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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/User:Nbaraz" title="User:Nbaraz">User:Nbaraz</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Translational_motion.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Translational_motion.gif/220px-Translational_motion.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Translational_motion.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Random Thermal (translational) motion of particles, with collisions acting as reaction "points."</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">molecular nanotechnology</a>, <b>chemosynthesis</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a> where <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a> occur due to random thermal motion, a class which encompasses almost all of modern synthetic chemistry. The human-authored processes of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> are accordingly represented as <a href="/wiki/Biomimicry" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimicry">biomimicry</a> of the natural phenomena above, and the entire class of non-photosynthetic chains by which complex molecules are constructed is described as <b>chemo-</b>. </p><p>Chemosynthesis can be applied in many different areas of research, including in positional assembly of molecules. This is where molecules are assembled in certain positions in order to perform specific types of chemosynthesis using molecular building blocks. In this case synthesis is most efficiently performed through the use of <a href="/wiki/Building_block_(chemistry)" title="Building block (chemistry)">molecular building blocks</a> with a few amount of linkages. Unstrained molecules(see <a href="/wiki/Strain_(chemistry)" title="Strain (chemistry)">Straining</a>) are also preferred, which is when molecules undergo minimal external stress, which leads to the molecule having a low internal energy. There are two main types of synthesis: additive and subtractive. In additive synthesis the structure starts with nothing, and then gradually molecular building blocks are added until the structure that is needed is created. In subtractive synthesis they start with a large molecule and remove building blocks one by one until the structure is achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This form of engineering is then contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Mechanosynthesis" title="Mechanosynthesis">mechanosynthesis</a>, a hypothetical process where individual <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> are mechanically manipulated to control reactions to human specification. Since <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and other natural processes create extremely complex molecules to the specifications contained in <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> and stored long-term in <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> form, advocates of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">molecular engineering</a> claim that an artificial process can likewise exploit a chain of long-term storage, short-term storage, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a>-like copying mechanisms similar to those in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, and ultimately produce complex molecules which need not be <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. For instance, sheet diamond or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotubes</a> could be produced by a chain of non-biological reactions that have been designed using the basic model of biology. </p><p>Use of the term <i>chemosynthesis</i> reinforces the view that this is feasible by pointing out that several alternate means of creating complex proteins, mineral shells of mollusks and crustaceans, etc., evolved naturally, not all of them dependent on photosynthesis and a <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a> from the sun via <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since more than one such pathway exists to creating complex molecules, even extremely specific ones such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> edible to <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, the likelihood of humans being able to design an entirely new one is considered (by these advocates) to be near certainty in the long run, and possible within a generation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Applications">Modern Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nbaraz/sandbox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose_Nanotechnology_(36931269271).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cellulose_Nanotechnology_%2836931269271%29.jpg/220px-Cellulose_Nanotechnology_%2836931269271%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cellulose_Nanotechnology_%2836931269271%29.jpg/330px-Cellulose_Nanotechnology_%2836931269271%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cellulose_Nanotechnology_%2836931269271%29.jpg/440px-Cellulose_Nanotechnology_%2836931269271%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Cellulose Nanoparticles that can be synthesized through Chemosynthetic methods.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several methods of nanoscale chemosynthesis have been developed, a common variant of which is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bath_deposition" title="Chemical bath deposition">chemical bath deposition</a> (CBD). This process enables large-scale synthesis of thin film layers of a variety of materials, and has been especially useful in providing such films for <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">opto-electronics</a> through the efficient creation of <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfide" title="Lead(II) sulfide">lead sulfide</a> (PbS) films. CBD synthesis of these films allows for both cost-effective and accurate assemblies, with grain type and size as well as optical properties of the <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterial</a> dictated by the properties of the surrounding bath. As such, this method of nanoscale chemosynthesis is often implemented when these properties are desired, and can be used for a wide range of nanomaterials, not just lead sulfide, due to the adjustable properties.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As explained previously, the usage of chemical bath deposition allows for the synthesis of large deposits of nanofilm layers at a low cost, which is important in the mass production of <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">cadmium sulfide</a>. The low cost associated with the synthesis of CdS through means of chemical deposition has seen CdS nanoparticles being applied to <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">semiconductor sensitized solar cells</a>, which when treated with CdS nanoparticles, see improved performance in their semiconductor materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage of chemical deposition in particular allows for the crystallite orientation of CdS to be more favourable, though the process is quite time consuming. Research by S.A. Vanalakar in 2010 resulted in the successful production of cadmium sulfide nanoparticle film with a thickness of 139 nm, though this was only after the applied film were allowed to undergo deposition for 300 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nbaraz/sandbox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[1] Ralph C Merkle 2000 Nanotechnology 11 89 https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/11/2/309/pdf </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMerkle" class="citation journal cs1">Merkle, Ralph C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/11/2/309/pdf">"Molecular building blocks and development strategies for molecular nanotechnology"</a>. <i>Nanotechnology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Molecular+building+blocks+and+development+strategies+for+molecular+nanotechnology&rft.aulast=Merkle&rft.aufirst=Ralph+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F0957-4484%2F11%2F2%2F309%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ANbaraz%2Fsandbox" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">line feed character in <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> at position 42 (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invisible_char" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJannaschMottl1985" class="citation journal cs1">Jannasch, H. W.; Mottl, M. J. (1985-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.229.4715.717">"Geomicrobiology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>229</b> (4715): 717–725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.229.4715.717">10.1126/science.229.4715.717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Geomicrobiology+of+Deep-Sea+Hydrothermal+Vents&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=4715&rft.pages=717-725&rft.date=1985-08-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.229.4715.717&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.aulast=Jannasch&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Mottl%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1126%2Fscience.229.4715.717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUser%3ANbaraz%2Fsandbox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433211016382?via%3Dihub">"ScienceDirect"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apsusc.2011.10.069">10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.10.069</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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