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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia and Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.1</span> <span>Fixed-term Parliaments Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devolved_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devolved_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.3</span> <span>Devolved governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devolved_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Snap election</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="انتخابات مبكرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتخابات مبكرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="আগাম নির্বাচন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগাম নির্বাচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorgezogene_Neuwahl" title="Vorgezogene Neuwahl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorgezogene Neuwahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Πρόωρες εκλογές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόωρες εκλογές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3n_anticipada" title="Elección anticipada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elección anticipada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انتخابات زودهنگام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات زودهنگام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection_anticip%C3%A9e" title="Élection anticipée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection anticipée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B8%B0%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="조기선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조기선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_awal" title="Pemilihan awal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan awal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%96%D7%A7" title="בחירות בזק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחירות בזק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C5%91rehozott_v%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1s" title="Előrehozott választás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Előrehozott választás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_raya_mengejut" title="Pilihan raya mengejut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pilihan raya mengejut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervroegde_verkiezing" title="Vervroegde verkiezing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vervroegde verkiezing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_przedterminowe_w_Polsce" title="Wybory przedterminowe w Polsce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory przedterminowe w Polsce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegeri_anticipate" title="Alegeri anticipate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alegeri anticipate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Досрочные выборы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Досрочные выборы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyval" title="Nyval – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nyval" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagliang_halalan" title="Dagliang halalan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagliang halalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Позачергові вибори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Позачергові вибори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%89%8D%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="提前選舉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="提前選舉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box_(no_bg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ballot box" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/80px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/120px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg/160px-A_coloured_voting_box_%28no_bg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Basic types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">By-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors#Election_and_removal" title="Board of directors">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">Direct</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">Fixed-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midterm_election" title="Midterm election">Mid-term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality</a></li> <li>Primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan primary">Nonpartisan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">Recall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_elector" title="Anonymous elector">Anonymous elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_audit" title="Election audit">Audits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">Boundary delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_voting" title="Crossover voting">Crossover voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">Electoral college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_silence" title="Election silence">Election silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to stand for election</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections" title="Template:Elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections" title="Template talk:Elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>snap election</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> that is called earlier than the one that has been scheduled. Generally, a snap election in a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of parliament</a>) is called to capitalize on an unusual electoral opportunity or to decide a pressing issue, under circumstances when an election is not required by law or convention. A snap election differs from a <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall election</a> in that it is initiated by politicians (usually the head of government or ruling party) rather than voters, and from a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> in that a completely new parliament is chosen as opposed to merely filling vacancies in an already established assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early elections can also be called in certain jurisdictions after a ruling coalition is dissolved if a replacement coalition cannot be formed within a constitutionally set time limit. </p><p>Since the power to call snap elections (the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of parliament</a>) usually lies with the incumbent, they often result in increased majorities for the party already in power provided they have been called at an advantageous time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, snap elections can also backfire on the incumbent resulting in a decreased majority or in some cases the opposition winning or gaining power. As a result of the latter cases, there have been occasions in which the consequence has been the implementation of fixed-term elections. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belize">Belize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Belize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Section 84 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belize" title="Constitution of Belize">Constitution of Belize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Belize)" title="National Assembly (Belize)">National Assembly</a> must be dissolved "five years from the date when the two Houses of the former National Assembly first met" unless dissolved sooner by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Belize" title="Governor-General of Belize">governor-general</a> upon the advice of the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-bzconstitution_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bzconstitution-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Belize gained independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in September 1981, snap elections have been called twice, in <a href="/wiki/1993_Belizean_general_election" title="1993 Belizean general election">1993</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Belizean_general_election" title="2012 Belizean general election">2012</a>. In March 2015, Belizean Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dean_Barrow" title="Dean Barrow">Dean Barrow</a> ruled out the possibility of a snap election later in the year.<sup id="cite_ref-no15bzsnap_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-no15bzsnap-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2015_Belizean_general_election" title="2015 Belizean general election">November 2015 general election</a>, Prime Minister Barrow's <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Belize)" title="United Democratic Party (Belize)">United Democratic Party</a> increased its majority by 9 percent as it made Belizean history, forming its third consecutive government.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_snap_elections_in_Canada" title="List of snap elections in Canada">List of snap elections in Canada</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, snap elections at the federal level are very common. Section 50 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Section_4_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 4 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 4 of the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i></a> limits the maximum life of a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">federal parliament</a> to five years following the return of the last <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writs of election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A law was passed to <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada#Federal" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">set the election date on the third Monday in October in the fourth calendar year after the previous poll</a>, although courts found it effectively legally unenforceable and not binding on the prime minister. Any election that occurs before the schedule is a snap election. </p><p>During his 10 years as prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> recommended to the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">governor general</a> to call two snap elections, in 1997 and 2000, winning both times. <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>, meanwhile, both lost their premierships in snap elections they themselves had called (in 1911 and 1984, respectively). The most notable federal snap election is <a href="/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election" title="1958 Canadian federal election">that of 1958</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">John Diefenbaker</a> called an election just nine months after the <a href="/wiki/1957_Canadian_federal_election" title="1957 Canadian federal election">previous one</a> and transformed his <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> into the largest <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">history of Canada</a> up to that date. </p><p>A snap election was also called in the province of Ontario in 1990, three years into Premier <a href="/wiki/David_Peterson" title="David Peterson">David Peterson</a>'s term. Peterson was polling at 54%, lower than his peak popularity but still well above the opposition party leaders, and expected to be re-elected with comfortable majority. However, the <a href="/wiki/1990_Ontario_general_election" title="1990 Ontario general election">1990 Ontario general election</a> backfired since it was interpreted as a sign of arrogance, with some cynically viewing it as an attempt to win another mandate before an anticipated economic recession. In the biggest upset in Ontario history, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">Ontario New Democratic Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Rae" title="Bob Rae">Bob Rae</a> won an unprecedented majority government while Peterson lost his own seat to a rookie NDP candidate. A similar result occurred in Alberta in <a href="/wiki/2015_Alberta_general_election" title="2015 Alberta general election">2015</a> when Premier <a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Jim Prentice</a> of the governing <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta</a> called a snap election. A few months before, 11 MLAs including their leader from the official opposition <a href="/wiki/Wildrose_Party" title="Wildrose Party">Wildrose Party</a> had crossed the floor to sit with the government. However, the province was entering an economic recession due to the abrupt <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a>, and Prentice's budget was not well received by either the political left or right. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Alberta_New_Democratic_Party" title="Alberta New Democratic Party">Alberta New Democratic Party</a> majority victory unseated 13 cabinet ministers and ended 44 years of Progressive Conservative government in Alberta. </p><p>In 2021, sitting Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">called a snap election</a> in an attempt to win a majority, up from his previous minority government. He justified the snap election as a way for Canadians to choose which government leads them through Canada's recovery from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. However, Trudeau was widely criticized for calling the snap election while the country was in the midst of a 4th wave of Covid.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the election Trudeau managed to remain Prime Minister, but the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> failed to win a majority government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution of Peru</a> allows for the dissolution of Congress by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President</a> if a vote of no-confidence is passed two times by the legislative body, who then has four months to call for new parliamentary elections or faces impeachment. The <a href="/wiki/2020_Peruvian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Peruvian parliamentary election">2020 Peruvian parliamentary elections</a> were declared after President <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Vizcarra" title="Martín Vizcarra">Martín Vizcarra</a> dissolved Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three procedures in which federal elections can be held early in Australia: </p> <ul><li>The maximum term of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> is 3 years. However, the chamber can wait several months after the election to make its first sitting, while a campaign period of at least 33 days is needed between the dates that the election is called and held. It is the norm for the chamber to be dissolved early by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> before its term expires, which is done on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a>.</li> <li>Half of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> (excluding the seats representing territories) changes over every three years in July. An election for the half about to change over must take place up to a year before this is due, on a date determined by the government. By convention, the elections of both chambers have usually been held on the same day. If the previous Senate election was held close to the changeover, the next Senate election can be held significantly earlier.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> may be called to resolve conflict between the two chambers, in which case the entire membership of both chambers comes up for election. This requires at least one bill that originated in the House of Representatives (often called a "trigger") to be rejected twice by the Senate under certain conditions. In this case, the next Senate changeover is due in the second month of July after the election, while the House of Representatives begins a new 3-year term.</li></ul> <p>Examples of early elections in Australia: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1963_Australian_federal_election" title="1963 Australian federal election">1963 election</a>: Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> called an early election for the House of Representatives because the government were struggling to govern with their narrow 2-seat majority in the chamber. The government succeeded in gaining 10 seats. The election left the House and Senate elections out of synchronization until 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Australian_federal_election" title="1974 Australian federal election">1974 election</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">double dissolution</a> election focused on Labor Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a>'s first <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years in office and whether the Australian public was willing to continue with his reform agenda, and also to break a deadlock in the Senate after Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a> announced that the opposition would block the Government's supply bills in the Senate following the <a href="/wiki/Gair_Affair" title="Gair Affair">Gair Affair</a>. The Whitlam government was subsequently returned with a reduced majority in the House of Representatives but increased presence (but no majority) in the Senate, allowing the government to pass six reform bills in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Australian parliament.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_federal_election" title="1975 Australian federal election">1975 election</a>: The election followed the controversial dismissal of the Whitlam government by Governor-General Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Kerr_(governor-general)" title="John Kerr (governor-general)">John Kerr</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 constitutional crisis</a> and the installation of Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> as prime minister. Labor believed it had a chance of winning the elections, and that the dismissal would be an electoral asset for them but the Coalition attacked Labor for the economic conditions they presided over, resulting in the Coalition winning a record victory, with 91 seats in the House of Representatives to the ALP's 36 and a 35–27 majority in the expanded Senate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Australian_federal_election" title="1983 Australian federal election">1983 election</a>: While an election was not due for seven more months, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> had been emboldened by the unexpected victory in a 1982 by election which his Liberal Party was expected to lose. Fraser also sought to exploit divisions in the opposition Labor Party, and was surprised to learn that the popular <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> had won the Labor Party leadership on the day he sought a dissolution. Ultimately, Labor won power and defeated the Fraser government on a 24-seat swing—the largest defeat of a sitting government since 1949, and the worst defeat a sitting non-Labor government has ever suffered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Australian_federal_election" title="1984 Australian federal election">1984 election</a>: This election was held 18 months ahead of time in order to bring the elections for the House of Representatives and Senate back into line. They had been thrown out of balance by the double dissolution of 1983. It was widely expected that the incumbent Hawke Labor government would be easily re-elected, but an exceptionally long 10-week campaign, confusion over the ballot papers and a strong campaign performance by Liberal leader, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a>, saw the government's majority reduced (although this was disguised by the increase in the size of the House from 125 to 148).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_federal_election" title="1998 Australian federal election">1998 election</a>: The election on 3 October 1998 was held six months earlier than required by the Constitution. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> made the announcement following the launch of the coalition's <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goods and Services Tax (Australia)">Goods and Services Tax (GST)</a> policy launch and a five-week advertising campaign. The ensuing election was almost entirely dominated by the proposed 10% GST and proposed income tax cuts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_federal_election" title="2010 Australian federal election">2010 election</a>: A federal election was held on Saturday, 21 August 2010, which was called relatively early in order to give Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> – who had won the prime ministership outside of an election from <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> – a greater mandate. The election ended in a hung parliament, and a resultant retaining of Labor's majority in the House of Representatives after negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">independents</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2021 Tasmanian state election">2021 Tasmanian state election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Liberal_Party" title="Tasmanian Liberal Party">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania" title="Premier of Tasmania">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gutwein" title="Peter Gutwein">Peter Gutwein</a> called the election a year early after the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> fell into a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>. The Liberals won the 2021 state election with a majority of one seat, with <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Labor_Party" title="Tasmanian Labor Party">Labor</a> forming opposition and the <a href="/wiki/Crossbench" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbench">crossbench</a> being composed of <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Greens" title="Tasmanian Greens">Greens</a> and independents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2024 Tasmanian state election">2024 Tasmanian state election</a>: Liberal Premier <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rockliff" title="Jeremy Rockliff">Jeremy Rockliff</a> called the election a year early for the same reason as Gutwein (his predecessor).</li></ul> <p>In the states and territories, all except <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> have <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed election dates">fixed election dates</a> legislated into their constitutions or electoral laws and snap elections can only be called in extraordinary circumstances when certain conditions are met (<a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">loss of confidence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_supply" title="Loss of supply">loss of supply</a> or, in the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> legislatures, a <a href="/wiki/Gridlock_(politics)" title="Gridlock (politics)">deadlocked</a> bill). In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia" title="Premier of Western Australia">Premier</a> retains the ability to call a snap election at any time despite the fixed election dates. In the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, the federal government also has the ability to call a snap election in instances of incapacitation or gross misconduct of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">federal territories</a> constituted under federal legislation, the federal parliament also has the ultimate power to call a snap election in the ACT and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> through the normal legislative process, although this has never occurred. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Khaleda_Zia" title="Khaleda Zia">Khaleda Zia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a> five-year term ended in January 1996, the country went to the polls on <a href="/wiki/February_1996_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="February 1996 Bangladeshi general election">15 February 1996</a>, where elections were boycotted by all major opposition parties including BNP'S arch-rival <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Awami_League" title="Awami League">Awami League</a>. The opposition had demanded a neutral caretaker government to oversee the polls, but it was rejected by the incumbent government and the election went on as scheduled. The BNP won by default, grabbing all the 300 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> and assumed power. The Awami League and its allies did not accept the results and called a month-long general strike and blockades to overthrow the BNP government. The general strike was marred by bloody violence including a grenade attack on Awami League's headquarters which killed scores of people. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court of Bangladesh</a> annulled the election results which forced the BNP government to amend the constitution in a special parliamentary session by introducing the Caretaker government system as a part of the electoral reform. Eventually the BNP government was toppled and ousted when they resigned on 31 March 1996, and handed over power to the caretaker government. The caretaker government stayed in power for 90 days before new elections could be held. Finally a snap election was held on <a href="/wiki/June_1996_Bangladeshi_general_election" title="June 1996 Bangladeshi general election">12 June 1996</a>, where Awami-League won a simple majority by beating its bitter rival BNP and stayed in power for the next five years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Indian_general_election" title="1998 Indian general election">1998 general election</a>: General elections were held in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1998, after the government elected in 1996 collapsed and the <a href="/wiki/12th_Lok_Sabha" title="12th Lok Sabha">12th Lok Sabha</a> was convened. New elections were called when <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) left the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(India,_1996)" title="United Front (India, 1996)">United Front</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/I.K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I.K. Gujral">I.K. Gujral</a>, after they refused to drop the regional <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK) party from the government after the DMK was linked by an investigative panel to Sri Lankan separatists blamed for the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome of the new elections was also indecisive, with no party or alliance able to create a strong majority. Although the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> retained his position of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> getting support from 286 members out of 545, the government collapsed again in late 1998 when the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a>, with its 18 seats, withdrew their support, leading to new elections in 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Indian_general_election" title="1999 Indian general election">1999 general election</a>: General elections were held in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> from 5 September to 3 October 1999, a few months after the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/13th_Lok_Sabha" title="13th Lok Sabha">13th Lok Sabha</a> election is of historical importance as it was the first time a united front of parties managed to attain a majority and form a government that lasted a full term of five years, thus ending a period of political instability at the national level that had been characterised by three general elections held in as many years.</li></ul> <p>On 17 April 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) coalition government led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> failed a to win a <a href="/wiki/Confidence_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence vote">confidence vote</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> (India's lower house), falling short a single vote due to the withdrawal of one of the government's coalition partners – the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (AIADMK). The leader of the AIADMK, <a href="/wiki/J._Jayalalitha" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Jayalalitha">J. Jayalalitha</a>, had consistently threatened to withdraw support from the ruling coalition if certain demands were not met, in particular the sacking of the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> government, control of which she had lost three years prior. The BJP accused Jayalalitha of making the demands in order to avoid standing trial for a series of corruption charges, and no agreement between the parties could be reached leading to the government's defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(India)#Leaders_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Lok_Sabha" title="Leader of the Opposition (India)">leader of the opposition</a> and largest opposition party (<a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>) was unable to form a coalition of parties large enough to secure a working majority in the Lok Sabha. Thus shortly after the no confidence motion, <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President</a> <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a> dissolved the Parliament and called fresh elections. Atal Bihari Vajpayee remained <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker</a> prime minister till the elections were held later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Israeli_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2022 Israeli political crisis">2019–2022 Israeli political crisis</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Israeli_legislative_election" title="April 2019 Israeli legislative election">legislative election</a> in April 2019 resulted in a political stalemate after <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a> refused to join a <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>-led governing coalition, on the day transitional prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>'s mandate for coalition formation ended, the Knesset voted to dissolve itself (preventing president <a href="/wiki/Reuven_Rivlin" title="Reuven Rivlin">Reuven Rivlin</a> from transferring the mandate for coalition formation to the second-largest party <a href="/wiki/Blue_and_White_(political_alliance)" title="Blue and White (political alliance)">Blue and White</a>'s leader, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a>, with respect to the process defined by the law). Thus, a <a href="/wiki/September_2019_Israeli_legislative_election" title="September 2019 Israeli legislative election">snap legislative election</a> was called, which resulted in a similar stalemate. After both Likud and Blue and White failed to form a coalition, a <a href="/wiki/2020_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2020 Israeli legislative election">third consecutive snap election</a> resulted in yet another stalemate. Progress has been made due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Israel">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, and consequently the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fifth_government_of_Israel" title="Thirty-fifth government of Israel">thirty-fifth government of Israel</a> was formed. However, another snap election was held in <a href="/wiki/2021_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2021 Israeli legislative election">2021</a> after collapse of the coalition government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, a snap election is called when a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">prime minister</a> dissolves the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">lower house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a>. The act is based on Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>, which can be interpreted as saying that the prime minister has the power to dissolve the lower house after so advising the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a>. Almost all general elections of the lower house have been snap elections since 1947, when the current constitution was enacted. The only exception was <a href="/wiki/1976_Japanese_general_election" title="1976 Japanese general election">1976 election</a>, when the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Miki" title="Takeo Miki">Takeo Miki</a> was isolated within his own <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>. The majority of LDP politicians opposed Miki's decision not to dissolve the lower house until the end of its 4-year term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nationally, elections for president and parliament in Kazakhstan are held every seven and five years, respectively. According to the Constitutional Law, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kazakhstan" title="President of Kazakhstan">President</a> may call a snap election for both and must held no later than two months respectively after which they are called.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtually every presidential election in Kazakhstan since independence had been held ahead of schedule in <a href="/wiki/1999_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="1999 Kazakh presidential election">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2005 Kazakh presidential election">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2011 Kazakh presidential election">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2015 Kazakh presidential election">2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2019 Kazakh presidential election">2019</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2022 Kazakh presidential election">2022</a>. In which the reasoning behind for consecutive snap elections were due to economic and political factors with allegations for the Kazakh leadership to systemically maintain its grip on power while leaving the opposition consolidated and unprepared.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Kazakh_presidential_election" title="2019 Kazakh presidential election">2019 presidential election</a>: Long-time president <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> unexpectedly resigned from office on 19 March 2019, leading for Senate Chairman <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> to briefly serve as the acting president until the scheduled 2020 election.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there Tokayev was widely viewed to temporarily serve the remainder of Nazarbayev's presidential term as a way to ensure <a href="/wiki/Transition_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition of power">transition of power</a> and hand over the office to <a href="/wiki/Dariga_Nazarbayeva" title="Dariga Nazarbayeva">Dariga Nazarbayeva</a>, the eldest daughter of Nazarbayev.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, On 9 April 2019, Tokayev initiated a snap presidential election for 9 June 2019 citing the reason of avoiding "political uncertainty" and became Nazarbayev's endorsed frontrunner in the race, resulting in him being officially elected to succeed Nazarbayev.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Snap parliamentary elections have also become more frequent in Kazakhstan's politics. Originally the <a href="/wiki/1994_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="1994 Kazakh legislative election">1994 legislative election</a> was held as a result of the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet</a> which previously consisted of former Communist legislators and paved way for a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. However due to the nature of the newly <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Kazakhstan" title="Supreme Council of Kazakhstan">Supreme Council</a> opposing then-President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a>, it was dissolved a year later and were followed by <a href="/wiki/1995_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="1995 Kazakh legislative election">1995 legislative elections</a> which saw pro-Nazarbayev candidates being elected as deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snap elections took place in <a href="/wiki/2007_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2007 Kazakh legislative election">2007</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2012 Kazakh legislative election">2012</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2016_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2016 Kazakh legislative election">2016</a> under the pretext of economic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2023 Kazakh legislative election">2023 legislative election</a>: After President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a>'s reelection win in November 2022, he called snap elections for the lower chamber <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4jilis" title="Mäjilis">Mäjilis</a> for 19 March 2023 under a promise to conclude "a reset and renewal of all major political institutions" following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">January Events</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_constitutional_referendum" title="2022 Kazakh constitutional referendum">2022 constitutional referendum</a> by promising for a new parliamentary composition to represent the interests of "broad groups of citizens."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election saw reduced vote share for the ruling <a href="/wiki/Amanat_(political_party)" title="Amanat (political party)">Amanat</a> party, resulting in an appearance of various newly formed political factions including <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independents</a> for the first time since <a href="/wiki/2004_Kazakh_legislative_election" title="2004 Kazakh legislative election">2004</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand elections must be held every three years, and the date is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>. There have been three snap elections, in 1951, 1984 and 2002. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1951 snap election</a> occurred immediately after the <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute" title="1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute">1951 waterfront dispute</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> government sided with shipping companies against a militant union, while the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> opposition equivocated and thus annoyed both sides. The government was returned with an increased majority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984 snap election</a> occurred during a term in which the National Party government had a majority of only one seat. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> lost patience with his less obedient <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament#New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MPs</a> and called an election, announcing it on television while visibly drunk.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muldoon's government subsequently lost and the Labour Party took power.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">2002 election</a>. On 12 June 2002 the Labour Party <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a> announced that the country would have a general election on 27 July 2002. Clark claimed that an early poll was necessary due to the collapse of her junior coalition partner, the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(New_Zealand_political_party)" title="Alliance (New Zealand political party)">Alliance</a>, but denied it was a snap election. This early election caused considerable comment. Critics claimed that Clark could have continued to govern, and that the early election was called to take advantage of Labour's strong position in the polls.<sup id="cite_ref-COLIN_JAMES_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COLIN_JAMES-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Party was caught unprepared by the election and suffered its worst ever result (20.9% of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand#MMP_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">party vote</a>), and the government was returned with an increased majority.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990 general election</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP) led by <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> won a plurality of seats in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election" title="1988 Pakistani general election">1988 election</a> and Bhutto became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">prime minister</a>. However, by 1990 there was discontent over rising lawlessness, allegations of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">corruption</a> and the failure of the government to fulfill the promises it had made during the 1988 campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-crime_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crime-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election" title="1993 Pakistani general election">1993 general election</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">Pakistan Muslim League (N)</a> (PML-N) won the <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">1990 election</a> and the party's leader, Nawaz Sharif, became prime minister. In early 1993 he attempted to strip the president of the power to dismiss the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="National Assembly of Pakistan">National Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provincial_assemblies_of_Pakistan" title="Provincial assemblies of Pakistan">regional assemblies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collapses_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapses-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in April 1993 President Khan dismissed Sharif for corruption and called elections for 14 July after dissolving the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-cabinet_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabinet-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharif immediately appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a>, which in May ruled by 10 to 1 that Khan had exceeded his powers and therefore restored Sharif as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-judicial_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judicial-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Khan and Sharif then began to battle for control of Pakistan for the next two months. They both attempted to secure control over the regional assemblies and in particular, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>. In Punjab this saw a staged kidnapping and the moving of 130 members of the Punjab Assembly to the capital to ensure they stayed loyal to Sharif. Meanwhile, the leader of the main opposition party Benazir Bhutto threatened to lead a march on <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> unless new elections were called.<sup id="cite_ref-collapses_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapses-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally on 18 July, under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">army</a> to resolve the power struggle, Sharif and Khan resigned as prime minister and president respectively. Elections for the National Assembly were called for 6 October with elections for the regional assemblies set to follow shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-collapses_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collapses-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oppurtunity_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oppurtunity-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election" title="1997 Pakistani general election">1997 general election</a>: The PPP won the largest number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election" title="1993 Pakistani general election">1993 election</a> and Benazir Bhutto became prime minister at the head of a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-elections_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elections-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 5 November 1996, President Leghari, a former ally of Bhutto,<sup id="cite_ref-sharif_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharif-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dismissed the government 2 years early for alleged corruption and abuse of power.<sup id="cite_ref-chamber_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chamber-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allegations included financial mismanagement, failing to stop police killings, destroying judicial independence and violating the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fires_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fires-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of PPP party members were detained including Bhutto's husband <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a> who was accused of taking commissions for arranging official deals.<sup id="cite_ref-fires_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fires-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">speaker</a> and member of the PPP <a href="/wiki/Miraj_Khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="Miraj Khalid">Miraj Khalid</a> was appointed interim prime minister. The National Assembly and provincial assemblies were dissolved and elections called for 3 February 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-fires_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fires-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhutto denied all the charges against herself and petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> to reverse her dismissal. However, the court ruled in January that there was sufficient evidence for the dismissal to be justified legally.<sup id="cite_ref-upholds_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upholds-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> has used the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_election" title="Fixed-term election">fixed terms</a> imposed for more of its history than not. This means that <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a> cannot be dissolved, and that "snap elections" as understood under the parliamentary system cannot be invoked. However, during the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>, the constitution starting from 1973, and first applied in 1978, placed the country under the <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential system</a> of government, where the <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Batasang Pambansa">Batasang Pambansa</a> (parliament) can be dissolved. During the operation of that constitution, the parliament was not dissolved, but Marcos, who had earlier been <a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">elected in 1981</a> for a six-year term, asked Parliament to move the 1987 presidential election to 1986, in response to growing social unrest, political and economic crises, political instability, and deteriorating peace and public order. </p><p>In the Philippines, the term "snap election" often refers to the <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 presidential election</a>. Marcos declared himself the official winner of the election but was eventually <a href="/wiki/1986_EDSA_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 EDSA Revolution">ousted</a> when allegations of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraud</a> marred the election. A new constitution <a href="/wiki/1987_Philippine_constitutional_plebiscite" title="1987 Philippine constitutional plebiscite">approved in 1987</a> reverted to the presidential system, which made future snap elections unlikely. Fixed presidential elections are held every six years, with legislative elections held every three years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Previously, During the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a>, House of Representatives, the Lower House of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ceylon" title="Parliament of Ceylon">Parliament of Ceylon</a>, is elected to a 5 year term. <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Ceylon" title="Senate of Ceylon">Senate of Ceylon</a>, which is the Upper House, cannot by dissolved. The Prime Minister shall request the Governor-General to dissolve the House of Representatives and call a General Election at a required time. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="1956 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1956 general election</a>: Even though the elections were not due till 1957, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Kotelawala" title="John Kotelawala">Sir John Kotelawala</a> called an early election. The Ruling <a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a> led by Kotelawala was defeated to the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike" title="S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike">S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike</a> who became the Prime Minister.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1960_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="March 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1960 March general election:</a> Elections were due on 1961, But Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Wijeyananda_Dahanayake" title="Wijeyananda Dahanayake">Wijayananda Dahanayake</a> dissolved Parliament and called a general election as Ceylon's governing <a href="/wiki/Mahajana_Eksath_Peramuna_(1956)" title="Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (1956)">Mahajana Eksath Peramuna</a> (MEP) coalition was falling apart. United National Party led by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake" title="Dudley Senanayake">Dudley Senanayake</a> obtained a plurality of seats, but without a majority could not form a stable government. This Resulted in a Hung Parliament which eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/July_1960_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1960 July general election.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1960_Ceylonese_parliamentary_election" title="July 1960 Ceylonese parliamentary election">1960 July general election</a>: As the general election in March resulted in a Hung Parliament, the Parliament was dissolved and a Snap election was held on 20 July 1960, where Sri Lanka Freedom Party led by <a href="/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike" title="Sirimavo Bandaranaike">Sirimavo Bandaranaike</a> formed a Government.</li></ul> <p>As the Senate of Ceylon was abolished in 1971, The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution of 1978</a>, introduced the Executive Presidency and increased the term length of the now Unicameral Parliament to 6 years. The President had the authority to dissolve the Parliament and call a Snap election at a required time. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="1994 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">1994 general election:</a> Even though the elections were due in 1995, President <a href="/wiki/Dingiri_Banda_Wijetunga" title="Dingiri Banda Wijetunga">D.B. Wijetunga</a> dissolved the Parliament and called a General election in August 1994. <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Chandrika Kumaratunga</a> of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party, became the Prime Minister ending the 17 years of UNP rule in Sri Lanka.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">2001 general election:</a> 2000 general election lost the majority of the ruling <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_(Sri_Lanka)" title="People's Alliance (Sri Lanka)">People's Alliance</a> but <a href="/wiki/Ratnasiri_Wickremanayake" title="Ratnasiri Wickremanayake">Ratnasiri Wickremanayake</a> continued to be the Prime Minister. Since Several MPs crossed over to the opposition and the Government feared a Motion of No-Confidence, President <a href="/wiki/Chandrika_Kumaratunga" title="Chandrika Kumaratunga">Kumaratunga</a> dissolved the Parliament and called a general election.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">2004 general election:</a> 2001 general election resulted in a Cohabitation government where the President and the Prime Minister were from different parties. As the Government was unstable, President Kumaratunga dissolved the Parliament and called a general election 3 1/2 years ahead of schedule.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">19th Amendment</a> reduced the maximum term length of the Parliament to 5 years. And the President did not had the authority to dissolve the Parliament and call an Early General Election until the expiration of 4 years and 6 months from the date appointed for its first meeting. In 9 November 2018, As a result of the <a href="/wiki/2018_Sri_Lankan_constitutional_crisis" title="2018 Sri Lankan constitutional crisis">2018 Constitutional crisis</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Maithripala_Sirisena" title="Maithripala Sirisena">Maithripala Sirisena</a> attempted to dissolve the Parliament and call a general election but the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a> declared this move unconstitutional, which effectively set the election date back to <a href="/wiki/2020_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">2020</a>. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/20th_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka">20th Amendment</a>, The President has the authority to dissolve the Parliament and call an Early General Election after 2 years and 6 months from the date appointed for its first meeting. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sri_Lankan_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Sri Lankan parliamentary election">2024 general election</a>: Even though the elections were not due till August, 2025, Newly Inaugurated President <a href="/wiki/Anura_Kumara_Dissanayake" title="Anura Kumara Dissanayake">Anura Kumara Dissanayake</a> dissolved Parliament and called a general election roughly 11 months ahead of schedule.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_general_election" title="2006 Thai general election">2006 general election</a>: In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Rak Thai">Thai Rak Thai</a> Party were re-elected for a second consecutive term in office when they won a landslide general election victory by securing 375 out of 500 seats in parliament. This result gave his party the power to amend the constitution since they won a two-thirds majority. However one year later, in 2006, Thaksin was suspected to have been indulging in corrupt business practices in his telecommunication firm 'Shincorp'. And after several protests orchestrated by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_for_Democracy" title="People's Alliance for Democracy">People's Alliance for Democracy</a> pursuing for the PM's resignation, Thaksin called a snap election scheduled for 2 April 2006 where the opposition party supporters boycotted the polls, resulting in over 50% of voters chosen to not cast their ballots. Due to this political demonstration, Thaksin won the snap election and captured all the 500 seats in the house of parliament. Months later, the supreme court annulled the election results and ordered a fresh election to be held within 100 days from the date of the court's ruling. However, Thaksin was ousted in a <a href="/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Thai coup d'état">2006 Thai coup d'état</a>, forcing him into exile in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>. The military stayed in power until 2007 when they stepped down and held a general election in December that year to restore democracy.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Thai_general_election" title="2014 Thai general election">2014 general election</a>: Thaksin Shinawatra's sister <a href="/wiki/Yingluck_Shinawatra" title="Yingluck Shinawatra">Yingluck Shinawatra</a> became Thailand's first female prime minister on 3 August 2011 when she won a landslide election victory on <a href="/wiki/2011_Thai_general_election" title="2011 Thai general election">3 July 2011</a>. Later, the government faced a political crisis in November 2013 when her opponents wanted the prime minister and her <a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a> government to resign after she tried to pass a controversial amnesty bill in parliament which would permit the return of her brother Thaksin as a free man. However, the bill was not passed because the government succumbed to pressure from weeks of street protests and blockades that took place in Bangkok, which intensified before the King's birthday. On 9 December 2013, Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra decided to dissolve parliament and called a snap general election, which was held on 2 February 2014. This announcement came a day after the resignation of all MPs from the main opposition <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Thailand)" title="Democrat Party (Thailand)">Democrat Party</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Thailand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)">opposition leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Abhisit_Vejjajiva" title="Abhisit Vejjajiva">Abhisit Vejjajiva</a>, which boycotted the election afterwards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Armenian parliamentary election">Snap parliamentary elections</a> were held in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> on 9 December 2018, as none of the parties in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a> were able to put forward and then elect a candidate for prime minister in the two-week period following the resignation of incumbent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>. They were the first elections following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian revolution">2018 revolution</a> and the country's first-ever snap elections.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Belgium" title="List of elections in Belgium">list of elections in Belgium</a></div> <p>Snap elections are possible for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Parliament of Belgium">Federal Parliament of Belgium</a>, but not for the regional parliaments. The last snap election <a href="/wiki/2010_Belgian_federal_election" title="2010 Belgian federal election">was held in 2010</a>. </p><p>Technically, usually the federal parliament is dissolved by means of a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Revision_of_the_Constitution" title="Declaration of Revision of the Constitution">Declaration of Revision of the Constitution</a> (automatically triggering an election), just before the normal expiration of the legislative period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_Bulgarian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 Bulgarian political crisis">2021–2023 Bulgarian political crisis</a></div> <p>Snap elections were held in <a href="/wiki/2014_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2014</a> when neither the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a> nor <a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a> were able to form a coalition with a tied parliament. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Bulgarian_protests" title="2020–2021 Bulgarian protests">2020–2021 Bulgarian protests</a> there has been a political stalemate which has led to snap elections in <a href="/wiki/July_2021_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="July 2021 Bulgarian parliamentary election">July 2021</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Bulgarian_general_election" title="2021 Bulgarian general election">November 2021</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2022</a> (after the <a href="/wiki/Petkov_Government" title="Petkov Government">Petkov Government</a> fell) and <a href="/wiki/2023_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2023</a>, with another snap election called for <a href="/wiki/June_2024_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="June 2024 Bulgarian parliamentary election">June 2024</a>, after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Denkov_Government" title="Denkov Government">Denkov Government</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snap general elections were held in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> on 25 and 26 October 2013, seven months before the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">constitutional</a> expiry of the elected <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament of the Czech Republic">parliament</a>'s four year legislative term. </p><p>The government <a href="/wiki/2010_Czech_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Czech legislative election">elected in May 2010</a> led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Petr_Ne%C4%8Das" title="Petr Nečas">Petr Nečas</a> was forced to resign on 17 June 2013, after a corruption and bribery scandal. A <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Rusnok" title="Jiří Rusnok">Jiří Rusnok</a> was then appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President</a>, but narrowly lost a vote of confidence on 7 August, leading to its resignation six days later.<sup id="cite_ref-Caretaker_government_resigned_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caretaker_government_resigned-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chamber of Deputies then passed a motion dissolving itself on 20 August, with a call for new elections within 60 days after presidential assent.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_confirmed_vote_result_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP_confirmed_vote_result-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parliament_approved_elections_in_October_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliament_approved_elections_in_October-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President gave his assent on 28 August, scheduling the elections for 25 and 26 October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_election_dates_set_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_election_dates_set-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Parliamentary elections</a> take place every fourth year (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Denmark" title="Constitution of Denmark">Danish Constitution</a> art. 32, sec. 1);<sup id="cite_ref-DK_Constitution_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK_Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Denmark" title="Prime Minister of Denmark">prime minister</a> can choose to call an early election at any time, provided that any elected parliament has already been called into session at least once (Danish Constitution art. 32, sec. 2).<sup id="cite_ref-DK_Constitution_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DK_Constitution-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a government loses its majority in the <a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a>, this is not automatically a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a>, but such a vote may be called, and – if lost – the government calls a new election. Denmark has a history of <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority governments</a>, and due to this system, a party normally providing parliamentary support for the sitting government while not being part of it, can choose to deprive the government of a parliamentary majority regarding a specific vote, but at the same time avoid calling new elections since any vote of no confidence takes place as a separate procedure. </p><p>Notably, Denmark faced a number of very short parliaments in the 1970s and the 1980s. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Poul Schlüter</a> lead a series of coalition minority governments calling elections in both <a href="/wiki/1984_Danish_general_election" title="1984 Danish general election">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_Danish_general_election" title="1987 Danish general election">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Danish_general_election" title="1988 Danish general election">1988</a> and <a href="/wiki/1990_Danish_general_election" title="1990 Danish general election">1990</a>. Likewise, his predecessors called elections in <a href="/wiki/1971_Danish_general_election" title="1971 Danish general election">1971</a>, <a href="/wiki/1973_Danish_general_election" title="1973 Danish general election">1973</a>, <a href="/wiki/1975_Danish_general_election" title="1975 Danish general election">1975</a>, <a href="/wiki/1977_Danish_general_election" title="1977 Danish general election">1977</a>, <a href="/wiki/1979_Danish_general_election" title="1979 Danish general election">1979</a> and <a href="/wiki/1981_Danish_general_election" title="1981 Danish general election">1981</a>. For more than 40 years, no Danish parliament has sat its full four-year term, although <a href="/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen_II_Cabinet" title="Lars Løkke Rasmussen II Cabinet">Lars Løkke II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen_III_Cabinet" title="Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet">Lars Løkke Rasmussen III Cabinet</a> came very close in <a href="/wiki/2019_Danish_general_election" title="2019 Danish general election">2019</a>, in all cases, the prime minister has called elections at an earlier date. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Danish_general_election" title="2007 Danish general election">2007 general election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Denmark">Prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Anders_Fogh_Rasmussen" title="Anders Fogh Rasmussen">Anders Fogh Rasmussen</a> announced an election date for 24 October 2007. The election was held ahead of time in the sense that by law, the election needed to be held before 8 February 2009, four years after the previous election. Anders Fogh Rasmussen explained that the elections were called early in order to allow the parliament to work on important upcoming topics without being distracted by a future election. Referring specifically to <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">welfare reform</a>, he said rival parties would then try to outdo each other with expensive reforms which would damage the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Danish economy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_general_election" title="2022 Danish general election">2022 general election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Denmark">Prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mette_Frederiksen" title="Mette Frederiksen">Mette Frederiksen</a> announced an election date for 1 November 2022. The elections were called on 5 October following an ultimatum to the government by the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party">Social Liberals</a> (which had been providing external support) due to the outcome of a report on the <a href="/wiki/2020_Danish_mink_cull" title="2020 Danish mink cull">2020 Danish mink cull</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mink_Commission" title="Mink Commission">Mink Commission</a>, which was critical of the government.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> can call for an early election. As per the version of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">the 2000 constitution</a> currently in use, the president can do this only upon proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">prime minister</a> and after consultations with the parliamentary groups, while the Parliament is in session. In prior versions of the constitution, the President had the power to do this unilaterally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> is elected for a five-year term, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President</a> has the authority to dissolve the National Assembly and call an early election, provided the Assembly has not been dissolved in the preceding twelve months. When the presidential term of office was shortened from seven to five years in the <a href="/wiki/2000_French_constitutional_referendum" title="2000 French constitutional referendum">2000 French constitutional referendum</a>, presidential terms became equal in length to legislative terms. Until a snap <a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 legislative election</a> was called, presidential and parliamentary terms were synchronized, with the National Assembly elected a few weeks after the president, reducing the risk of a <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>, which is the upper house, can never be dissolved prematurely. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_French_legislative_election" title="1968 French legislative election">1968 legislative election</a>: The then-president <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> called a snap election after <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May protests</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_French_legislative_election" title="1988 French legislative election">1988 legislative election</a>: After the re-election of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> in <a href="/wiki/1988_French_presidential_election" title="1988 French presidential election">that year's presidential election</a>, a snap parliamentary election was called to try and create a parliamentary majority for Mitterrand in order to end the cohabitation government. While his allies obtained a plurality of seats, a coalition government needed to be formed. A similar dissolution occurred in <a href="/wiki/1981_French_legislative_election" title="1981 French legislative election">1981</a> after Mitterrand's first election.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_French_legislative_election" title="1997 French legislative election">1997 legislative election</a>: The then-president <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> called an election one year before it was scheduled to take place in an effort to catch the left-wing parties off guard. Partly due to the unpopularity of the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Jupp%C3%A9" title="Alain Juppé">Alain Juppé</a>, a coalition of left-wing parties were able to form a government, resulting in the longest cohabitation period in modern French history. This also marks the only time a French president has lost an election he called on his own initiative since the start of the Fifth Republic (1958).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_French_legislative_election" title="2024 French legislative election">2024 legislative election</a>: President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> called a snap election in response to the <a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2024 European Parliament election in France">European Parliament elections</a>, when Macron's party <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(French_political_party)" title="Renaissance (French political party)">Renaissance</a> made heavy losses and the far-right populist <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> got 31.5% of the vote.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Federal Republic of Germany, elections to the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> must take place within 46–48 months (every four years) after the first sitting of the previous chamber. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Federal President</a> may only dissolve the chamber prematurely if the government loses a confidence motion (at the request of the Chancellor), or if no majority government can be formed. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972 federal election</a>: after the <a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a>, the second placed <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> and the small <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> had formed a <a href="/wiki/Social-liberal_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-liberal coalition">social-liberal coalition</a> with a relatively narrow 20-seat majority. Due to Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i> foreign policy, especially the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a>, the government then lost their majority after several MPs defected to the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> opposition. On 27 April 1972 the opposition tried to have CDU leader Rainer Barzel elected new chancellor in a motion of no confidence, but Barzel surprisingly missed the majority in the Bundestag by two votes. A snap election was held after the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Benefitting from Brandt's personal popularity and modern interior policies, his SPD became the strongest party for the first time, with 45.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983 federal election</a>: The government of Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> had been ousted in October 1982 after the FDP had switched from being allied with the SPD to being allied with the CDU-CSU union. Although the majority of MPs now supported the government of the new Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, he wanted an early election in order to gain an explicit mandate to govern. To do this, he deliberately lost a confidence motion by asking for his coalition MPs to abstain. There was some controversy over this fake move and the decision was challenged in the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of Germany">Constitutional Court</a>, but given approval by President Carstens. Kohl's government won the election with a net loss of one seat despite FDP losses. In addition, a new party, the Greens, first entered the parliament, weakening the SPD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005 federal election</a>: in 1998 <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> (SPD) had won over Kohl (CDU), but already in 2002, the major parties were deadlocked at 38.5% each, and with the Greens being the larger of the minor parties, Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> could carry on with his SPD-Green coalition for some time. After a series of state election losses, culminating with <a href="/wiki/2005_North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" title="2005 North Rhine-Westphalia state election">North Rhine-Westphalia in 2005</a>, caused the opposition to gain a wide majority in the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a>, the second chamber, Schröder deliberately lost a confidence motion to trigger new elections. His <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">red-green coalition</a> government also feared that left-wing SPD MPs were threatening to block <a href="/wiki/Agenda_2010" title="Agenda 2010">Agenda 2010</a> reform legislation. As with the 1983 dissolution, it was challenged and upheld in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a>. The election produced a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> due to the gains made by a fifth force, <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> party of former East Germany, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a> being formed between the CDU-CSU and SPD. Schröder lost his chancellorship to <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> due to his party narrowly coming second in the elections.</li></ul> <p>In most German states, the parliament is able to dissolve itself. This explains why there have been many more snap elections, actual, intended, or cancelled, in German states compared to the federal level, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament" title="Hamburg Parliament">Bürgerschaft</a> elections of <a href="/wiki/December_1982_Hamburg_state_election" title="December 1982 Hamburg state election">December 1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_Hamburg_state_election" title="1987 Hamburg state election">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993_Hamburg_state_election" title="1993 Hamburg state election">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_Hamburg_state_election" title="2004 Hamburg state election">2004</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2011_Hamburg_state_election" title="2011 Hamburg state election">2011</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Abgeordnetenhaus</a> elections of <a href="/wiki/1950_West_Berlin_state_election" title="1950 West Berlin state election">1950</a>, <a href="/wiki/1981_West_Berlin_state_election" title="1981 West Berlin state election">1981</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990_Berlin_state_election" title="1990 Berlin state election">1990</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2001_Berlin_state_election" title="2001 Berlin state election">2001</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Landtag</a> election of <a href="/wiki/2009_Hessian_state_election" title="2009 Hessian state election">2009</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Landtag of Schleswig-Holstein">Landtag</a> elections of <a href="/wiki/1988_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="1988 Schleswig-Holstein state election">1988</a>, with <a href="/wiki/2009_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2009 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2012_Schleswig-Holstein_state_election" title="2012 Schleswig-Holstein state election">2012</a> being two snap elections in a row, after the grand coalition of 2005 had collapsed in mid 2009. Due to ambiguity and complications with the electoral law, the 2009 election result was the subject of a legal challenge by the Greens, The Left, and the Danish minority party <a href="/wiki/South_Schleswig_Voters%27_Association" title="South Schleswig Voters' Association">SSW</a>. In August 2010, the state Constitutional Court ruled that the electoral law was unconstitutional. The court mandated that a new electoral law be legislated within six months and that new elections be held by September 2012, two years ahead of schedule.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>: no snap elections after gains for the far right <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Thuringian_state_election" title="2019 Thuringian state election">2019 Thuringian state election</a> caused a hung parliament and the <a href="/wiki/2020_Thuringian_government_crisis" title="2020 Thuringian government crisis">2020 Thuringian government crisis</a>. Snap elections were scheduled for April 25, 2021, then postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic to align with the <a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021 German federal election</a> on September 26, but the idea was abandoned in July 2021 to carry on with the minority government led by Minister-President <a href="/wiki/Bodo_Ramelow" title="Bodo Ramelow">Bodo Ramelow</a> of The Left. The regular <a href="/wiki/2024_Thuringian_state_election" title="2024 Thuringian state election">2024 Thuringian state election</a> resulted in another hung parliament, as the AfD became largest party for the first time in Germany and the new BSW established itself in third place after splitting off from The Left. Two of the three federal <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalition</a> parties, FDP and Greens, were eliminated from presence in the Thuringian parliament altogether, while the SPD, the party of reigning German Chancellor Scholz, came close to elimination with only 6.1%.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> held snap elections in two consecutive months. The government of <a href="/wiki/George_Papandreou" title="George Papandreou">George Papandreou</a>, elected in the <a href="/wiki/2009_Greek_legislative_election" title="2009 Greek legislative election">2009 legislative election</a>, had resigned in November 2011. Instead of triggering an immediate snap election, the government was replaced by a <a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national unity government</a> which had a remit to ratify and implement decisions taken with other <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> countries and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) a month earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This government served for six months. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/May_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="May 2012 Greek legislative election">May 2012 legislative election</a> produced a deadlocked parliament and <a href="/wiki/Greek_government_formation,_May_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek government formation, May 2012">attempts to form a government</a> were unsuccessful. The constitution directs the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">president</a> to dissolve a newly elected parliament that is unable to form a government. Ten days after the election, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Greece" title="President of Greece">president</a> announced that a second election would be held.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/June_2012_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2012 Greek legislative election">June 2012 legislative election</a> resulted in the formation of a coalition government. </p><p>In 2015, after the <a href="/wiki/2015_Greek_bailout_referendum" title="2015 Greek bailout referendum">bailout referendum</a>, in which the proposed bailout program was rejected with a 61.31% majority, the <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Syriza</a> government accepted the program, relying on votes from the opposition parties <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/PASOK" title="PASOK">PASOK</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_River_(Greece)" title="The River (Greece)">The River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many Syriza MPs refused to support the government, <a href="/wiki/September_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="September 2015 Greek legislative election">new elections</a> were called for 20 September of the same year, 8 months after the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">previous ones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Greek_legislative_election" title="May 2023 Greek legislative election">May 2023 Greek legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2023_Greek_legislative_election" title="June 2023 Greek legislative election">June 2023 Greek legislative election</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, national snap elections have been quite frequent in modern history, both under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Monarchy</a> and in the current republican phase. After the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> in 1946, the first snap election occurred in 1972 and the latest one in 2022. After significant changes in the election system (in 1992–1993), the frequency of snap elections has been slightly reduced since new regulations granted completion of two of four parliamentary terms. Nonetheless, snap elections still play a role in the political debate as tools considered by political parties and the Executive branch to promote their agenda or to seize political momentum. No <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall election</a> is codified in electoral regulations. The Italian President is not required to call for a snap election, even if the prime minister asks for it, provided that the Parliament is able to form a new working majority (President <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro" title="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro">Oscar Luigi Scalfaro</a> denied snap election to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> after the loss of confidence in 1994). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early general elections were held in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> on 20 October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elections were called after Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a>, at the time the longest serving head of government in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, announced his resignation over a spy scandal involving the <a href="/wiki/Service_de_Renseignement_de_l%27Etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Service de Renseignement de l'Etat">Service de Renseignement de l'Etat</a> (SREL).<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBCresign_1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCresign_1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review found Juncker deficient in his control over the service.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCresign_1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCresign_1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a spy scandal involving the SREL illegally <a href="/wiki/Wiretapping" title="Wiretapping">wiretapping</a> politicians, the <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" title="Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a> and his family, and allegations of paying for favours in exchange for access to government ministers and officials leaked through the press, Prime Minister Juncker submitted his <a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">resignation</a> to the Grand Duke on 11 July 2013, upon knowledge of the withdrawal of the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party">Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party</a> from the government and thereby losing its <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Juncker urged the Grand Duke for the immediate <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament" title="Dissolution of parliament">dissolution of parliament</a> and the calling of a snap election.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_1_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Romania, under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Romania" title="Constitution of Romania">1993 constitution</a>, according the article 89, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">President of Romania</a> can dissolve the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament of Romania</a> if a government has not been formed in 60 days and two proposals for <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a> have been refused.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia, under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">1993 constitution</a>, according the article 109, while the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> (lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Russia)" title="Federal Assembly (Russia)">Federal Assembly</a>) is elected for a five-year term, but the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">president</a> has the authority to dissolve the State Duma and call a snap election. However, this possibility of the president is limited, and he can use it only in two cases: if the State Duma three times in a row refused to approve the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">prime minister</a>, or twice in three months pass a motion of no confidence against the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Russian_legislative_election" title="2016 Russian legislative election">2016 legislative election</a> <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> were snap, as they were held three months ahead of schedule. However, the early holding of election was not due to the dissolution of the State Duma, but to the postponement of the day of voting on the day on which the regional elections were held. The early elections were approved by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A snap general election took place in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> on 10 March 2012 to elect 150 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of the Slovak Republic"><i>Národná rada</i></a>. The election followed the fall of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Iveta_Radi%C4%8Dov%C3%A1" title="Iveta Radičová">Iveta Radičová</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Democratic_and_Christian_Union_%E2%80%93_Democratic_Party" title="Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party">Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party</a>-led coalition in October 2011 over a <a href="/wiki/No_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="No confidence">no confidence</a> vote her government had lost because of its support for the <a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Fund">European Financial Stability Fund</a>. Amidst a <a href="/wiki/Gorilla_scandal" title="Gorilla scandal">major corruption scandal</a> involving local center-right politicians, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fico" title="Robert Fico">Robert Fico</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Direction_%E2%80%93_Social_Democracy" title="Direction – Social Democracy">Direction – Social Democracy</a> won an absolute majority of seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A parliamentary election for the 90 <a href="/wiki/Deputy_(legislator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy (legislator)">deputies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)" title="National Assembly (Slovenia)">National Assembly</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> was held on 4 December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-rtvslo1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtvslo1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first early election in Slovenia's history. 65.60% of voters cast their vote.<sup id="cite_ref-DVK_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVK-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election was surprisingly won by the center-left <a href="/wiki/Positive_Slovenia" title="Positive Slovenia">Positive Slovenia</a> party, led by <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Jankovi%C4%87_(politician)" title="Zoran Janković (politician)">Zoran Janković</a>. However, he failed to be elected as the new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">prime minister</a> in the National Assembly,<sup id="cite_ref-ST2012-02-07_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST2012-02-07-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the new government was formed by a right-leaning coalition of five parties, led by <a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a>, the president of the second-placed <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ST2012-02-07_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST2012-02-07-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slovenian_Press_Agency_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slovenian_Press_Agency-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EO2012-02-10_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EO2012-02-10-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the National Assembly consists of 90 members, elected for a four-year term, 88 members elected by the <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> system with <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> and 2 members elected by ethnic minorities (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Slovenia" title="Italian language in Slovenia">Italians</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hungarian_language_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hungarian language in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Hungarians</a>) using the <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election was previously scheduled to take place in 2012, four years after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2008 Slovenian parliamentary election">2008 election</a>. However, on 20 September 2011, the government led by <a href="/wiki/Borut_Pahor" title="Borut Pahor">Borut Pahor</a> fell after a vote of no confidence.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As stated in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Constitution</a>, the National Assembly has to elect a new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">prime minister</a> within 30 days and a candidate has to be proposed by either members of the Assembly or the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">President of the country</a> within seven days after the fall of a government.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this does not happen, the president dissolves the Assembly and calls for a snap election. The leaders of most parliamentary political parties expressed opinion that they preferred an early election instead of forming a new government.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As no candidates were proposed by the deadline, the President <a href="/wiki/Danilo_T%C3%BCrk" title="Danilo Türk">Danilo Türk</a> announced that he would dissolve the Assembly on 21 October and that the election would take place on 4 December.<sup id="cite_ref-rtvslo1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtvslo1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question arose as to whether the President could dissolve the Assembly after the seven days, in the event that no candidate was proposed. However, since this situation is not covered in the constitution, the decision of the President to wait the full 30 days was welcomed by the political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissolution of the Assembly, a first in independent Slovenia, took place on October 21, a minute after midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Spanish_general_election" title="2011 Spanish general election">2011 general election</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">Cortes Generales</a> were dissolved and the general election called by King <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">Juan Carlos I</a> on 26 September,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the request of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>, who had already announced his intention to call for a snap election on 28 July.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Spanish_general_election" title="2016 Spanish general election">2016 general election</a>: After no party secured a majority in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Spanish_general_election" title="2015 Spanish general election">2015 general election</a> and with <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Spanish_government_formation" title="2015–2016 Spanish government formation">ensuing negotiations</a> leading to political deadlock, a fresh election was called for 26 June<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewElection_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewElection-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the first time in Spanish recent history that an election was triggered as a result of failure in the government formation process.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_general_election" title="2023 Spanish general election">2023 general election</a>. A general election was originally due to take place in December 2023. However, after losing majorities in many regional parliaments and local councils in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Spanish_local_elections" title="2023 Spanish local elections">28 May 2023 local elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a> announced a snap election to be held on 23 July. <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Government_(1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Government (1974)">Instrument of Government (Regeringsformen)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Sweden">Constitution of Sweden</a> allows an "extra election" ("<i>extra val</i>" in Swedish). The wording is used to make clear it does not change the period to the next ordinary election, and the Members of Parliament elected merely serve out what remains of the four-year parliamentary term. This has however not occurred since <a href="/wiki/1958_Swedish_general_election" title="1958 Swedish general election">1958</a>. </p><p>Elections are called by the government. Elections are also to be held if the parliament fails four times to elect a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">prime minister</a>. Elections may not otherwise be called during the first three months of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a>'s first session after a general election. Elections may not be called by a prime minister who has resigned or been discharged. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Swedish_government_crisis" title="2014 Swedish government crisis">2014 Swedish government crisis</a>: On 3 December 2014, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven" title="Stefan Löfven">Stefan Löfven</a> announced that the government was calling for a snap election on 22 March 2015, after the parliament elected on 14 September 2014 voted against the government's proposal for the 2015 state budget.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the final order of the snap election was never carried out as six out of the eight parliament parties reached an agreement on 27 December 2014 called <i><a href="/wiki/December%C3%B6verenskommelsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Decemberöverenskommelsen">Decemberöverenskommelsen</a></i> (The December Agreement).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was dissolved in 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a total revision of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Swiss Federal Constitution</a>, both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Federal Assembly</a> must be newly elected. Otherwise, early elections are not intended. This being the case because the Swiss political system does not rely on stable coalitions as its government, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a>, acts independently from the Assembly and bills voted on by parliament are dealt on a case-by-case basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Ukraine</a> a snap poll must have a <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> higher than 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A snap election was most recently held with the <a href="/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election">2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election</a> held after President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> shortly after his inauguration to win a parliamentary majority for his <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_the_People" title="Servant of the People">Servant of the People</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister of the United Kingdom</a> has the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> power to call an election at will by requesting a dissolution from the monarch; the limited circumstances where this would not be granted are set out in the <a href="/wiki/Lascelles_Principles" title="Lascelles Principles">Lascelles Principles</a>. If this does not happen, parliament dissolves automatically after five years, but this never happens; so in effect, most elections since <a href="/wiki/Triennial_Act_1694" class="mw-redirect" title="Triennial Act 1694">the length of parliament was first limited in 1694</a>, except the one in 2015 (the date for which was fixed by law), have technically been snap elections. The term is thus normally reserved in the British context for elections called significantly earlier than required (after five years since 1911, or after seven years prior to that). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act">Fixed-term Parliaments Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fixed-term Parliaments Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2011 to 2022, the conditions for when a snap election could be called were significantly restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a> (FTPA) to occasions when the government loses a confidence motion or when a two-thirds <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament (UK)">MPs</a> vote in favour. During autumn 2019 there were three attempts to trigger an election through the FTPA's provision for a two-thirds majority: all failed. Then the FTPA was bypassed entirely by Parliament enacting the <a href="/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019" title="Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019">Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019</a> stipulating a set date for the next election: the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>. This required only a simple majority, because of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom">doctrine of parliamentary supremacy</a>: Parliament cannot pass a law that cannot be changed or reversed by a future Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fixed-term Parliaments Act was repealed on March 24, 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a>, which restored the Monarch's power to dissolve parliament on request by the Prime Minister. This is thought to have revived the Lascelles Principles as well.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following elections were called by a voluntary decision of the government less than four years after the previous election: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923 general election</a>: Although the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> had won a working majority in the House of Commons after <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a> called an election only a year later. Baldwin sought a mandate to raise tariffs, which Law had promised against in the previous election, as well as desiring to gain a personal mandate to govern and strengthen his position within the party. This backfired, as the election resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/1924_vote_of_no_confidence_against_the_government_of_Stanley_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 vote of no confidence against the government of Stanley Baldwin">losing a confidence motion</a> in January 1924, Baldwin resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, who formed the country's first ever Labour minority government with tacit support from the Liberal Party.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931 general election</a>: Following his government split over how to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> offered his resignation to the King in August 1931. He was instead persuaded to form a <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a> with the Conservatives and Liberals, which resulted in his expulsion from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>. The Cabinet then decided to call the election to obtain a Doctor's Mandate to fix the economy. The result was that the National Government won the biggest landslide in British history. Labour, which was blamed for running away from responsibility as a Government in the nation's hour of need, was reduced to just 52 seats and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a>, lost his seat.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951 general election</a>: Despite the fact the Conservatives were leading in the polls, <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> called the election to increase his government's majority, which had been reduced to just five seats in the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">previous general election</a>. The Labour Party was defeated and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> returned to power with a majority of 17.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955 general election</a>: After <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> retired in April 1955, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> took over and immediately called the election in order to gain a mandate for his government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966 general election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> called the election seventeen months after Labour narrowly won the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964 general election</a>: The government had won a barely-workable majority of four seats, which had been reduced to two following the <a href="/wiki/1965_Leyton_by-election" title="1965 Leyton by-election">Leyton by-election</a> in January 1965. Labour won a decisive victory, with a majority of 98 seats.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">February 1974 general election</a>: Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a> called the election in order to get a mandate to face down a <a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">miners' strike</a>. The election unexpectedly produced a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a> in which Labour narrowly won more seats, despite winning fewer votes than the Conservatives. Unable to form a coalition with the Liberals, Heath resigned and was replaced by Wilson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">October 1974 general election</a>: Six months following the February election, Wilson called another general election in an attempt to win a majority for his Labour minority government and resolve the deadlock. Wilson was successful, though Labour only held a narrow 3-seat majority.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> came very close to calling a snap election in the autumn of 2007; after he failed to do this, his popularity and authority greatly declined and he lost power in <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a>. </p><p>The following elections were forced by a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> against the will of the government: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 general election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> was forced to call the election after a successful <a href="/wiki/1924_vote_of_no_confidence_against_the_government_of_Ramsay_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 vote of no confidence against the government of Ramsay MacDonald">vote of no confidence</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Case" title="Campbell Case">Campbell Case</a>. It was the third general election in three years. The result was a landslide victory for Baldwin and the Conservatives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">1979 general election</a>: This election was held six months before the latest possible date. It was called when the minority Labour government of <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/1979_vote_of_no_confidence_in_the_Callaghan_ministry" title="1979 vote of no confidence in the Callaghan ministry">lost a confidence motion</a>, which had been proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/1979_Scottish_devolution_referendum" title="1979 Scottish devolution referendum">Scottish devolution referendum</a> and was taken forward by the Conservatives, by one vote. The Conservatives, led by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, won a majority of seats at the election.</li></ul> <p>The following two elections were called by the will of Parliament while the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011</a> was in force: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 general election</a>: In April 2017, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">Theresa May</a> tabled a motion in the House of Commons for an early general election in the form detailed in section 2(2) of the 2011 Act, which was approved in Parliament by a near-unanimous vote. This was shortly after the official commencement of the process of <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">withdrawing from the European Union</a> (Brexit), with May saying that she needed a clear mandate to lead the country through the ensuing negotiations, and hoping to increase her Conservative Party's majority. The election was a failure for May, with the Conservative Party losing seats, resulting in a hung parliament and a minority Conservative government with a confidence and supply agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>: In September and October 2019, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, seeking a mandate and a majority to break the parliamentary deadlock on his Brexit deal, failed on several occasions to pass a section 2(2) motion for an early general election due to its requirement for a two-thirds majority. After failing to force the deal through with minimal scrutiny via <a href="/wiki/2019_British_prorogation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 British prorogation controversy">a long prorogation that was ruled unlawful</a>, he introduced <a href="/wiki/Early_Parliamentary_General_Election_Act_2019" title="Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019">a bill to bypass the 2011 Act</a>, requiring only a simple majority in both houses. The bill passed and the Conservatives gained an 80 seat majority in the subsequent election, allowing the United Kingdom to leave the European Union the following January.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devolved_governments">Devolved governments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Devolved governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The devolved UK administrations (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Scottish Parliament</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a>; established in 1998, 1999, and 1998 respectively) are also elected for fixed terms of government (four years prior to 2011, five years thereafter), but snap elections can still be called in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>, or other special circumstances. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election">2017 Northern Ireland Assembly election</a>: Held ten months after the <a href="/wiki/2016_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2016 Northern Ireland Assembly election">previous Assembly election</a>. Following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> deputy First Minister <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> over various issues and scandals with his party's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> coalition partners, and the subsequent refusal of Sinn Féin to nominate a new deputy First Minister, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a> collapsed and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Brokenshire" title="James Brokenshire">James Brokenshire</a> was legally obliged to call a snap election to attempt to restore a functional devolved government. This election took place on 2 March 2017. The DUP and Sinn Féin remained the two largest parties following the election, but did not reach an agreement to share power until January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Snap_election&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRipleyMcKirdyWakatsukiYan2014" class="citation news cs1">Ripley, Will; McKirdy, Euan; Wakatsuki, Yoko; Yan, Holly (14 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/14/world/asia/japan-election/index.html?hpt=hp_t4">"In Japan snap elections, voters back Abe's economic reforms"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=In+Japan+snap+elections%2C+voters+back+Abe%27s+economic+reforms&rft.date=2014-12-14&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=McKirdy%2C+Euan&rft.au=Wakatsuki%2C+Yoko&rft.au=Yan%2C+Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F12%2F14%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjapan-election%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnap+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/12/15/2003606764">"Japanese voters re-elect Abe in low poll turnout"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Stormont+deal%3A+Arlene+Foster+and+Michelle+O%27Neill+new+top+NI+ministers&rft.date=2020-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-51077397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASnap+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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