting Buffalo"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Bison_Society" title="American Bison Society">American Bison Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Commons" title="Buffalo Commons">Buffalo Commons</a> — proposed multistate nature preserve of Great Plains habitat for American bison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Hunters%27_War" title="Buffalo Hunters' War">Buffalo Hunters' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">Conservation of American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Plains_Ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Plains Ecoregion">Great Plains Ecoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animals_with_humps" title="List of animals with humps">List of animals with humps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_hide_painting" title="Plains hide painting">Plains hide painting</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 60 million estimation is based on an observation made by Colonel R.I. Dodge along the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> in Kansas in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-Hedrick-2009_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hedrick-2009-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAune,_K.Jørgensen,_D.Gates,_C.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Aune, K.; Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. (2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2815/123789863">"<i>Bison bison</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T2815A123789863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Bison+bison&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T2815A123789863&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en&rft.au=Aune%2C+K.&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+D.&rft.au=Gates%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F2815%2F123789863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span> Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is "Near Threatened".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17748/17748-h/17748-h.htm">Project Gutenburg E Book – <i>The Extermination of the American Bison</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/species/species_accounts/bio_buff.html">"American Buffalo (<i>Bison bison</i>) species page"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Buffalo+%28Bison+bison%29+species+page&rft.pub=U.S.+Fish+and+Wildlife+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fspecies%2Fspecies_accounts%2Fbio_buff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_T._Hornaday,_Superintendent_of_the_National_Zoological_Park2006" class="citation book cs1">William T. 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Derr (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2FBER-029">"Conservation Genetic Analysis of the Texas State Bison Herd"</a>. <i>Journal of Mammalogy</i>. <b>85</b> (5): 924–931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2FBER-029">10.1644/BER-029</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=Conservation+Genetic+Analysis+of+the+Texas+State+Bison+Herd&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=924-931&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2FBER-029&rft.au=Halbert%2C+Natalie+D.&rft.au=Terje+Raudsepp&rft.au=Bhanu+P.+Chowdhary&rft.au=James+N.+Derr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1644%252FBER-029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID10382295-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMID10382295_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMID10382295_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_G._A.C._Strobeck1999" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, G. 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"Genetic variation within and relatedness among wood and plains bison populations". <i>Genome</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 483–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fgen-42-3-483">10.1139/gen-42-3-483</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10382295">10382295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome&rft.atitle=Genetic+variation+within+and+relatedness+among+wood+and+plains+bison+populations&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-96&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fgen-42-3-483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10382295&rft.au=Wilson%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=C.+Strobeck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2003" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Delaney P. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notitia.com/bison/Members/PDF%20Files/Library/Thesis%20Document%20-%20Conservation%20Status%20of%20Bison%20-%20BOYD.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(MS thesis)</span> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Frontier+Army+and+the+Destruction+of+the+Buffalo%3A+1865%E2%80%931883&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=312-338&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971110&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smits&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.msu.edu%2Fhst321%2Ffiles%2F2010%2F07%2Fsmits-on-bison.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buffalo_genocide-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buffalo_genocide_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buffalo_genocide_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard2014" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Tasha (2014). "Buffalo Genocide in Nineteenth Century North America: 'Kill, Skin, Sell'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America</i>. Duke University Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F9780822376149-014">10.1215/9780822376149-014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5779-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-5779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Buffalo+Genocide+in+Nineteenth+Century+North+America%3A+%27Kill%2C+Skin%2C+Sell%27&rft.btitle=Colonial+Genocide+in+Indigenous+North+America&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F9780822376149-014&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5779-7&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Tasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aune, K., Jørgensen, D. & Gates, C. 2017. Bison bison (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T2815A123789863. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en">https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en</a>. Downloaded on March 6, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r383-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r383_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPare2023" class="citation web cs1">Pare, Sascha (August 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/animals/land-mammals/bison-are-being-introduced-to-the-russian-arctic-to-replace-extinct-woolly-mammoths-but-why">"Bison are being introduced to the Russian Arctic to replace extinct woolly mammoths. But why?"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+Difference+Between+Bison+and+Buffalo%3F&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Tikkanen&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-buffalo-and-bison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=buffalo#B5544800">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i>, Fifth Edition:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bisonetymology-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bisonetymology_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bisonetymology_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/bison">"bison (n.)"</a>. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioone.org/journals/northwestern-naturalist/volume-92/issue-2/10-07.1/Gray-Wolf-Canis-lupus-Predation-and-Scavenging-of-Reintroduced-American/10.1898/10-07.1.full">"Gray wolf (Canis lupus) predation and scavenging of reintroduced American bison (Bison bison) in southwestern Yukon"</a>. <i>Northwestern Naturalist</i>. <b>92</b> (2): 126–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1898%2F10-07.1">10.1898/10-07.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1051-1733">1051-1733</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86100204">86100204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Gray+wolf+%28Canis+lupus%29+predation+and+scavenging+of+reintroduced+American+bison+%28Bison+bison%29+in+southwestern+Yukon&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=126-130&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86100204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1051-1733&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1898%2F10-07.1&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbioone.org%2Fjournals%2Fnorthwestern-naturalist%2Fvolume-92%2Fissue-2%2F10-07.1%2FGray-Wolf-Canis-lupus-Predation-and-Scavenging-of-Reintroduced-American%2F10.1898%2F10-07.1.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Ann_Franke2005" class="citation book cs1">Mary Ann Franke (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tosavewildbisonl0000fran/page/199"><i>To save the wild bison: life on the edge in Yellowstone</i></a>. 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Votenader.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.votenader.org/blog/2008/10/18/buffalo-t-shirt-sale/">the original</a> on October 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buffalo+T-Shirt+Sale+%E2%80%93+Ralph+Nader+for+President+in+2008&rft.pub=Votenader.org&rft.date=2008-10-18&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.votenader.org%2Fblog%2F2008%2F10%2F18%2Fbuffalo-t-shirt-sale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Branch, E. Douglas. (1997) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zE0lxKhxs0C&dq=The%20Hunting%20of%20the%20Buffalo&pg=PP1">The Hunting of the Buffalo</a></i> (1929, new ed. University of Nebraska Press,), classic history</li> <li>Dary David A. <i>The Buffalo Book</i>. (Chicago: Swallow Press, 1974)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores_Dan_Louie1991" class="citation journal cs1">Flores Dan Louie (1991). "Bison Ecology and Bison Diplomacy: The Southern Plains from 1800 to 1850". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 465–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2079530">10.2307/2079530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2079530">2079530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Bison+Ecology+and+Bison+Diplomacy%3A+The+Southern+Plains+from+1800+to+1850&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=465-85&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2079530&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2079530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Flores+Dan+Louie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gard, Wayne. <i>The Great Buffalo Hunt</i> (University of Nebraska Press, 1954)</li> <li>Isenberg, Andrew C. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_lyumM8d84C&pg=PA5">The Destruction of the Bison: An Environmental History, 1750–1920</a></i> (Cambridge University press, 2000)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLott2002" class="citation book cs1">Lott, Dale F (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irVb_xAtWIwC&pg=PP1"><i>American Bison: A Natural History</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24062-9"><bdi>978-0-520-24062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Bison%3A+A+Natural+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24062-9&rft.aulast=Lott&rft.aufirst=Dale+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirVb_xAtWIwC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McHugh, Tom. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSbrXXh0lWMC&pg=PP1">The Time of the Buffalo</a></i> (University of Nebraska Press, 1972).</li> <li>Meagher, Margaret Mary. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629031320/http://www.nps.gov/yell/naturescience/bison1973.htm">The Bison of Yellowstone National Park</a>.</i> (Washington DC: Government Printing Office, 1973)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRister_Carl_Coke1929" class="citation journal cs1">Rister Carl Coke (1929). "The Significance of the Destruction of the Buffalo in the Southwest". <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>33</b>: 34–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Destruction+of+the+Buffalo+in+the+Southwest&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Rister+Carl+Coke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roe, Frank Gilbert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2822108">The North American Buffalo: A Critical Study of the Species in Its Wild State</a></i> (University of Toronto Press, 1951).</li> <li>Shaw, James H. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4001099">How Many Bison Originally Populated Western Rangelands?</a>" <i>Rangelands</i>, Vol. 17, No. 5 (Oct. 1995), pp. 148–150</li> <li>Smits, David D. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf">The Frontier Army and the Destruction of the Buffalo, 1865–1883</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706150320/https://history.msu.edu/hst321/files/2010/07/smits-on-bison.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i> 25 (1994): 313–38 and 26 (1995) 203–8.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZontek_Ken1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zontek Ken (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1009/">"Hunt, Capture, Raise, Increase: The People Who Saved the Bison"</a>. <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>. <b>15</b>: 133–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Hunt%2C+Capture%2C+Raise%2C+Increase%3A+The+People+Who+Saved+the+Bison&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=133-49&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Zontek+Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fgreatplainsquarterly%2F1009%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_bison&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bison bison">Bison bison</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" class="extiw" title="commons:Bison bison"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Bison bison</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bison_bison" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bison bison">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Bison" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Bison"> Bison</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180706">"Bison bison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bison+bison&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D180706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+bison" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buffalofieldcampaign.org/">Buffalo Field Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/Great_Buffalo_Saga/">Watch the NFB documentary <i>The Great Buffalo Saga</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpt.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/fb367bea-1404-48a6-b342-9b6d11294543/traditional-use-of-tatanka-buffalo/">Traditional use of Tatanka (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022050458/http://www.arrowheads1.com/artifactinfo/bisonskel.htm">Bison skeletal structure and bones</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Creed" title="American Creed">American Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty (<i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" title="The Stars and Stripes Forever">The Stars and Stripes Forever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)">America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The Air Force Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">Semper Supra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">National Emblem March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march)" title="The Washington Post (march)">The Washington Post March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Grand_Old_Flag" title="You're a Grand Old Flag">You're a Grand Old Flag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land" title="This Land Is Your Land">This Land Is Your Land</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cockerel_as_food&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cockerel as food (page does not exist)">Rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch house (building)">Branch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">Butcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_cutter" title="Meat cutter">Cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_animal_agriculture" title="Environmental impacts of animal agriculture">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Factory farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_jobber" title="Meat jobber">Jobber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-packing_industry" title="Meat-packing industry">Packing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Slaughter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Meat" title="Category:Meat">Category: Meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bison bison</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82728" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q82728">Q82728</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bison_bison" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bison bison">Bison bison</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bison_bison/">Bison_bison</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/american-bison/bison-bison/">bison-bison</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id33791">33791</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/LWY6">LWY6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328109">328109</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BISOBI">BISOBI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441176">2441176</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42408">42408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11059079">11059079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180706">180706</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/2815">2815</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200669">14200669</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101908/">2.101908</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020975270">NHMSYS0020975270</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9901">9901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/82057/">82057</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=907693">907693</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=44511">44511</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=2699">2699</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bos bison</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52175200" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q52175200">Q52175200</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/MLPS">MLPS</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/animals/mammal/bobi/all.html">bobi</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441178">2441178</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10586647">10586647</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/91401">91401</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=203618">203618</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006256">1006256</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82728#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82728#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82728#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977017q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282557105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638534">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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