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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_and_Nazi_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_and_Nazi_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Weimar and Nazi periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_and_Nazi_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhenish_Hesse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhenish_Hesse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rhenish Hesse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhenish_Hesse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_symbols_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_symbols_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>State symbols and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_symbols_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State symbols and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_symbols_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Head of state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>2023 Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018_Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>2018 Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flag_and_anthem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_and_anthem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Flag and anthem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_and_anthem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Higher education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physics_and_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics_and_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Physics and astronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics_and_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Health and medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informatics_and_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informatics_and_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Informatics and software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informatics_and_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture,_art,_literature_and_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture,_art,_literature_and_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Architecture, art, literature and music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture,_art,_literature_and_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>UNESCO World Heritage Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TV_and_radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TV_and_radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>TV and radio stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TV_and_radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Financial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_and_pharma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_and_pharma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Chemical and pharma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_and_pharma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metallurgy_and_nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy_and_nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Metallurgy and nuclear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy_and_nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Aerospace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optics_and_electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optics_and_electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Optics and electronics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optics_and_electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IT_and_telecom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IT_and_telecom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>IT and telecom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IT_and_telecom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_beverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_beverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Food and beverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_beverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Defunct industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_Hesse's_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_Hesse's_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>Typical Hesse's products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_Hesse's_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.11</span> <span>Unemployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_and_public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_and_public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Traffic and public transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traffic_and_public_transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traffic and public transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traffic_and_public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Railway transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 157 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%84%E1%88%A0" title="ሄሠ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሄሠ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetwaraland" title="Hetwaraland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hetwaraland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8ssa_(Land)" title="Hèssa (Land) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Hèssa (Land)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen_suyu" title="Hessen suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hessen suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হেসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Һессен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һессен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гесэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гесэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гэсэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэсэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хесен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хесен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessn" title="Hessn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hessn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen_(estado_pederal_sa_Alemanya)" title="Hessen (estado pederal sa Alemanya) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hessen (estado pederal sa Alemanya)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesensko" title="Hesensko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hesensko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse%C5%84ska" title="Hesseńska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hesseńska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Έσση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έσση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80sia" title="Àsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Àsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesio" title="Hesio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hesio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse_(Land)" title="Hesse (Land) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hesse (Land)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assie" title="Assie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Assie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EC%84%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="헤센주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤센주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հեսսեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեսսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="हेसे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेसे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessenska" title="Hessenska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hessenska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesia" title="Hesia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hesia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="הסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰესენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰესენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassia" title="Hassia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hassia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesene" title="Hesene – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hesene" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesenas" title="Hesenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hesenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ss%C9%9Bn%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Héssɛnɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Héssɛnɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хесен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хесен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="हेसेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेसेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хессен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хессен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="हेस्न् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हेस्न्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E" title="ヘッセン州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘッセン州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesia" title="Hesia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hesia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ssa" title="Èssa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èssa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈੱਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈੱਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%92" title="ہیسے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیسے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assia" title="Assia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Assia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesja" title="Hesja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hesja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessa" title="Hessa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hessa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ssia" title="Àssia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Àssia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesia" title="Hesia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hesia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ھيسن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھيسن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesensko" title="Hesensko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hesensko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ھێسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хесен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хесен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹெஸென் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹெஸென்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="รัฐเฮ็สเซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐเฮ็สเซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ҳессен – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳессен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гессен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гессен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%92" title="ہیسے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیسے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia" title="Asia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%A4n" title="Hesän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hesän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑森" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑森" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A2" title="העסע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="העסע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hesse" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%87%8A" title="希燊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="希燊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A3%AE" title="黑森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hessen" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hesse&params=50.608028_N_9.028472_E_type:city(6391360)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°36′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°01′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.608028°N 9.028472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.608028; 9.028472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the writer, see <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>. For other persons, see <a href="/wiki/Hesse_(surname)" title="Hesse (surname)">Hesse (surname)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hesse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hesse (disambiguation)">Hesse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">State of Hesse</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="de"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land Hessen</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of State of Hesse"><img alt="Flag of State of Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/180px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/240px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hesse" title="Flag of Hesse">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of State of Hesse"><img alt="Coat of arms of State of Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse" title="Coat of arms of Hesse">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hessenlied" title="Hessenlied">Hessenlied</a></i></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"Song of Hesse"</span><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 300px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="300" data-zoom="5" data-lat="51.1" data-lon="10.5" data-overlays="["_8697aedd36114bb35d9d55d4a5bfd76c2812f7d7"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/51.1/10.5/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,10.5,250x300.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hesse&groups=_8697aedd36114bb35d9d55d4a5bfd76c2812f7d7" width="250" height="300" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,51.1,10.5,250x300@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Hesse&groups=_8697aedd36114bb35d9d55d4a5bfd76c2812f7d7 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hesse&params=50.608028_N_9.028472_E_type:city(6391360)_region:DE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°36′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">9°01′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.608028°N 9.028472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.608028; 9.028472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Landtag of Hesse</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Minister-President" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister-President">Minister-President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rhein" title="Boris Rhein">Boris Rhein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing parties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat votes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 (of 69)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2021_German_federal_election#Hesse" title="Results of the 2021 German federal election">50 (of 736)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">21,114.73 km<sup>2</sup> (8,152.44 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022-12-31)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,391,360</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">300/km<sup>2</sup> (780/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hessian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€323.352 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">€50,751 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">DE-HE</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="First level NUTS of the European Union">NUTS Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DE7</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.950<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green">very high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of German states by Human Development Index">5th of 16</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hessen.de/">www.hessen.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hesse</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Hessen</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Hessen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈhɛsn̩]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d5\/De-Hessen.ogg\/De-Hessen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Hessen.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/De-Hessen.ogg/De-Hessen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Hessen.ogg" title="File:De-Hessen.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), officially the <b>State of Hesse</b> (German: <i lang="de">Land Hessen</i>), is a <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Its capital city is <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, and the largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban area</a> is <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, which is also the country's principal <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a>. Two other major historic cities are <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>. With an area of 21,114.73 square kilometers and a population of over six million, it ranks seventh and fifth, respectively, among the sixteen German states. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Frankfurt Rhine-Main</a>, Germany's second-largest metropolitan area (after <a href="/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine-Ruhr">Rhine-Ruhr</a>), is mainly located in Hesse. </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural region">cultural region</a>, Hesse also includes the area known as <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse" title="Rhenish Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</a> (Rheinhessen) in the neighboring state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hessen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hessen">Hessen</a></i></span>, like the names of other German regions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwaben</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a>", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Franken</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bayern</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>", <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sachsen</i></span> "<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>"), derives from the dative plural form of the name of the inhabitants or <a href="/wiki/German_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="German tribes">eponymous tribe</a>, the Hessians (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessen</i></span>, singular <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hesse</i></span>). The geographical name represents a short equivalent of the older compound name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessenland</i></span> ("land of the Hessians"). The <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> form of the name is recorded as <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Hessun</i></span> (dative plural of <span title="Old High German (ca. 750-1050)-language text"><i lang="goh">Hessi</i></span>); in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">Middle Latin</a> it appears as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hassonia</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hassia</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hessia</i></span>. The name of the Hessians ultimately continues the tribal name of the <i><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient name <i>Chatti</i> by the 7th century is recorded as <i>Chassi</i>, and from the 8th century as <i>Hassi</i> or <i>Hessi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inhabitant of Hesse is called a "Hessian" (German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hesse#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hesse">Hesse</a></i></span> (masculine), plural <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessen</i></span>, or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessin</i></span> (feminine), plural <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessinnen</i></span>). The <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> term <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">"Hessian"</a> for 18th-century British auxiliary troops originates with Landgrave <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse">Frederick II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a> hiring out regular army units to the government of Great Britain to fight in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. </p><p>The English form <i>Hesse</i> was in common use by the 18th century, first in the hyphenated names of the states of <i>Hesse-Cassel</i> and <i>Hesse-Darmstadt</i>, but the latinate form <i>Hessia</i> remained in common English usage well into the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> uses the German form <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessen</i></span>, even in English-language contexts, due to the policy of leaving regional names untranslated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic element</a> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a>, number 108 on the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, was named after the state of Hesse in 1997, following a proposal of 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hesse" title="History of Hesse">History of Hesse</a></div> <p>The territory of Hesse was delineated only in 1945, as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hesse" title="Greater Hesse">Greater Hesse</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany#American_Zone" title="Allied-occupied Germany">American occupation</a>. It corresponds loosely to the medieval <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse" title="Landgraviate of Hesse">Landgraviate of Hesse</a>. In the 19th century, prior to the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>, the territory of what is now Hesse comprised the territories of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a> (also known as Hesse-Darmstadt), the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Duchy of Nassau</a>, the free city of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a> (also known as Hesse-Kassel), the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Principality of Waldeck</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a></div> <p>The Central Hessian region was inhabited in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. Finds of tools in southern Hesse in Rüsselsheim suggest the presence of Pleistocene hunters about 13,000 years ago. A <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%BCnda_Skull" title="Rhünda Skull">fossil hominid skull</a> that was found in northern Hesse, just outside the village of Rhünda, has been dated at 12,000 years ago. The <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCschen_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Züschen (megalithic tomb)">Züschen tomb</a> (German: Steinkammergrab von Züschen, sometimes also Lohne-Züschen) is a prehistoric burial monument, located between <a href="/wiki/Lohne,_Germany" title="Lohne, Germany">Lohne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCschen,_Fritzlar" title="Züschen, Fritzlar">Züschen</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Fritzlar" title="Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a>, Hesse, Germany. Classified as a gallery grave or a Hessian-Westphalian stone <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> (<i>hessisch-westfälische Steinkiste</i>), it is one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> monuments in Central Europe. Dating to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>, it belongs to the Late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Wartberg_culture" title="Wartberg culture">Wartberg culture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An early <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> presence in what is now Hesse is indicated by a mid-5th-century BC <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a>-style burial uncovered at <a href="/wiki/Glauberg" title="Glauberg">Glauberg</a>. The region was later settled by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a> tribe around the 1st century BC, and the name <i>Hesse</i> is a continuation of that tribal name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a> had a military camp in Dorlar, and in Waldgirmes directly on the eastern outskirts of Wetzlar was a civil settlement under construction. Presumably, the provincial government for the occupied territories of the right bank of Germania was planned at this location. The governor of Germania, at least temporarily, likely had resided here. The settlement appears to have been abandoned by the Romans after the devastating <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> failed in the year AD 9. The Chatti were also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi" title="Revolt of the Batavi">Revolt of the Batavi</a> in AD 69.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hessia, from the early 7th century on, served as a buffer between areas dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> (to the north) and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, who brought the area to the south under their control in the early sixth century and occupied <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (to the east) in 531.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hessia occupies the northwestern part of the modern German state of Hesse; its borders were not clearly delineated. Its geographic center is <a href="/wiki/Fritzlar" title="Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a>; it extends in the southeast to <a href="/wiki/Hersfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Hersfeld">Hersfeld</a> on the river Fulda, in the north to past <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> and up to the rivers Diemel and Weser. To the west, it occupies the valleys of the rivers Eder and Lahn (the latter until it turns south). It measured roughly 90 kilometers north–south, and 80 north-west.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area around Fritzlar shows evidence of significant pagan belief from the 1st century on. Geismar was a particular focus of such activity; it was continuously occupied from the Roman period on, with a settlement from the Roman period, which itself had a predecessor from the 5th century BC. Excavations have produced a <a href="/wiki/Horse_burial" title="Horse burial">horse burial</a> and bronze artifacts. A possible religious cult may have centered on a natural spring in Geismar, called <i>Heilgenbron</i>; the name "Geismar" (possibly "energetic pool") itself may be derived from that spring. The village of <a href="/wiki/Maden,_Gudensberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden, Gudensberg">Maden, Gudensberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maden_(Gudensberg)" class="extiw" title="de:Maden (Gudensberg)">de</a>]</span>, now a part of <a href="/wiki/Gudensberg" title="Gudensberg">Gudensberg</a> near Fritzlar and less than ten miles from Geismar, was likely an ancient religious center; the basaltic outcrop of Gudensberg is named after Wodan, and a two-meter tall <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a> called the <i><a href="/wiki/Wotanstein_(Hesse)" title="Wotanstein (Hesse)">Wotanstein</a></i> is at the center of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-7th century, the Franks had established themselves as overlords, which is suggested by archeological evidence of burials, and they built fortifications in various places, including <a href="/wiki/Christenberg" title="Christenberg">Christenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 690, they took direct control over Hessia, apparently to counteract expansion by the Saxons, who built fortifications in <a href="/wiki/Diemelstadt" title="Diemelstadt">Gaulskopf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eresburg" title="Eresburg">Eresburg</a> across the river Diemel, the northern boundary of Hessia. The <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCraburg" title="Büraburg">Büraburg</a> (which already had a Frankish settlement in the sixth century<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was one of the places the Franks fortified to resist the Saxon pressure, and according to John-Henry Clay, the Büraburg was "probably the largest man-made construction seen in Hessia for at least seven hundred years". Walls and trenches totaling one kilometer in length were made, and they enclosed "8 hectares of a spur that offered a commanding view over Fritzlar and the densely-populated heart of Hessia".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Saxon incursions into Chattish territory in the 7th century, two <i><a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">gaue</a></i> had been established; a Frankish one, comprising an area around <a href="/wiki/Fritzlar" title="Fritzlar">Fritzlar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, and a Saxonian one. In the 9th century, the Saxon <a href="/wiki/Hessengau" title="Hessengau">Hessengau</a> also came under the rule of the Franconians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Duchy of Franconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Duchy of Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse" title="Landgraviate of Hesse">Landgraviate of Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish Circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Marburg" title="Hesse-Marburg">Hesse-Marburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Rheinfels" title="Hesse-Rheinfels">Hesse-Rheinfels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ludovingians" title="Ludovingians">Ludovingians</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hesse" title="House of Hesse">House of Hesse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Hesse">List of rulers of Hesse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_(1200-1450).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_%281200-1450%29.svg/130px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_%281200-1450%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_%281200-1450%29.svg/195px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_%281200-1450%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_%281200-1450%29.svg/260px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse_%281200-1450%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Ludovingian coat of arms with its <i>lion rampant barry argent and gules</i>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse" title="Coat of arms of Hesse">lion of Hesse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From 962 the land which would become Hesse was part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In the 10th and 11th centuries it was mostly encompassed by the <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconia" title="Rhenish Franconia">Western or Rhenish</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Hessengau" title="Hessengau">Hessengau</a> passed to the <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Thuringia" class="mw-redirect" title="Landgraviate of Thuringia">Landgraviate of Thuringia</a>. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Thuringian_Succession" title="War of the Thuringian Succession">War of the Thuringian Succession</a> (1247–1264) the former Thuringian lands were partitioned between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a> <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Margraviate of Meissen</a>, which gained Thuringia proper, and the new <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse" title="Landgraviate of Hesse">Landgraviate of Hesse</a>, which remained with the <a href="/wiki/Ludovingians" title="Ludovingians">Ludovingians</a>. From that point on the Ludovingian coat of arms came to represent both Thuringia and Hesse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It rose to prominence under Landgrave <a href="/wiki/Philipp_I_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp I of Hesse">Philip the Magnanimous</a>, who was one of the leaders of German <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. After Philip's death in 1567, the territory was divided among his four sons from his first marriage (Philip was a <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">bigamist</a>) into four lines: <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a> (or Hesse-Cassel), <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Darmstadt" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Rheinfels" title="Hesse-Rheinfels">Hesse-Rheinfels</a>, and the also previously existing <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Marburg" title="Hesse-Marburg">Hesse-Marburg</a>. As the latter two lines died out quite quickly (1583 and 1605, respectively), Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt were the two core states within the Hessian lands. Several collateral lines split off during the centuries, such as in 1622, when <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a> split off from Hesse-Darmstadt, and in 1760 when <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Hanau" title="Hesse-Hanau">Hesse-Hanau</a> split off from Hesse-Kassel. In the late 16th century, Kassel adopted <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, while Darmstadt remained <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and consequently the two lines often found themselves on opposing sides of conflicts, most notably in the disputes over Hesse-Marburg and in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, when Darmstadt fought on the side of the Emperor, while Kassel sided with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_(1642-1659-1736).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_%281642-1659-1736%29.svg/130px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_%281642-1659-1736%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_%281642-1659-1736%29.svg/195px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_%281642-1659-1736%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_%281642-1659-1736%29.svg/260px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Hesse-Darmstadt_%281642-1659-1736%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Hesse-Darmstadt</figcaption></figure> <p>The Landgrave <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Cassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel">Frederick II</a> (1720–1785) ruled Hesse-Kassel as a benevolent despot, from 1760 to 1785. He combined <a href="/wiki/The_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideas with Christian values, <a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">cameralist</a> plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He funded the depleted treasury of the poor government by loaning 19,000 soldiers in complete military formations to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> to fight in North America during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, 1776–1783. These soldiers, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldiers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (soldiers)">Hessians</a>, fought under the British flag. The British used the Hessians in several conflicts, including in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>. For further revenue, the soldiers were loaned to other places as well. Most were conscripted, with their pay going to the Landgrave.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">People's State of Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Province of Kurhessen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hesse" title="Greater Hesse">Greater Hesse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/130px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/195px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg/260px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse_1806-1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Revolution_and_Napoleonic_Wars">French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1789 the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> began and in 1794, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a> occupied the <a href="/wiki/Left_Bank_of_the_Rhine" title="Left Bank of the Rhine">Left Bank of the Rhine</a>, including part of Lower Katzenelnbogen (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niedergrafschaft_Katzenelnbogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niedergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen (page does not exist)">Niedergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedergrafschaft_Katzenelnbogen" class="extiw" title="de:Niedergrafschaft Katzenelnbogen">de</a>]</span></i></span>, Hesse-Kassel's part of the former <a href="/wiki/County_of_Katzenelnbogen" title="County of Katzenelnbogen">County of Katzenelnbogen</a> which was held by the <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Rotenburg" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Rotenburg">Hesse-Rotenburg</a>). <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Francis II</a> formally recognised the annexation of the Left Bank in the 1801 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a>. This led in 1803 to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsdeputationshauptschluss" title="Reichsdeputationshauptschluss">Reichsdeputationshauptschluss</a></i></span>, a substantial reorganisation (<a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">mediatisation</a>) of the states and territories of the Empire. Several <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Mainz" title="Electorate of Mainz">Mainz</a> were mediatised to <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Darmstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesse-Darmstadt">Hesse-Darmstadt</a>, and Hesse-Darmstadt also gained the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia" title="Duchy of Westphalia">Duchy of Westphalia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Cologne</a>, the parts of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Worms" title="Prince-Bishopric of Worms">Worms</a> on the right-bank of the Rhine, and the former <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City">Free City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Weilburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Weilburg">Nassau-Weilburg</a> gained the right-bank territories of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Trier" title="Electorate of Trier">Trier</a> among other territories. <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Orange-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a> gained the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Fulda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishopric of Fulda">Prince-Bishopric of Fulda</a> (as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Nassau-Orange-Fulda" title="Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda">Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a> of Hesse-Kassel was also elevated to the status of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Elector" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Elector">Prince-Elector</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurfürst</i></span>), with his state thereby becoming the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Electorate of Hesse</a> or Electoral Hesse (German: <i lang="de">Kurhessen</i>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kur</i></span> being the German-language term for the Empire's <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Electoral College (Holy Roman Empire)">College of Electors</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 1806 Hesse-Darmstadt, Nassau-Weilburg, <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Usingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Usingen">Nassau-Usingen</a>, and the newly merged <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Isenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Isenburg">Principality of Isenburg</a> became founding members of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. Hesse-Darmstadt expanded further in the resulting mediatisation, absorbing numerous small states (including <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a> and much of the territory of the Houses of <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Solms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Solms (page does not exist)">Solms</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solms_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Solms (Adelsgeschlecht)">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Erbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Erbach (page does not exist)">Erbach</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbach_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Erbach (Adelsgeschlecht)">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Sayn-Wittgenstein" title="Sayn-Wittgenstein">Sayn-Wittgenstein</a>). It was also elevated by Napoleon to the status of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy">Grand Duchy</a>, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a>. Orange-Nassau, which refused to join the Confederation, lost <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Siegen" title="Nassau-Siegen">Siegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Dillenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Dillenburg">Dillenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Hadamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau-Hadamar">Hadamar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beilstein,_Hesse" title="Beilstein, Hesse">Beilstein</a> to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Berg" title="Grand Duchy of Berg">Berg</a> and Fulda to the <a href="/wiki/Prince-primate#Germany_-_Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Prince-primate">Prince-Primate</a> of the Confederation (and former Elector of Mainz) <a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Anton_Maria_von_Dalberg" title="Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg">Karl Theodor von Dalberg</a>; the remainder of its territory was merged with that of Nassau-Usingen and Nassau-Weilburg in August 1806 to form the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Duchy of Nassau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" title="Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Waldeck</a> also joined the Confederation in 1807.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire">The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806</a>, rendering Hesse-Kassel's electoral privilege meaningless. Hesse-Kassel was occupied by the French in October 1806 and the remainder of Lower Katzenelnbogen was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a> as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pays_r%C3%A9serv%C3%A9_de_Catzenellenbogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pays réservé de Catzenellenbogen (page does not exist)">Pays réservé de Catzenellenbogen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_r%C3%A9serv%C3%A9_de_Catzenellenbogen" class="extiw" title="de:Pays réservé de Catzenellenbogen">de</a>]</span></i></span>. The rest of its territory was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> in 1807; <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Hanau" title="Hesse-Hanau">Hesse-Hanau</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Secundogeniture" title="Secundogeniture">secundogeniture</a> of Hesse-Kassel) was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Frankfurt" title="Grand Duchy of Frankfurt">Grand Duchy of Frankfurt</a> in 1810 along with the other territories held by the Prince-primate: Frankfurt, Fulda, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Aschaffenburg" title="Principality of Aschaffenburg">Aschaffenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar#Free_Imperial_City" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German campaign of 1813</a> the Kingdom of Westphalia and the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt were dissolved and Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Hanau were restored; Orange-Nassau was also restored in its territories previously lost to Berg.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result of the 1815 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> Hesse-Kassel gained Fulda (roughly the western third of the former Prince-Bishopric, the rest of which went to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>) from Frankfurt and part of Isenburg, while several of its small northern <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> were absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>, some small eastern areas were ceded to Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and Lower Katzenelnbogen was ceded to Nassau. Hesse-Darmstadt lost the Duchy of Westphalia and the Sayn-Wittgensteiner lands to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Province of Westphalia</a> but gained territory on the left bank of the Rhine centred on Mainz, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse" title="Rhenish Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinhessen</i></span>), and the remainder of Isenburg. Orange-Nassau, whose ruler was now also King <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William I</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a> and Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was ceded to Prussia but most of its territory aside from Siegen was then ceded on to Nassau. Hesse-Homburg and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt</a> were also restored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the other former Electors had gained other titles, becoming either Kings or <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke">Grand Dukes</a>, the Elector of Hesse-Kassel alone retained the anachronistic title of Prince-Elector; a request to be recognised as "King of the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">König der Katten</i></span>) was rejected by the Congress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following mediation, the Congress of Vienna had significantly fewer states remained in the region that is now Hesse: the Hessian states, Nassau, Waldeck and Frankfurt. The Kingdoms of Prussia and Bavaria also held some territory in the region. The Congress established the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, of which they all became members. Hesse-Hanau was (re-)absorbed into Hesse-Kassel in 1821.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_Empire">German Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> the states of the region allied with <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> were defeated during the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Main" title="Campaign of the Main">Campaign of the Main</a>. Following Prussia's victory and dissolution of the German Confederation, Prussia annexed Electoral Hesse, Frankfurt, Hesse-Homburg, Nassau and small parts of Bavaria and the Grand Duchy of Hesse, which were then combined into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hesse-Nassau" title="Province of Hesse-Nassau">Province of Hesse-Nassau</a>. The name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kurhessen</i></span> survived, denoting the region around Kassel. The Grand Duchy of Hesse retained its autonomy in defeat because a greater part of the country was situated south of the river <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> and it was feared that Prussian expansion beyond the Main might provoke France. However, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Hesse" title="Upper Hesse">Upper Hesse</a> (German: <i lang="de">Oberhessen</i>: the parts of Hesse-Darmstadt north of the Main around the town of <a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gießen">Gießen</a>) was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Norddeutscher Bund</i></span>), a tight federation of German states established by Prussia in 1867, while also remaining part of the Grand Duchy. In 1871, after France's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the whole of the Grand Duchy joined the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Around the turn of the 20th century, Darmstadt was one of the centres of the <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a>. Until 1907, the Grand Duchy of Hesse used the Hessian red and white lion <i>barry</i> as its coat-of-arms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weimar_and_Nazi_periods">Weimar and Nazi periods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weimar and Nazi periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">revolution of 1918</a> following the German defeat in <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">WWI</a> transformed Hesse-Darmstadt from a monarchy to a republic, which officially renamed itself the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Hesse" title="People's State of Hesse">People's State of Hesse</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksstaat Hessen</i></span>). The state parliament, or <i><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a></i> consisted of 70 deputies elected on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. There were six <a href="/wiki/Hessian_Landtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hessian Landtag elections in the Weimar Republic">Landtag elections</a> between 1919 and 1932. Following the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a> in Berlin, the <i>Landtag</i> was formally abolished as a result of the "<a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Reconstruction_of_the_Reich" title="Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich">Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich</a>" of 30 January 1934, which replaced the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal system">federal system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The parts of Hesse-Darmstadt on the left bank of the Rhine (Rhenish Hesse), as well as those right-bank areas of Hesse-Darmstadt and Hesse-Nassau within 30 km (19 mi) of Koblenz or Mainz <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">were occupied by French troops</a> until 1930 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles peace treaty</a> that officially ended World War I in 1919. The Kingdom of Prussia became the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>, of which Hesse-Nassau remained a province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1929 the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Waldeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Waldeck">Free State of Waldeck</a> was dissolved and incorporated into Hesse-Nassau. In 1932 <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Wetzlar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Wetzlar (page does not exist)">Landkreis Wetzlar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Wetzlar" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Wetzlar">de</a>]</span></i></span>), formerly an exclave of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a> situated between Hesse-Nassau and the Grand Duchy's Upper Hesse, was transferred to Hesse-Nassau. The former Hessian exclave of <a href="/wiki/Rinteln" title="Rinteln">Rinteln</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Grafschaft_Schaumburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Grafschaft Schaumburg (page does not exist)">Kreis Rinteln</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Grafschaft_Schaumburg" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Grafschaft Schaumburg">de</a>]</span></i></span>, the Hessian part of the former <a href="/wiki/County_of_Schaumburg" title="County of Schaumburg">County of Schaumburg</a>) was also detached and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1944 the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau was formally divided into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Kurhessen" title="Province of Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nassau" title="Province of Nassau">Nassau</a>. At the same time the former Hessian <a href="/wiki/Schmalkalden" title="Schmalkalden">Schmalkalden</a> exclaves (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_Herrschaft_Schmalkalden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Herrschaft Schmalkalden (page does not exist)">Landkreis Herrschaft Schmalkalden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_Herrschaft_Schmalkalden" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Herrschaft Schmalkalden">de</a>]</span></i></span>), together with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regierungsbezirk_Erfurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regierungsbezirk Erfurt (page does not exist)">Regierungsbezirk Erfurt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Erfurt" class="extiw" title="de:Regierungsbezirk Erfurt">de</a>]</span></i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>, were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. The territories of the new provinces did not directly correspond with their pre-1866 namesakes but rather with the associated NSDAP <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Gaue</a></i></span>: <a href="/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Gau Electoral Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Gau Hesse-Nassau</a> (excluding the areas which were part of the People's State of Hesse).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Hessian territory west of the Rhine <a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">was again occupied by France</a>, while the rest of the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/American_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="American occupation zone in Germany">US occupation zone</a>. On 17 September 1945 the <a href="/wiki/Wanfried_agreement" title="Wanfried agreement">Wanfried agreement</a> adjusted the border between American-occupied Kurhessen and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet-occupied</a> Thuringia. The United States proclaimed the state of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hesse" title="Greater Hesse">Greater Hesse</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Groß-Hessen</i></span>) on 19 September 1945, out of the People's State of Hesse and most of what had been the Prussian Provinces of Kurhessen and Nassau. The French incorporated their parts of Hesse (Rhenish Hesse) and Nassau (as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk_Montabaur" title="Regierungsbezirk Montabaur">Regierungsbezirk Montabaur</a></i></span>) into the newly founded state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rheinland-Pfalz</i></span>) on 30 August 1946.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 4 December 1946, Greater Hesse was officially renamed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hessen</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesse in the 1940s received more than a million <a href="/wiki/Heimatvertriebene" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimatvertriebene">displaced ethnic Germans</a>. </p><p>Due to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Inner_German_border" title="Inner German border">Inner German border</a>, Hesse became an important location of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> installations in the 1950s, especially military bases of the US <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">United States Army Europe</a>. </p><p>The first elected minister president of Hesse was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Stock" title="Christian Stock">Christian Stock</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Georg-August_Zinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg-August Zinn">Georg-August Zinn</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a>). The German Social Democrats gained an absolute majority in 1962 and pursued progressive policies with the so-called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Großer Hessenplan</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> gained a relative majority in the 1974 elections, but the Social Democrats continued to govern in a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a>. Hesse was first governed by the CDU under <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wallmann" title="Walter Wallmann">Walter Wallmann</a> during 1987–1991, replaced by a SPD-Greens coalition under <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eichel" title="Hans Eichel">Hans Eichel</a> during 1991–1999. From 1999, Hesse was governed by the CDU under <a href="/wiki/Roland_Koch" title="Roland Koch">Roland Koch</a> (retired 2010) and <a href="/wiki/Volker_Bouffier" title="Volker Bouffier">Volker Bouffier</a> (incumbent as of 2020). <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> during the 1960s to 1990s developed into one of the major cities of West Germany. As of 2016, 12% of the total population of Hesse lived in the city of Frankfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hesse" title="List of places in Hesse">List of places in Hesse</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Hesse">List of mountains of Hesse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png/220px-Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png/330px-Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png/440px-Hessen_topografisch_Relief_Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption>The most important rivers, mountains, and cities of Hesse</figcaption></figure> <p>The only state to straddle west and central portions of Germany where the eight <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinal directions">ordinal directions</a> (compass points) and the centre is considered, Hesse borders six other states. These are, from north, clockwise: <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. </p><p>The most populous towns and cities of Hesse are in the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhein-Main_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Rhein-Main Region">Frankfurt Rhein-Main Region</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offenbach,_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Offenbach, Hesse">Offenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giessen" title="Giessen">Giessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim_am_Main" title="Rüsselsheim am Main">Rüsselsheim am Main</a>. Outside, but very near the south-west corner of Hesse are four populous, highly technologised, places: <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. </p><p>Other large Hessian towns are <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Hesse" title="East Hesse">east</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marburg_an_der_Lahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marburg an der Lahn">Marburg an der Lahn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Hesse" title="North Hesse">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg an der Lahn</a> in the west. All of the "on the river" suffixes are locally and, informally far beyond, omitted of these cities. The plain between the rivers Main, Rhine, and lower Neckar, and the Odenwald ridge of low mountains or very high hills is called the Ried which continues to north, across the Main, as the Wetterau. Both plains which are quite densely populated also have a substantial built environment such as the country's largest airport, contrasting with the more forested, hillier middle and northern thirds of Hesse. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg/220px-DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg/330px-DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg/440px-DSC03686_Blick_von_Burg_Schadeck_auf_Runkel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>River <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Runkel" title="Runkel">Runkel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg/220px-Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg/330px-Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg/440px-Eichkopf_vom_Atzelberg_aus_gesehen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a> landscape with <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Feldberg" title="Großer Feldberg">Großer Feldberg</a> in the center of the background</figcaption></figure> <p>The longest rivers in Hesse are the <a href="/wiki/Eder_(Fulda)" title="Eder (Fulda)">Eder</a> and moreover its distributary the <a href="/wiki/Fulda_(river)" title="Fulda (river)">Fulda</a> draining most of the north, the <a href="/wiki/Lahn" title="Lahn">Lahn</a> in the centre-west and, as to those navigable by large vessels, the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> and very broad <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the south. The countryside is hilly and the topographical map, inset, names 14 short, low to medium-height mountain ranges including the <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhön">Rhön</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Westerwald" title="Westerwald">Westerwald</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vogelsberg_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogelsberg Mountains">Vogelsberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kn%C3%BCll" title="Knüll">Knüll</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spessart" title="Spessart">Spessart</a>. The notable range forming the southern taper of Hesse (shared with a narrowing of the Ried, the Rhine's eastern plain) and briefly spanning the middle Neckar valley which begins directly east of Heidelberg (thus also in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Odenwald" title="Odenwald">Odenwald</a>. Forming a mid-eastern tiny projection into mostly Thuringia is the uppermost part of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_(river)" title="Ulster (river)">Ulster</a>, commanding the west valley side of which is the Hessian highest point, <a href="/wiki/Wasserkuppe" title="Wasserkuppe">Wasserkuppe</a> at 950m above sea level – in the Rhön. </p><p>The Rhine forms the long southwest border of Hesse. Two notables <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">oxbow lakes</a>, the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockstadt-Erfelder_Altrhein" class="extiw" title="de:Stockstadt-Erfelder Altrhein">Stockstadt-Erfelder Altrhein</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampertheimer_Altrhein" class="extiw" title="de:Lampertheimer Altrhein">Lampertheimer Altrhein</a> are in the south-west fringe. </p><p>Hesse, 42% forest, is by that measure the greenest state in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-HesseGeography_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HesseGeography-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesse is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> governed directly by the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hessian government</a> in the capital city Wiesbaden, partially through regional vicarious authorities called <i>Regierungspräsidien</i>. Municipal parliaments are, however, elected independently from the state government by the Hessian people. Local municipalities enjoy a considerable degree of <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg/282px-Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg/423px-Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg/564px-Blick_vom_Gro%C3%9Fen_Mannstein_am_Staufen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>View from <i>Staufen</i> mountain over several towns of the district <a href="/wiki/Main-Taunus-Kreis" title="Main-Taunus-Kreis">Main-Taunus-Kreis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kelkheim" title="Kelkheim">Kelkheim</a> in the foreground as well as <a href="/wiki/Liederbach_am_Taunus" title="Liederbach am Taunus">Liederbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Soden" title="Bad Soden">Bad Soden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulzbach,_Hesse" title="Sulzbach, Hesse">Sulzbach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eschborn" title="Eschborn">Eschborn</a> in the middleground (<a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> in the back)</figcaption></figure> <p>The state is divided into three administrative provinces (<i>Regierungsbezirke</i>): <a href="/wiki/Kassel_(region)" title="Kassel (region)">Kassel</a> in the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gießen (region)">Gießen</a> in the centre, and <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_(region)" title="Darmstadt (region)">Darmstadt</a> in the south, the latter being the most populous region with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Frankfurt Rhine-Main</a> agglomeration in its central area. The administrative regions have no legislature of their own, but are executive agencies of the state government. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_(with_numbers).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg/300px-Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg/450px-Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg/600px-Map_of_Hesse_with_districts_%28with_numbers%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="542" /></a></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg/220px-0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg/330px-0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg/440px-0472-0490R-Hessische_Staatskanzlei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7381" data-file-height="3545" /></a><figcaption>The state chancellery building in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg/220px-Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg/330px-Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg/440px-Ffm_msu-2018-2241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> skyline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg/220px-Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg/330px-Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg/440px-Schlosspark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2554" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bergpark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he" title="Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe">Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luisenplatz,_Darmstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg/220px-Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg/330px-Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg/440px-Luisenplatz%2C_Darmstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2656" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg/220px-Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg/330px-Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg/440px-Offenbach_am_main_from_drone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Offenbach,_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Offenbach, Hesse">Offenbach am Main</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hesse is divided into 21 districts (Kreise) and five independent cities, each with their own local governments. They are, shown with abbreviations as used on vehicle number plates: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Bergstra%C3%9Fe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Bergstraße">Bergstraße</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Heppenheim" title="Heppenheim">Heppenheim</a>)</small> (HP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Darmstadt-Dieburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg">Darmstadt-Dieburg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>)</small> (DA, DI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau_(district)" title="Groß-Gerau (district)">Groß-Gerau</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau" title="Groß-Gerau">Groß-Gerau</a>)</small> (GG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochtaunuskreis" title="Hochtaunuskreis">Hochtaunuskreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bad_Homburg" title="Bad Homburg">Bad Homburg</a>)</small> (HG, USI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Kinzig-Kreis" title="Main-Kinzig-Kreis">Main-Kinzig-Kreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Gelnhausen" title="Gelnhausen">Gelnhausen</a>)</small> (MKK, GN, HU, SLÜ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Taunus-Kreis" title="Main-Taunus-Kreis">Main-Taunus-Kreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hofheim_am_Taunus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofheim am Taunus">Hofheim am Taunus</a>)</small> (MTK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odenwaldkreis" title="Odenwaldkreis">Odenwaldkreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Erbach_(Odenwald)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbach (Odenwald)">Erbach</a>)</small> (ERB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_(district)" title="Offenbach (district)">Offenbach</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Dietzenbach" title="Dietzenbach">Dietzenbach</a>)</small> (OF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis" title="Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis">Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bad_Schwalbach" title="Bad Schwalbach">Bad Schwalbach</a>)</small> (RÜD, SWA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetteraukreis" title="Wetteraukreis">Wetteraukreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a>)</small> (FB, BÜD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gießen (district)">Gießen</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gießen">Gießen</a>)</small> (GI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahn-Dill-Kreis" title="Lahn-Dill-Kreis">Lahn-Dill-Kreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a>)</small> (LDK, DIL, WZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburg-Weilburg" title="Limburg-Weilburg">Limburg-Weilburg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Limburg_an_der_Lahn" title="Limburg an der Lahn">Limburg</a>)</small> (LM, WEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg-Biedenkopf" title="Marburg-Biedenkopf">Marburg-Biedenkopf</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a>)</small> (MR, BID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogelsbergkreis" title="Vogelsbergkreis">Vogelsbergkreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Lauterbach,_Hesse" title="Lauterbach, Hesse">Lauterbach</a>)</small> (VB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulda_(district)" title="Fulda (district)">Fulda</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a>)</small> (FD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Hersfeld-Rotenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg">Hersfeld-Rotenburg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bad_Hersfeld" title="Bad Hersfeld">Bad Hersfeld</a>)</small> (HEF, ROF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_(district)" title="Kassel (district)">Kassel</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>)</small> (KS, HOG, WOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis" title="Schwalm-Eder-Kreis">Schwalm-Eder-Kreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Homberg_(Efze)" title="Homberg (Efze)">Homberg (Efze)</a>)</small> (HR, ZIG, FZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis" title="Werra-Meißner-Kreis">Werra-Meißner-Kreis</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Eschwege" title="Eschwege">Eschwege</a>)</small> (ESW, WIZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck-Frankenberg" title="Waldeck-Frankenberg">Waldeck-Frankenberg</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Korbach" title="Korbach">Korbach</a>)</small> (KB, FKB, WA)</li></ol> <p>Independent cities: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> (DA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> (F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> (KS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach am Main</a> (OF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> (WI)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhenish_Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rhenish Hesse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Hesse" title="Rhenish Hesse">Rhenish Hesse</a></div> <p>The term "Rhenish Hesse" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Rheinhessen</i>) refers to the part of the former Grand Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a> located west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. It has not been part of the State of Hesse since 1946 due to divisions in the aftermath of World War II. This province is now part of the State of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. It is a hilly countryside largely devoted to vineyards; therefore, it is also called the "land of the thousand hills". Its larger towns include <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bingen_am_Rhein" title="Bingen am Rhein">Bingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzey" title="Alzey">Alzey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieder-Olm" title="Nieder-Olm">Nieder-Olm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a>. Many inhabitants commute to work in Mainz, Wiesbaden, or Frankfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_symbols_and_politics">State symbols and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: State symbols and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Politics of Hesse</a></div> <p>Hesse has been a parliamentary republic since 1918, except during <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi rule</a> (1933–1945). The German federal system has elements of exclusive federal competences, shared competences, and exclusive competences of the states. Hesse is famous for having a rather brisk style in its politics with the ruling parties being either the center-right <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) or the center-left <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD). Due to the Hessian electoral laws, the biggest party normally needs a smaller coalition partner.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_state">Head of state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Head of state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Hesse is a partly sovereign <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">federated state</a>, its constitution combines the offices of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> in one office called the <a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">Minister-President</a> (German: <i>Ministerpräsident</i>) which is comparable to the office of a <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_Election">2023 Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2023 Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 2023 election, the coalition government in Hesse changed from a Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Alliance 90/The Greens coalition to an agreement between the CDU and Social Democratic Party.<sup id="cite_ref-s748_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s748-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; font-size: 95%;"> <caption>Summary of the 8 October 2023 election results for the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Landtag of Hesse</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/- </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#151518"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a> </td> <td>52 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#00A2DE"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#E3000F"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> </td> <td>23 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#409A3C"> </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>133 </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018_Election">2018 Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2018 Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg/220px-Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg/330px-Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg/440px-Landtag_of_Hesse_2018.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>The Hessian parliament as of the 2018 election</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hessian_state_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian state election, 2018">2018 state elections</a> the two leading parties, CDU and SPD, lost 11.3% (7 seats) and 10.9% (8 seats) of the vote respectively. The Green party, a member of Hesse's previous governing coalition with CDU, gained 8.7% (16 seats). The largest gains during the election were made by <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> (AfD) at 13.1%. As AfD had not passed the 5% threshold in the <a href="/wiki/Hessian_state_election,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian state election, 2013">2013 state election</a>, this marked its first entry into the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Hesse" title="Landtag of Hesse">Hessian parliament</a> (<i>Hessischer Landtag</i>). The two other parties also made gains. The major losses of the two leading parties (whose <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">coalition</a> made up the federal cabinet during the election) closely mirrors the results of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_state_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian state election, 2018">2018 state elections in Bavaria</a>. In the 2018-2023 parliament, the conservative CDU held 40 seats, the centre-left SPD and the leftist Green party each held 29 seats, the right-wing AfD held 19 seats, the liberal <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> party held 11 seats and the socialist party <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> held 9 seats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a member state of the German federation, Hesse does not have a diplomatic service of its own. However, Hesse operates representation offices in such foreign countries as the United States, China, Hungary, Cuba, Russia, Poland, and Iran. These offices are mostly used to represent Hessian interests in cultural and economic affairs. Hesse has also permanent representation offices in Berlin at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government of Germany">federal government of Germany</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">institutions of the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_and_anthem">Flag and anthem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Flag and anthem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flag colors of Hesse are red and white, which are printed on a Hessian sack. The civil flag of Hesse resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>'s and, particularly, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>'s. The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse" title="Coat of arms of Hesse">Hessian coat of arms</a> shows a lion rampant striped with red and white (silver), on a blue field. The official anthem of Hesse is called "<i><a href="/wiki/Hessenlied" title="Hessenlied">Hessenlied</a></i>" ("Song of Hesse") and was written by Albrecht Brede (music) and Carl Preser (lyrics).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Hesse_by_population" title="List of cities in Hesse by population">List of cities in Hesse by population</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,343,720</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,577,198</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,783,352</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.88%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,170,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">5,424,529</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.96%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1975</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,549,823</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.46%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,601,031</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.18%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1985</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,529,413</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,763,310</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.83%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1995</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,009,913</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.84%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,077,826</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,971,816</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.18%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,207,278</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.35%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Significant foreign resident populations<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Nationality </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:5em;">Population (31 December 2022) </th> <th scope="col" style="max-width:5em;">Population (31 December 2023) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>160,250</td> <td>166,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>88,075</td> <td>95,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>82,025</td> <td>83,510 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>83,760</td> <td>79,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>76,155</td> <td>73,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td> <td>60,365</td> <td>62,655 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Afghanistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></td> <td>49,650</td> <td>62,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>58,640</td> <td>56,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>53,300</td> <td>55,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>40,655</td> <td>36,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>32,865</td> <td>33,835 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>29,340</td> <td>29,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>24,415</td> <td>27,910 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>25,645</td> <td>26,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>20,470</td> <td>22,115 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>21,830</td> <td>21,255 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>18,725</td> <td>19,925 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></td> <td>19,695</td> <td>18,685 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Hesse has a population of over 6 million,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nearly 4 million of which is concentrated in the Rhein-Main region (German: <i>Rhein-Main Gebiet</i>) in the south of the state, an area that includes the most populous city, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, the capital <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of Hesse is predicted to shrink by 4.3% by 2030, with the biggest falls in the north of the state, especially in the area around the city of <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>. Frankfurt is the fastest growing city with a predicted rise in population of 4.8% by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankfurt's growth is driven by its importance as a financial centre and it receives immigrants from all over the world: in 2015 over half of the city's population had an immigrant background.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Births January–March 2017 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14,537</li> <li>Births January–March 2018 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 14,202</li> <li>Deaths January–March 2017 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19,289</li> <li>Deaths January–March 2018 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18,831</li> <li>Natural growth January–March 2017 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −4,752</li> <li>Natural growth January–March 2018 = <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> −4,629</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three different languages or dialect groups are spoken in Hesse: The Far North is part of the <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low Saxon</a> language area, divided into a tiny <a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a> and a larger <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> dialect area. Most of Hesse belongs to the <a href="/wiki/West_Middle_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Middle German">West Middle German</a> dialect zone. There is some disagreement as to whether all Hessian dialects south of the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath line</a> may be subsumed under one dialect group: Rhine Franconian, or whether most dialects should be regarded as a dialect group of its own: Hessian, whereas only South Hessian is part of Rhine Franconian. Hessian proper can be split into Lower Hessian in the north, East Hessian in the East around <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> and Central Hessian, which covers the largest area of all dialects in Hesse. In the extreme Northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian">Thuringian</a> dialect zone extends into Hesse, whereas in the Southeast, the state border to <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> is not fully identical to the dialect border between <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Franconian">East Franconian</a> and East Hessian. </p><p>Since approximately World War II, a spoken variety of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> with dialect substrate has been superseding the traditional dialects mentioned so far. This development knows a north-to-south movement, the north being early to supplant the traditional language, whereas in the south, there is still a considerable part of the population that communicates in South Hessian. In most of the areas, however, the traditional language is close to extinction, whereas until the first half of the 20th century, almost the entire population spoke dialect in almost all situations. The Upper Class started to speak Standard German beginning in the late 19th century, so for decades, the traditional language served as a sociolect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The prominent written language in Hesse has been Standard German since the 16th century. Before, the Low Saxon part used <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>, the rest of the Land <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern German">Early Modern German</a> as prominent written languages. These had supplanted <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg/200px-Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg/300px-Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg/400px-Fulda_-_Stadtpfarrkirche_St._Blasius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>View of the Stadtpfarrkirche St. Blasius in <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016 <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was the most widespread religion in the state (63%).<sup id="cite_ref-soziales.hessen.de_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soziales.hessen.de-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, 40% of Hessians belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau" title="Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau">Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Hesse_Electorate-Waldeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck">Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck</a> (members of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>), 25% adhered to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, while other Christians constituted some 3%; the next most common religion of the Hessian population was <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, adhered to by 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Religionszugehörigkeit_der_Deutschen_nach_Bundesländern_im_Jahr_2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religionszugehörigkeit_der_Deutschen_nach_Bundesländern_im_Jahr_2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_research">Education and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hessian government has overall responsibility for the education within the state. Hesse has the following universities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a> (43,972 students; Budget: €666,4 Mio.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt" title="Technische Universität Darmstadt">Technical University of Darmstadt</a> (25,355 students; Budget: €482,8 Mio.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">Justus Liebig University Giessen</a> (28,480 students; Budget: €425,4 Mio.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">Philipps University of Marburg</a> (24,394 students; Budget: €374,3 Mio.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kassel" title="University of Kassel">University of Kassel</a> (25,103 students; Budget: €291,5 Mio.)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>None of Hesse's universities are included in <a href="/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">German Excellence Universities</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goethe University Frankfurt, Campus Westend"><img alt="Goethe University Frankfurt, Campus Westend" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg/120px-Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg/180px-Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg/240px-Goethe_University_Frankfurt_Poelzig_Building.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="919" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Goethe University Frankfurt, Campus Westend</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Technical University of Darmstadt, Main Entrance"><img alt="Technical University of Darmstadt, Main Entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg/120px-Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg/180px-Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg/240px-Karo5_Eingangsgebaeude_Verwaltungsgebaeude_TU_Darmstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Technical University of Darmstadt, Main Entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Justus Liebig University Giessen"><img alt="Justus Liebig University Giessen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg/120px-2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg/180px-2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg/240px-2004-JLU_Gie%C3%9Fen_Sicherlich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Justus Liebig University Giessen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philipps University of Marburg, Biomedical Research Center"><img alt="Philipps University of Marburg, Biomedical Research Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg/120px-MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg/180px-MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg/240px-MarburgLahnbergeBMFZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Philipps University of Marburg, Biomedical Research Center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Kassel, Entrance Holländischer Platz"><img alt="University of Kassel, Entrance Holländischer Platz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg/120px-Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg/180px-Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg/240px-Uni_Kassel_Eingang_Holl%C3%A4ndischer_Platz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">University of Kassel, Entrance Holländischer Platz</div> </li> </ul> <p>There are many international schools in Hesse, primarily centred in and around Frankfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hesse is the only state in Germany where students have to study all three stanzas of the "<span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Das <a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></span></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physics_and_astronomy">Physics and astronomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Physics and astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wixhausen" title="Wixhausen">Darmstadt-Wixhausen</a>, with 1,520 employees, is a major research institute in Hesse. The <a href="/wiki/Facility_for_Antiproton_and_Ion_Research" title="Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research">Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research</a> is under construction and is expected to be completed in 2025. </p><p>Two major European space organizations, the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Operations Center">European Space Operations Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a>, are based in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_and_medicine">Health and medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Health and medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research" title="International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research">Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Nauheim" title="Bad Nauheim">Bad Nauheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Brain Research">Max Planck Institute for Brain Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Biophysics" title="Max Planck Institute of Biophysics">Max Planck Institute of Biophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck_Research_Center_for_Neurogenetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Planck Research Center for Neurogenetics (page does not exist)">Max Planck Research Center for Neurogenetics</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max-Planck-Forschungsstelle_f%C3%BCr_Neurogenetik" class="extiw" title="de:Max-Planck-Forschungsstelle für Neurogenetik">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li>Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_Institute" title="Paul Ehrlich Institute">Paul Ehrlich Institute</a> (vaccines), <a href="/wiki/Langen,_Hesse" title="Langen, Hesse">Langen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Terrestrial_Microbiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology">Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Virology_(Marburg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Virology (Marburg) (page does not exist)">Institute of Virology (Marburg)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Virologie_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Marburg" class="extiw" title="de:Institut für Virologie der Universität Marburg">de</a>]</span>(researh of <a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">Ebolavirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marburgvirus" title="Marburgvirus">Marburgvirus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4" title="Biosafety level">BSL4-Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_undiagnosed_and_rare_diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for undiagnosed and rare diseases (page does not exist)">Center for undiagnosed and rare diseases</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_unerkannte_und_seltene_Erkrankungen" class="extiw" title="de:Zentrum für unerkannte und seltene Erkrankungen">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_Heavy_Ion_Beam_Therapy_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marburg Heavy Ion Beam Therapy Center (page does not exist)">Marburg Heavy Ion Beam Therapy Center</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburger_Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum" class="extiw" title="de:Marburger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Institute" title="Sigmund Freud Institute">Sigmund Freud Institute</a> (<a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Informatics_and_software">Informatics and software</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Informatics and software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Research_Centre_for_Artificial_Intelligence" title="German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence">German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hessian_Center_for_Artificial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence (page does not exist)">Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessisches_Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_K%C3%BCnstliche_Intelligenz" class="extiw" title="de:Hessisches Zentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz">de</a>]</span> (hessian.AI), HQ in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, more locations in Hesse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athene_(research_center)" title="Athene (research center)">Athene (research center)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Security_Research_Darmstadt" title="Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt">Center for Advanced Security Research Darmstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Secure_Information_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (page does not exist)">Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sichere_Informationstechnologie" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Sichere Informationstechnologie">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Graphic_Data_Processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Graphic Data Processing (page does not exist)">Fraunhofer Institute for Graphic Data Processing</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Graphische_Datenverarbeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Graphische Datenverarbeitung">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Structural_Durability_and_System_Reliability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability (page does not exist)">Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Betriebsfestigkeit_und_Systemzuverl%C3%A4ssigkeit" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Betriebsfestigkeit und Systemzuverlässigkeit">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Energy_Economics_and_Energy_System_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology (page does not exist)">Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Institut_f%C3%BCr_Energiewirtschaft_und_Energiesystemtechnik" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Energiesystemtechnik">de</a>]</span>, HQ in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, other location in <a href="/wiki/Rothwesten" title="Rothwesten">Rothwesten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Hersfeld" title="Bad Hersfeld">Bad Hersfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunhofer_Facility_for_Material_Cycles_and_Resource_Strategy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunhofer Facility for Material Cycles and Resource Strategy (page does not exist)">Fraunhofer Facility for Material Cycles and Resource Strategy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer-Einrichtung_f%C3%BCr_Wertstoffkreisl%C3%A4ufe_und_Ressourcenstrategie" class="extiw" title="de:Fraunhofer-Einrichtung für Wertstoffkreisläufe und Ressourcenstrategie">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max-Planck-Institut_f%C3%BCr_europ%C3%A4ische_Rechtsgeschichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte">Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sozialforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Sozialforschung">Institut für Sozialforschung</a> at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li>Leibniz-Institut für Bildungsforschung und Bildungsinformation, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li>Forschungsinstitut für Deutsche Sprache – Deutscher Sprachatlas – at Philipps-Universität Marburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Ehrlich-Institut" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul-Ehrlich-Institut">Paul-Ehrlich-Institut</a>, * Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Frankfurt" title="Peace Research Institute Frankfurt">Peace Research Institute Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li> <li>Institut für sozial-ökologische Forschung, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesse has a rich and varied cultural history, with many important cultural and historical centres and several UNESCO world-heritage sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture,_art,_literature_and_music"><span id="Architecture.2C_art.2C_literature_and_music"></span>Architecture, art, literature and music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Architecture, art, literature and music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a> has a rich cultural heritage as the former seat of the <a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Landgraves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Dukes</a> of Hesse. It is known as centre of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a> and modern architecture and there are also several important examples of 19th century architecture influenced by British and Russian imperial architecture due to close family ties of the Grand Duke's family to the reigning dynasties in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy period</a>. Darmstadt is an important centre for music, home of the <a href="/wiki/Darmst%C3%A4dter_Ferienkurse" title="Darmstädter Ferienkurse">Darmstädter Ferienkurse</a> for <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary classical music</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Jazz Institute Darmstadt, Europe's largest public jazz archive.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt#Culture" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt am Main</a> is a major international cultural centre. Over 2 million people visit the city's approximately 60 exhibition centres every year.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst its most famous art galleries are the <a href="/wiki/Schirn_Kunsthalle_Frankfurt" title="Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt">Schirn Kunsthalle</a>, a major centre for international modern art,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4del_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Städel Museum">Städel</a>, whose large collections include over 3000 paintings, 4000 photographs, and 100,000 drawings including works by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Dürer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a> was born in Frankfurt and there is a museum in his <a href="/wiki/Goethe_House" title="Goethe House">birthplace</a>. Frankfurt has many music venues, including an award-winning <a href="/wiki/Opern-_und_Schauspielhaus_Frankfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Opern- und Schauspielhaus Frankfurt">opera house</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alte_Oper" title="Alte Oper">Alte Oper</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jahrhunderthalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrhunderthalle">Jahrhunderthalle</a>. Its several theatres include the English Theatre, the largest English-speaking theatre on the European continent.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a> has many palaces and parks, including <a href="/wiki/Bergpark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he" title="Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe">Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe</a>, a Baroque landscape park and UNESCO World Heritage site.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> lived and worked in Kassel for 30 years and the recently opened Grimmwelt museum explores their lives, works and influence and features their personal copies of the <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Children's and Household Tales</a>, which are on the UNESCO World Heritage "Memory of the World" Document register.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fridericianum" title="Fridericianum">Fridericianum</a>, built in 1779, is one of the oldest public museums in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kassel is also home to the <i><a href="/wiki/Documenta" title="Documenta">documenta</a></i>, a large modern art exhibition that has taken place every five years since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hessian Ministry of the Arts supports numerous independent cultural initiatives, organisations, and associations as well as artists from many fields including music, literature, theatre and dance, cinema and the new media, graphic art, and exhibitions. International cultural projects aim to further relations with European partners.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From an archaeological point of view, the old watercourses of Hesse provide evidence of the wider history of the landscape and their protection has required cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesse has several UNESCO World Heritage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergpark_Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he" title="Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe">Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe</a> in Kassel<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellerwald-Edersee_National_Park" title="Kellerwald-Edersee National Park">Kellerwald-Edersee National Park</a> in North Hesse<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey" title="Lorsch Abbey">Lorsch Abbey</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Messel_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Messel pit">Messel Fossil Pit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exhibits from the Messel Pit can be seen in Messel town museum,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Museum of Hessen in Darmstadt,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Naturmuseum_Senckenberg" title="Naturmuseum Senckenberg">Senckenberg Museum</a> in Frankfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Saalburg" title="Saalburg">Saalburg</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman limes">Roman Limes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_Artists%27_Colony" title="Darmstadt Artists' Colony">Darmstadt Artists' Colony</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deutsche_UNESCO-Kommission_2021_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutsche_UNESCO-Kommission_2021-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg/220px-Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg/330px-Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg/440px-Match_Frankfurt_-_Marseille_in_November_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waldstadion_(Frankfurt)" title="Waldstadion (Frankfurt)">Deutsche Bank Park</a> (football stadium) in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg/220px-Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg/330px-Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg/440px-Eishockey_Darmstadt-dukes_rt-bad-nauheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4018" data-file-height="2723" /></a><figcaption>Hockey match Darmstadt Dukes VS RT Bad Nauheim</figcaption></figure> <p>Frankfurt hosts the following professional sports teams or clubs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt_(women)" title="Eintracht Frankfurt (women)">1. FFC Frankfurt</a> (1998–2020), <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt" title="Eintracht Frankfurt">Eintracht Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (men, women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FSV_Frankfurt" title="FSV Frankfurt">FSV Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (men)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rot-Weiss_Frankfurt" title="Rot-Weiss Frankfurt">Rot-Weiss Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_FC_Germania_1894" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurter FC Germania 1894">Frankfurter FC Germania 1894</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyliners_Frankfurt" title="Skyliners Frankfurt">Skyliners Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Galaxy_(NFL_Europe)" title="Frankfurt Galaxy (NFL Europe)">Frankfurt Galaxy</a> (1991–2007), <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Universe" title="Frankfurt Universe">Frankfurt Universe</a> (2007–present), <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_L%C3%B6wen" title="Frankfurter Löwen">Frankfurter Löwen</a> (1979–1984), <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Sarsfields_GAA" title="Frankfurt Sarsfields GAA">Frankfurt Sarsfields GAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Lions" title="Frankfurt Lions">Frankfurt Lions</a> (until 2010), <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wen_Frankfurt" title="Löwen Frankfurt">Löwen Frankfurt</a> (since 2010), <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC_1880_Frankfurt" title="SC 1880 Frankfurt">SC 1880 Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Frankfurt is host to the <a href="/wiki/Classic_cycle_races" title="Classic cycle races">classic cycle</a> race <a href="/wiki/Eschborn-Frankfurt_City_Loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop">Eschborn-Frankfurt City Loop</a> (known as <i>Rund um den Henninger-Turm</i> from 1961 to 2008). The city hosts also the annual <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Marathon" title="Frankfurt Marathon">Frankfurt Marathon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ironman_Germany" title="Ironman Germany">Ironman Germany</a>. </p><p>Outside Frankfurt, notable professional sports teams include <a href="/wiki/Kickers_Offenbach" title="Kickers Offenbach">Kickers Offenbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98" title="SV Darmstadt 98">SV Darmstadt 98</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marburg_Mercenaries" title="Marburg Mercenaries">Marburg Mercenaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gie%C3%9Fen_46ers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gießen 46ers">Gießen 46ers</a>, <a href="/wiki/MT_Melsungen" title="MT Melsungen">MT Melsungen</a>, <a href="/wiki/VfB_Friedberg" title="VfB Friedberg">VfB Friedberg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kassel_Huskies" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassel Huskies">Kassel Huskies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_radio_stations">TV and radio stations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: TV and radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hessian state broadcasting corporation is called HR (<a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">Hessischer Rundfunk</a>). HR is a member of the federal <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> broadcasting association. HR provides a statewide TV channel as well as a range of regional radio stations (HR 1, HR 2, HR 3, HR 4, you fm and HR info). Besides the state run HR, privately run TV stations exist and are an important line of commerce. Among the commercial radio stations that are active in Hesse, Hit Radio FFH, Planet Radio, Harmony FM, Radio BOB and Antenne Frankfurt are the most popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial">Financial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Financial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Hesse's largest city <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> being home of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (ECB), the <a href="/wiki/Bundesbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesbank">German Bundesbank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Frankfurt Stock Exchange</a>, Hesse is home to the financial capital of mainland Europe. Furthermore, Hesse has always been one of the largest and healthiest economies in Germany. Its <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in 2013 exceeded €236 billion (about US$316 billion).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes Hesse itself one of the largest economies in Europe and the 38th largest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to GDP-per-capita figures, Hesse is the wealthiest state (after the <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>) in Germany with approx. US$52,500. </p><p>Frankfurt is crucial as a <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a>, with both the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a>'s headquarters located there. Numerous smaller banks and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/DZ_Bank" title="DZ Bank">DZ Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/KfW" title="KfW">KfW Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a> are also headquartered in Frankfurt, with the offices of several international banks also being housed there. Frankfurt is also the location of the most important German stock exchange, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a> companies have settled mostly in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>. The city's largest private employer is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%2BV_Versicherung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R+V Versicherung (page does not exist)">R+V Versicherung</a>, with about 3,900 employees, other major employers are <a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Group" title="Winterthur Group">DBV-Winterthur</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SV_SparkassenVersicherung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SV SparkassenVersicherung (page does not exist)">SV SparkassenVersicherung</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Lloyd_Group" title="Delta Lloyd Group">Delta Lloyd Group</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Central Bank"><img alt="European Central Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg/80px-ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg/120px-ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg/160px-ECB_Frankfurt_at_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="3373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutsche Bank"><img alt="Deutsche Bank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg/82px-Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg/123px-Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg/164px-Deutsche_Bank_Taunusanlage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="4517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commerzbank"><img alt="Commerzbank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg/72px-Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg/108px-Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg/145px-Frankfurt_Commerzbank_vom_Schaumainkai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="3983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_and_pharma">Chemical and pharma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Chemical and pharma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Rhine-Main" title="Frankfurt Rhine-Main">Rhine-Main Region</a> has the second largest industrial density in Germany after the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a>. The main economic fields of importance are the <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> industries with <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merck_Group" title="Merck Group">Merck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraeus" title="Heraeus">Heraeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stada_Arzneimittel" title="Stada Arzneimittel">Stada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messer_Griesheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Messer Griesheim">Messer Griesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayer#Bayer_CropScience" title="Bayer">Bayer Crop Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/SGL_Carbon" title="SGL Carbon">SGL Carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celanese" title="Celanese">Celanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Corporation" title="Cabot Corporation">Cabot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clariant" title="Clariant">Clariant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akzo_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzo Nobel">Akzo Nobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuraray" title="Kuraray">Kuraray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ineos" title="Ineos">Ineos</a>, <a href="/wiki/LyondellBasell" title="LyondellBasell">LyondellBasell</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allessa (page does not exist)">Allessa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allessa_(Unternehmen)" class="extiw" title="de:Allessa (Unternehmen)">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Evonik_Industries" title="Evonik Industries">Evonik Industries</a>. But also other consumer goods are produced by <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coty_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Coty Inc.">Coty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colgate_Palmolive" class="mw-redirect" title="Colgate Palmolive">Colgate Palmolive</a>. The Rhine-Main Region is not restricted only to Hesse, smaller part is in <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. There situated 2 important pharma companies: <a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a>(HQ), which found the first mRNA vaccine against COVID-19 in the world (licensed to <a href="/wiki/Pfizer" title="Pfizer">Pfizer</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Boehringer_Ingelheim" title="Boehringer Ingelheim">Boehringer Ingelheim</a>, close to Hesse's border in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a> respectively. It supports from <a href="/wiki/International_Max_Planck_Research_School_for_Heart_and_Lung_Research" title="International Max Planck Research School for Heart and Lung Research">Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Brain Research">Max Planck Institute for Brain Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_Institute" title="Paul Ehrlich Institute">Paul Ehrlich Institute</a>. </p><p>Also in other part of Hesse there is important pharma and medical manufacturers, especially in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> where there is industry park based on ex-Behring Werke: <a href="/wiki/BioNTech" title="BioNTech">BioNTech</a> (mRNA vaccines), <a href="/wiki/CSL_Behring" title="CSL Behring">CSL Behring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temmler" title="Temmler">Temmler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melsungen" title="Melsungen">Melsungen</a> with <a href="/wiki/B._Braun" title="B. Braun">B. Braun</a>. Pharma activity in <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> is also supported from research facilities: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Terrestrial_Microbiology" title="Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology">Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Center_for_undiagnosed_and_rare_diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Center for undiagnosed and rare diseases (page does not exist)">Center for undiagnosed and rare diseases</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentrum_f%C3%BCr_unerkannte_und_seltene_Erkrankungen" class="extiw" title="de:Zentrum für unerkannte und seltene Erkrankungen">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Virology_(Marburg)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Virology (Marburg) (page does not exist)">Institute of Virology (Marburg)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Virologie_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Marburg" class="extiw" title="de:Institut für Virologie der Universität Marburg">de</a>]</span>(researh of <a href="/wiki/Ebolavirus" title="Ebolavirus">Ebolavirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marburgvirus" title="Marburgvirus">Marburgvirus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_4" title="Biosafety level">BSL4-Labor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marburg_Heavy_Ion_Beam_Therapy_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marburg Heavy Ion Beam Therapy Center (page does not exist)">Marburg Heavy Ion Beam Therapy Center</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburger_Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum" class="extiw" title="de:Marburger Ionenstrahl-Therapiezentrum">de</a>]</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Merck_Group" title="Merck Group">Merck</a> controls ca. 60% of world's <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a> market. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heraeus" title="Heraeus">Heraeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umicore" title="Umicore">Umicore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evonik_Industries" title="Evonik Industries">Evonik Industries</a> manufacture different type of catalysts from <a href="/wiki/Platinum_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum metals">Platinum metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> etc. </p><p>In east <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> there is the tire plant (<a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Tyres" title="Dunlop Tyres">Fulda Reifen</a>). 2 other tire plants are in <a href="/wiki/Korbach" title="Korbach">Korbach</a> from <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a> from <a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanofi in Industrial Park "Höchst""><img alt="Sanofi in Industrial Park "Höchst"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg/120px-Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg/180px-Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg/240px-Sanofi_Frankfurt_IPH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Sanofi" title="Sanofi">Sanofi</a> in Industrial Park "<a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6chst_(Frankfurt_am_Main)" title="Höchst (Frankfurt am Main)">Höchst</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Merck in Darmstadt"><img alt="Merck in Darmstadt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg/120px-Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg/180px-Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg/240px-Merck_KGaA_Pyramide_Gruener_Turm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Merck_Group" title="Merck Group">Merck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marburg,_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Industrial Park "Behringwerke""><img alt="Industrial Park "Behringwerke"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marburg%2C_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg/120px-Marburg%2C_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marburg%2C_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg/180px-Marburg%2C_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Marburg%2C_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg/240px-Marburg%2C_Marbach_Behringwerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Industrial Park "Behringwerke"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallurgy_and_nuclear">Metallurgy and nuclear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Metallurgy and nuclear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specialised metallurgical industry focused on <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum metals</a> has been represented by <a href="/wiki/Heraeus" title="Heraeus">Heraeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umicore" title="Umicore">Umicore</a> and magnetic materials have been a focus of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vacuumschmelze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vacuumschmelze (page does not exist)">Vacuumschmelze</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a>. Also in <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a> there used to be a plant producing nuclear fuel (classical uranium, but also <a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a>), but the production has stopped and the facility has been mothballed. <a href="/wiki/Heraeus" title="Heraeus">Heraeus</a> continues to manufacture irradiation sources from <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mechanical and automotive engineering field <a href="/wiki/Opel" title="Opel">Opel</a> in Rüsselsheim is worth mentioning. After acquisition Opel by <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a>, it is in rapid decline of production and employment. Which has also negative effect on automotive parts supplier, <a href="/wiki/Continental_AG" title="Continental AG">Continental</a> will close a plant in <a href="/wiki/Karben" title="Karben">Karben</a> and cut jobs at other location in Hesse. In northern Hesse, in <a href="/wiki/Baunatal" title="Baunatal">Baunatal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen AG">Volkswagen AG</a> has a large factory that manufactures spare parts, not far-away from it there is also a <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Truck" title="Daimler Truck">Daimler Truck</a> plant, which produces an axes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a>, after takeover of <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a>, has a large plant that manufactures <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Traxx" title="Alstom Traxx">Traxx</a> <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>. Industrial printers (<a href="/wiki/Manroland" title="Manroland">Manroland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallus_Holding" title="Gallus Holding">Gallus Holding</a>), x-ray airport check equipment (<a href="/wiki/Smiths_Group#Smiths_Detection" title="Smiths Group">Smiths</a>), handling and loading equipment (<a href="/wiki/Dematic" title="Dematic">Dematic</a>), chemical equipment (<a href="/wiki/Air_Liquide#Subsidiaries" title="Air Liquide">Air Liquide Global E&C Solutions</a>), vacuum pumps (<a href="/wiki/Pfeiffer_Vacuum" title="Pfeiffer Vacuum">Pfeiffer Vacuum</a>), vacuum industrial furnace (ALD Vacuum Technologies), textile machines (Karl Mayer), shavers (<a href="/wiki/Braun_(company)" title="Braun (company)">Braun</a>), medical (<a href="/wiki/Fresenius_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresenius SE">Fresenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirona_Dental_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirona Dental Systems">Sirona</a>) and industrial (Schenck Process, <a href="/wiki/Samson_AG" title="Samson AG">Samson</a>) apparatuses are produced in Rhine-Main Region. </p><p>Manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(central_heating)" title="Furnace (central heating)">heating boilers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pumps</a> are typical for Hesse and represented with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosch_Thermotechnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosch Thermotechnik (page does not exist)">Bosch Thermotechnik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_Thermotechnik" class="extiw" title="de:Bosch Thermotechnik">de</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Viessmann" title="Viessmann">Viessmann</a>. </p><p>Vistec produces <a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_lithography" title="Electron-beam lithography">electron-beam lithography</a> systems for semiconductor industry in <a href="/wiki/Weilburg" title="Weilburg">Weilburg</a>, also there is manufacturing of inspection, testing and measurement equipment for semiconductor fabrication process from <a href="/wiki/KLA_Corporation" title="KLA Corporation">KLA-Tencor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leica_Microsystems" title="Leica Microsystems">Leica Microsystems</a> manufactures different types of microscopes, inclusive they with special light microscopic optics, which are used in wafer and photo mask testing. PVA TePla from <a href="/wiki/Wettenberg" title="Wettenberg">Wettenberg</a> is specialist for crystal growing process (Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, InP) with <a href="/wiki/Czochralski_method" title="Czochralski method">Czochralski Process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zone_melting" title="Zone melting">Float-Zone Process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Vapor_Deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Vapor Deposition">High-Temperature Chemical Vapor Deposition</a>, Vertical Gradient Freeze equipment, quality inspection apparatus, plasma and vacuum machine. <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a> Robotics is in <a href="/wiki/Friedberg,_Hesse" title="Friedberg, Hesse">Friedberg</a>. Satisloh is a machine manufacturer in <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a> for the production of lenses and components for the optical industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerospace">Aerospace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Aerospace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company operating <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> is one of the largest employers in Hesse with nearly 22,000 employees.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerospace cluster contains also <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a>'s aviation engine work in <a href="/wiki/Oberursel_(Taunus)" title="Oberursel (Taunus)">Oberursel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">APU</a> manufacturing plant and service center of <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raunheim" title="Raunheim">Raunheim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics_and_electronics">Optics and electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Optics and electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Companies with an international reputation are located outside the Rhine-Main region in <a href="/wiki/Wetzlar" title="Wetzlar">Wetzlar</a>. There is the center of the optical, electrical and precision engineering industries, <a href="/wiki/Esselte_Leitz_GmbH_%26_Co_KG" title="Esselte Leitz GmbH & Co KG">Leitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minox" title="Minox">Minox</a>, Hensoldt (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Zeiss</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brita_(company)" title="Brita (company)">Brita</a> with several plants in central Hesse. </p><p>Oculus Optikgeräte manufactures <a href="/wiki/Scheimpflug_principle" title="Scheimpflug principle">Scheimpflug</a> tomographs for examining the anterior segment of the eye, topographers for measuring the anterior surface of the cornea, tonometers for assessing the biomechanical properties of the cornea, a wide-angle observation system for vitreous body surgery, universal trial goggles for subjective refraction, various perimeters for visual field testing and vision testing devices for testing eyesight. </p><p>Electrical transformers are produced by Hitachi ABB Power Grids in <a href="/wiki/Hanau" title="Hanau">Hanau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siemens_Energy_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens Energy AG">Siemens Energy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-am-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-am-Main">Frankfurt-am-Main</a>. <a href="/wiki/SMA_Solar_Technology" title="SMA Solar Technology">SMA Solar Technology</a> manufactures an inverters for photovoltaic systems. <a href="/wiki/Rittal" title="Rittal">Rittal</a> is specialized on <a href="/wiki/Electrical_enclosure" title="Electrical enclosure">electrical enclosure</a> situated in <a href="/wiki/Herborn,_Hesse" title="Herborn, Hesse">Herborn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eschenburg" title="Eschenburg">Eschenburg</a>. Power semiconductors from <a href="/wiki/IXYS_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="IXYS Corporation">IXYS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lampertheim" title="Lampertheim">Lampertheim</a> and UV and infrared lamps from <a href="/wiki/Heraeus" title="Heraeus">Heraeus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IT_and_telecom">IT and telecom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: IT and telecom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many IT and telecommunications companies are located in Hesse, many of them in Frankfurt and Darmstadt, like <a href="/wiki/Software_AG" title="Software AG">Software AG</a> (Darmstadt), <a href="/wiki/T-Systems" title="T-Systems">T-Systems</a> (Frankfurt and Darmstadt), <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> (laboratories in Darmstadt), <a href="/wiki/DB_Systel" class="mw-redirect" title="DB Systel">DB Systel</a> (Frankfurt), <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Systems" title="Lufthansa Systems">Lufthansa Systems</a> (Raunheim near Frankfurt) and <a href="/wiki/DE-CIX" title="DE-CIX">DE-CIX</a> (Frankfurt). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_beverage">Food and beverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Food and beverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sweet making is typical, there are 2 big factories: <a href="/wiki/Ferrero_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrero SpA">Ferrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadtallendorf" title="Stadtallendorf">Stadtallendorf</a> and Baronie (Sarotti), <a href="/wiki/Hattersheim_am_Main" title="Hattersheim am Main">Hattersheim am Main</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_W%C3%BCrstchen" title="Frankfurter Würstchen">Frankfurter Sausage</a> is famous, but there is also other sorts like <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Rindswurst" title="Frankfurter Rindswurst">Frankfurter Rindswurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahle_Wurst" title="Ahle Wurst">Ahle Wurst</a>. </p><p>Beverage industry is well-developed and manufactures sparkling wine (<a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine#Sekt" title="Sparkling wine">Sekt</a>), white wine (<a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a>), mineral waters (<a href="/wiki/Selters" title="Selters">Selters</a>), beers (<a href="/wiki/Radeberger_Group" title="Radeberger Group">Radeberger</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">cider</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green Sauce Monument"><img alt="Green Sauce Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg/120px-Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg/180px-Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg/240px-Gruene-Sauce-Denkmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="1531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green Sauce Monument</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Oberrad" title="Oberrad">Frankfurt-Oberrad</a> exists growing of wild herbs for <a href="/wiki/Green_sauce#Germany" title="Green sauce">green sauce</a> and monument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_industries">Defunct industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Defunct industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leather industry was predominantly based in <a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach</a>, but is now extinct, existing only in museums. The same happened with Frankfurt's fur industry and Hanau's jewelry industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_Hesse's_products"><span id="Typical_Hesse.27s_products"></span>Typical Hesse's products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Typical Hesse's products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opel Insignia"><img alt="Opel Insignia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg/120px-Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg/180px-Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg/240px-Opel_Insignia_B_FL_IMG_4300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3899" data-file-height="1776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Opel_Insignia" title="Opel Insignia">Opel Insignia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Braun Shaver"><img alt="Braun Shaver" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg/120px-Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg/180px-Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg/240px-Braun_Shaver_-_Austin_Calhoon_Photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Braun Shaver</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leica_Q2_(L1000042).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leica Q2"><img alt="Leica Q2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leica_Q2_%28L1000042%29.jpg/120px-Leica_Q2_%28L1000042%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leica_Q2_%28L1000042%29.jpg/180px-Leica_Q2_%28L1000042%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Leica_Q2_%28L1000042%29.jpg/240px-Leica_Q2_%28L1000042%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6467" data-file-height="4571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Leica Q2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1,_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg,_Lalden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Locomotive TRAXX"><img alt="Locomotive TRAXX" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1%2C_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg%2C_Lalden.jpg/120px-Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1%2C_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg%2C_Lalden.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1%2C_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg%2C_Lalden.jpg/180px-Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1%2C_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg%2C_Lalden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1%2C_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg%2C_Lalden.jpg/240px-Bombardier_TRAXX_187_002-1%2C_100_years_of_the_L%C3%B6tschberg%2C_Lalden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Locomotive <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Traxx" title="Alstom Traxx">TRAXX</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warp knitting machine (Karl Mayer)"><img alt="Warp knitting machine (Karl Mayer)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg/120px-Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg/180px-Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg/240px-Hochleistungs-Kettenwirkautomat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8984" data-file-height="6732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Warp knitting machine (Karl Mayer)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DNEX-Tryckeriet,_interi%C3%B6r,_2017a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Printing machine (MAN Roland Colorman)"><img alt="Printing machine (MAN Roland Colorman)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DNEX-Tryckeriet%2C_interi%C3%B6r%2C_2017a.jpg/120px-DNEX-Tryckeriet%2C_interi%C3%B6r%2C_2017a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DNEX-Tryckeriet%2C_interi%C3%B6r%2C_2017a.jpg/180px-DNEX-Tryckeriet%2C_interi%C3%B6r%2C_2017a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DNEX-Tryckeriet%2C_interi%C3%B6r%2C_2017a.jpg/240px-DNEX-Tryckeriet%2C_interi%C3%B6r%2C_2017a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4715" data-file-height="3440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Printing machine (MAN Roland Colorman)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apfelwein (Cider)"><img alt="Apfelwein (Cider)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg/120px-Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg/180px-Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg/240px-Apfelwein_Geripptes_Bembel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1983" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Apfelwein" title="Apfelwein">Apfelwein (Cider)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riesling wine"><img alt="Riesling wine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg/81px-Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg/122px-Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg/162px-Riesling_Kabinett_1975_in_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="2271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a> wine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hochtaunuskreis" title="Hochtaunuskreis">Hochtaunuskreis</a> has the lowest unemployment rate at 3.8% while the independent city of Kassel has the highest rate nationally at 12.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2018 the unemployment rate stood at 4.4% and was lower than the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th> <th>2009 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2011 </th> <th>2012 </th> <th>2013 </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unemployment rate in % </td> <td>7.3 </td> <td>6.6 </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td>7.9 </td> <td>8.2 </td> <td>9.7 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>7.5 </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>6.4 </td> <td>5.9 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td>5.7 </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>5.3 </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td>4.6 </td> <td>3.1 </td> <td>4.1 </td> <td>3.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traffic_and_public_transportation">Traffic and public transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Traffic and public transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesse has a dense highway network with a total of 24 motorways. The internationally important motorway routes through Hesse are the A3, A5, and A7. Close to Frankfurt Airport is the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Kreuz" title="Frankfurter Kreuz">Frankfurter Kreuz</a>, Germany's busiest and one of Europe's busiest motorway junctions, where the motorways <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_3" title="Bundesautobahn 3">A3</a> (Arnhem-Cologne-Frankfurt-Nuremberg-Passau) and <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_5" title="Bundesautobahn 5">A5</a> (Hattenbach-Frankfurt-Karlsruhe-Basel) intersect. The A5 becomes as wide as four lanes in each direction near the city of Frankfurt am Main, and during the rush-hour, it is possible to use the emergency lanes on the A3 and A5 motorway in the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt/Rhine-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt/Rhine-Main">Rhine-Main Region</a>, adding additional lanes. Other major leading Hesse highways are the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_4" title="Bundesautobahn 4">A4</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_44" title="Bundesautobahn 44">A44</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_45" title="Bundesautobahn 45">A45</a>, the Federal Highway <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_66" title="Bundesautobahn 66">A66</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_67" title="Bundesautobahn 67">A67</a>. There are also a number of smaller motorways and major trunk roads, some of which are <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">dual carriageways</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_transport">Railway transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Railway transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hesse is accessed by many major rail lines, including the high-speed lines <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line">Cologne–Frankfurt</a>(op.speed 300 km/h) and <a href="/wiki/Hanover%E2%80%93W%C3%BCrzburg_high-speed_railway" title="Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway">Hanover–Würzburg</a>. Other north-south connections traverse major east–west routes from Wiesbaden and Mainz to Frankfurt and from Hanau and Aschaffenburg to Fulda and Kassel. The Frankfurt Central Station is the most important hub for German trains, with over 1,100 trains per day.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region around Frankfurt has an extensive <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn" title="S-Bahn">S-Bahn</a> network, the <a href="/wiki/S-Bahn_Rhein-Main" class="mw-redirect" title="S-Bahn Rhein-Main">S-Bahn Rhein-Main</a>, which is complemented by many regional train connections. In the rest of the country, the rail network is less extensive. Since 2007, the region around Kassel has been served by the <a href="/wiki/RegioTram_Kassel" class="mw-redirect" title="RegioTram Kassel">RegioTram</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-train</a>-concept similar to the <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe_model" title="Karlsruhe model">Karlsruhe model</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> is by far the largest airport in Germany with more than 57 million passengers each year, is and among the world's ten largest. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Egelsbach_Airport" title="Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport">Frankfurt Egelsbach Airport</a> lies to the south, and is frequented by <a href="/wiki/General_aviation" title="General aviation">general aviation</a> and private planes. <a href="/wiki/Kassel_Airport" title="Kassel Airport">Kassel Airport</a> offers a few flights to holiday destinations, but has struggled to compete. There are also a number of sports airfields. <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_airline" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-cost airline">Low-cost airlines</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt-Hahn_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt-Hahn Airport">Frankfurt-Hahn Airport</a> as a major base, although the airport is actually located about 100 km from Frankfurt in the neighbouring state of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>. The DFS (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Flugsicherung" title="Deutsche Flugsicherung">German air traffic control</a>) has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Langen,_Hesse" title="Langen, Hesse">Langen</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> was named after Hesse, on 20 November 1974, the aircraft <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_540" title="Lufthansa Flight 540">crashed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> killing 59 of the 157 passengers and crew on board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HESS</span></i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HESS</span>-ə, <span style="font-size:90%">HESS</span>-ee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian dialect">Hessian dialect</a>:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈhɛzə]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes known as <b>Hessia</b> in English (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HESS</span>-ee-ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HESH</span>-ə</i></a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/servlets/solr/find?condQuery=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Hessen+seit+1950">"Bevölkerungsfortschreibung"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hessisches_Statistisches_Landesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt">Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt</a></i> (in German). February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240219220418/https://www.statistischebibliothek.de/mir/servlets/solr/find?condQuery=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+Hessen+seit+1950">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hessisches+Statistisches+Landesamt&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerungsfortschreibung&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistischebibliothek.de%2Fmir%2Fservlets%2Fsolr%2Ffind%3FcondQuery%3DBev%25C3%25B6lkerung%2Bin%2BHessen%2Bseit%2B1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Bruttowertschöpfung | Statistikportal.de"</a>. <i>Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder | Gemeinsames Statistikportal</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925065816/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/vgrdl/ergebnisse-laenderebene/bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder+%7C+Gemeinsames+Statistikportal&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt%2C+Bruttowertsch%C3%B6pfung+%7C+Statistikportal.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.de%2Fde%2Fvgrdl%2Fergebnisse-laenderebene%2Fbruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182128/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hesse">"Hesse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hesse">the original</a> on 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hesse&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FHesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hesse">"Hesse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rheinhessen.de/geschichte-kurz-und-knapp">"Geschichte. Kurz und knapp – Geschichte – Identität – Region – Rheinhessen"</a>. <i>Rheinhessen.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064826/https://www.rheinhessen.de/geschichte-kurz-und-knapp">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheinhessen.de&rft.atitle=Geschichte.+Kurz+und+knapp+%E2%80%93+Geschichte+%E2%80%93+Identit%C3%A4t+%E2%80%93+Region+%E2%80%93+Rheinhessen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rheinhessen.de%2Fgeschichte-kurz-und-knapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gudmund_Sch%C3%BCtte" title="Gudmund Schütte">Gudmund Schütte</a>, <i>Our forefathers : The Gothonic nations : A manual of the ethnography of the Gothic, German, Dutch, Anglo-Saxon, Frisian and Scandinavian peoples</i>, vol. 2 (1933), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">p. 191</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406000712/https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA191">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Presche, <i>Kassel im Mittelalter: Zur Stadtentwicklung bis 1367</i> vol. 1 (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZfbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">p. 41</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413014858/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZfbAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Archived</a> 13 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Hessians, called, in the early history of Germany, Catti, lived in the present Hessia". <i>The Popular Encyclopedia: Or, Conversations Lexicon</i> vol. 3 (1862), p. 720. Occasional English use of <i>Hessia</i> is found until the present day, e.g. P. J. J. Welfens, <i>Stabilizing and Integrating the Balkans</i>, Springer Science & Business Media (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHByuEAKQkC&pg=PA119">p. 119.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406115440/https://books.google.com/books?id=mRHByuEAKQkC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Hessia%2CHesse&year_start=1700&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3">"Chart of usage frequency: Hessia, Hesse"</a>. <i>Google Books Ngram Viewer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books+Ngram+Viewer&rft.atitle=Chart+of+usage+frequency%3A+Hessia%2C+Hesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DHessia%252CHesse%26year_start%3D1700%26year_end%3D2019%26corpus%3D26%26smoothing%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFilpert1857" class="citation book cs1">ilpert, Joseph Leonhard (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B944AQAAMAAJ&q=Hessia+dictionary&pg=PA548"><i>A Dictionary of the English and German and the German and English Language</i></a>. B. Hermann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901193530/https://books.google.com/books?id=B944AQAAMAAJ&q=Hessia+dictionary&pg=PA548#v=snippet&q=Hessia%20dictionary&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+English+and+German+and+the+German+and+English+Language&rft.pub=B.+Hermann&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=ilpert&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Leonhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB944AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DHessia%2Bdictionary%26pg%3DPA548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205092625/http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">"European Commission English Style Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. paragraphs 1.31 and 1.35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/translation/writing/style_guides/english/style_guide_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+English+Style+Guide&rft.pages=paragraphs+1.31+and+1.35&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftranslation%2Fwriting%2Fstyle_guides%2Fenglish%2Fstyle_guide_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Names and symbols of transfermium elements (IUPAC Recommendations 1997)". <i>Pure and Applied Chemistry</i>. 69.12 (1997), p. 2471. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199769122471">10.1351/pac199769122471</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hessen.de/Wissen/Geschichte-des-Landes/19-Jahrhundert">"19. Jahrhundert"</a>. <i>hessen.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hessen.de&rft.atitle=19.+Jahrhundert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhessen.de%2FWissen%2FGeschichte-des-Landes%2F19-Jahrhundert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay 125-27, 137–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay 132–137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay 143–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rau 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingrao, Charles W. (2003). <i>The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760–1785</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017144544/http://60stolzejahre.hessen.de/dynasite.cfm?dssid=77&dsmid=1898">"Hessen – 60 stolze Jahre – Zeittafel 1945/1946"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://60stolzejahre.hessen.de/dynasite.cfm?dssid=77&dsmid=1898">the original</a> on 17 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hessen+%E2%80%93+60+stolze+Jahre+%E2%80%93+Zeittafel+1945%2F1946&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F60stolzejahre.hessen.de%2Fdynasite.cfm%3Fdssid%3D77%26dsmid%3D1898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HesseGeography-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HesseGeography_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106184553/http://www.hessen.eu/irj/hessen_en_Internet?cid=42734bf7b41385446b3a113d3314add9">"Our State"</a>. State of Hesse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hessen.eu/irj/hessen_en_Internet?cid=42734bf7b41385446b3a113d3314add9">the original</a> on 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Foreign representation offices. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hessen-yaroslavl.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15154">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823090345/http://www.hessen-yaroslavl.de/dynasite.cfm?dsmid=15154">Archived</a> 23 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 30 June 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223645/https://www.hessen.de/fuer-besucher/leben-hessen/ich-kenne-ein-land">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Ich kenne ein Land" | Informationsportal Hessen"</a>. <i>www.hessen.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internationales+Musikinstitut+Darmstadt&rft.atitle=Darmst%C3%A4dter+Ferienkurse+%E2%80%93+Internationales+Musikinstitut+Darmstadt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finternationales-musikinstitut.de%2Fen%2Fferienkurse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzinstitut.de/?lang=en">"Jazzinstitut Darmstadt"</a>. <i>www.jazzinstitut.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522035841/http://www.jazzinstitut.de/?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jazzinstitut.de&rft.atitle=Jazzinstitut+Darmstadt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzinstitut.de%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818194349/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=5021811">"Frankfurt am Main: Museums"</a>. <i>www.frankfurt.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=5021811">the original</a> on 18 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCHIRN+KUNSTHALLE+FRANKFURT&rft.atitle=About+us&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.aulast=FRANKFURT&rft.aufirst=SCHIRN+KUNSTHALLE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schirn.de%2Fen%2Fm%2Fschirn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staedelmuseum.de/en/about-stadel-museum">"About the Städel Museum"</a>. <i>Städel Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513152508/https://www.staedelmuseum.de/en/about-stadel-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St%C3%A4del+Museum&rft.atitle=About+the+St%C3%A4del+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.staedelmuseum.de%2Fen%2Fabout-stadel-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513152716/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=5021810&_ffmpar%5B_id_inhalt%5D=177769">"Frankfurt am Main: English Theatre"</a>. <i>www.frankfurt.de</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frankfurt.de&rft.atitle=Frankfurt+am+Main%3A+English+Theatre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankfurt.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D5021810%26_ffmpar%255B_id_inhalt%255D%3D177769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513152607/http://museum-kassel.de/en/museums-parks-palaces/unesco-world-heritage-site-of-bergpark-wilhelmshoehe">"UNESCO world heritage site of bergpark wilhelmshöhe | Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel"</a>. <i>museum-kassel.de</i> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kassel.de&rft.atitle=Stadtportal+%E2%80%93+Fridericianum&rft.aulast=Kassel&rft.aufirst=Stadt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kassel.de%2Fkultur%2Fsehenswuerdigkeiten%2FInnenstadt%2F11674%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.documenta.de/">"documenta"</a>. <i>www.documenta.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180509194026/http://www3.documenta.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.documenta.de&rft.atitle=documenta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.documenta.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Hesse Website – Art and Culture <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wissenschaft.hessen.de//ueber-uns/welcome-our-website/art-and-culture">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704164722/https://wissenschaft.hessen.de/ueber-uns/welcome-our-website/art-and-culture">Archived</a> 4 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 21 July 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2023" class="citation journal cs1">Becker, Thomas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue62/11/index.html">"Experiences Between Nature Conservation and Archaeology in the Old Water System of Southern Hesse"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i> (62). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.62.11">10.11141/ia.62.11</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224155747/https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue62/11/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hessen+Tourismus&rft.atitle=Bergpark+Wilhelmsh%C3%B6he&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languages.hessen-tourismus.de%2Fculture-indulgence-in-hessen%2Funesco-world-heritage-sites%2Fwilhelmshoehe-palace-and-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223821/http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/germany-s-ancient-beech-forests">"Germany's Ancient Beech Forests | Hessen Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/germany-s-ancient-beech-forests">the original</a> on 13 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Ancient+Beech+Forests+%7C+Hessen+Tourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languages.hessen-tourismus.de%2Fculture-indulgence-in-hessen%2Funesco-world-heritage-sites%2Fgermany-s-ancient-beech-forests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223824/http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/lorsch-benedictine-abbey-and-altenmuenster">"Lorsch – Benedictine Abbey and Altenmünster | Hessen Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/lorsch-benedictine-abbey-and-altenmuenster">the original</a> on 13 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Lorsch+%E2%80%93+Benedictine+Abbey+and+Altenm%C3%BCnster+%7C+Hessen+Tourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languages.hessen-tourismus.de%2Fculture-indulgence-in-hessen%2Funesco-world-heritage-sites%2Florsch-benedictine-abbey-and-altenmuenster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141355/http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/messel-pit-fossil-site">"Messel Pit Fossil Site | Hessen Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/messel-pit-fossil-site">the original</a> on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Messel+Pit+Fossil+Site+%7C+Hessen+Tourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languages.hessen-tourismus.de%2Fculture-indulgence-in-hessen%2Funesco-world-heritage-sites%2Fmessel-pit-fossil-site&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grube-messel.de/">"Home"</a>. <i>www.grube-messel.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511225845/https://grube-messel.de/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.grube-messel.de&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grube-messel.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hlmd.de/en/museum/natural-history/history-of-the-earth/messel-pit.html">"Messel Pit – Hessisches Landesmuseum"</a>. <i>www.hlmd.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180514064620/http://www.hlmd.de/en/museum/natural-history/history-of-the-earth/messel-pit.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hlmd.de&rft.atitle=Messel+Pit+%E2%80%93+Hessisches+Landesmuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hlmd.de%2Fen%2Fmuseum%2Fnatural-history%2Fhistory-of-the-earth%2Fmessel-pit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924225030/http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=14925">"SENCKENBERG world of biodiversity | Museums | Museum Frankfurt | The Museum | Exhibitions | World natural heritage "."</a> <i>www.senckenberg.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=14925">the original</a> on 24 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senckenberg.de&rft.atitle=SENCKENBERG+world+of+biodiversity+%7C+Museums+%7C+Museum+Frankfurt+%7C+The+Museum+%7C+Exhibitions+%7C+World+natural+heritage+%22..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senckenberg.de%2Froot%2Findex.php%3Fpage_id%3D14925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513223827/http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/roman-limes">"Roman Limes | Hessen Tourismus"</a>. <i>www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de/culture-indulgence-in-hessen/unesco-world-heritage-sites/roman-limes">the original</a> on 13 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languages.hessen-tourismus.de&rft.atitle=Roman+Limes+%7C+Hessen+Tourismus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languages.hessen-tourismus.de%2Fculture-indulgence-in-hessen%2Funesco-world-heritage-sites%2Froman-limes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deutsche_UNESCO-Kommission_2021-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deutsche_UNESCO-Kommission_2021_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.de/kultur-und-natur/welterbe/mathildenhoehe-darmstadt-von-unesco-ausgezeichnet">"Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt von UNESCO ausgezeichnet"</a>. <i>Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission</i> (in German). 24 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726094732/https://www.unesco.de/kultur-und-natur/welterbe/mathildenhoehe-darmstadt-von-unesco-ausgezeichnet">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+UNESCO-Kommission&rft.atitle=Mathildenh%C3%B6he+Darmstadt+von+UNESCO+ausgezeichnet&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.de%2Fkultur-und-natur%2Fwelterbe%2Fmathildenhoehe-darmstadt-von-unesco-ausgezeichnet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914010546/http://www.statistik-hessen.de/themenauswahl/gesamtwirtschaft-konjunktur/landesdaten/bip-wirtschaftsbereichen/grundzahlen-bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung/index.html">"Bruttoinlandsprodukt"</a>. <i>Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnungen</i> (in German). Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik-hessen.de/themenauswahl/gesamtwirtschaft-konjunktur/landesdaten/bip-wirtschaftsbereichen/grundzahlen-bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung/index.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volkswirtschaftliche+Gesamtrechnungen&rft.atitle=Bruttoinlandsprodukt&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik-hessen.de%2Fthemenauswahl%2Fgesamtwirtschaft-konjunktur%2Flandesdaten%2Fbip-wirtschaftsbereichen%2Fgrundzahlen-bruttoinlandsprodukt-bruttowertschoepfung%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">list of countries by GDP (nominal)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203336/https://www.fraport.com/en/misc/binaer/fraport-group/investors/events-and-publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2017/_jcr_content.file/gb_2017_en_web.pdf">"Annual Report 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fraport.com/en/misc/binaer/fraport-group/investors/events-and-publications/annual-reports/annual-report-2017/_jcr_content.file/gb_2017_en_web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fraport.com%2Fen%2Fmisc%2Fbinaer%2Ffraport-group%2Finvestors%2Fevents-and-publications%2Fannual-reports%2Fannual-report-2017%2F_jcr_content.file%2Fgb_2017_en_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?countryId=DE&acro=lmi&showRegion=true&lang=en&mode=text&regionId=DE0&nuts2Code=%20&nuts3Code=null&catId=366">"EURES – Labour market information – Hessen – European Commission"</a>. <i>ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203045143/https://ec.europa.eu/eures/main.jsp?countryId=DE&acro=lmi&showRegion=true&lang=en&mode=text&regionId=DE0&nuts2Code=%20&nuts3Code=null&catId=366">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EURES+%E2%80%93+Labour+market+information+%E2%80%93+Hessen+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feures%2Fmain.jsp%3FcountryId%3DDE%26acro%3Dlmi%26showRegion%3Dtrue%26lang%3Den%26mode%3Dtext%26regionId%3DDE0%26nuts2Code%3D%2520%26nuts3Code%3Dnull%26catId%3D366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">"Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista"</a>. <i>Statista</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627171657/https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/36651/umfrage/arbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Arbeitslosenquote+nach+Bundesl%C3%A4ndern+in+Deutschland+2018+%7C+Statista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.statista.com%2Fstatistik%2Fdaten%2Fstudie%2F36651%2Fumfrage%2Farbeitslosenquote-in-deutschland-nach-bundeslaendern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Destatis)2018" class="citation web cs1">(Destatis), © Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=B1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2?operation=previous&levelindex=3&levelid=1542121134059&levelid=1542121130976&step=2">"Federal Statistical Office Germany – GENESIS-Online"</a>. <i>www-genesis.destatis.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308110120/https://www-genesis.destatis.de/genesis/online/data;sid=B1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2?operation=previous&levelindex=3&levelid=1542121134059&levelid=1542121130976&step=2">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-genesis.destatis.de&rft.atitle=Federal+Statistical+Office+Germany+%E2%80%93+GENESIS-Online&rft.date=2018-11-13&rft.aulast=%28Destatis%29&rft.aufirst=%C2%A9+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-genesis.destatis.de%2Fgenesis%2Fonline%2Fdata%3Bsid%3DB1C50643A60FE295E866C5D1DE88989D.GO_2_2%3Foperation%3Dprevious%26levelindex%3D3%26levelid%3D1542121134059%26levelid%3D1542121130976%26step%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175904/https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2817">"Bahn"</a>. <i>Frankfurt am Main</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=2817">the original</a> on 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.atitle=Bahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankfurt.de%2Fsixcms%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D2817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ingrao, Charles W. The <i>Hessian mercenary state: ideas, institutions, and reform under Frederick II, 1760–1785</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2003).</li> <li>Ingrao, Charles. "" Barbarous Strangers": Hessian State and Society during the American Revolution." <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a></i> 87.4 (1982): 954–976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1857901">online</a></li> <li>Wegert, Karl H. "Contention with Civility: The State and Social Control in the German Southwest, 1760–1850." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Historical_Journal" title="The Historical Journal">Historical Journal</a></i> 34.2 (1991): 349–369. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639502">online</a></li> <li>Wilder, Colin F. "" The rigor of the law of exchange": How People Changed Commercial Law and Commercial Law Changed People (Hesse-Cassel, 1654–1776)." <i>Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung</i> (2015): 629–659. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24899723">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay2010" class="citation book cs1">Clay, John-Henry (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5KnSgAACAAJ"><i>In the Shadow of Death: Saint Boniface and the Conversion of Hessia, 721-54</i></a>. Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53161-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-53161-8"><bdi>978-2-503-53161-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Death%3A+Saint+Boniface+and+the+Conversion+of+Hessia%2C+721-54&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-503-53161-8&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=John-Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5KnSgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRau1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rau, Reinhold (1968). <i>Briefe des Bonifatius, Willibalds Leben des Bonifatius; Nebst Einigen Zeitgenössischen Dokumenten</i>. Ausgewählte Quellen zur Deutschen Geschichte des Mittelalters (in German). Vol. IVb. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Briefe+des+Bonifatius%2C+Willibalds+Leben+des+Bonifatius%3B+Nebst+Einigen+Zeitgen%C3%B6ssischen+Dokumenten&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.series=Ausgew%C3%A4hlte+Quellen+zur+Deutschen+Geschichte+des+Mittelalters&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Rau&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hesse&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hessen" class="extiw" title="commons:Hessen"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Hessen</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbsopac.rz.uni-frankfurt.de/LNG=DU/DB=2.4/">Hessian Bibliography</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hesse#Q1199" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Hesse">Hesse</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hessen.de/">Official government portal</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07298c.htm">"Hesse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hesse&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07298c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHesse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62650">Hesse</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesse</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> (since 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> (since 1990)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:States_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="States of Germany"><img alt="States of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/70px-States_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/105px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/States_of_Germany.svg/140px-States_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City-states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (since 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> (since 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> (since 1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Baden" title="South Baden">South Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Baden" title="Württemberg-Baden">Württemberg-Baden</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Template talk:Germany districts Hesse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany districts Hesse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Hesse_Urban_and_rural_districts_in_the_state_of_Hesse_in_Germany_border&#124;30px&#124;Flag_of_Germany1177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hesse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hesse"><img alt="Flag of Hesse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> Urban and rural districts in the state of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hesse</a> in Germany <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Kassel_government_region197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kassel_(region)" title="Kassel (region)">Kassel</a> <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">government region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Urban Districts</a><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreisfreie Stadt">kreisfreie Städte</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts<br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Landkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis">Landkreise</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulda_(district)" title="Fulda (district)">Landkreis Fulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersfeld-Rotenburg" title="Hersfeld-Rotenburg">Landkreis Hersfeld-Rotenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_(district)" title="Kassel (district)">Landkreis Kassel (rural district)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis" title="Schwalm-Eder-Kreis">Schwalm-Eder-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck-Frankenberg" title="Waldeck-Frankenberg">Landkreis Waldeck-Frankenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werra-Mei%C3%9Fner-Kreis" title="Werra-Meißner-Kreis">Werra-Meißner-Kreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Darmstadt_government_region203" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt_(region)" title="Darmstadt (region)">Darmstadt</a> <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">government region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Urban Districts</a><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreisfreie Stadt">kreisfreie Städte</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_am_Main" title="Offenbach am Main">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts<br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Landkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis">Landkreise</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergstra%C3%9Fe_(district)" title="Bergstraße (district)">Landkreis Bergstraße </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadt-Dieburg" title="Darmstadt-Dieburg">Landkreis Darmstadt-Dieburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F-Gerau_(district)" title="Groß-Gerau (district)">Landkreis Groß-Gerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochtaunuskreis" title="Hochtaunuskreis">Hochtaunuskreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Kinzig-Kreis" title="Main-Kinzig-Kreis">Main-Kinzig-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main-Taunus-Kreis" title="Main-Taunus-Kreis">Main-Taunus-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odenwaldkreis" title="Odenwaldkreis">Odenwaldkreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offenbach_(district)" title="Offenbach (district)">Landkreis Offenbach </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis" title="Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis">Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetteraukreis" title="Wetteraukreis">Wetteraukreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Giessen_government_region199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Giessen_(region)" title="Giessen (region)">Giessen</a> <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">government region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Urban Districts</a><br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Kreisfreie_Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreisfreie Stadt">kreisfreie Städte</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">none</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts<br /><i>(<a href="/wiki/Landkreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis">Landkreise</a>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giessen_(district)" title="Giessen (district)">Landkreis Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahn-Dill-Kreis" title="Lahn-Dill-Kreis">Lahn-Dill-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limburg-Weilburg" title="Limburg-Weilburg">Landkreis Limburg-Weilburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg-Biedenkopf" title="Marburg-Biedenkopf">Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogelsbergkreis" title="Vogelsbergkreis">Vogelsbergkreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a> of German states</b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">Full list</a>) <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Template:Germany districts Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bavaria" title="Template:Germany districts Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Brandenburg" title="Template:Germany districts Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Bremen" title="Template:Germany districts Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Hesse" title="Template:Germany districts Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Lower_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Template:Districts of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Template:Germany districts North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Template:Germany districts Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saarland" title="Template:Germany districts Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Template:Germany districts Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Template:Germany districts Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_districts_Thuringia" title="Template:Germany districts Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2234" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2234" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123591171">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153145963">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1223811/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCGWRv3FgQGcqTQGy68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024729-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hesse (Germany)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83009487">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940944s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940944s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hesensko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129247&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575773">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2709">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564481805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/1b761636-6166-4dec-af7f-48c506f4e24d">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01460265?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026385457">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044796">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesse&oldid=1276108643">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hesse&oldid=1276108643</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hesse" 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