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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_abortifacients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_abortifacients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Natural abortifacients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_abortifacients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_towards_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_towards_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Attitudes towards abortion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_towards_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 In Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Modern era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criminalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Criminalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_century_abortion_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_century_abortion_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 19th and 20th century abortion methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_century_abortion_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising_for_abortifacients_and_abortion_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising_for_abortifacients_and_abortion_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Advertising for abortifacients and abortion services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising_for_abortifacients_and_abortion_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turning_point_in_abortion_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turning_point_in_abortion_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Turning point in abortion legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turning_point_in_abortion_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_law_reform_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_law_reform_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Abortion law reform campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion_law_reform_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalization_of_abortion_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalization_of_abortion_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Liberalization of abortion law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalization_of_abortion_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Great Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_contemporary_abortion_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_contemporary_abortion_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Development of contemporary abortion methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_contemporary_abortion_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortion_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Abortion around the world </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abortion_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Abortion around the world subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Abortion_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="গর্ভপাতের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গর্ভপাতের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاریخچه سقط جنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخچه سقط جنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27avortement" title="Histoire de l'avortement – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'avortement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հղիության արհեստական ընդհատման պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հղիության արհեստական ընդհատման պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27interruzione_di_gravidanza" title="Storia dell'interruzione di gravidanza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'interruzione di gravidanza" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24,1842NewYorkSun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24%2C1842NewYorkSun.jpg/230px-Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24%2C1842NewYorkSun.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24%2C1842NewYorkSun.jpg/345px-Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24%2C1842NewYorkSun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24%2C1842NewYorkSun.jpg/460px-Mrs.Bird%26MadameCostello-February24%2C1842NewYorkSun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Indirect <a href="/wiki/Advertisements" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisements">advertisements</a> for abortion services, like these in <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)" title="The Sun (New York City)">The Sun</a> in 1842, were common during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. At the time, abortion was illegal in New York.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> The practice of induced <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>—the deliberate termination of a <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>—has been known since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>. Various methods have been used to perform or attempt abortion, including the administration of <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a> herbs, the use of sharpened implements, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. The term abortion, or more precisely spontaneous abortion, is sometimes used to refer to a naturally occurring condition that ends a pregnancy, that is, to what is popularly called a miscarriage. But in what follows the term abortion will always refer to an induced abortion. <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion laws</a> and their enforcement have fluctuated through various eras. In much of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> during the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">abortion-rights movements</a> were successful in having abortion bans repealed. While abortion remains legal in most of the West, this legality is regularly challenged by anti-abortion groups. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> is recognized as the first modern country to legalize induced elective abortion care.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In the twentieth century <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> used induced abortion as part of a "one-child policy" birth control campaign in an effort to slow population growth. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premodern_era">Premodern era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Premodern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG/240px-AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG/360px-AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG/480px-AngkorWatAbortionAD1150.JPG 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">Bas relief</a> at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1150, depicting a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> performing an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the underworld</figcaption></figure> The Vedic and smrti laws of India reflected a concern with preserving the male seed of the three upper castes; and the religious courts imposed various penances for the woman or excommunication for a priest who provided an abortion.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Part of the epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> describes abortion performed by barber surgeons.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The only evidence of the death penalty being mandated for abortion in the ancient laws is found in <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Law">Assyrian Law</a>, in the Code of Assura, c. 1075 BCE;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and this is imposed only on a woman who procures an abortion against her husband's wishes. The first recorded evidence of induced abortion is from the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus in 1550 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> Many of the methods employed in early cultures were non-surgical. Physical activities such as <a href="/wiki/Manual_labour" title="Manual labour">strenuous labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">paddling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weight_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight training">weightlifting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diving</a> were a common technique. Others included the use of irritant leaves, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>, pouring hot water onto the abdomen, and lying on a heated <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut shell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-devereux-7">[7]</a> In virtually all cultures, abortion techniques developed through observation, adaptation of obstetrical methods, and <a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">transculturation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Physical means of inducing abortion, including <a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">exercise</a>, and tightening the <a href="/wiki/Girdle" title="Girdle">girdle</a> were still often used as late as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a> among English women.<a href="#cite_note-mcfarlane-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> discoveries indicate early <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical</a> attempts at the extraction of a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>; however, such methods are not believed to have been common, given the infrequency with which they are mentioned in ancient medical texts.<a href="#cite_note-doerfler1997-10">[10]</a> An 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text instructs women wishing to induce an abortion to sit over a pot of steam or stewed <a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">onions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yale-11">[11]</a> The technique of <a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">massage</a> abortion, involving the application of pressure to the pregnant <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, has been practiced in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> for centuries. One of the <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas reliefs</a> decorating the temple of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1150, depicts a <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> performing such an abortion upon a woman who has been sent to the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> Japanese documents show records of induced abortion from as early as the 12th century. It became much more prevalent during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, especially among the peasant class, who were hit hardest by the recurrent <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a> and high taxation of the age.<a href="#cite_note-japan1-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boddhisattva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisattva">Boddhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Ksitigarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksitigarbha">Jizo</a>, erected in memory of an abortion, <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, or young childhood death, began appearing at least as early as 1710 at a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">religion and abortion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-japan2-13">[13]</a> The native <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> people of New Zealand <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">colonisation</a> terminated pregnancies via miscarriage-inducing drugs, ceremonial methods, and girding of the abdomen with a restrictive <a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">belt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maori1-14">[14]</a> Another source claims that the Māori people did not practice abortion, for fear of <a href="/wiki/Makutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Makutu">Makutu</a>, but did attempt abortion through the <a href="/wiki/Induction_(birth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Induction (birth)">artificial induction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Premature_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature labor">premature labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-maori2-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greco-Roman_world">Greco-Roman world</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Greco-Roman world">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silphium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Silphium.jpg/160px-Silphium.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Silphium.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a> with an image of <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a>, a contraceptive plant, but could also have been an <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a></figcaption></figure> Much of what is known about the <a href="/wiki/Surgery_in_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgery in Ancient Rome">methods and practice</a> of abortion in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> history comes from early classical texts. Abortion, as a gynecological procedure, was primarily the province of women who were either midwives or well-informed laypeople. In his Theaetetus, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> mentions a midwife's ability to induce abortion in the early stages of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-past-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is thought unlikely that abortion was punished in Ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-christianperspectives-18">[18]</a> A fragment attributed to the poet Lysias "suggests that abortion was a crime in Athens against the husband, if his wife was pregnant when he died, since his unborn child could have claimed the estate."<a href="#cite_note-OCD-19">[19]</a> The ancient Greeks relied upon the herb <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a> as an abortifacient and contraceptive. The plant, as the chief export of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, was driven to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>; it is suggested that it might have possessed the same abortive properties, as some of its closest extant relatives in the family <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a>. Silphium was so central to the Cyrenian economy that most of its <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coins</a> were embossed with an image of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-PlinyXXII-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79 CE) cited the refined oil of <a href="/wiki/Common_rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Common rue">common rue</a> as a potent abortifacient. <a href="/wiki/Serenus_Sammonicus" title="Serenus Sammonicus">Serenus Sammonicus</a> wrote of a concoction which consisted of rue, <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">egg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>. Soranus, Dioscorides, <a href="/wiki/Oribasius" title="Oribasius">Oribasius</a> also detailed this application of the plant. Modern scientific studies have confirmed that rue indeed contains three abortive compounds.<a href="#cite_note-rue-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristolochia" title="Aristolochia">Birthwort</a>, a herb used to ease <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, was also used to induce abortion. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> included it in a potion formula in de Antidotis, while Dioscorides said it could be administered by mouth, or in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginal</a> pessary also containing <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The Greek playwright <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> noted the abortifacient property of pennyroyal in 421 BCE, through a humorous reference in his <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_(play)" title="Peace (play)">Peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pennyroyal-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (c. 460 – c. 370 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> physician, would advise a <a href="/wiki/Prostitute" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitute">prostitute</a> who became pregnant to jump up and down, touching her buttocks with her heels at each leap, so as to induce miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-lefkowitz1992-24">[24]</a> Other writings attributed to him describe instruments fashioned to dilate the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curette" title="Curette">curette</a> inside of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hippocrates-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soranus_(Greek_physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soranus (Greek physician)">Soranus</a>, a 2nd-century Greek physician, prescribed <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmenagogue" title="Emmenagogue">emmenagogues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enemas" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemas">enemas</a>, fasting, and bloodletting as safe abortion methods, although he advised against the use of sharp instruments to induce miscarriage, due to the risk of organ <a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">perforation</a>. He also advised women wishing to abort their pregnancies to engage in energetic walking, carrying heavy objects, riding animals, and jumping so that the woman's heels were to touch her buttocks with each jump, which he described as the "Lacedaemonian Leap".<a href="#cite_note-lefkowitz1992-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He also offered a number of recipes for herbal baths, rubs, and <a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">pessaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lefkowitz1992-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="Materia Medica">De Materia Medica Libri Quinque</a>, the Greek <a href="/wiki/Pharmacologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacologist">pharmacologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> listed the ingredients of a draught called "abortion wine"– <a href="/wiki/Hellebore" title="Hellebore">hellebore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">squirting cucumber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scammony" class="mw-redirect" title="Scammony">scammony</a>– but failed to provide the precise manner in which it was to be prepared.<a href="#cite_note-riddle1992-27">[27]</a> Hellebore, in particular, is known to be <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hellebore-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, a 2nd- and 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a>, described surgical implements which were used in a procedure similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">dilation and evacuation</a>. One tool had a "nicely adjusted flexible frame" used for dilation, an "annular blade" used to curette, and a "blunted or covered hook" used for extraction. The other was a "copper needle or spike". He attributed ownership of such items to Hippocrates, <a href="/wiki/Asclepiades_of_Bithynia" title="Asclepiades of Bithynia">Asclepiades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasistratus" title="Erasistratus">Erasistratus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herophilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herophilus">Herophilus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soranus_(Greek_Physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soranus (Greek Physician)">Soranus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tertullian-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Cornelius_Celsus" title="Aulus Cornelius Celsus">Aulus Cornelius Celsus</a>, a 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedist" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedist">encyclopedist</a>, offered an extremely detailed account of a procedure to extract an already-dead fetus in his only surviving work, De Medicina.<a href="#cite_note-celsus-30">[30]</a> In Book 9 of <a href="/wiki/Refutation_of_all_Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Refutation of all Heresies">Refutation of all Heresies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>, another Christian theologian of the 3rd century, wrote of women tightly binding themselves around the middle so as to "expel what was being conceived".<a href="#cite_note-hippolytus-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_abortifacients">Natural abortifacients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural abortifacients">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medievalpreg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Medievalpreg.jpg/210px-Medievalpreg.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Medievalpreg.jpg/315px-Medievalpreg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Medievalpreg.jpg/420px-Medievalpreg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Art from a 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> features a <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalist</a> preparing a concoction containing <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a> for a woman.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Botanical preparations</a> reputed to be abortifacient were common in <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>. Such folk remedies, however, varied in <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">effectiveness</a> and were not without the risk of <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">adverse effects</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> used at times to terminate pregnancy are <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a>. A list of plants which cause abortion was provided in <a href="/wiki/Macer_Floridus" title="Macer Floridus">De viribus herbarum</a>, an 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbal</a> written in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Poem">poem</a>, the authorship of which is incorrectly attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Macer" title="Aemilius Macer">Aemilius Macer</a>. Among them were rue, <a href="/wiki/Nepeta" title="Nepeta">Italian catnip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savory_(herb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savory (herb)">savory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_sage" class="mw-redirect" title="Common sage">sage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soapwort" class="mw-redirect" title="Soapwort">soapwort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyperus" title="Cyperus">cyperus</a>, white and black hellebore, and <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-riddle1992-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">Physicians in the Islamic world</a> during the medieval period documented the use of <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacients</a>, commenting on their effectiveness and prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-shaikh2003-32">[32]</a> Colonial Americans were advised to use careful measurements in a recipe by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> for an abortifacient. He used the recipe as an example in a book he published to teach mathematics and many useful skills, and calls the recipe a solution to "the misfortune" of an unwanted pregnancy for "unmarry'd women".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Franklin was following a tradition that had existed in England and Europe. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_American_Dispensatory" title="King's American Dispensatory">King's American Dispensatory</a> of 1898 recommended a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer's yeast">brewer's yeast</a> and pennyroyal tea as "a safe and certain abortive".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Pennyroyal has been known to cause complications when used as an abortifacient. In 1978 a pregnant woman from Colorado died after consuming 2 <a href="/wiki/Tablespoon" title="Tablespoon">tablespoonfuls</a> of pennyroyal <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> which is known to be <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toxic-37">[37]</a> In 1994 a pregnant woman, unaware of an <a href="/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy" title="Ectopic pregnancy">ectopic pregnancy</a> that needed immediate medical care, drank a tea containing pennyroyal <a href="/wiki/Concentrate" title="Concentrate">extract</a> to induce abortion without medical help. She later died as a result of the untreated ectopic pregnancy, mistaking the <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a> for the abortifacient working.<a href="#cite_note-pennyroyal-23">[23]</a> For thousands of years, <a href="/wiki/Tansy" title="Tansy">tansy</a> has been taken in early pregnancy to restore menstruation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> It was first documented as an <a href="/wiki/Emmenagogue" title="Emmenagogue">emmenagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">St. Hildegard of Bingen's</a> De simplicis medicinae.<a href="#cite_note-riddle1992-27">[27]</a> A variety of <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Juniperus_sabina" title="Juniperus sabina">savin</a>, was mentioned frequently in European writings.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> In one case in England, a <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a> from <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> was said to have procured it for a woman he had impregnated in 1574; in another, a man advised his pregnant girlfriend to use <a href="/wiki/Hellebore" title="Hellebore">black hellebore</a> and savin be boiled together and drunk in <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, or else chopped <a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">madder</a> boiled in <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>. Other substances reputed to have been used by the English include <a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watercress" title="Watercress">watercress</a> seed, <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron sulphate</a>, and iron chloride. Another mixture, not abortifacient, but rather intended to relieve <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage#Missed_abortion_(O02.1)" title="Miscarriage">missed abortion</a>, contained <a href="/wiki/Dictamnus" title="Dictamnus">dittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyssop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyssop">hyssop</a>, and hot water.<a href="#cite_note-mcfarlane-9">[9]</a> The root of <a href="/wiki/Dryopteris_filix-mas" title="Dryopteris filix-mas">worm fern</a>, called "prostitute root" in French, was used in France and Germany; it was also recommended by a Greek physician in the 1st century. In <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> folk medicine, there was also an abortifacient <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">marjoram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>. Other preparations of unspecified origin included crushed <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, the saliva of <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, and the tail hairs of <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_deer" title="Black-tailed deer">black-tailed deer</a> dissolved in the fat of <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yale-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_towards_abortion">Attitudes towards abortion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attitudes towards abortion">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a> believed the fetus to be plantlike in nature, and not an animal until the moment of birth, when it finally breathed air. They therefore found abortion morally acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-OCD-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-DGRA-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote that, "[T]he line between lawful and unlawful abortion will be marked by the fact of having sensation and being alive."<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Before that point was reached, Aristotle did not regard abortion as the killing of something human.<a href="#cite_note-bioethics-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-religioustolerance-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Aristotle considered the embryo to <a href="/wiki/Ensoulment" title="Ensoulment">gain a human soul</a> at 40 days if male and 90 days if female; before that, it had vegetable and animal souls. The <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">Oath</a>, ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, forbade the use of <a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">pessaries</a> to induce abortion. Modern scholarship suggests that pessaries were banned because they were reported to cause vaginal ulcers.<a href="#cite_note-riddle1991-44">[44]</a> This specific prohibition has been interpreted by some medical scholars as prohibiting abortion in a broader sense than by pessary.<a href="#cite_note-riddle1992-27">[27]</a> One such interpretation was by <a href="/wiki/Scribonius_Largus" title="Scribonius Largus">Scribonius Largus</a>, a Roman medical writer: "Hippocrates, who founded our profession, laid the foundation for our discipline by an oath in which it was proscribed not to give a pregnant woman a kind of medicine that expels the embryo or fetus."<a href="#cite_note-scribonius-45">[45]</a> Other medical scholars disagree, believing that Hippocrates sought to discourage physicians from trying dangerous methods to abort a fetus.<a href="#cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_page_2-46">[46]</a> This may be born out by the fact that the oath originally also prohibited <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> (at the time, it was far more dangerous, and <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a> were a separate profession from <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a>).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Soranus acknowledges two parties among physicians: those who would not perform abortions, citing the Hippocratic Oath, and the other party, his own. Soranus recommended abortion in cases involving health complications as well as emotional immaturity, and provided detailed suggestions in his work Gynecology.<a href="#cite_note-Largus-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soranus-49">[49]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, abortion was punished only when it violated the <a href="/wiki/Patria_potestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria potestas">father's right</a> to make decisions about rearing his offspring.<a href="#cite_note-christianperspectives-18">[18]</a>: 3  The <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a> did not view the fetus as a person, and the Romans did not punish abortion as homicide.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in ancient Rome">divorce</a>, a pregnant woman could choose to have an abortion based on the view that "the embryo formed part of the mother's own organs."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Although abortion was commonly accepted in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, around 211 AD the emperors <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> banned abortion as infringing on parental rights; temporary exile was the punishment.<a href="#cite_note-OCD-19">[19]</a> The 3rd-century legal compilation Pauli sententiae (attributed to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a>) wrote: "Those who give an abortifacient or a love potion, and do not do this deceitfully, nevertheless, [because] this sets a bad example, the humiliores will be banned to a mine, and the honestiores will be banned to an island after having forfeited (part of) their property, and if on account of that a woman or man perishes, then they [Pharr: the giver] will receive the death penalty."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Paulus distinguishes between punishments for the upper and lower classes (<a href="/wiki/Honestiores_and_humiliores" title="Honestiores and humiliores">honestiores and humiliores</a>) but seems to refer more to the killing of the woman who takes the abortifacient rather than to the killing of the fetus itself. The Roman jurist <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a> wrote in the Digest: "An unborn child is considered being born, as far as it concerns his profits," meaning that in <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Inheritance law in ancient Rome">Roman inheritance law</a> a <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous child">posthumous child</a> was entitled to the same share of its predeceased father's estate as children born before his death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Abortion continued to be practiced "with little or no sense of shame".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion and Christianity">Christianity and Abortion</a></div> Exodus 21:22 describes a situation in which two men fight and injure a pregnant woman, causing her unborn child to leave her womb. The <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a> uses the Hebrew term "veyats'u yeladeha" (וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> to refer to the child coming out;<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> different English versions translate this term either as a "premature birth" or as a "miscarriage".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The Spanish translation published by the Sociedad Biblica Catolica Internacional (SOBICAIN) uses the term "aborto", clearly indicating the demise of the fetus.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> If no additional harm follows, then the perpetrator must pay a fine. Only if there is additional harm must the perpetrator be punished with equal harm (i.e. eye for an eye).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Waltke" title="Bruce Waltke">Bruce Waltke</a> have presented this verse as evidence that God does not value a fetus as a human being, and/or evidence that a fetus has no soul.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._Everett_Koop" title="C. Everett Koop">C. Everett Koop</a> disagreed with this interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Another Old Testament passage that has been used to argue for divine approval of abortion is Numbers 5:11-31, which describes the test of an unfaithful wife.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> If a man is suspicious of his wife's fidelity, he would take her to the high priest. The priest would make a substance for the woman to drink made from water and "dust from the tabernacle floor". If she had been unfaithful "her abdomen will swell and her womb will miscarry, and she will become a curse." 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Category:Catholic Church and abortion">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Abortion and the Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Official opposition</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_denial_to_Catholic_politicians_over_abortion" title="Eucharist denial to Catholic politicians over abortion">Eucharist denial or excommunication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1397_%C2%A72" title="Canon 1397 §2">Canon 1397 §2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelium_vitae" title="Evangelium vitae">Evangelium vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanae_vitae" title="Humanae vitae">Humanae vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion_politics" title="Catholic Church and abortion politics">In politics</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">theology</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctity_of_life" title="Sanctity of life">Sanctity of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensoulment#Catholic_Church" title="Ensoulment">Ensoulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_abortion" title="Indirect abortion">Indirect abortion</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_abortion" title="History of Christian thought on abortion">History</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gianna_Beretta_Molla" title="Gianna Beretta Molla">Gianna Beretta Molla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication_of_Margaret_McBride" title="Excommunication of Margaret McBride">Margaret McBride excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Brazilian_girl_abortion_case" title="2009 Brazilian girl abortion case">2009 Brazilian girl abortion case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Savita_Halappanavar" title="Death of Savita Halappanavar">Death of Savita Halappanavar</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Activism</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>March for Life <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_and_Family" title="March for Life and Family">Life and Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Paris)" title="March for Life (Paris)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Prague)" title="March for Life (Prague)">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_Life_(Washington,_D.C.)#Catholic_events" title="March for Life (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_for_Life_West_Coast" title="Walk for Life West Coast">West Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priests_for_Life" title="Priests for Life">Priests for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_activity_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus" title="Political activity of the Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Answers" title="Catholic Answers">Catholic Answers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatholicVote.org" title="CatholicVote.org">CatholicVote.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Life_League" title="American Life League">American Life League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Family_and_Human_Rights" title="Center for Family and Human Rights">Center for Family and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Dissidence</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholics_for_Choice" title="Catholics for Choice">Catholics for Choice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Catholic_Statement_on_Pluralism_and_Abortion" title="A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion">A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">See also</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Other Christian views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_the_Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion and the Catholic Church in the United States">In the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion#History_and_religion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Abortion and the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Abortion and the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion and the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The early Christian work called the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> (before 100 AD) says: "do not murder a child by abortion or kill a new-born infant."<a href="#cite_note-didache-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, a 2nd- and 3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> argued that abortion should be performed only in cases in which abnormal <a href="/wiki/Pelvimetry" title="Pelvimetry">positioning</a> of the fetus in the womb would endanger the life of the pregnant woman. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchiridion of Augustine">Enchiridion</a>, makes passing mention of surgical procedures being performed to remove fetuses which have <a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">died in utero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Enchiridion_85-68">[68]</a> Saint Augustine believed that abortion of a fetus animatus, a fetus with human limbs and shape, was murder. However, his beliefs on earlier-stage abortion were similar to Aristotle's,<a href="#cite_note-Augustine-69">[69]</a> though he could neither deny nor affirm whether such partially formed fetuses would be resurrected as full people at the time of the Second Coming.<a href="#cite_note-Enchiridion_78-70">[70]</a> <ul><li>"Now who is there that is not rather disposed to think that unformed abortions perish, like seeds that have never fructified?"<a href="#cite_note-Enchiridion_85-68">[68]</a></li> <li>"And therefore the following question may be very carefully inquired into and discussed by learned men, though I do not know whether it is in man's power to resolve it: At what time the infant begins to live in the womb: whether life exists in a latent form before it manifests itself in the motions of the living being. To deny that the young who are cut out limb by limb from the womb, lest if they were left there dead the mother should die too, have never been alive, seems too audacious."<a href="#cite_note-Enchiridion_86-71">[71]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Leges_Henrici_Primi" title="Leges Henrici Primi">Leges Henrici Primi</a>, written c. 1115, prescribes compensation for a woman or her relatives if another person causes her to miscarry, and prescribes penance (3 years if the abortion occurs before quickening, 7 years after quickening) if the pregnant woman aborts her pregnancy; the latter punishment applied only to women whose abortion resulted from a desire to conceal illicit sex.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>: 130–131  "Quickening", a term often used interchangeably with "ensoulment" or "animation", was associated with the first movement of the fetus in utero. This movement is generally felt by women sometime in the third to fifth month of pregnancy. <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">Midwives</a> who performed abortions were accused of committing <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a> (The Hammer of Witches), published in 1487 as a <a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">witch-hunting</a> manual in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-malleus-73">[73]</a> In 1591, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV" title="Pope Gregory XIV">Pope Gregory XIV</a> published new regulations in the apostolic constitution Sedes Apostolica<a href="#cite_note-sedes-74">[a]</a> (published on 31 May 1591), limiting the punishments to abortion of a "formed" fetus:<a href="#cite_note-:2-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> "When abortion was neither 'an issue of homicide or of an animate fetus,' Gregory thought it 'more useful' to return to the less-harsh penalties [for early abortion] of the holy <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular law">profane laws</a>: those who abort an inanimatus [soulless] will not be guilty of true homicide because they have not killed a human being in actuality; clerics involved in abortions will have committed mortal sin but will not incur <a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)#Irregularities" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">irregularity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> After 1591, Gregory's Sedes apostolica "remained in effect for almost three centuries, being revised only in 1869 by Pius IX".<a href="#cite_note-Connery-78">[77]</a>: 148  With his 1869 bull <a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_Sedis_moderationi" title="Apostolicae Sedis moderationi">Apostolicae Sedis moderationi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> rescinded Gregory XIV's not-yet-animated fetus exception with regard to the spiritual penalty of excommunication. <a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> From then on this penalty was incurred automatically through abortion at any stage of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-catholicsensibility.wordpress.com-80">[79]</a> Currently, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches oppose abortion from conception.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism and abortion</a></div> From a Jewish perspective from biblical times, abortion is considered from a social perspective more than from a theological perspective. The mother's life is considered as a priority.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_abortion" title="Talk:History of abortion">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (April 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminalization">Criminalization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criminalization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg/200px-JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg/300px-JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg/400px-JapaneseAbortionWoodblock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>"Admonition against abortion". Late 19th-century Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ukiyo-e" title="Ukiyo-e">Ukiyo-e</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock print.</a></figcaption></figure> 19th-century medicine saw tremendous advances in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>. Social attitudes towards abortion shifted in the context of a backlash against the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> movement. Abortion had previously been widely practiced and legal under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> in early pregnancy (until <a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a>), and it was not until the 19th century that the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> passed laws against abortion at all stages of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> There were a number of factors that contributed to this shift in opinion about abortion in the early 19th century. In the United States, where <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">physicians</a> were the leading advocates of abortion criminalization laws, some of them argued that advances in medical knowledge showed that <a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a> was neither more nor less crucial in the process of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> than any other step, and thus if one opposes abortion after quickening, one should oppose it before quickening as well.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr-86">[85]</a> Practical reasons also influenced the medical field to impose <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">anti-abortion laws</a>. For one, abortion providers tended to be untrained and not members of medical societies. In an age where the leading doctors in the nation were attempting to standardize the medical profession, these "irregulars" were considered a nuisance to public health.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr2-87">[86]</a> The "irregulars" were also disliked by the more formalized medical profession because they were competition, and often cheap competition. Though the physicians' campaign against abortion began in the early 1800s, little change was made in the United States until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr3-88">[87]</a> The English law on abortion was first codified in legislation under sections 1 and 2 of <a href="/wiki/Malicious_Shooting_or_Stabbing_Act_1803" title="Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803">Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">Bill</a> was proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough</a> to clarify the law relating to abortion and was the first law to explicitly outlaw it. The Act provided that it was an offence for any person to perform or cause an abortion. The punishment for performing or attempting to perform a post <a href="/wiki/Quickening" title="Quickening">quickening</a> abortion was the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> (section 1) and otherwise was transportation for fourteen years (section 2). In the 19th-century United States, there was little regulation of abortion, in the tradition of English common law, pre quickening abortions were considered at most a misdemeanor. These cases proved difficult to prosecute as the testimony of the mother was usually the only means to determine when quickening had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Doan-89">[88]</a> The law was amended in <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1828" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1828">1828</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1837">1837</a> – the latter removed the distinction between women who were quick with child (late pregnancy) and those who were not. It also eliminated the death penalty as a possible punishment. The latter half of the 19th century saw abortion become increasingly punished. One writer justified this by claiming that the number of abortions among married women had increased markedly since 1840.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1861">Offences against the Person Act 1861</a> created a new preparatory offence of procuring poison or instruments with intent to procure abortion. During the 1860s however abortion services were available in New York, New Orleans, Cincinnati, Louisville, Cleveland, Chicago and Indianapolis; with estimates of one abortion for every 4 live births.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200747-91">[90]</a> Anti-abortion statutes began to appear in the United States from the 1820s. A <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> law in 1821 targeted <a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">apothecaries</a> who sold poisons to women for purposes of abortion, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> made post-quickening abortions a felony and pre-quickening abortions a misdemeanor in 1829.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Criminalization accelerated from the late 1860s, through the efforts of concerned legislators, doctors, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In 1873, the <a href="/wiki/Comstock_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Comstock Law">Comstock Law</a> prohibited any methods of production or publication of information pertaining to the procurement of <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">prevention of conception</a>, and the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Venereal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Venereal disease">venereal disease</a>, even to students of medicine.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> By 1909, the penalty for violating these laws became a $5000 fine and up to five years imprisonment. By 1910, nearly every state had anti-abortion laws;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200751-95">[94]</a> these were unevenly enforced at best.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan-96">[95]</a>: 80–112  Abortion restrictions are not new, but have increased and spread to places where they were not before.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Today, there has been an increase in the amount of laws that restrict abortion care in a greater amount of ways that previously seen, and there has been a trend toward abortion restrictive laws and legislature.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-98">[97]</a> Negative framing around abortion has contributed to today's trend toward anti-abortion legislature. The abortion battle in the United States can be seen as largely a battle of competing ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-98">[97]</a> Anti-abortion advocates believe life begins at conception, so legalized abortion is a threat to social, moral, and religious values.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-98">[97]</a> However, pro-abortion advocates view legalized abortion as a woman's control over her body and the access to safe reproductive care.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-98">[97]</a> In the United States today, after Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, many states have banned abortion and target providers of abortions. In these states where abortion is banned, OBGYNs have been barred from offering abortions or just do not offer the services, except in very limited and certain circumstances, and do not even provide their patients with referrals to other clinicians or online resources involving abortion.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-99">[98]</a> The reasoning for not offering the services stems from many of the institutions that employ these OBGYNs having policies against performing abortions or terminating a pregnancy, which imposes too many legal regulations involving abortion care.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-99">[98]</a> OBGYNs have stated that their practices have been impacted and that their relationships with their patients have become worse since the decision on Dobbs was made.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-99">[98]</a> In contrast, in France social perceptions of abortion started to change. In the first half of the 19th century, abortion was viewed as the last resort for pregnant but unwed women. As writers began to write about abortion in terms of family planning for married women, the practice of abortion was reconceptualized as a logical solution to <a href="/wiki/Unwanted_pregnancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted pregnancies">unwanted pregnancies</a> resulting from ineffectual contraceptives.<a href="#cite_note-mclaren-french-100">[99]</a> The formulation of abortion as a form of family planning for married women was made "thinkable" because both medical and non-medical practitioners agreed on the relative safety of the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-mclaren-french-100">[99]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_operation_(euphemism)" title="Illegal operation (euphemism)">Illegal operation (euphemism)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_century_abortion_methods">19th and 20th century abortion methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th century abortion methods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845,BostonDailyTimes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg/170px-FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg/255px-FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg/340px-FrenchPeriodicalPills-January61845%2CBostonDailyTimes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An 1845 ad for "French Periodical Pills" warns against use by women who might be "en ciente [sic]" ("enceinte" is French for "pregnant").</figcaption></figure> In New York, surgical abortion in 1800s carried a death rate of 30% regardless of hospital setting, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> launched an anti-abortion campaign that resulted in abortion becoming the exclusive domain of doctors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200747-91">[90]</a> A paper published in 1870 on the abortion services to be found in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>, concluded that the method most often practiced there during this time was to <a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">flush</a> inside of the uterus with injected water. The article's author, Ely Van de Warkle, claimed this procedure was affordable even to a <a href="/wiki/Maid" title="Maid">maid</a>, as a man in town offered it for $10 on an <a href="/wiki/Installment_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Installment plan">installment plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Other prices which 19th-century abortion providers are reported to have charged were much more steep. In Britain, it could cost from 10 to 50 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guineas</a>, or 5% of the <a href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">yearly income</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a> household.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> From 1870 there was a steady decline in fertility in England, linked by some commentators not to a rise in the use of artificial contraception but to more traditional methods such as withdrawal and <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a>. This was linked to changes in the perception of the relative costs of <a href="/wiki/Childrearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrearing">childrearing</a>. Of course, women did find themselves with unwanted pregnancies. <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacients</a> were discreetly advertised and there was a considerable body of folklore about methods of inducing miscarriages. Amongst working-class women violent <a href="/wiki/Purgative" class="mw-redirect" title="Purgative">purgatives</a> were popular, <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> were all used. Other methods to induce miscarriage were very hot baths and <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, extreme exertion, a controlled fall down a flight of stairs, or veterinary medicines. So-called 'backstreet' abortionists were fairly common, although their bloody efforts could be fatal. Estimates of the number of illegal abortions performed in England varied widely: by one estimate, 100,000 women made efforts to procure a miscarriage in 1914, usually by drugs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A rash of unexplained miscarriages in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England were attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> caused by the metal <a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">pipes</a> which fed the city's water supply. Soon, women began using <a href="/wiki/Diachylon" title="Diachylon">diachylon</a>, a substance with a high concentration of lead, as an abortifacient. In 1898, a woman confessed to having used diachylon to induce a miscarriage.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> The use of diachylon became prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands">English Midlands</a> up until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Criminal investigation of an abortionist in <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</a> in 1894 revealed through <a href="/wiki/Chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical analysis">chemical analysis</a> that the concoction he had supplied to a man seeking an abortifacient contained <a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ccha-102">[101]</a> Dr. Evelyn Fisher wrote of how women living in a <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> town in Wales during the 1920s used candles intended for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> ceremonies to dilate the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> in an effort to <a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">self-induce</a> abortion.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> Similarly, the use of candles and other objects, such as glass rods, penholders, <a href="/wiki/Hair_iron" title="Hair iron">curling irons</a>, spoons, sticks, knives, and <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a> was reported during the 19th century in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-king-103">[102]</a> Women of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish descent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower East Side, Manhattan">Lower East Side, Manhattan</a> are said to have carried the ancient Indian practice of sitting over a pot of steam into the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-yale-11">[11]</a> Some commentators maintained that abortion remained a dangerous procedure into the early 20th century, more dangerous than childbirth until about 1930.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> But others have said that in the 19th century early abortions under the hygienic conditions in which midwives usually worked were relatively safe.<a href="#cite_note-GordonMoral-105">[104]</a>: 25 <a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-Charles_C._Thomas-107">[106]</a>: 59  <a href="#cite_note-Taussig_1936-108">[107]</a>: 223 <a href="#cite_note-Lee_1838_351–353-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1896_144–150-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In addition, some authors have written that, despite improved medical procedures, the period from the 1930s until legalization also saw more zealous enforcement of anti-abortion laws, and concomitantly an increasing control of abortion providers by organized crime.<a href="#cite_note-Reagan-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising_for_abortifacients_and_abortion_services">Advertising for abortifacients and abortion services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Advertising for abortifacients and abortion services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beecham%27s_pills_advert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Beecham%27s_pills_advert.jpg/220px-Beecham%27s_pills_advert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Beecham%27s_pills_advert.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Suggestive advertisement for the use of <a href="/wiki/Beecham%27s_Pills" title="Beecham's Pills">Beecham's Pills</a> as an abortifacient. The text at the bottom notes that the pills "assist nature in her wondrous functions".</figcaption></figure> Despite bans enacted on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, access to abortion continued, as the disguised advertisement of abortion services, abortion-inducing devices, and abortifacient medicines in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> would seem to suggest.<a href="#cite_note-history2-116">[115]</a> Apparent print ads of this nature were found in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-117">[116]</a> the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-mclaren-canada-118">[117]</a> A <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> writer who replied to <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> ads peddling relief to women who were "temporarily indisposed" in 1868 found that over half of them were in fact promoting abortion.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> A few examples of surreptitiously marketed abortifacients include "Farrer's Catholic Pills", "Hardy's Woman's Friend", "Dr. Peter's French Renovating Pills", "<a href="/wiki/Lydia_Pinkham" title="Lydia Pinkham">Lydia Pinkham</a>'s Vegetable Compound",<a href="#cite_note-victorianpills-119">[118]</a> and "Madame Drunette's Lunar Pills".<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicines</a> which claimed to treat "female complaints" often contained such ingredients as <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tansy" title="Tansy">tansy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">savin</a>. Abortifacient products were sold under the promise of "restor[ing] female regularity" and "removing from the system every impurity".<a href="#cite_note-victorianpills-119">[118]</a> In the vernacular of such advertising, "irregularity", "obstruction", "menstrual suppression", and "delayed period" were understood to be <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemistic</a> references to the state of pregnancy. As such, some abortifacients were marketed as <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstrual regulatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-king-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beecham%27s_Pills" title="Beecham's Pills">Beecham's Pills</a> were marketed primarily as a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> from 1842. They were invented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beecham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Beecham (chemist)">Thomas Beecham</a> from <a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Lancashire" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens, Lancashire">St Helens, Lancashire</a>, England. The pills were a combination of <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, with some other more minor ingredients. The popularity of the pills produced a wide range of testimonials that were used in advertising. The poet <a href="/wiki/William_Topaz_McGonagall" class="mw-redirect" title="William Topaz McGonagall">William Topaz McGonagall</a> wrote a poem advertising the pills, giving his recommendation in verse.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Beecham's expenditure on advertising went from £22,000 to £95,000 in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> An 1897 advertisement in the Christian Herald edition for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Diamond Jubilee</a> said: "Worth a guinea a box. Beecham's Pills for all bilious and nervous disorders such as Sick Headache, Constipation, Weak Stomach, Impaired Digestion, Disordered Liver and Female Ailments. The sale is now 6 million boxes per annum." The text was printed alongside a picture of a young woman at a beach and was captioned "What are the wild waves saying? Try Beecham's Pills."<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg/170px-National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg/255px-National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg/340px-National_Police_Gazette_Restell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1431" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>"The Female Abortionist". <a href="/wiki/Madame_Restell" title="Madame Restell">Madame Restell</a> is portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villainess</a> in an 1847 copy of the National Police Gazette.</figcaption></figure> "Old Dr. Gordon's Pearls of Health", produced by a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical company">drug company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, "cure[d] all suppressions and irregularities" if "used monthly".<a href="#cite_note-bedroom-123">[122]</a> However, a few ads explicitly warned against the use of their product by women who were expecting, or listed <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> as its inevitable side effect. The copy for "Dr. Peter's French Renovating Pills" advised, "... pregnant females should not use them, as they invariably produce a miscarriage ...", and both "Dr. Monroe's French Periodical Pills" and "Dr. Melveau's Portuguese Female Pills" were "sure to produce a miscarriage".<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> F.E. Karn, a man from Toronto, in 1901 cautioned women who thought themselves pregnant not to use the <a href="/wiki/Pill_(pharmacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pill (pharmacy)">pills</a> he advertised as "Friar's French Female Regulator" because they would "speedily restore menstrual secretions."<a href="#cite_note-bedroom-123">[122]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ann_Hibner_Koblitz" title="Ann Hibner Koblitz">Ann Hibner Koblitz</a> comments that "Nineteenth-century customers would have understood this 'warning' exactly as the sellers intended: as an advertisement for an abortifacient preparation."<a href="#cite_note-ahk-124">[123]</a>: 44  In the mid 1930s abortifacients drugs were marketed in the United States to women by various companies under various names such as Molex Pills and Cote Pills. Since birth control devices and abortifacients were illegal to market and sell at the time, they were offered to women who were "delayed". The recommended dosage constituted seven grains of ergotin a day. These pills generally contained ingredients such as ergotin, aloes, Black Hellebore. The efficacy and safety of these pills are unknown. In 1940 the FTC<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> deemed them unsafe and ineffective and demanded that these companies cease and desist selling these products. A well-known example of a Victorian-era abortionist was <a href="/wiki/Madame_Restell" title="Madame Restell">Madame Restell</a>, or Ann Lohman, who over a forty-year period illicitly provided both surgical abortion and abortifacient pills in the northern United States. She began her business in New York during the 1830s, and, by the 1840s, had expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchises</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>. It is estimated that by 1870 her annual expenditure on advertising alone was $60,000.<a href="#cite_note-potts-6">[6]</a> Because of her reputation, Restellism became a synonym for abortion.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg/160px-1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg/240px-1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg/320px-1858AbortionAdReprint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>"Dr. Miller's Female Monthly Powders" ad copy reprinted in an 1858 article condemning such advertising</figcaption></figure> One ad for Restell's medical services, printed in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Sun">New York Sun</a>, promised that she could offer the "strictest confidence on complaints incidental to the female frame" and that her "experience and knowledge in the treatment of cases of female irregularity, [was] such as to require but a few days to effect a perfect cure".<a href="#cite_note-restell1-127">[126]</a> Another, addressed to <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married</a> women, asked the question, "Is it desirable, then, for parents to increase their families, regardless of consequences to themselves, or the well-being of their offspring, when a simple, easy, healthy, and certain remedy is within our control?"<a href="#cite_note-restell2-128">[127]</a> Advertisements for the "Female Monthly Regulating Pills" she also sold vowed to resolve "all cases of suppression, irregularity, or stoppage of the menses, however obdurate".<a href="#cite_note-restell1-127">[126]</a> Madame Restell was an object of criticism in both the respectable and <a href="/wiki/Penny_press" title="Penny press">penny presses</a>. She was first arrested in 1841, but, it was her final arrest by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Comstock" title="Anthony Comstock">Anthony Comstock</a> which led to her <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> on the day of her trial April 1, 1878.<a href="#cite_note-restell2-128">[127]</a> Such advertising aroused criticisms of <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">immorality</a>. The safety of many nostrums was suspect and the <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> of others non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-king-103">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> editorial written in 1871, denounced abortion and its promotion as the "infamous and unfortunately common crime– so common that it affords a lucrative support to a regular guild of professional murderers, so safe that its perpetrators advertise their calling in the newspapers".<a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-117">[116]</a> Although the paper in which Greeley wrote accepted such advertisements, others, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a>, refused to print them.<a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-117">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)">Elizabeth Blackwell</a>, the first woman to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> in the United States, also lamented how such ads led to the contemporary synonymity of "female physician" with "abortionist".<a href="#cite_note-libraryofcongress-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turning_point_in_abortion_legislation">Turning point in abortion legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Turning point in abortion legislation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stella_Browne.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Stella_Browne.gif/220px-Stella_Browne.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a0/Stella_Browne.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>The feminist <a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a> was a major figure in the campaign for the liberalization of abortion law.</figcaption></figure> Abortifacient advertising was highly effective in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, though apparently less so across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>. Contemporary estimates of mid-19th century abortion rates in the United States suggest between 20% and 25% of all pregnancies in the United States during that era ended in abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr4-129">[128]</a> This era also saw a marked shift in those who were obtaining abortions. Before the start of the 19th century, most abortions were sought by unmarried women who had become pregnant <a href="/wiki/Out_of_wedlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of wedlock">out of wedlock</a>. But, out of 54 abortion cases published in American medical journals between 1839 and 1880, over half were sought by married women, and of the married women well over 60 percent already had at least one child.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr5-130">[129]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">post-Civil War era</a>, much of the blame was placed on the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights movement">women's rights movement</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many feminists of the era were opposed to abortion.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schiff-132">[131]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_(newspaper)" title="The Revolution (newspaper)">The Revolution</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a>, an anonymous contributor signing "A" wrote in 1869 about the subject, arguing that instead of merely attempting to pass a law against abortion, the root cause must also be addressed. Simply passing an anti-abortion law would, the writer stated, "be only mowing off the top of the noxious weed, while the root remains. [...] No matter what the motive, love of ease, or a desire to save from suffering the unborn innocent, the woman is awfully guilty who commits the deed. It will burden her conscience in life, it will burden her soul in death; But oh! thrice guilty is he who drove her to the desperation which impelled her to the crime."<a href="#cite_note-Schiff-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-prolifequakers-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> To many feminists of this era, abortion was regarded as an undesirable necessity forced upon women by thoughtless men.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr6-136">[135]</a> Even the "free love" wing of the feminist movement refused to advocate abortion and treated the practice as an example of the hideous extremes to which modern marriage was driving women.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr8-137">[136]</a> Marital rape and the seduction of unmarried women were societal ills which feminists believed caused the need to abort, as men did not respect women's right to abstinence.<a href="#cite_note-Mohr8-137">[136]</a> Socialist feminists tended to be more sympathetic to the need for abortion options for the poor, and indeed socialist feminist doctors, such as <a href="/wiki/Marie_Equi" title="Marie Equi">Marie Equi</a>, Madeleine Pelletier, and William J. Robinson, themselves performed low-cost or free abortions for poor women.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion_law_reform_campaign">Abortion law reform campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abortion law reform campaign">edit</a>]</div> The movement to liberalize abortion laws emerged in the 1920s and '30s as part of rising feminist activism that had already resulted in victories in the area of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>. Campaigners including <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a> in the US had succeeded in bringing the issue into the open, and birth control clinics were established which offered family planning advice and contraceptive methods to women in need. In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Infant_Life_(Preservation)_Act_1929" title="Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929">Infant Life Preservation Act</a> was passed in Britain, which amended the law (<a href="/wiki/Offences_against_the_Person_Act_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences against the Person Act 1861">Offences against the Person Act 1861</a>) so that an abortion carried out in good faith, for the sole purpose of preserving the life of the mother, would not be an offence.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a> was a leading birth control campaigner, who increasingly began to venture into the more contentious issue of abortion in the 1930s. Browne's beliefs were heavily influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Sexologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexologists">sexologists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-142">[141]</a> She came to strongly believe that working women should have the choice to become pregnant and to terminate their pregnancy while they worked in the horrible circumstances surrounding a pregnant woman who was still required to do hard labour during her pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In this case she argued that doctors should give free information about birth control to women who wanted to know about it. This would give women agency over their own circumstances and allow them to decide whether they wanted to be mothers or not.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In the late 1920s Browne began a speaking tour around England, providing information about her beliefs on the need for accessibility of information about birth control for women, women's health problems, problems related to puberty and sex education and high maternal morbidity rates among other topics.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-142">[141]</a> These talks urged women to take matters of their sexuality and their health into their own hands. She became increasingly interested in her view of the woman's right to terminate their pregnancies, and in 1929 she brought forward her lecture "The Right to Abortion" in front of the <a href="/wiki/World_Sexual_Reform_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sexual Reform Congress">World Sexual Reform Congress</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-142">[141]</a> In 1931 Browne began to develop her argument for women's right to decide to have an <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-142">[141]</a> She again began touring, giving lectures on abortion and the negative consequences that followed if women were unable to terminate pregnancies of their own choosing such as: suicide, injury, permanent invalidism, madness and blood-poisoning.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-142">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleck_bourne_trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/Aleck_bourne_trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aleck_Bourne" title="Aleck Bourne">Aleck Bourne</a> was acquitted for performing an abortion on a rape victim in 1938, a landmark case in the movement for abortion rights.</figcaption></figure> Another prominent feminist to influence abortion law was <a href="/wiki/Emily_Stowe" title="Emily Stowe">Emily Stowe</a>. In the 19th century she was one of the first doctors to be tried for attempting an abortion procedure in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Other prominent feminists, including <a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Frida Laski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Chance" title="Janet Chance">Janet Chance</a> began to champion this cause – the cause broke dramatically into the mainstream in July 1932 when the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Association" title="British Medical Association">British Medical Association</a> council formed a committee to discuss making changes to the laws on abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Hall-142">[141]</a> On 17 February 1936, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Chance" title="Janet Chance">Janet Chance</a>, Alice Jenkins and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Law_Reform_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion Law Reform Association">Abortion Law Reform Association</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a> organisation for abortion liberalization. The association promoted access to <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">abortion in the United Kingdom</a> and campaigned for the elimination of legal obstacles.<a href="#cite_note-HindellSimms-146">[145]</a> In its first year ALRA recruited 35 members, and by 1939 had almost 400 members.<a href="#cite_note-HindellSimms-146">[145]</a> The ALRA was very active between 1936 and 1939 sending speakers around the country to talk about Labour and Equal Citizenship and attempted, though most often unsuccessfully, to have letters and articles published in newspapers. They became the most popular when a member of the ALRA's Medico-Legal Committee received the case of a fourteen-year-old girl who had been raped, and received a termination of this pregnancy from Dr. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a>, a progenitor of the ALRA.<a href="#cite_note-HindellSimms-146">[145]</a> This case gained a lot of publicity. However, once the war began, the case was tucked away and the cause again lost its importance to the public. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a> precipitated one of the most influential cases in British abortion law when she referred a pregnant fourteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> victim to <a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">gynaecologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleck_Bourne" title="Aleck Bourne">Aleck Bourne</a>. He performed an abortion, then illegal, and was put on trial on charges of procuring abortion. Bourne was eventually acquitted in <a href="/wiki/Rex_v_Bourne" title="Rex v Bourne">Rex v Bourne</a> as his actions were "an example of disinterested conduct in consonance with the highest traditions of the profession".<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> This court case set a precedent that doctors could not be prosecuted for performing an abortion in cases where pregnancy would probably cause "mental and physical wreck". Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Birkett,_1st_Baron_Birkett" title="Norman Birkett, 1st Baron Birkett">Birkett Committee</a>, established in 1937 by the British government "to inquire into the prevalence of abortion, and the law relating thereto", recommended a change to abortion laws two years later. The intervention of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> meant that all plans were shelved.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Another prominent figure in the reform of abortion laws was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Dr. Morgentaler</a>. Although born in Poland he made a name for himself in Canada, opening multiple illegal abortion clinics in Toronto, Ontario.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalization_of_abortion_law">Liberalization of abortion law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Liberalization of abortion law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_reproductive_rights_legislation" title="Timeline of reproductive rights legislation">Timeline of reproductive rights legislation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Abortion_Law_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Abortion Law Debate">History of Abortion Law Debate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Prior to 1969, abortion was considered a crime for which the maximum punishment was life imprisonment for the doctor performing the abortion and two years imprisonment for the woman receiving the abortion. Abortion remained illegal until 1988, when the Supreme Court of Canada overruled the criminal punishments for abortion.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Abortion remains a hotly debated topic. As of 2008 in Canada only 1–2% of abortions were pharmaceutically induced.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> After much controversy, starting in 2017 abortion pills could be used legally in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RussianAbortionPoster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/210px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/315px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RussianAbortionPoster.jpg/420px-RussianAbortionPoster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> first legalized abortion in 1920. The <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">poster</a> c. 1925 warns against <a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">unsafe abortion</a>. Title translation: "Abortions performed by either self-taught midwives or obstetricians not only maim the woman, they also often lead to death."</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> was the first government to legalize abortion and make it available on request, often for no cost.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The Soviet government hoped to provide access to abortion in a safe environment performed by a trained doctor instead of babki.<a href="#cite_note-Kon2-155">[154]</a> While this campaign was extremely effective in the urban areas (as much as 75% of abortions in Moscow were performed in hospitals by 1925), it had much less effect on rural regions where there was neither access to doctors, transportation, or both and where women relied on traditional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> In the countryside in particular, women continued to see babki, midwives, hairdressers, nurses, and others for the procedure after abortion was legalized in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> From 1936 until 1955 the Soviet Union made abortion illegal (except for medically recommended cases) again, stemming largely from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s worries about population growth. Stalin wanted to encourage population growth, as well as place a stronger emphasis on the importance of the family unit to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, on 25 December 1936, in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, free abortion was legalized during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy with a decree signed by <a href="/wiki/Josep_Tarradellas" title="Josep Tarradellas">Josep Tarradellas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Vice_Presidents_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Vice Presidents of Catalonia">First Minister of the Government of Catalonia</a>, and published on 9 January 1937 (Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya, núm.9).<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Great Britain">edit</a>]</div> In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Abortion_Law_Reform_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion Law Reform Association">Abortion Law Reform Association</a> continued its campaigning after the War, and this, combined with broad social changes brought the issue of abortion back into the political arena in the 1960s. President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Obstetricians_and_Gynaecologists" title="Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists">Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Peel_(gynaecologist)" title="John Peel (gynaecologist)">John Peel</a> chaired the committee advising the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> on what became the <a href="/wiki/1967_Abortion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Abortion Act">1967 Abortion Act</a>. On the grounds of reducing the amount of disease and death associated with illegal abortion, the Abortion Act allowed for legal abortion on a number of grounds, including to prevent grave permanent injury to the woman's physical or <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, to avoid injury to the physical or mental health of the woman or her existing child(ren) if the pregnancy was still under 28 weeks, or if the child was likely to be severely physically or mentally handicapped. The free provision of abortions was provided through the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Commons_1967-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In America an abortion reform movement emerged in the 1960s. In 1963, the <a href="/wiki/Pat_Maginnis#The_Society_for_Human_Abortion" title="Pat Maginnis">Society for Humane Abortion</a> was formed, providing women with information on how to obtain and perform abortions.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> In 1964 <a href="/wiki/Gerri_Santoro" title="Gerri Santoro">Gerri Santoro</a> of Connecticut died trying to obtain an illegal abortion and her photo became the symbol of the abortion rights movement. Some women's rights activist groups developed their own skills to provide abortions to women who could not obtain them elsewhere. As an example, in Chicago, a group known as "<a href="/wiki/Jane_Collective" title="Jane Collective">Jane</a>" operated a floating abortion clinic throughout much of the 1960s. Women seeking the procedure would call a designated number and be given instructions on how to find "Jane".<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In the late 1960s, a number of organizations were formed to mobilize opinion both against and for the legalization of abortion. The forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/NARAL_Pro-Choice_America" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL Pro-Choice America">NARAL Pro-Choice America</a> was formed in 1969 to oppose restrictions on abortion and expand access to abortion.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> In late 1973 NARAL became the National Abortion Rights Action League. The American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the California Medical Association, the California Bar Association, and numerous other groups announced support behind new laws that would protect doctors from criminal prosecution if they performed abortions under rigid hospital controls. In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> became the first state to decriminalize a doctor performing an abortion in cases of rape, incest, or in which pregnancy would lead to permanent physical disability of the woman. A bipartisan majority in the California legislature supported a new law introduced by Democratic state senator <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Beilenson" title="Anthony Beilenson">Anthony Beilenson</a>, the "Therapeutic Abortion Act". Catholic clergy were strongly opposed but Catholic lay people were divided and non-Catholics strongly supported the proposal. <a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Ronald_Reagan#Abortion_issue" title="Governorship of Ronald Reagan">Governor Ronald Reagan</a> consulted with his father-in-law, a prominent surgeon who supported the law. He also consulted with <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_McIntyre" title="James Francis McIntyre">James Cardinal McIntyre</a>, the Catholic archbishop of Los Angeles. The archbishop strongly opposed any legalization of abortion and he convinced Reagan to announce he would veto the proposed law since the draft allowed abortions in the case of birth defects. The legislature dropped that provision and Reagan signed the law, which decriminalized abortions when done to protect the health of the mother.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> The expectation was that abortions would not become more numerous but would become much safer under hospital conditions. In 1968 the first full year under the new law there were 5,018 abortions in California. The numbers grew exponentially and stabilized at about 100,000 annually by the 1970s. 99.2% of California women who applied for an abortion were granted one. One out of every three pregnancies was ended by illegal abortion. The key factor was the sudden emergence of a woman's movement that introduced a very new idea—women had a basic right to control their bodies and could choose to have an abortion or not. Reagan by 1980 found his support among anti-abortion religious groups and said he was too new as governor to make a wise decision.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In 1970, Hawaii became the first state to legalize abortions on the request of the woman,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> and New York repealed its 1830 law and allowed abortions up to the 24th week of pregnancy. Similar laws were soon passed in Alaska and Washington. A law in Washington, D.C., which allowed abortion to protect the life or health of the woman, was challenged in the Supreme Court in 1971 in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Vuitch" title="United States v. Vuitch">United States v. Vuitch</a>. The court upheld the law, deeming that "health" meant "psychological and physical well-being", essentially allowing abortion in Washington, DC. By the end of 1972, 13 states had a law similar to that of Colorado, while Mississippi allowed abortion in cases of rape or incest only and Alabama and Massachusetts allowed abortions only in cases where the woman's physical health was endangered. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSC_justice_group_photo-1973_current.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/USSC_justice_group_photo-1973_current.jpg/350px-USSC_justice_group_photo-1973_current.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/USSC_justice_group_photo-1973_current.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> membership in 1973 at the time of <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></figcaption></figure> The landmark judicial ruling of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a> ruled that a Texas statute forbidding abortion except when necessary to save the life of the mother was unconstitutional. The immediate result was that all state laws to the contrary were null. The Court arrived at its decision by concluding that the issue of abortion and abortion rights falls under the <a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">right to privacy</a>. The Court held that a right to privacy existed and included the right to have an abortion. The court found that a mother had a right to abortion until viability, a point to be determined by the abortion doctor. After viability a woman can obtain an abortion for health reasons, which the Court defined broadly to include psychological well-being. From the 1970s, and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>, abortion and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> became unifying issues among various women's rights groups in Canada, the United States, the Netherlands, Britain, Norway, France, Germany, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> On June 24, 2022, Roe v. Wade was overturned by the Supreme Court in a 6–3 decision. The ruling was part of <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a>, a decision of the Supreme Court that also overturned <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a>, another case of the Supreme Court regarding abortion.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimesRoe-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_contemporary_abortion_methods">Development of contemporary abortion methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Development of contemporary abortion methods">edit</a>]</div> Although prototypes of the modern <a href="/wiki/Curette" title="Curette">curette</a> are referred to in ancient texts, the instrument which is used today was initially designed in France in 1723, but was not applied specifically to a gynecological purpose until 1842.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a> has been practiced since the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> The 20th century saw improvements in abortion technology, increasing its safety, and reducing its <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side-effects</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">Vacuum</a> devices, first described by the Scottish obstetrician <a href="/wiki/James_Young_Simpson" title="James Young Simpson">James Young Simpson</a> in the 19th century, allowed for the development of <a href="/wiki/Suction-aspiration_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Suction-aspiration abortion">suction-aspiration abortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> The process was improved by the Russian doctor S. G. Bykov in 1927, where the method was used during its period of liberal abortion laws from 1920 to 1936. The technology was also used in China and Japan before being introduced to <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">Britain</a> and the United States in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Karman_cannula" title="Karman cannula">Karman cannula</a>, a flexible <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannula" title="Cannula">cannula</a> which replaced earlier metal models in the 1970s, reduced the occurrence of perforation and made suction-aspiration methods possible under <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Rothman" title="Lorraine Rothman">Lorraine Rothman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carol_Downer" title="Carol Downer">Carol Downer</a>, founding members of the feminist self-help movement, invented the Del-Em, a safe, cheap suction device that made it possible for people with minimal training to perform early abortions called <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">menstrual extraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> Swedish researchers began testing potential <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacients</a> in 1965. In 1968, the Swedish physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Engstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Engström (page does not exist)">Lars Engström</a> published a paper on a clinical trial, conducted at the women's clinic of <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Karolinska Hospital">Karolinska Hospital</a> in Stockholm, of the compound F6103 on pregnant Swedish women with the aim of inducing abortion. It was the first clinical trial of an abortion pill to be conducted in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> The paper, originally titled The Swedish Abortion Pill, was renamed to The Swedish Postconception Pill, due to the small number of induced abortions that occurred in the trial population. After these efforts were largely unsuccessful with F6103, the same researchers attempted to find an abortion pill with <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a>, capitalizing on the number of well-established prostaglandin scientists working in Sweden at the time; they were eventually awarded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">1982 Nobel Prize in Physiology</a> for their work.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> Abortions brought about by taking medications, known as <a href="/wiki/Medication_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Medication abortion">medication abortions</a>, became an alternative to surgical aboritons when <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_analogue" title="Prostaglandin analogue">prostaglandin analogs</a> were introduced in the 1970s. One such analog is <a href="/wiki/Carboprost" title="Carboprost">carboprost</a>, which was successfully trialed in the United States in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Mayo-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vuk-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byg-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sch-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bha-180">[179]</a> In 1981, French pharmaceutical company <a href="/wiki/Roussel-Uclaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Roussel-Uclaf">Roussel-Uclaf</a> developed the antiprogestogen <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">mifepristone</a> (also known as RU-486), which successfully induces abortions. It is typically taken in combination with <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">misoprostol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RU-486-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapp_2009-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact dilation and extraction</a> was developed by Dr. James McMahon in 1983. It resembles a procedure used in the 19th century to save a woman's life in cases of obstructed labor, in which the fetal skull was first punctured with a perforator, then crushed and extracted with a <a href="/wiki/Forceps" title="Forceps">forceps</a>-like instrument, known as a <a href="/wiki/Cranioclast" title="Cranioclast">cranioclast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Medication abortions became common when mifepristone was approved for use in China and France in 1988. Later it was approved in Great Britain in 1991, in Sweden in 1992, in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Israel, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Russia, Spain, and Switzerland in 1999, in Norway, Taiwan, Tunisia, and the United States in 2000, and in 70 additional countries from 2001 to 2023.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> During the mid-1990s in the United States the medical community showed renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Manual_vacuum_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual vacuum aspiration">manual vacuum aspiration</a> as a method of early surgical abortion. This resurgence is due to technological advances that permit early pregnancy detection (as soon as a week after conception) and a growing popular demand for safe, effective early abortion options, both surgical and medical. An innovator in the development of early surgical abortion services is Jerry Edwards, a physician, who developed a protocol in which women are offered an abortion using a handheld vacuum syringe as soon as a positive pregnancy test is received. This protocol also allows the early detection of an ectopic pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-nafhistory-173">[172]</a> As of 2022, medication abortions are more common than surgical abortions in most places around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp_2009-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guttmacher_2022-02-187">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abortion_around_the_world">Abortion around the world</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Abortion around the world">edit</a>]</div> At various times abortion has been banned or restricted in countries around the world. Multiple scholars have noticed that in many cases, this has caused women to seek dangerous, illegal abortions underground or inspired trips abroad for "reproductive tourism".<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kligman_long-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekhar-190">[189]</a> Half of the world's current deaths due to unsafe abortions occur in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> Other authors have written that illegality has not always meant that abortions were unsafe. In the U.S. during the 19th century, early abortions under the hygienic conditions in which midwives usually worked were relatively safe.<a href="#cite_note-GordonMoral-105">[104]</a>: 25 : 4 <a href="#cite_note-Charles_C._Thomas-107">[106]</a>: 59 <a href="#cite_note-Taussig_1936-108">[107]</a>: 223 <a href="#cite_note-Lee_1838_351–353-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1896_144–150-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion in China</a></div> In the early 1950s, the Chinese government made abortion illegal, with punishments for those who received or performed illegal abortions written into the law.<a href="#cite_note-Jing-Bao-192">[191]</a> These restrictions were seen as the government's way of emphasizing the importance of population growth.<a href="#cite_note-Jing-Bao-192">[191]</a> As the decade went on, the laws were relaxed with the intent of reducing the number of deaths and lifelong injuries women sustained due to illegal abortions, as well as serving as a form of population control when used in conjunction with birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Jing-Bao-192">[191]</a> In the early 1980s, the state implemented a form of family planning which used abortion as a "back-up method"; and in 2005, there has been legislation trying to curb sex-selective abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Jing-Bao-192">[191]</a> As of 2009, although China had the highest number of abortions in the world, Russia had the highest rate in the world.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">Abortion in India</a></div> India enforced the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> from 1860 to 1971, criminalizing abortion and punishing both the practitioners and the women who sought out the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekhar-190">[189]</a> As a result, women died in an attempt to obtain illegal abortions from unqualified midwives and "doctors".<a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekhar-190">[189]</a> Abortion was made legal under specific circumstances in 1971, but as scholar S. Chandrasekhar notes, lower class women still find themselves at a greater risk of injury or death as a result of a botched abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Chandrasekhar-190">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, the state reported 500,000 abortions performed in the year against 1.5 million births.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Abortion in Japan</a></div> Japan is known today worldwide for its acceptance of abortion.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norgren-196">[195]</a>Since induced abortion was legalized in 1948, The numbers of annual abortions increased to 1.17 million in 1955, making the induced abortion rate per 1000 women aged 15-49 50.2. The number dropped in 2005 to total number 289,000, making the abortion rate per 1000 women 10.2. Social factor and medical advance including contractive are giving effect to the number.<a href="#cite_note-ipss-197">[196]</a>。 The Eugenics Protection Law of 1948 made elective abortion care legal up to twenty-two weeks' gestation so long as the woman's health was endangered; in 1949, this law was extended to consider the risk the child's birth would place on a woman's economic welfare.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norgren-196">[195]</a> Originally, each case would have to be approved by a local eugenics council, but this was removed from the law in 1952, making the decision a private one between a woman and her physician and woman's partner.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norgren-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-mat-198">[197]</a> 。In 1996, the law was partly revised, and the name was changed to Maternal Health Act. The law still requires partner's agreement for abortion, in some cases leaving women who need abortion without.<a href="#cite_note-yomi-199">[198]</a>。 In 1964, the creation of the conservative right-wing nationalist political lobbying group called <a href="/wiki/Seicho-no-Ie" title="Seicho-no-Ie">Seicho-no-Ie</a> brought about a strong opposition to the abortion laws.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> This campaign reached its peak strength in the early 1980s, but ultimately failed in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Abortion in Romania</a></div> In 1957, Romania legalized abortion, but in 1966, after a decline in the national birthrate, <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a> approved Decree 770, which criminalized abortion and encouraged childbirth. As a result of this decree, women in want of abortion turned to illegal procedures that caused the deaths of over 9,000 women and left unwanted children abandoned in orphanages. Abortion remained illegal until 1989, when the decree was overturned.<a href="#cite_note-Kligman_short-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Thailand">edit</a>]</div> There was intense public debate throughout the 1980s and 1990s over legal abortion reform.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> These debates portrayed abortion as un-Buddhist and anti-religious; abortion opponents ultimately labeled it as a form of Western corruption that was inherently anti-Thai and threatened the integrity of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> Despite this, in 2006, abortions became legal in cases of <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foetal_impairment" title="Foetal impairment">foetal impairment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> Mental health also became a factor in determining the legality of an abortion procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> The strict regulations involved in qualifying for a legal abortion, however, cause approximately 300,000 women a year to seek illegal avenues according to scholar Andrea Whittaker, with the poorest undergoing the most dangerous of procedures.<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_abortion_dispute" title="Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute">Susan B. Anthony abortion dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lotrell_Timanus" class="mw-redirect" title="George Lotrell Timanus">George Lotrell Timanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleck_Bourne" title="Aleck Bourne">Aleck Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Katz" title="Henry Katz">Henry Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Stowe" title="Emily Stowe">Emily Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler" title="Henry Morgentaler">Henry Morgentaler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sedes-74"><a href="#cite_ref-sedes_74-0">^</a> The relevant part of this constitution is reproduced in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGasparri1926" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Gasparri, Pietro</a>, ed. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9737552z/f335.image.texteImage">"173. Gregorius XIV, const. Sedes Apostolica, 31 maii 1591."</a>. Codicis Iuris Canonici Fontes. Vol. I:1–364. (ref. given for the constitution: Bull. Rom., tom. 5, I, p. 275, 276). Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis. pp. 330–331. Retrieved 2020-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=173.+Gregorius+XIV%2C+const.+Sedes+Apostolica%2C+31+maii+1591.&rft.btitle=Codicis+Iuris+Canonici+Fontes&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.pub=Typis+Polyglottis+Vaticanis&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k9737552z%2Ff335.image.texteImage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodie1997" class="citation book cs1">Brodie, Janet Farrell (1997). Contraception and abortion in nineteenth-century America. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbeoi0rGvpkC">254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8433-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8433-2"><bdi>0-8014-8433-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37699745">37699745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contraception+and+abortion+in+nineteenth-century+America&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37699745&rft.isbn=0-8014-8433-2&rft.aulast=Brodie&rft.aufirst=Janet+Farrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T205AAAAIAAJ&dq=lenin+soviet+first+country+abortion&pg=PA65">Abortion</a>. CUP Archive. 27 October 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521214421" title="Special:BookSources/9780521214421"><bdi>9780521214421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1977-10-27&rft.isbn=9780521214421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT205AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dlenin%2Bsoviet%2Bfirst%2Bcountry%2Babortion%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantin-Iulian_Damian2010" class="citation journal cs1">Constantin-Iulian Damian (January–March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903233020/http://eng.bioetica.ro/atdoc/RRBv8n1_2010_Damian_EN.pdf">"Abortion from the Perspective of Eastern Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism"</a> (PDF). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.bioetica.ro/atdoc/RRBv8n1_2010_Damian_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=Abortion+from+the+Perspective+of+Eastern+Religions%3A+Hinduism+and+Buddhism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010-01%2F2010-03&rft.au=Constantin-Iulian+Damian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.bioetica.ro%2Fatdoc%2FRRBv8n1_2010_Damian_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in/sloka?field_kanda_tid=5&language=dv&field_sarga_value=28">"Sloka & Translation | Valmiki Ramayanam"</a>. www.valmiki.iitk.ac.in. 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Retrieved 2013-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Contraception&rft.btitle=Gynecology+and+Obstetrics&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Martha+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbig.berkeley.edu%2Fifplp.history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPottsMartha_Campbell2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Potts" title="Malcolm Potts">Potts, Malcolm</a>; Martha Campbell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glowm.com/?p=glowm.cml/section_view&articleid=375">"History of Contraception"</a>. 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Abortion in America: Medical, psychiatric, legal, anthropological, and religious considerations. <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/187445">187445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+typological+study+of+abortion+in+350+primitive%2C+ancient%2C+and+pre-industrial+societies&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+America%3A+Medical%2C+psychiatric%2C+legal%2C+anthropological%2C+and+religious+considerations&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F187445&rft.aulast=Devereux&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereux1976" class="citation book cs1">Devereux, George (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studyofabortioni00deve">A Study of Abortion in Primitive Societies</a>. 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Röskamp, Christian Perspectives On Abortion-Legislation In Past And Present (GRIN Verlag 2005</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-56931-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-56931-1">978-3-640-56931-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallares2003" class="citation cs2">Sallares, J. Robert (2003), "abortion", in Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony (eds.), The Oxford Classical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Oxford: OxfordUP, p. 1, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860641-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=abortion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=OxfordUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860641-3&rft.aulast=Sallares&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlinyXXII-20"><a href="#cite_ref-PlinyXXII_20-0">^</a> Pliny, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+22.49">XXII, Ch. 49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rue-21"><a href="#cite_ref-rue_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurstDeborah_J._Hurst" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, W. Jeffrey; Deborah J. Hurst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgajpd/medicina%20antiqua/sa_rue.html">"Rue (Ruta Graveolens)"</a>. Medicina Antiqua. The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. Retrieved 2008-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medicina+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Rue+%28Ruta+Graveolens%29&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=W.+Jeffrey&rft.au=Deborah+J.+Hurst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2F~ucgajpd%2Fmedicina%2520antiqua%2Fsa_rue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Riddle" title="John M. Riddle">Riddle, John M.</a> (1999). Eve's Herbs: A History of Contraception and Abortion in the West. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-27026-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-27026-6"><bdi>0-674-27026-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46766844">46766844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eve%27s+Herbs%3A+A+History+of+Contraception+and+Abortion+in+the+West&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46766844&rft.isbn=0-674-27026-6&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-pennyroyal-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pennyroyal_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pennyroyal_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1995" class="citation news cs1">Young, Gordon (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/12.14.95/pennyroyal-9550.html">"Lifestyle on Trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_Silicon_Valley" title="Metro Silicon Valley">Metro</a>. Retrieved 2008-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Lifestyle+on+Trial&rft.date=1995-12&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Fpapers%2Fmetro%2F12.14.95%2Fpennyroyal-9550.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lefkowitz1992-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lefkowitz1992_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lefkowitz1992_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lefkowitz1992_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkowitzMaureen_R._Fant1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz, Mary R.</a>; Maureen R. Fant (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/wlgr/wlgr-medicine341.shtml">"Intercourse, conception and pregnancy"</a>. Women's life in Greece & Rome: A source book in translation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4475-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4475-4"><bdi>0-8018-4475-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2008-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intercourse%2C+conception+and+pregnancy&rft.btitle=Women%27s+life+in+Greece+%26+Rome%3A+A+source+book+in+translation&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8018-4475-4&rft.aulast=Lefkowitz&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.&rft.au=Maureen+R.+Fant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoa.org%2Fdiotima%2Fanthology%2Fwlgr%2Fwlgr-medicine341.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hippocrates-25"><a href="#cite_ref-hippocrates_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotz1973" class="citation book cs1">Klotz, John William (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcms.org/graphics/assets/media/WRHC/187_A%20Historical%20Summary%20of%20Abortion.PDF">"A Historical Summary of Abortion from Antiquity through Legalization"</a> (PDF). A Christian view of abortion. <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Publishing_House" title="Concordia Publishing House">Concordia Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-570-06721-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-570-06721-9"><bdi>0-570-06721-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750046">750046</a>. Retrieved 2008-09-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Summary+of+Abortion+from+Antiquity+through+Legalization&rft.btitle=A+Christian+view+of+abortion&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750046&rft.isbn=0-570-06721-9&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcms.org%2Fgraphics%2Fassets%2Fmedia%2FWRHC%2F187_A%2520Historical%2520Summary%2520of%2520Abortion.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Soranus. Gynaecology. 1.59–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-riddle1992-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riddle1992_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riddle1992_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riddle1992_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riddle1992_27-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Riddle" title="John M. Riddle">Riddle, John M.</a> (1992). Contraception and abortion from the ancient world to the Renaissance. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-16875-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-16875-5"><bdi>0-674-16875-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24428750">24428750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contraception+and+abortion+from+the+ancient+world+to+the+Renaissance&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24428750&rft.isbn=0-674-16875-5&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-hellebore-28"><a href="#cite_ref-hellebore_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurstDeborah_J._Hurst" class="citation web cs1">Hurst, W. Jeffrey; Deborah J. Hurst. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgajpd/medicina%20antiqua/sa_hellebore.html">"Hellebore"</a>. Medicina Antiqua. The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. Retrieved 2008-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medicina+Antiqua&rft.atitle=Hellebore&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=W.+Jeffrey&rft.au=Deborah+J.+Hurst&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2F~ucgajpd%2Fmedicina%2520antiqua%2Fsa_hellebore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tertullian-29"><a href="#cite_ref-tertullian_29-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (1885) [c. 203]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.iv.xi.xxv.html">"Tertullian Refutes, Physiologically, the Notion that the Soul is Introduced After Birth"</a>. A Treatise on the Soul. in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>. 3. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-celsus-30"><a href="#cite_ref-celsus_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCelsus1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Celsus" title="Celsus">Celsus</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/7*.html">"Prooemium"</a>. In W. G. Spencer (ed.). De medicina. London: Heinemann. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186696262">186696262</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prooemium&rft.btitle=De+medicina&rft.place=London&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186696262&rft.au=Celsus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCelsus%2F7%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hippolytus-31"><a href="#cite_ref-hippolytus_31-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a> (c. 1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iii.iii.vii.viii.html">"The Personal History of Callistus; His Occupation ..."</a>. <a href="/wiki/Refutation_of_all_Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Refutation of all Heresies">Refutation of all Heresies</a>. in Alexander Roberts and <a href="/wiki/James_Donaldson_(classical_scholar)" title="James Donaldson (classical scholar)">James Donaldson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers_(book)" title="Ante-Nicene Fathers (book)">Ante-Nicene Fathers</a>. 5. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-shaikh2003-32"><a href="#cite_ref-shaikh2003_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2003" class="citation book cs1">Shaikh, Sa'diyya (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredrightscase0000magu/page/107">"Family Planning, Contraception, and Abortion in Islam: Undertaking Khilafa"</a>. In Daniel C. Maguire (ed.). Sacred Rights: The Case for Contraception and Abortion in World Religions. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredrightscase0000magu/page/107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516001-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516001-0"><bdi>0-19-516001-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50080419">50080419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Family+Planning%2C+Contraception%2C+and+Abortion+in+Islam%3A+Undertaking+Khilafa&rft.btitle=Sacred+Rights%3A+The+Case+for+Contraception+and+Abortion+in+World+Religions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50080419&rft.isbn=0-19-516001-0&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Sa%27diyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredrightscase0000magu%2Fpage%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Farrell, Molly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/05/ben-franklin-american-instructor-textbook-abortion-recipe.html">Ben Franklin Put an Abortion Recipe in His Math Textbook: To colonial Americans, termination was as normal as the ABCs and 123s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>, May 5, 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelterJohn_Uri_Lloyd1854" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Wickes_Felter" title="Harvey Wickes Felter">Felter, Harvey Wickes</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Uri_Lloyd" title="John Uri Lloyd">John Uri Lloyd</a> (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/hedeoma.html">"Hedeoma (U. S. P.)—Hedeoma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_American_Dispensatory" title="King's American Dispensatory">King's American Dispensatory</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hedeoma+%28U.+S.+P.%29%E2%80%94Hedeoma&rft.btitle=King%27s+American+Dispensatory&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Felter&rft.aufirst=Harvey+Wickes&rft.au=John+Uri+Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.henriettesherbal.com%2Feclectic%2Fkings%2Fhedeoma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718040231/http://www.annals.org/content/124/8/726.full.pdf+html">Pennyroyal poisoning</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/12.14.95/pennyroyal-9550.html">Colorado death</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-toxic-37"><a href="#cite_ref-toxic_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedLinePlus" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Medlineplus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medlineplus">MedLinePlus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-pennyroyal.html">"American pennyroyal (Hedeoma pulegioides L.), European pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.)"</a>. Retrieved 2009-05-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+pennyroyal+%28Hedeoma+pulegioides+L.%29%2C+European+pennyroyal+%28Mentha+pulegium+L.%29&rft.au=MedLinePlus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fdruginfo%2Fnatural%2Fpatient-pennyroyal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_T._Hildreth,_MD1834" class="citation journal cs1">Charles T. Hildreth, MD (November 1834). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-hugAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA213">"Fatal Poisoning by Oil of Tansy"</a>. The Medical Magazine. 3 (7). Boston: William D. Ticknor: 213. <q>From the days of Aristotle to the present time, a certain class of medical writers have recommended this plant as safe, and more or less efficacious, in cases involving a suppression of the catamenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Fatal+Poisoning+by+Oil+of+Tansy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1834-11&rft.au=Charles+T.+Hildreth%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-hugAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> (Catamenia is blood or other material discharged from the uterus during menstruation.) </li> <li id="cite_note-DGRA-39"><a href="#cite_ref-DGRA_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1870" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Long_(scholar)" title="George Long (scholar)">Long, George</a> (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213213407/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0009.html">"Abortio"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a>. Vol. 1. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/0009.html">the original</a> on 2010-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abortio&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientlibrary.com%2Fsmith-dgra%2F0009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (1944) [c. 325 BC]. "<a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a>". In H. Rackham (ed.). Aristotle in 23 Volumes. Vol. 21. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0058:book%3D7:section%3D1335b">7.1335b</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99291-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99291-1"><bdi>0-674-99291-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29752140">29752140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics&rft.btitle=Aristotle+in+23+Volumes&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=7.1335b&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29752140&rft.isbn=0-674-99291-1&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioethics-41"><a href="#cite_ref-bioethics_41-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6HZ2aOV2BSQC&dq=thomas+aquinas+abortion&pg=PA5">A companion to bioethics</a> By Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer </li> <li id="cite_note-religioustolerance-42"><a href="#cite_ref-religioustolerance_42-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_hist.htm">ReligiousTolerance.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatemoralityi0000boer/page/273">W. den Boer, Private Morality in Greece and Rome (Brill 1979</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05976-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05976-4">978-90-04-05976-4</a>), p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-riddle1991-44"><a href="#cite_ref-riddle1991_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Riddle" title="John M. Riddle">Riddle, John M.</a> (August 1991). "Oral contraceptives and early-term abortifacients during classical antiquity and the Middle Ages". Past & Present (132): 3–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F132.1.3">10.1093/past/132.1.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650819">650819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11656135">11656135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Oral+contraceptives+and+early-term+abortifacients+during+classical+antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.issue=132&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1991-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11656135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F132.1.3&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> "Contrary to popular opinion, the ancient Hippocratic Oath did not prohibit abortions; the oath prohibited 'vaginal suppositories' presumably because of the ulcerations they were said to cause." Riddle is citing Soranus, p.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-scribonius-45"><a href="#cite_ref-scribonius_45-0">^</a> Scribonius, Compositiones Praef. 5. 20–23 (Translated and cited in Riddle's history of contraception and abortion) </li> <li id="cite_note-Management_of_Abortion,_page_2-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Management_of_Abortion,_page_2_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffe2009" class="citation book cs1">Joffe, Carole (2009). M Paul; ES Lichtenberg; L Borgatta; DA Grimes; PG Stubblefield; MD Creinin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul">Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford,_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford, United Kingdom">Oxford, United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.">John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n21">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1293-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-1293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management+of+Unintended+and+Abnormal+Pregnancy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1293-5&rft.aulast=Joffe&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanagementuninte00paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/hippocratic-oath-today.html">"The Hippocratic Oath Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 27 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+Hippocratic+Oath+Today&rft.date=2001-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fbody%2Fhippocratic-oath-today.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Largus-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Largus_48-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/aconite/largus.html">"Scribonius Largus"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soranus-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Soranus_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoranus,_Owsei_Temkin1956" class="citation book cs1">Soranus, Owsei Temkin (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsKWfh31gxwC&q=soranus%20gynecology%20digital&pg=PR1">Soranus' Gynecology</a>. I.19.60: JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801843204" title="Special:BookSources/9780801843204"><bdi>9780801843204</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soranus%27+Gynecology&rft.place=I.19.60&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=9780801843204&rft.au=Soranus%2C+Owsei+Temkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsKWfh31gxwC%26q%3Dsoranus%2520gynecology%2520digital%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcRwR2skwr4C&dq=christianity+stoicism+abortion&pg=PA19">Jeffrey H. Reiman, Abortion and the Ways We Value Life (Rowman and Littlefield 1998</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9208-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9208-8">978-0-8476-9208-8</a>), p, 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mireille_Corbier" title="Mireille Corbier">Mireille Corbier</a>, "Divorce and Adoption as Familial Strategies," Marriage, Divorce, and Children in Ancient Rome (Oxford University Press, 1991, 1996 pb), edited by <a href="/wiki/Beryl_Rawson" title="Beryl Rawson">Beryl Rawson</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Pauli sententiae, PS 5.23.14 (BA PS 5.25.8). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1965" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Keith (October 1965). "Contraception in the Roman Empire". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 8 (1): 124–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500003935">10.1017/S0010417500003935</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/177539">177539</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146352490">146352490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Contraception+in+the+Roman+Empire&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1965-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146352490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F177539%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500003935&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> "We know that Romans practiced abortion with little or no sense of shame." Hopkins cites R. Hähnel's Der künstliche Abortus in Altertum, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm">"Exodus 2021, Masoretic Text (1917 Jewish Publication Society Translation) published online by Mechon Mamre on 14 November 2017"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exodus+2021%2C+Masoretic+Text+%281917+Jewish+Publication+Society+Translation%29+published+online+by+Mechon+Mamre+on+14+November+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt0221.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26424831">"Makujina, John, The Semantics of יצא in Exodus 21:22: Reassessing the Variables That Determine Meaning, Bulletin for Biblical Research Vol. 23, No. 3 (Penn State University Press, 2013), pp. 305–321"</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26424831">26424831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Makujina%2C+John%2C+The+Semantics+of+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%90+in+Exodus+21%3A22%3A+Reassessing+the+Variables+That+Determine+Meaning%2C+Bulletin+for+Biblical+Research+Vol.+23%2C+No.+3+%28Penn+State+University+Press%2C+2013%29%2C+pp.+305%E2%80%93321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26424831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26424831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/verse/en/Exodus%2021%3A22">"Exodus 21:22, Various Translations – - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exodus+21%3A22%2C+Various+Translations+%E2%80%93+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fverse%2Fen%2FExodus%252021%253A22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">La Biblia. Madrid: Sociedad Biblica Catolica Internacional (SOBICAIN). 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Biblia&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Sociedad+Biblica+Catolica+Internacional+%28SOBICAIN%29&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> The passage reads: "Si unos hombres, en el curso de una pelea, dan un golpe a una mujer embarazada provocandole un aborto, sin que muera la mujer, seran multados conforme a lo que imponga el marido ante los jueces. Pero si la mujer muere, pagaran vida por vida, ojo por ojo, [...]" (translation courtesy of translate.com: "If men, in the course of a fight, hit a pregnant woman causing an abortion, without the woman dying, they will be fined according to what the husband imposes before the judges. But if the woman dies, they will pay life for life, an eye for an eye, [...]") </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus%2021:22-24">"Exodus 21:22–24 – - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exodus+21%3A22%E2%80%9324+%E2%80%93+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DExodus%252021%3A22-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104022621/http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/30/my-take-when-evangelicals-were-pro-choice/comment-page-30/">"My Take: When evangelicals were pro-choice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://religion.blogs.cnn.com/2012/10/30/my-take-when-evangelicals-were-pro-choice/comment-page-30/">the original</a> on November 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Take%3A+When+evangelicals+were+pro-choice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freligion.blogs.cnn.com%2F2012%2F10%2F30%2Fmy-take-when-evangelicals-were-pro-choice%2Fcomment-page-30%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Bruce Waltke, "The Old Testament and Birth Control", Christianity Today 13 no. 3 (1968) 3–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331150652/http://blog.chron.com/goplifer/2014/03/when-evangelicals-were-pro-choice/">https://web.archive.org/web/20140331150652/http://blog.chron.com/goplifer/2014/03/when-evangelicals-were-pro-choice/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/abortion.html">"Abortion in Judaism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fabortion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101230215132/http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/37/37-2/JETS_37-2_169-184_Fuller.pdf">"Fuller, Russell, Exodus 21:22–23: The Miscarriage Interpretation and the Personhood of the Fetus (June 1994) Journal of Evangelical Theological Society, pp. 169–184"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/37/37-2/JETS_37-2_169-184_Fuller.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fuller%2C+Russell%2C+Exodus+21%3A22%E2%80%9323%3A+The+Miscarriage+Interpretation+and+the+Personhood+of+the+Fetus+%28June+1994%29+Journal+of+Evangelical+Theological+Society%2C+pp.+169%E2%80%93184.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsjets.org%2Ffiles%2FJETS-PDFs%2F37%2F37-2%2FJETS_37-2_169-184_Fuller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2011" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Allan C. (December 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PIV2TymFC8C&pg=PA154">Godly Seed: American Evangelicals Confront Birth Control, 1873–1973</a>. Transaction. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412846516" title="Special:BookSources/9781412846516"><bdi>9781412846516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Godly+Seed%3A+American+Evangelicals+Confront+Birth+Control%2C+1873%E2%80%931973&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=9781412846516&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Allan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4PIV2TymFC8C%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeering" class="citation web cs1">Seering, Lauryn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520134008/https://ffrf.org/component/k2/item/25602-abortion-rights,">"What Does the Bible Really Say About Abortion? – Freedom From Religion Foundation"</a>. ffrf.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ffrf.org/component/k2/item/25602-abortion-rights,">the original</a> on 2021-05-20. Retrieved 2022-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ffrf.org&rft.atitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Say+About+Abortion%3F+%E2%80%93+Freedom+From+Religion+Foundation&rft.aulast=Seering&rft.aufirst=Lauryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fffrf.org%2Fcomponent%2Fk2%2Fitem%2F25602-abortion-rights%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+5%3A11-31">"Numbers 5:11–31 – - Bible Gateway"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Numbers+5%3A11%E2%80%9331+%E2%80%93+-+Bible+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DNumbers%2B5%253A11-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-didache-67"><a href="#cite_ref-didache_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril_Charles_Richardson1953" class="citation book cs1">Cyril Charles Richardson, ed. (1953) [c. 150]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/richardson/fathers.viii.i.iii.html">"Didache"</a>. Early Christian Fathers. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832987">832987</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Didache&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Fathers&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832987&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Frichardson%2Ffathers.viii.i.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enchiridion_85-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Enchiridion_85_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Enchiridion_85_68-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> (1885) [c. 420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf103.iv.ii.lxxxvii.html">"The Case of Abortive Conceptions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchiridion of Augustine">Enchiridion</a>. in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers" title="Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</a>. 3. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Augustine-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Augustine_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, B. A. (2000-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/abo_hist.htm">"Roman Catholicism and abortion access: Pagan & Christian beliefs 400 BC −1980 AD"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Consultants_on_Religious_Tolerance" title="Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance">Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance</a>. Retrieved 2008-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholicism+and+abortion+access%3A+Pagan+%26+Christian+beliefs+400+BC+%E2%88%921980+AD&rft.pub=Ontario+Consultants+on+Religious+Tolerance&rft.date=2000-05-28&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fabo_hist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enchiridion_78-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Enchiridion_78_70-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> (1885) [c. 420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf103.iv.ii.lxxx.html">"What Sins are Trivial and What Heinous is a Matter for God's Judgment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchiridion of Augustine">Enchiridion</a>. in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers" title="Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</a>. 3. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Enchiridion_86-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Enchiridion_86_71-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> (1885) [c. 420]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf103.iv.ii.lxxxviii.html">"If They Have Ever Lived, They Must of Course Have Died, and Therefore, Shall Have a Share in the Resurrection of the Dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enchiridion_of_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchiridion of Augustine">Enchiridion</a>. in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers" title="Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers">Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</a>. 3. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivack2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spivack, Carla (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmjowl/vol14/iss1/4">"To "Bring Down the Flowers": The Cultural Context of Abortion Law in Early Modern England"</a>. William and Mary Journal of Women and the Law. 14: 107–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=William+and+Mary+Journal+of+Women+and+the+Law&rft.atitle=To+%22Bring+Down+the+Flowers%22%3A+The+Cultural+Context+of+Abortion+Law+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Spivack&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.wm.edu%2Fwmjowl%2Fvol14%2Fiss1%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-malleus-73"><a href="#cite_ref-malleus_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitorisJakob_Sprenger1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer" title="Heinrich Kramer">Institoris, Heinrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sprenger" title="Jakob Sprenger">Jakob Sprenger</a> (1971) [1487]. <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malleusmaleficar00inst/page/66">The Malleus maleficarum of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malleusmaleficar00inst/page/66">[https://books.google.com/books?id=j0S4Q5mjS7gC&printsec=frontcover&cad=0#PPA66,M1 66]</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-22802-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-22802-9"><bdi>0-486-22802-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246623">246623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malleus+maleficarum+of+Heinrich+Kramer+and+James+Sprenger&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalleusmaleficar00inst%2Fpage%2F66+%26%2391%3Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj0S4Q5mjS7gC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26cad%3D0%23PPA66%2CM1+66%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246623&rft.isbn=0-486-22802-9&rft.aulast=Institoris&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Jakob+Sprenger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalleusmaleficar00inst%2Fpage%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-75"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_75-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gV6W8z4ojSoC&dq=%22sixtus+v%22+%22gregory+XIV%22+murder&pg=PA91">Nicholas Terpstra, Lost Girls: Sex and Death in Renaissance Florence (Johns Hopkins University Press 2010</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9499-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9499-2">978-0-8018-9499-2</a>), p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobiech2016" class="citation book cs1">Sobiech, Frank (2016-06-25). "2.3 Between Medicine and theology [2.3.1.5 Simultaneous Ensoulment Versus Successive Ensoulment of the Embryo]". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwaPDAAAQBAJ&q=CONSTITUTIO+APOSTOLICA+Sedes+apostolica+gregorio+XIV&pg=PA112">Ethos, Bioethics, and Sexual Ethics in Work and Reception of the Anatomist Niels Stensen (1638–1686): Circulation of Love</a>. Springer. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32912-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32912-3"><bdi>978-3-319-32912-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.3+Between+Medicine+and+theology+%5B2.3.1.5+Simultaneous+Ensoulment+Versus+Successive+Ensoulment+of+the+Embryo%5D&rft.btitle=Ethos%2C+Bioethics%2C+and+Sexual+Ethics+in+Work+and+Reception+of+the+Anatomist+Niels+Stensen+%281638%E2%80%931686%29%3A+Circulation+of+Love&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-06-25&rft.isbn=978-3-319-32912-3&rft.aulast=Sobiech&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwaPDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DCONSTITUTIO%2BAPOSTOLICA%2BSedes%2Bapostolica%2Bgregorio%2BXIV%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopoulos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Christopoulos, John (2012). "Abortion and the Confessional in Counter-Reformation Italy". Renaissance Quarterly. 65 (2): 443–484 (p. 474). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F667257">10.1086/667257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/667257">10.1086/667257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142588594">142588594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+the+Confessional+in+Counter-Reformation+Italy&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=443-484+%28p.+474%29&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142588594%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F667257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F667257&rft.aulast=Christopoulos&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connery-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Connery_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnery1977" class="citation book cs1">Connery, John R (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvqRAAAAIAAJ&q=catholic+history+of+abortion">Abortion, the development of the Roman Catholic perspective</a>. Loyola University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780829402575" title="Special:BookSources/9780829402575"><bdi>9780829402575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion%2C+the+development+of+the+Roman+Catholic+perspective&rft.pub=Loyola+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780829402575&rft.aulast=Connery&rft.aufirst=John+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvqRAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcatholic%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Babortion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> "Excommunicationi latae sententiae Episcopis sive Ordinariis reservatae subiacere declaramus: ... 2. Procurantes abortum, effectu sequuto" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vatican.va//archive/ass/documents/ASS-05-1869-70-ocr.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206111318/https://www.vatican.va/">Archived</a> February 6, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 317) </li> <li id="cite_note-catholicsensibility.wordpress.com-80"><a href="#cite_ref-catholicsensibility.wordpress.com_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone2005" class="citation journal cs1">Johnstone, Brian V. (March 2005). "Early Abortion: Venial or Mortal Sin?". Irish Theological Quarterly. 70 (1): 60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002114000507000104">10.1177/002114000507000104</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170797954">170797954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Theological+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Early+Abortion%3A+Venial+or+Mortal+Sin%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002114000507000104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170797954%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=Brian+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> An excerpt can be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicsensibility.wordpress.com/2008/08/27/moral-theology-and-early-abortion/">here</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P7Z.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, s. 2270, citing Jeremiah 1:5, Job 10:8–12, Psalms 22:10–11, 139:15"</a>. Retrieved June 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+s.+2270%2C+citing+Jeremiah+1%3A5%2C+Job+10%3A8%E2%80%9312%2C+Psalms+22%3A10%E2%80%9311%2C+139%3A15.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P7Z.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/praxis/abortion.aspx">"An Orthodox View of Abortion: The Amicus Curiae Submitted to the Supreme Court in Webster et al. v. Reproductive Health Services et. al"</a>. Retrieved June 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Orthodox+View+of+Abortion%3A+The+Amicus+Curiae+Submitted+to+the+Supreme+Court+in+Webster+et+al.+v.+Reproductive+Health+Services+et.+al.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxinfo.com%2Fpraxis%2Fabortion.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1998" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, David M. (1998). Birth Control in Jewish Law: Marital Relations, Contraception, and Abortion As Set Forth in the Classic Texts of Jewish Law. Jason Aronson, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765760586" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765760586"><bdi>978-0765760586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+Control+in+Jewish+Law%3A+Marital+Relations%2C+Contraception%2C+and+Abortion+As+Set+Forth+in+the+Classic+Texts+of+Jewish+Law&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0765760586&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolies1970" class="citation book cs1">Margolies, Israel R. (1970). "A Reform Rabbi's View". In R. E. Hall (ed.). Abortion in a Changing World. Vol. 1. Columbia University Press. pp. 30–33. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001NXRGVY">B001NXRGVY</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Reform+Rabbi%27s+View&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+a+Changing+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB001NXRGVY%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Margolies&rft.aufirst=Israel+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan1997" class="citation book cs1">Reagan, Leslie J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenabortionwasc00reag_0">When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenabortionwasc00reag_0/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520216570" title="Special:BookSources/9780520216570"><bdi>9780520216570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Abortion+Was+a+Crime%3A+Women%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Law+in+the+United+States%2C+1867%E2%80%931973&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520216570&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Leslie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenabortionwasc00reag_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohr-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohr_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Mohr1978" class="citation book cs1">James C. Mohr (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame">Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy</a>. Oxford University Press/. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame/page/35">35–36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502249-0"><bdi>978-0-19-502249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+America%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+National+Policy&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2F&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502249-0&rft.au=James+C.+Mohr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortioninameric00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohr2-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohr2_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Mohr1978" class="citation book cs1">James C. Mohr (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame">Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy</a>. Oxford University Press/. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame/page/34">34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502249-0"><bdi>978-0-19-502249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+America%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+National+Policy&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2F&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502249-0&rft.au=James+C.+Mohr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortioninameric00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohr3-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Mohr3_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_C._Mohr1978" class="citation book cs1">James C. Mohr (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame">Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy</a>. Oxford University Press/. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502249-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-502249-0"><bdi>978-0-19-502249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+America%3A+The+Origins+and+Evolution+of+National+Policy&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2F&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-502249-0&rft.au=James+C.+Mohr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortioninameric00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doan-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Doan_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoan2007" class="citation book cs1">Doan, Alesha E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oppositionintimi00doan">Opposition and Intimidation:The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment</a>. University of Michigan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oppositionintimi00doan/page/n57">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472099757" title="Special:BookSources/9780472099757"><bdi>9780472099757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opposition+and+Intimidation%3AThe+abortion+wars+and+strategies+of+political+harassment&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780472099757&rft.aulast=Doan&rft.aufirst=Alesha+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foppositionintimi00doan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfICAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22therapeutic%20abortion%22&pg=PA374">Transactions of the Washington Obstetrical and Gynecological Society</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200747-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoan200747_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoan200747_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoan2007">Doan 2007</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlford2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alford, Suzanne M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122060327/https://law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1011">"Is Self-Abortion a Fundamental Right?"</a>. Duke Law Journal. 52 (5): 1011–29. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373127">1373127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12964572">12964572</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?52+Duke+L.+J.+1011">the original</a> on 2019-01-22. Retrieved 2014-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Is+Self-Abortion+a+Fundamental+Right%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1011-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373127%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12964572&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.duke.edu%2Fshell%2Fcite.pl%3F52%2BDuke%2BL.%2BJ.%2B1011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Jone Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303021904/http://womenshistory.about.com/od/abortionuslegal/a/abortion.htm">"Abortion History: A History of Abortion in the United States"</a>. Women's History section of About.com. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenshistory.about.com/od/abortionuslegal/a/abortion.htm">the original</a> on 2017-03-03. Retrieved 2006-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+section+of+About.com&rft.atitle=Abortion+History%3A+A+History+of+Abortion+in+the+United+States&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jone+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fabortionuslegal%2Fa%2Fabortion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> DeRobigne Mortimer Bennett. (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anthonycomstockh00bennuoft#page/1017/mode/1up">Anthony Comstock: His Career of Cruelty and Crime. A Chapter from "Champions of the Church"</a>. Retrieved 26 July 2022 – via Internet Archive. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoan200751-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoan200751_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoan2007">Doan 2007</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-Reagan-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reagan_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReagan1997" class="citation book cs1">Reagan, Leslie J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenabortionwasc00reag_0">When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520216570" title="Special:BookSources/9780520216570"><bdi>9780520216570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Abortion+Was+a+Crime%3A+Women%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Law+in+the+United+States%2C+1867%E2%80%931973&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780520216570&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Leslie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenabortionwasc00reag_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMucciaroniFerrailoRubado2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mucciaroni, Gary; Ferrailo, Kathleen; Rubado, Meghan (2019). "Framing Morality Policy Issues: State Legislative Debates on Abortion Restrictions". Policy Sciences. 52 (2): 171–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS11077-018-9336-2">10.1007/S11077-018-9336-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Sciences&rft.atitle=Framing+Morality+Policy+Issues%3A+State+Legislative+Debates+on+Abortion+Restrictions&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FS11077-018-9336-2&rft.aulast=Mucciaroni&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Ferrailo%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Rubado%2C+Meghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_98-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_98-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Beckman, Linda J. (2016). "Abortion in the United States: The Continuing Controversy". Feminism & Psychology. 27 (1): 101–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353516685345">10.1177/0959353516685345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminism+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Continuing+Controversy&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959353516685345&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederiksenRanjiGomezSalganicoff2023" class="citation conference cs1">Federiksen, Brittni; Ranji, Ranji; Gomez, Ivette; Salganicoff, Alina (2023). A National Survey of OBGYNs' Experiences After Dobbs. San Francisco, CA: KFF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+National+Survey+of+OBGYNs%27+Experiences+After+Dobbs&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=KFF&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Federiksen&rft.aufirst=Brittni&rft.au=Ranji%2C+Ranji&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Ivette&rft.au=Salganicoff%2C+Alina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mclaren-french-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mclaren-french_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mclaren-french_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaren1978" class="citation journal cs1">McLaren, Angus (Spring 1978). "Abortion in France: Women and the Regulation of Family Size 1800–1914". French Historical Studies. 10 (3). Duke University Press: 461–484 [469]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286340">10.2307/286340</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286340">286340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11614490">11614490</a>. <q>Increasingly, writers in the latter half of the nineteenth century no longer referred to abortion as a last resort for the single, seduced girl but as a family planning measure employed by the married woman. As a result the very nature of the idea and practice of abortion was transformed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+France%3A+Women+and+the+Regulation+of+Family+Size+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=461-484+469&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11614490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286340&rft.aulast=McLaren&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Warker1870" class="citation book cs1">Van de Warker, Ely (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/detectionofcrimi00vanduoft">The detection of criminal abortion and a study of fœticidal drugs</a>. Boston: James Campbell. Retrieved 2008-12-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+detection+of+criminal+abortion+and+a+study+of+f%C5%93ticidal+drugs&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=James+Campbell&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Van+de+Warker&rft.aufirst=Ely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdetectionofcrimi00vanduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccha-102"><a href="#cite_ref-ccha_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeahen1986" class="citation journal cs1">Beahen, William (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1986/Beahan.htm">"Abortion and Infanticide in Western Canada 1874 to 1916: A Criminal Case Study"</a>. Historical Studies. 53. The Canadian Catholic Historical Association: 53–70. Retrieved 2008-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Abortion+and+Infanticide+in+Western+Canada+1874+to+1916%3A+A+Criminal+Case+Study&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Beahen&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umanitoba.ca%2Fcolleges%2Fst_pauls%2Fccha%2FBack%2520Issues%2FCCHA1986%2FBeahan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-king-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-king_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-king_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_CR1992" class="citation journal cs1">King CR (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202135921/http://www.popline.org/docs/076577">"Abortion in nineteenth century America: a conflict between women and their physicians"</a>. Women's Health Issues. 2 (1): 32–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1049-3867%2805%2980135-5">10.1016/S1049-3867(05)80135-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1628000">1628000</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popline.org/docs/076577">the original</a> on February 2, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Health+Issues&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+nineteenth+century+America%3A+a+conflict+between+women+and+their+physicians&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1049-3867%2805%2980135-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1628000&rft.au=King+CR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popline.org%2Fdocs%2F076577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Abortion was more dangerous than childbirth throughout the 19th century. By 1930, medical procedures had improved for both childbirth and abortion but not equally, and induced abortion in the first trimester had become safer than childbirth. In 1973, Roe vs. Wade acknowledged that abortion in the first trimester was safer than childbirth.  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The 1970s". Time communication 1940–1989: retrospective. Time Inc. 1989. <q>Blackmun was also swayed by the fact that most abortion prohibitions were enacted in the 19th century when the procedure was more dangerous than now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+1970s&rft.btitle=Time+communication+1940%E2%80%931989%3A+retrospective&rft.pub=Time+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill1990" class="citation book cs1">Will, George (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suddenlyamericangwill00will/page/312">Suddenly: the American idea abroad and at home, 1986–1990</a>. Free Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/suddenlyamericangwill00will/page/312">312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-934435-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-934435-2"><bdi>0-02-934435-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suddenly%3A+the+American+idea+abroad+and+at+home%2C+1986%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-02-934435-2&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuddenlyamericangwill00will%2Fpage%2F312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisShimabukuro2001" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, J.; Shimabukuro, Jon O. (January 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514133610/http://www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/crs_abortion_overview.shtml">"Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview"</a>. Congressional Research Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/crs_abortion_overview.shtml">the original</a> on May 14, 2011. Retrieved May 1, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abortion+Law+Development%3A+A+Brief+Overview&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2001-01-28&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Shimabukuro%2C+Jon+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.policyalmanac.org%2Fculture%2Farchive%2Fcrs_abortion_overview.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2002" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, David Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EHj_0R2rbxAC&pg=PA1">Encyclopedia of American law</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4329-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4329-9"><bdi>0-8160-4329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+law&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8160-4329-9&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=David+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEHj_0R2rbxAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopulation_Information_Program,_George_Washington_UniversityDept._of_Medical_and_Public_Affairs,_Johns_Hopkins_University1980" class="citation journal cs1">Population Information Program, George Washington University; Dept. of Medical and Public Affairs, Johns Hopkins University (1980). "Pregnancy termination". Population Reports (7). Population Information Program, The Johns Hopkins University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Reports&rft.atitle=Pregnancy+termination&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Population+Information+Program%2C+George+Washington+University&rft.au=Dept.+of+Medical+and+Public+Affairs%2C+Johns+Hopkins+University&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988">  • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahey2009" class="citation web cs1">Lahey, Joanna N. (September 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815111454/http://economics.pomona.edu/colloquium/">"Birthing a Nation: Fertility Control Access and the 19th Century Demographic Transition"</a>. Colloquium. Pomona College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics.pomona.edu/colloquium/">the original</a> on August 15, 2011. Retrieved August 4, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colloquium&rft.atitle=Birthing+a+Nation%3A+Fertility+Control+Access+and+the+19th+Century+Demographic+Transition&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft.aulast=Lahey&rft.aufirst=Joanna+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomics.pomona.edu%2Fcolloquium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GordonMoral-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GordonMoral_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonMoral_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Linda (2002). The Moral Property of Women. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252027647" title="Special:BookSources/0252027647"><bdi>0252027647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Property+of+Women&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0252027647&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolinger1998" class="citation cs2">Solinger, Rickie (1998), "Introduction", in Solinger, Rickie (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortionwarshalf0000soli/page/1">Abortion Wars: A Half Century of Struggle, 1950-2000</a>, University of California Press, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortionwarshalf0000soli/page/1">1–9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520209527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520209527"><bdi>978-0520209527</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Abortion+Wars%3A+A+Half+Century+of+Struggle%2C+1950-2000&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0520209527&rft.aulast=Solinger&rft.aufirst=Rickie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortionwarshalf0000soli%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_C._Thomas-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_C._Thomas_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_C._Thomas_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatesZawadzki1964" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Jerome E.; Zawadzki, Edward S. 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Health Sociology Review. 27 (2): 121–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14461242.2018.1426996">10.1080/14461242.2018.1426996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1446-1242">1446-1242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149328597">149328597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Sociology+Review&rft.atitle=Making+sense+of+the+abortion+pill%3A+a+sociotechnical+analysis+of+RU486+in+Canada&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149328597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1446-1242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14461242.2018.1426996&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14461242.2018.1426996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Heer, David, "Abortion, Contraception, and Population Policy in the Soviet Union" Demography 2 (1965): 531–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Alexandre Avdeev, Alain Blum, and Irina Troitskaya. "The History of Abortion Statistics in Russia and the USSR from 1900 to 1991". Population (English Edition) 7, (1995), 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kon2-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Kon2_155-0">^</a> I.S. Kon, The Sexual Revolution in Russia: From the Age of the Czars to Today (New York: The Free Press, 1995), 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Michaels, Paula, "Motherhood, Patriotism, and Ethnicity: Soviet Kazakhstan and the 1936 Abortion Ban". Feminist Studies 27 (2001): 309–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Barbara Evans Clements, Barbara Alpern Engel, and <a href="/wiki/Christine_Worobec" title="Christine Worobec">Christine Worobec</a>. Russia's Women: Accommodation, Resistance, Transformation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Randall, Amy, "'Abortion Will Deprive You of Happiness!': Soviet Reproductive Politics in the Post-Stalin Era". Journal of Women's History 23 (2011): 13–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062133/http://www.publico.es/especiales/memoriapublica/502228/la-segunda-republica-despenalizo-el-aborto-con-la-ley-mas-avanzada-de-europa">La Segunda República despenalizó el aborto con la ley más avanzada de Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAblico_(Espa%C3%B1a)" class="mw-redirect" title="Público (España)">Público (España)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Campello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patricia Campello (page does not exist)">Patricia Campello</a>, 15/2/2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/1983/02/13/espana/413938815_850215.html">Cataluña tuvo durante la República la ley del aborto más progresista de Europa</a>, El País, 13/2/1983 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Véase el texto del decreto <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgtburgos.org/accion-sindical-social/social/nosotras-decidimos/699-1937-la-ley-del-aborto-mas-progresista-de-europa.html">Decreto de Regulación de la Interrupción Artificial del Embarazo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328191808/https://www.cgtburgos.org/accion-sindical-social/social/nosotras-decidimos/699-1937-la-ley-del-aborto-mas-progresista-de-europa.html">Archived</a> 2019-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, en cgtburgos; también el reportaje de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Garat (page does not exist)">José María Garat</a>, publicó en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundo_Gr%C3%A1fico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mundo Gráfico (page does not exist)">Mundo Gráfico</a> el 12 de mayo de 1937, descargable desde la <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a> -<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/pdf.raw?query=parent%3A0002440164+type%3Apress%2Fpage&name=Mundo+gr%C3%A1fico.+12-5-1937">En Cataluña existe ya el aborto legal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Commons_1967-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Commons_1967_162-0">^</a> House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee. 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Retrieved April 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+Mifepristone+Approvals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Gynuity+Health+Projects&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.au=Gynuity+Health+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgynuity.org%2Fassets%2Fresources%2Fmapmifelist_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> Map and list of mifepristone approvals by year in 93 countries from 1988 to 2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guttmacher_2022-02-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Guttmacher_2022-02_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation web cs1">Jones RK (December 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2022/02/medication-abortion-now-accounts-more-half-all-us-abortions">"Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guttmacher_Institute" title="Guttmacher Institute">Guttmacher Institute</a>. 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Retrieved 2025-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yomiuri+Shimbun&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E3%81%AE%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E3%81%A8%E4%B8%AD%E7%B5%B6%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E2%80%A6%E7%9B%B8%E6%89%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%A1%E9%80%94%E7%B5%B6%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F%E6%9C%AA%E5%A9%9A%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E3%80%81%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E3%81%AE%E3%83%88%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%81%A7%E5%87%BA%E7%94%A3%E3%81%97%E9%81%BA%E6%A3%84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fnational%2F20210920-OYT1T50257%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kligman_short-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Kligman_short_200-0">^</a> Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds. Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234–255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Critchlow" title="Donald T. Critchlow">Critchlow, Donald T.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intendedconseque00crit_0">Intended consequences: birth control, abortion, and the federal government in modern America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504657-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504657-9"><bdi>0-19-504657-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38542669">38542669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intended+consequences%3A+birth+control%2C+abortion%2C+and+the+federal+government+in+modern+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38542669&rft.isbn=0-19-504657-9&rft.aulast=Critchlow&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintendedconseque00crit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Critchlow" title="Donald T. Critchlow">Critchlow, Donald T.</a> (1996). The politics of abortion and birth control in historical perspective. <a href="/wiki/University_Park,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="University Park, Pennsylvania">University Park, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University_Press" title="Penn State University Press">Penn State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01570-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01570-5"><bdi>0-271-01570-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33132898">33132898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+abortion+and+birth+control+in+historical+perspective&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33132898&rft.isbn=0-271-01570-5&rft.aulast=Critchlow&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrow1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">Garrow, David J.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libertysexuality00garr">Liberty and sexuality: the right to privacy and the making of Roe v. Wade</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-542755-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-542755-5"><bdi>0-02-542755-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246873646">246873646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberty+and+sexuality%3A+the+right+to+privacy+and+the+making+of+Roe+v.+Wade&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246873646&rft.isbn=0-02-542755-5&rft.aulast=Garrow&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibertysexuality00garr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann1995" class="citation book cs1">Hartmann, Betsy (1995). Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control. South End Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896084919" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896084919"><bdi>978-0896084919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+and+Wrongs%3A+The+Global+Politics+of+Population+Control&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0896084919&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHullPeter_Charles_Hoffer2001" class="citation book cs1">Hull, N. E. H.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Charles_Hoffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Charles Hoffer (page does not exist)">Peter Charles Hoffer</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700611430">Roe v. Wade: the abortion rights controversy in American history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence, Kansas</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1142-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1142-8"><bdi>0-7006-1142-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231958828">231958828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roe+v.+Wade%3A+the+abortion+rights+controversy+in+American+history&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231958828&rft.isbn=0-7006-1142-8&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=N.+E.+H.&rft.au=Peter+Charles+Hoffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700611430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lewis, Margaret Brannan. Infanticide and abortion in early modern Germany (Routledge, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr1978" class="citation book cs1">Mohr, James C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioninameric00jame">Abortion in America: the origins and evolution of national policy, 1800–1900</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502249-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502249-1"><bdi>0-19-502249-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3016879">3016879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+in+America%3A+the+origins+and+evolution+of+national+policy%2C+1800%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3016879&rft.isbn=0-19-502249-1&rft.aulast=Mohr&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortioninameric00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlasky1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Olasky" title="Marvin Olasky">Olasky, Marvin</a> (1992). Abortion Rites: A Social History of Abortion in America. <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois" title="Wheaton, Illinois">Wheaton, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Crossway_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossway Books">Crossway Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107-687-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89107-687-5"><bdi>0-89107-687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+Rites%3A+A+Social+History+of+Abortion+in+America&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-89107-687-5&rft.aulast=Olasky&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaggenborg1991" class="citation book cs1">Staggenborg, Suzanne (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prochoicemovemen0000stag">The pro-choice movement: organization and activism in the abortion conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506596-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506596-4"><bdi>0-19-506596-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22809649">22809649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pro-choice+movement%3A+organization+and+activism+in+the+abortion+conflict&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22809649&rft.isbn=0-19-506596-4&rft.aulast=Staggenborg&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprochoicemovemen0000stag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1994" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Eva R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abortioncontrove00rubi">The Abortion controversy: a documentary history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut" title="Westport, Connecticut">Westport, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28476-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28476-8"><bdi>0-313-28476-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28213877">28213877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abortion+controversy%3A+a+documentary+history&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28213877&rft.isbn=0-313-28476-8&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Eva+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabortioncontrove00rubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiesner-Hanks1999" class="citation book cs1">Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (1999). Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World Regulating Desire, Reforming Practice. Hoboken: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203979419" title="Special:BookSources/9780203979419"><bdi>9780203979419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Sexuality+in+the+Early+Modern+World+Regulating+Desire%2C+Reforming+Practice.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780203979419&rft.aulast=Wiesner-Hanks&rft.aufirst=Merry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederiksenRanjiGomezSalganicoff2023" class="citation conference cs1">Federiksen, Brittni; Ranji, Usha; Gomez, Ivette; Salganicoff, Alina (2023). A National Survey of OBGYNs' Experiences After Dobbs. San Francisco, CA: KFF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+National+Survey+of+OBGYNs%27+Experiences+After+Dobbs&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pub=KFF&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Federiksen&rft.aufirst=Brittni&rft.au=Ranji%2C+Usha&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Ivette&rft.au=Salganicoff%2C+Alina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMucciaroniFerrailoRubado2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mucciaroni, Gary; Ferrailo, Kathleen; Rubado, Meghan (2019). "Framing Morality Policy Issues: State Legislative Debates on Abortion Restrictions". Policy Sciences. 52 (2): 171–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS11077-018-9336-2">10.1007/S11077-018-9336-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+Sciences&rft.atitle=Framing+Morality+Policy+Issues%3A+State+Legislative+Debates+on+Abortion+Restrictions&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FS11077-018-9336-2&rft.aulast=Mucciaroni&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Ferrailo%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Rubado%2C+Meghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Beckman, Linda J. (2016). "Abortion in the United States: The Continuing Controversy". Feminism & Psychology. 27 (1): 101–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959353516685345">10.1177/0959353516685345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminism+%26+Psychology&rft.atitle=Abortion+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Continuing+Controversy&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959353516685345&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Linda+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+abortion" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_abortion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of abortion">History of abortion</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=410&invol=113">Text of the Roe v Wade decision from Findlaw</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Timor-Leste" title="Abortion in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and abortion">Scientology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion" title="Category:Abortion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_abortion_by_country2374" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_abortion_by_country2374" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of abortion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&oldid=1275991461">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_abortion&oldid=1275991461</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_abortion" title="Category:History of abortion">History of abortion</a></li><li><a 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopoulos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnery1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstantin-Iulian_Damian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchlow1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCritchlow1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyril_Charles_Richardson1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDannenfelser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeHullu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepierri1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereux1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereux1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoerfler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonner1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdmanGrenonHarrison-Wilson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Trade_Commission1939–1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederiksenRanjiGomezSalganicoff2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelterJohn_Uri_Lloyd1854\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGapultos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrow1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasparri1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawande2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_Davis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGluckman_LK1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGynuity_Health_Projects2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindellMadeline_Simms1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHullPeter_Charles_Hoffer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunton_RB1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurstDeborah_J._Hurst\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHyde1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitorisJakob_Sprenger1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_C._Mohr1978\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFJoffe1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoffe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKappvon_Hertzen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing_CR1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlotz1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoblitz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrieger1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefkowitzMaureen_R._Fant1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisShimabukuro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiptak2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLondon1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLarenArlene_Tigar_MacLaren1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacfarlane2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargolies1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaren1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMedLinePlus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohr1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMucciaroniFerrailoRubado2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOakley1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObayashi_M1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlasky1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlasky1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopulation_Information_Program,_George_Washington_UniversityDept._of_Medical_and_Public_Affairs,_Johns_Hopkins_University1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPottsMartha_Campbell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPottsMartha_Campbell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaju1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsey2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReagan1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddle1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiddle1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowbotham1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSallares2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwallieLamborn1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeering\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaikh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobiech2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolinger1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolinger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoranus,_Owsei_Temkin1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpivack2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaggenborg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._C._BarkerR_Harris1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaussig1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_de_Warker1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVukelić2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiesner-Hanks1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangZhouShanLuo2022\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Abortion\"] = 1,\n [\"Abortion in the Catholic Church\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 37,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of Abortion\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Globalize\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 13,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"World topic\"] = 1,\n [\"•\"] = 6,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","220","17.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","15.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","12.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.3"],["type","80","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.2"],["[others]","220","17.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-df4f9bcd6-pmlvx","timestamp":"20250225121045","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of 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