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id="toc-Relation_recognized_by_custom_or_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_recognized_by_custom_or_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Relation recognized by custom or law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_recognized_by_custom_or_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimacy_of_offspring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy_of_offspring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Legitimacy of offspring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy_of_offspring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection_of_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_of_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Collection of rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection_of_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_of_sexual_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_of_sexual_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Right of sexual access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_of_sexual_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monogamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monogamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Monogamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monogamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serial_monogamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_monogamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Serial monogamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_monogamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Polygamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polygyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Polygyny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Polyandry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Plural marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Child marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Same-sex_and_third-gender_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Same-sex_and_third-gender_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Same-sex and third-gender marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Same-sex_and_third-gender_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temporary_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temporary_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Temporary marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temporary_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cohabitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cohabitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Cohabitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cohabitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Partner selection </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Partner_selection-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Partner selection subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Partner_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_difference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_difference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Age difference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_difference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_status_and_wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_status_and_wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Social status and wealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_status_and_wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incest_taboo,_exogamy_and_endogamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incest_taboo,_exogamy_and_endogamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Incest taboo, exogamy and endogamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incest_taboo,_exogamy_and_endogamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prescriptive_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prescriptive_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Prescriptive marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prescriptive_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Forced marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economic considerations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic considerations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dowry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Dowry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridewealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridewealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bridewealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridewealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Taxation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-marital_residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-marital_residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-marital residence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-marital_residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rights_and_obligations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_obligations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Rights and obligations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_obligations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Property regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Kinship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.4 Sex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_spouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_spouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.5 Number of spouses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_spouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 State recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_license,_civil_ceremony_and_registration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_license,_civil_ceremony_and_registration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Marriage license, civil ceremony and registration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_license,_civil_ceremony_and_registration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common-law_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common-law_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 Common-law marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common-law_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.3 Civil unions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Marriage_of_convenience"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Marriage_of_convenience""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.4 "Marriage of convenience" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Marriage_of_convenience"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_legal_and_human_rights_criticisms_of_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_legal_and_human_rights_criticisms_of_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Contemporary legal and human rights criticisms of marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_legal_and_human_rights_criticisms_of_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_and_gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_and_gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.1 Power and gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_and_gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extra-marital_sex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extra-marital_sex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.2 Extra-marital sex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extra-marital_sex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.3 Sexual violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws,_human_rights_and_gender_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws,_human_rights_and_gender_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.4 Laws, human rights and gender status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws,_human_rights_and_gender_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_and_ability_to_divorce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_and_ability_to_divorce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.5 Right and ability to divorce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_and_ability_to_divorce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dowry_and_bridewealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dowry_and_bridewealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.6 Dowry and bridewealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dowry_and_bridewealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_born_outside_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_born_outside_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5.7 Children born outside marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_born_outside_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Abrahamic religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Baháʼí Faith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_attitudes_to_same-sex_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_attitudes_to_same-sex_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2.1 Christian attitudes to same-sex marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_attitudes_to_same-sex_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.4 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Wicca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divorce_and_annulment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divorce_and_annulment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Divorce and annulment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divorce_and_annulment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Ancient world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Ancient Near East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Greece_and_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Greece_and_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Classical Greece and Rome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Greece_and_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germanic_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Germanic tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Marriage</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 166 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-166" aria-hidden="true" > 166 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwelik" title="Huwelik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Huwelik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehe" title="Ehe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ehe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%A5%E1%89%BB" title="ጋብቻ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋብቻ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="زواج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زواج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio" title="Matrimonio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Matrimonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%99%DC%98%DC%98%DC%93%DC%90" title="ܙܘܘܓܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܙܘܘܓܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ամուսնութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամուսնութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="বিবাহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিবাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimoniu" title="Matrimoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matrimoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menda" title="Menda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Menda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaqichasi%C3%B1a" title="Jaqichasiña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jaqichasiña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikah" title="Nikah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nikah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ائولیلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ائولیلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="বিবাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিবাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-in" title="Hun-in – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-in" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Никахлашыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Никахлашыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1" title="Шлюб – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шлюб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1" title="Шлюб – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шлюб" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="बियाह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बियाह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Брак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eh" title="Eh – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eh" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆང་ས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆང་ས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brak" title="Brak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priedelezh" title="Priedelezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priedelezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Гэрлэлгэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гэрлэлгэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimoni" title="Matrimoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matrimoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C4%83%D1%88%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Мăшăрлану – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мăшăрлану" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C5%BEelstv%C3%AD" title="Manželství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Manželství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priodas" title="Priodas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Priodas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiliya" title="Amiliya – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Amiliya" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gteskab" title="Ægteskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ægteskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehe" title="Ehe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ehe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abielu" title="Abielu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abielu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Γάμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio" title="Matrimonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matrimonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geedzeco" title="Geedzeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geedzeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimo%C3%B1u" title="Matrimoñu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Matrimoñu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezkontza" title="Ezkontza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezkontza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sr%C9%94%CC%83%C9%96e%C9%96e" title="Srɔ̃ɖeɖe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Srɔ̃ɖeɖe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="ازدواج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازدواج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadi" title="Saadi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saadi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%BAnaband" title="Hjúnaband – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hjúnaband" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariage" title="Mariage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mariage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlik" title="Houlik – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Houlik" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewgal" title="Dewgal – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Dewgal" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3sadh" title="Pósadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pósadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2sadh" title="Pòsadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pòsadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio" title="Matrimonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matrimonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="婚姻" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8" title="લગ્ન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લગ્ન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%E1%BB%8Dwle" title="Alọwle – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Alọwle" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBn-y%C3%AEn" title="Fûn-yîn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fûn-yîn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="혼인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aure" title="Aure – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aure" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ամուսնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամուսնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="विवाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विवाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brak" title="Brak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariajo" title="Mariajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mariajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbamakw%E1%BB%A5kw%E1%BB%8D" title="Agbamakwụkwọ – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Agbamakwụkwọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakiasawa" title="Pannakiasawa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakiasawa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkawinan" title="Perkawinan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perkawinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritage" title="Maritage – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maritage" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umshado" title="Umshado – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umshado" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%B3naband" title="Hjónaband – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjónaband" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio" title="Matrimonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matrimonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נישואים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נישואים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawin" title="Kawin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kawin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಮದುವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮದುವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Юйдегилениу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Юйдегилениу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქორწინება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქორწინება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="خاندَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="خاندَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Неке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Неке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demedhyans" title="Demedhyans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Demedhyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndoa" title="Ndoa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ndoa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryaj" title="Maryaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Maryaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaj" title="Mayaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mayaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Нике – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нике" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonium" title="Matrimonium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Matrimonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laul%C4%ABba" title="Laulība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laulība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestietnes" title="Bestietnes – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bestietnes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santuoka" title="Santuoka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Santuoka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houwelik" title="Houwelik – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Houwelik" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A1la" title="Libála – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Libála" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariozz" title="Mariozz – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mariozz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1zass%C3%A1g" title="Házasság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Házasság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="विवाह – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विवाह" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Брак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanambadiana" title="Fanambadiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanambadiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="വിവാഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവാഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="विवाह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विवाह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="جواز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جواز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemraver" title="Hemraver – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="Hemraver" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkahwinan" title="Perkahwinan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perkahwinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%8Fng-%C4%ADng" title="Huŏng-ĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huŏng-ĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamiento" title="Casamiento – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Casamiento" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လက်ထပ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ထပ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huwelijk" title="Huwelijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huwelijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brulfte" title="Brulfte – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Brulfte" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="विवाह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विवाह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="इहिपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इहिपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" title="結婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="結婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B0,_%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%BE_%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80_%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Стага а, зудчо а шайн цхьаьнаӀар Ӏедалехь чӀагӀдар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Стага а, зудчо а шайн цхьаьнаӀар Ӏедалехь чӀагӀдар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekteskap" title="Ekteskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ekteskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekteskap" title="Ekteskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ekteskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maridatge" title="Maridatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Maridatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9" title="ବିବାହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିବାହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoh" title="Nikoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nikoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B9" title="ਵਿਆਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਆਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitapi%E2%80%99" title="Mitapi’ – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mitapi’" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81" title="ویاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonio" title="Matrimonio – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Matrimonio" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="واده – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="واده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marid" title="Marid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Marid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariage" title="Mariage – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mariage" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echte" title="Echte – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Echte" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C5%82%C5%BCe%C5%84stwo" title="Małżeństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Małżeństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamento" title="Casamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Casamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neke" title="Neke – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Neke" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83s%C4%83torie" title="Căsătorie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Căsătorie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasarakuy" title="Kasarakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kasarakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Манжелство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Манжелство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Брачный союз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брачный союз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83" title="Кэргэн буолуу – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэргэн буолуу" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/malaacawa" title="malaacawa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="malaacawa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mairiage" title="Mairiage – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mairiage" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pstrung" title="Pstrung – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pstrung" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martesa" title="Martesa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Martesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimoniu" title="Matrimoniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Matrimoniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA" title="විවාහය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විවාහය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marriage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="شادي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شادي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C5%BEelstvo" title="Manželstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Manželstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakonska_zveza" title="Zakonska zveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zakonska zveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Бракъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Бракъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guur" title="Guur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ھاوسەرگیری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاوسەرگیری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trow" title="Trow – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Trow" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Брак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brak" title="Brak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avioliitto" title="Avioliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avioliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ktenskap" title="Äktenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Äktenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-aasawa" title="Pag-aasawa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-aasawa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திருமணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருமணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcil" title="Arcil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arcil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Никах – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Никах" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/ms%27utux_tnuxan" title="ms'utux tnuxan – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="ms'utux tnuxan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BF" title="పెళ్ళి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెళ్ళి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA" title="การสมรส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสมรส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Никоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Никоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86" title="ಮದಿಮೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮದಿಮೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evlilik" title="Evlilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Evlilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aware%C9%9B" title="Awareɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Awareɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyeang" title="Nyeang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nyeang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1" title="Шлюб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шлюб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="شادی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شادی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baenzgya" title="Baenzgya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Baenzgya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4n_nh%C3%A2n" title="Hôn nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hôn nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariaedje" title="Mariaedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Mariaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-aasawa" title="Pag-aasawa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pag-aasawa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="婚姻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukati" title="Vukati – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vukati" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אישות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אישות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E5%A9%9A" title="結婚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="結婚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zewec" title="Zewec – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zewec" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sos%C4%97v%C4%97n%C4%8Diavuoj%C4%97ms" title="Sosėvėnčiavuojėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sosėvėnčiavuojėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="婚姻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="婚姻" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Culturally recognised union between people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Marriage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marriage (disambiguation)">Marriage (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrimony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Matrimony (disambiguation)">Matrimony (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wedlock_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wedlock (disambiguation)">Wedlock (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Married" and "Matrimony" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Married_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Married (disambiguation)">Married (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matrimony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Matrimony (disambiguation)">Matrimony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Marriage" title="Talk:Marriage">talk page</a>. (January 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Marriage_symbol.svg/220px-Marriage_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Marriage_symbol.svg/330px-Marriage_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Marriage_symbol.svg/440px-Marriage_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="189" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption>The symbol for marriage, often used in genealogy</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/120px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/250px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="302" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian (debated)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:People_together.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/50px-People_together.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/75px-People_together.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/People_together.svg/100px-People_together.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="119" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Relationships</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_relationships" title="Outline of relationships">Outline</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-top:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_genealogy" title="Genetic genealogy">Genetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoptive</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">Sister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> By <a class="mw-selflink selflink">marriage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6e6ff;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> Partner(s)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Significant_other" title="Significant other">Significant other</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyfriend" title="Boyfriend">Boyfriend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girlfriend" title="Girlfriend">Girlfriend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_relationship" title="Long-distance relationship">Long-distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:none;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;;display:block;margin-left:1.0em;margin-right:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;"> <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_monogamy" title="Mutual monogamy">Mutual monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affair" title="Affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">Courtesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">Mistress</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">Courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating" title="Dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_Day_(tradition)" title="Bachelor's Day (tradition)">Bachelor's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_market" title="Meet market">Meet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singles_event" title="Singles event">Singles event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Endings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup" title="Breakup">Breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">marital separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow" title="Widow">Widowhood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions and feelings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(sociology)" title="Affinity (sociology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">Friend zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">Romantic friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li>Non-romantic <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">Cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_bonding" title="Female bonding">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_bonding" title="Male bonding">Male</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_transgression" title="Relational transgression">Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Repression</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#d5d5ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_violence" title="Dating violence">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elderly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_relationships" title="Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_relationships" title="Template talk:Close relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognised union between people called <a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">spouses</a>. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children (if any), and between them and their <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">in-laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is nearly a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">cultural universal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> but the definition of marriage varies between <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, and over time. Typically, it is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged or sanctioned. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">compulsory before pursuing sexual activity</a>. A marriage ceremony is called a <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a>, while a private marriage is sometimes called an <a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">elopement</a>. Around the world, there has been a general trend towards ensuring <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">equal rights for women</a> and ending discrimination and harassment against couples who are <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">interethnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">interfaith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_marriage" title="Interdenominational marriage">interdenominational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">interclass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">intercommunity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">transnational</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex</a> as well as immigrant couples, couples with an immigrant spouse, and other minority couples. Debates persist regarding the legal status of married women, leniency towards violence within marriage, customs such as <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">marriageable age</a>, and criminalization of premarital and <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">extramarital sex</a>. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libidinal</a>, emotional, financial, spiritual, cultural, economic, political, religious, sexual, and romantic purposes. In some areas of the world, <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">group marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousin marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_siblings" title="List of coupled siblings">sibling marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_marriage" title="Teenage marriage">teenage marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">avunculate marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous marriage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">bestiality marriage</a> are practiced and legally permissible, while others areas outlaw them to protect <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] Female age at marriage has proven to be a strong indicator for female <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> and is continuously used by <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, a religious authority, a tribal group, a local community, or peers. It is often viewed as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal contract">legal contract</a>. A religious marriage ceremony is performed by a religious institution to recognize and create the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony in that religion. Religious marriage is known variously as <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacramental</a> marriage in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">nikah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissuin">nissuin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and various other names in other faith traditions, each with their own constraints as to what constitutes, and who can enter into, a valid religious marriage. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word marriage appeared around 1300 and is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> mariage (12th century), ultimately tracing to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> maritātus 'married', <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of maritāre 'to marry'.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The adjective marītus, -a, -um 'matrimonial, nuptial' could also be used, through <a href="/wiki/Nominalization" title="Nominalization">nominalization</a>, in the masculine form as a noun for 'husband' and in the feminine form for 'wife'.<a href="#cite_note-OED_marriage-6">[6]</a> The related word matrimony is borrowed from the Old French word matremoine, which appears around 1300 CE and is in turn ultimately a <a href="/wiki/Loanword#Romance_languages" title="Loanword">learned borrowing</a> from Latin mātrimōnium, which is derived from māter '<a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a>' with the suffix -mōnium for an action, state, or condition.<a href="#cite_note-Etymology-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">Anthropologists</a> have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-8">[8]</a> Even within <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, "definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between" (as Evan Gerstmann has put it).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_recognized_by_custom_or_law">Relation recognized by custom or law</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Human_Marriage" title="The History of Human Marriage">The History of Human Marriage</a> (1891), <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck" title="Edvard Westermarck">Edvard Westermarck</a> defined marriage as "a more or less durable connection between male and female lasting beyond the mere act of propagation till after the birth of the offspring."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In The Future of Marriage in Western Civilization (1936), he rejected his earlier definition, instead provisionally defining marriage as "a relation of one or more men to one or more women that is recognized by custom or law".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy_of_offspring">Legitimacy of offspring</h3></div> The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries (1951) defined marriage as "a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners."<a href="#cite_note-Notes-12">[12]</a> In recognition of a practice by the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer people</a> of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances (the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_(Sudanese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost marriage (Sudanese)">ghost marriage</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Gough" title="Kathleen Gough">Kathleen Gough</a> suggested modifying this to "a woman and one or more other persons."<a href="#cite_note-Gough-13">[13]</a> In an analysis of marriage among the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nayar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polyandrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandrous">polyandrous</a> society in India, Gough found that the group lacked a husband role in the conventional sense. The husband role, unitary in the west, was instead divided between a non-resident "social father" of the woman's children, and her lovers, who were the actual procreators. None of these men had legal rights to the woman's child. This forced Gough to disregard sexual access as a key element of marriage and to define it in terms of legitimacy of offspring alone.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Economic anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Duran_Bell" title="Duran Bell">Duran Bell</a> has criticized the legitimacy-based definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a legitimacy-based definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection_of_rights">Collection of rights</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leach" title="Edmund Leach">Edmund Leach</a> criticized Gough's definition for being too restrictive in terms of recognized legitimate offspring and suggested that marriage be viewed in terms of the different types of rights it serves to establish. In a 1955 article in <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Anthropological_Institute" title="Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute">Man</a>, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures. He offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures. Those rights, according to Leach, included: <ol><li>"To establish a legal father of a woman's children.</li> <li>To establish a legal mother of a man's children.</li> <li>To give the husband a monopoly in the wife's sexuality.</li> <li>To give the wife a monopoly in the husband's sexuality.</li> <li>To give the husband partial or monopolistic rights to the wife's domestic and other labor services.</li> <li>To give the wife partial or monopolistic rights to the husband's domestic and other labor services.</li> <li>To give the husband partial or total control over property belonging or potentially accruing to the wife.</li> <li>To give the wife partial or total control over property belonging or potentially accruing to the husband.</li> <li>To establish a joint fund of property – a partnership – for the benefit of the children of the marriage.</li> <li>To establish a socially significant 'relationship of affinity' between the husband and his wife's brothers."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_of_sexual_access">Right of sexual access</h3></div> In a 1997 article in <a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Bell" title="Duran Bell">Duran Bell</a> describes marriage as "a relationship between one or more men (male or female) in severalty to one or more women that provides those men with a demand-right of sexual access within a domestic group and identifies women who bear the obligation of yielding to the demands of those specific men." In referring to "men in severalty", Bell is referring to corporate kin groups such as lineages which, in having paid bride price, retain a right in a woman's offspring even if her husband (a lineage member) deceases (<a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate marriage</a>). In referring to "men (male or female)", Bell is referring to women within the lineage who may stand in as the "social fathers" of the wife's children born of other lovers. (See Nuer "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_(Sudanese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost marriage (Sudanese)">ghost marriage</a>".)<a href="#cite_note-Bell-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monogamy">Monogamy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The marriage of Inanna and Dumuzid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png/220px-Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Marriage_of_Inanna_and_Dumuzi.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> depiction of the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></div> Monogamy is a form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse during their lifetime or at any one time (serial monogamy). Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a>'s comparative study of marriage around the world utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Ethnographic Atlas</a> found a strong correlation between intensive plough agriculture, dowry and monogamy. This pattern was found in a broad swath of Eurasian societies from Japan to Ireland. The majority of Sub-Saharan African societies that practice extensive hoe agriculture, in contrast, show a correlation between "<a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>" and polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-Goody_1976_7-17">[17]</a> A further study drawing on the Ethnographic Atlas showed a statistical correlation between increasing size of the society, the belief in "high gods" to support human morality, and monogamy.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In the countries which do not permit polygamy, a person who marries in one of those countries a person while still being lawfully married to another commits the crime of <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>. In all cases, the second marriage is considered legally null and void. Besides the second and subsequent marriages being void, the bigamist is also liable to other penalties, which also vary between jurisdictions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serial_monogamy">Serial monogamy</h4></div> Governments that support monogamy may allow easy divorce. In a number of Western countries, divorce rates approach 50%. Those who remarry do so usually no more than three times.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Divorce and remarriage can thus result in "serial monogamy", i.e. having multiple marriages but only one legal spouse at a time. This can be interpreted as a form of plural mating, as are those societies dominated by female-headed families in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> where there is frequent rotation of unmarried partners. In all, these account for 16 to 24% of the "monogamous" category.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg/220px-Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg/330px-Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg/440px-Hindu_wedding_couple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Indian Hindu wedding</a> with the bride and groom in traditional dress.</figcaption></figure> Serial monogamy creates a new kind of relative, the "ex-". The "ex-wife", for example, may remain an active part of her "ex-husband's" or "ex-wife's" life, as they may be tied together by transfers of resources (alimony, child support), or shared child custody. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygamy">Polygamy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children,_Cairns,_1904_(9623512597).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/250px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/330px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/500px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Chinese immigrant with his three wives and fourteen children, <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure> Polygamy is a marriage which includes more than two spouses.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-21">[21]</a> When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>, and there is no marriage bond between the wives; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>, and there is no marriage bond between the husbands. If a marriage includes multiple husbands or wives, it can be called <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">group marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-21">[21]</a> A molecular genetic study of global human genetic diversity argued that sexual polygyny was typical of human reproductive patterns until the shift to sedentary farming communities approximately 10,000 to 5,000 years ago in Europe and Asia, and more recently in Africa and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As noted above, Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a>'s comparative study of marriage around the world utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Ethnographic Atlas</a> found that the majority of Sub-Saharan African societies that practice extensive hoe agriculture show a correlation between "<a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a>" and polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-Goody_1976_7-17">[17]</a> A survey of other cross-cultural samples has confirmed that the absence of the plough was the only predictor of polygamy, although other factors such as high male mortality in warfare (in non-state societies) and pathogen stress (in state societies) had some impact.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Marriages are classified according to the number of legal spouses an individual has. The suffix "-gamy" refers specifically to the number of spouses, as in <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bi-gamy</a> (two spouses, generally illegal in most nations), and poly-gamy (more than one spouse). Societies show variable acceptance of polygamy as a cultural ideal and practice. According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Ethnographic Atlas</a>, of 1,231 societies noted, 186 were monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more frequent polygyny, and 4 had polyandry.<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-24">[24]</a> However, as Miriam Zeitzen writes, social tolerance for polygamy is different from the practice of polygamy, since it requires wealth to establish multiple households for multiple wives. The actual practice of polygamy in a tolerant society may actually be low, with the majority of aspirant polygamists practicing monogamous marriage. Tracking the occurrence of polygamy is further complicated in jurisdictions where it has been banned, but continues to be practiced (de facto polygamy).<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen_2008_5-25">[25]</a> Zeitzen also notes that Western perceptions of African society and marriage patterns are biased by "contradictory concerns of nostalgia for traditional African culture versus critique of polygamy as oppressive to women or detrimental to development."<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen_2008_5-25">[25]</a> Polygamy has been condemned as being a form of human rights abuse, with concerns arising over domestic abuse, forced marriage, and neglect. The vast majority of countries do not permit polygamy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polygyny">Polygyny</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></div> Polygyny usually grants wives equal status, although the husband may have personal preferences. One type of de facto polygyny is <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, where only one woman gets a wife's rights and status, while other women remain legal house mistresses. Although a society may be classified as polygynous, not all marriages in it necessarily are; monogamous marriages may in fact predominate. It is to this flexibility that Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Robin_Fox" title="Robin Fox">Robin Fox</a> attributes its success as a social support system: <blockquote>This has often meant – given the imbalance in the sex ratios, the higher male infant mortality, the shorter life span of males, the loss of males in wartime, etc. – that often women were left without financial support from husbands. To correct this condition, females had to be killed at birth, remain single, become prostitutes, or be siphoned off into celibate religious orders. Polygynous systems have the advantage that they can promise, as did the Mormons, a home and family for every woman.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> Nonetheless, polygyny is a gender issue which offers men asymmetrical benefits. In some cases, there is a large age discrepancy (as much as a generation) between a man and his youngest wife, compounding the power differential between the two. Tensions not only exist between genders, but also within genders; senior and junior men compete for wives, and senior and junior wives in the same household may experience radically different life conditions, and internal hierarchy. Several studies have suggested that the wive's relationship with other women, including co-wives and husband's female kin, are more critical relationships than that with her husband for her productive, reproductive and personal achievement.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In some societies, the co-wives are relatives, usually sisters, a practice called sororal polygyny; the pre-existing relationship between the co-wives is thought to decrease potential tensions within the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen_2008_9-28">[28]</a> Fox argues that "the major difference between polygyny and monogamy could be stated thus: while plural mating occurs in both systems, under polygyny several unions may be recognized as being legal marriages while under monogamy only one of the unions is so recognized. Often, however, it is difficult to draw a hard and fast line between the two."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> As polygamy in Africa is increasingly subject to legal limitations, a variant form of de facto (as opposed to legal or de jure) polygyny is being practiced in urban centers. Although it does not involve multiple (now illegal) formal marriages, the domestic and personal arrangements follow old polygynous patterns. The de facto form of polygyny is found in other parts of the world as well (including some Mormon sects and Muslim families in the United States).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In some societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Lobedu_people" title="Lobedu people">Lovedu</a> of South Africa, or the <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a> of the Sudan, aristocratic women may become female 'husbands.' In the Lovedu case, this female husband may take a number of polygamous wives. This is not a lesbian relationship, but a means of legitimately expanding a royal lineage by attaching these wives' children to it. The relationships are considered polygynous, not polyandrous, because the female husband is in fact assuming masculine gendered political roles.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen_2008_9-28">[28]</a> Religious groups have differing views on the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>. It is allowed in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> have mentioned practices involving polygyny in the past, however, outright religious acceptance of such practices was not addressed until its rejection in later passages. They do explicitly prohibit polygyny today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polyandry">Polyandry</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry in India</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a> is notably more rare than polygyny, though less rare than the figure commonly cited in the Ethnographic Atlas (1980) which listed only those polyandrous societies found in the Himalayan Mountains. More recent studies have found 53 societies outside the 28 found in the Himalayans which practice polyandry.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is most common in egalitarian societies marked by high male mortality or male absenteeism. It is associated with partible paternity, the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The explanation for polyandry in the Himalayan Mountains is related to the scarcity of land; the marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife (fraternal polyandry) allows family land to remain intact and undivided. If every brother married separately and had children, family land would be split into unsustainable small plots. In Europe, this was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance (the dis-inheriting of most siblings, some of whom went on to become celibate monks and priests).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plural_marriage">Plural marriage</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a> (also known as multi-lateral marriage) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a> in which more than two persons form a <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a> unit, with all the members of the group marriage being considered to be married to all the other members of the group marriage, and all members of the marriage share <a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">parental</a> responsibility for any children arising from the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-murdock-1949-definition-34">[34]</a> No country legally condones group marriages, neither under the law nor as a common law marriage, but historically it has been practiced by some cultures of Polynesia, Asia, Papua New Guinea and the Americas – as well as in some <a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional communities</a> and alternative subcultures such as the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Perfectionists</a> in up-state New York. Of the 250 societies reported by the American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/George_Murdock" title="George Murdock">George Murdock</a> in 1949, only the <a href="/wiki/Kaingang" title="Kaingang">Kaingang</a> of Brazil had any group marriages at all.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_marriage">Child marriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></div> A child marriage is a marriage where one or both spouses are under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-Child_Marriage-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It is related to child <a href="/wiki/Engagement#Betrothal" title="Engagement">betrothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy" title="Teenage pregnancy">teenage pregnancy</a>. Child marriage was common throughout history, even up until the 1900s in the United States, where in 1880 CE, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, the age of consent for marriage was 7 years old.<a href="#cite_note-gmu-aoc-38">[38]</a> Still, in 2017, over half of the 50 United States have no explicit minimum age to marry and several states set the age as low as 14.<a href="#cite_note-tahirih-39">[39]</a> Today it is condemned by international human rights organizations.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-who.int-41">[41]</a> Child marriages are often arranged between the families of the future bride and groom, sometimes as soon as the girl is born.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-40">[40]</a> However, in the late 1800s in England and the United States, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> activists began calling for raised age of consent laws, which was eventually handled in the 1920s, having been raised to 16–18.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-aoc-42">[42]</a> Child marriages can also occur in the context of <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">bride kidnapping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-40">[40]</a> While child marriage is observed for both boys and girls, the overwhelming majority of child spouses are girls.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In many cases, only one marriage-partner is a child, usually the female, due to the importance placed upon female <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-40">[40]</a> Causes of child marriage include <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, laws that allow child marriages, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">social pressures</a>, regional customs, fear of remaining unmarried, and perceived inability of women to work for money. Today, child marriages are widespread in parts of the world; being most common in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, with more than half of the girls in some countries in those regions being married before 18.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-40">[40]</a> The incidence of child marriage has been falling in most parts of the world. In developed countries, child marriage is outlawed or restricted. Girls who marry before 18 are at greater risk of becoming victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, than those who marry later, especially when they are married to a much older man.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Same-sex_and_third-gender_marriages">Same-sex and third-gender marriages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terryandmarkwedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Terryandmarkwedding.jpg/250px-Terryandmarkwedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Terryandmarkwedding.jpg/330px-Terryandmarkwedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Terryandmarkwedding.jpg/500px-Terryandmarkwedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>A same-sex couple exchanging wedding vows in a <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist</a> Fellowship</figcaption></figure> Several kinds of same-sex marriages have been documented in Indigenous and lineage-based cultures. In the Americas, <a href="/wiki/We%27wha" title="We'wha">We'wha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>), was a <a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a> (male individuals who, at least some of the time, dress and live in the roles usually filled by women in that culture); a respected artist, We'wha served as an emissary of the Zuni to Washington, where he met President <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson37-44">[44]</a> We'wha had at least one husband who was generally recognized as such.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> While it is a relatively new practice to grant same-sex couples the same form of legal marital recognition as commonly granted to mixed-sex couples, there is some history of recorded same-sex unions around the world.<a href="#cite_note-same_sex_marriage_a09-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greek same-sex relationships</a> were like modern companionate marriages, unlike their different-sex marriages in which the spouses had few emotional ties, and the husband had freedom to engage in outside sexual liaisons. The <a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a> (C. Th. 9.7.3) issued in 438 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> imposed severe penalties or death on same-sex relationships,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> but the exact intent of the law and its relation to social practice is unclear, as only a few examples of same-sex relationships in that culture exist.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Same-sex unions were celebrated in some regions of China, such as <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Possibly the earliest documented same-sex wedding in <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Christendom</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome, Italy</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_a_Porta_Latina" title="San Giovanni a Porta Latina">San Giovanni a Porta Latina</a> basilica in 1581.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temporary_marriages">Temporary marriages</h3></div> Several cultures have practised temporary and conditional marriages. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">handfasting</a> and fixed-term marriages in the Muslim community. Pre-Islamic Arabs practiced a form of temporary marriage that carries on today in the practice of <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a>, a fixed-term marriage contract. The Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> sanctioned a temporary marriage – <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">sigheh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and muta'a in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> – which can provide a legitimizing cover for sex workers.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The same forms of temporary marriage have been used in Egypt, Lebanon and Iran to make the donation of a human ova legal for <a href="/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation">in vitro fertilisation</a>; a woman cannot, however, use this kind of marriage to obtain a sperm donation.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah#Western_views" title="Nikah mut'ah">Muslim controversies related to Nikah Mut'ah</a> have resulted in the practice being confined mostly to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ite</a> communities. The matrilineal <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a> of China practice what they call "walking marriage". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></div> In some jurisdictions <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a>, in certain circumstances, may constitute a <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">common-law marriage</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Unregistered_cohabitation" title="Unregistered cohabitation">unregistered partnership</a>, or otherwise provide the unmarried partners with various rights and responsibilities; and in some countries, the laws recognize cohabitation in lieu of institutional marriage for taxation and social security benefits. This is the case, for example, in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Cohabitation may be an option pursued as a form of resistance to traditional institutionalized marriage. However, in this context, some nations reserve the right to define the relationship as marital, or otherwise to regulate the relation, even if the relation has not been registered with the state or a religious institution.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Conversely, institutionalized marriages may not involve cohabitation. In some cases, couples living together do not wish to be recognized as married. This may occur because pension or alimony rights are adversely affected; because of taxation considerations; because of immigration issues, or for other reasons. Such marriages have also been increasingly common in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>. Guo Jianmei, director of the center for women's studies at Beijing University, told a <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a> correspondent, "Walking marriages reflect sweeping changes in Chinese society." A "walking marriage" refers to a type of temporary marriage formed by the <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a> of China, in which male partners live elsewhere and make nightly visits.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A similar arrangement in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Nikah_Misyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah Misyar">misyar marriage</a>, also involves the husband and wife living separately but meeting regularly.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partner_selection">Partner selection</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette,_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette%2C_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg/330px-18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette%2C_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette%2C_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg/495px-18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette%2C_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette%2C_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg/660px-18281018_Wife_Wanted_-_Royal_Cornwall_Gazette%2C_Falmouth_Packet_and_Plymouth_Journal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1695" /></a><figcaption> In an 1828 "Wife Wanted" advertisement, an Englishman claiming a "great taste for building" pledges to apply a prospective wife's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>-like £1000+ to build property that will be "settled on her for life".<a href="#cite_note-CornwallGazette_18281018-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Magrath_King_and_Rinchen_Lhamo_wedding_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Louis_Magrath_King_and_Rinchen_Lhamo_wedding_photo.jpg/220px-Louis_Magrath_King_and_Rinchen_Lhamo_wedding_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Louis_Magrath_King_and_Rinchen_Lhamo_wedding_photo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The wedding of <a href="/wiki/Rinchen_Lhamo" title="Rinchen Lhamo">Rinchen Lhamo</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> woman, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Magrath_King" title="Louis Magrath King">Louis King</a>, an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">Englishman</a></figcaption></figure> There is wide cross-cultural variation in the social rules governing the selection of a partner for marriage. There is variation in the degree to which partner selection is an individual decision by the partners or a collective decision by the partners' kin groups, and there is variation in the rules regulating which partners are valid choices. The United Nations World Fertility Report of 2003 reports that 89% of all people get married before age forty-nine.<a href="#cite_note-UnitedNations,_2004-58">[58]</a> The percent of women and men who marry before age forty-nine drops to nearly 50% in some nations and reaches near 100% in other nations.<a href="#cite_note-UnitedNations,_2000-59">[59]</a> In other cultures with less strict rules governing the groups from which a partner can be chosen the selection of a marriage partner may involve either the couple going through a selection process of <a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a> or the marriage may be <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged</a> by the couple's parents or an outside party, a <a href="/wiki/Matchmaking" title="Matchmaking">matchmaker</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_difference">Age difference</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity in sexual relationships</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></div> Some people want to marry a person that is older or younger than they. This may impact marital stability<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> and partners with more than a 10-year gap in age tend to experience social disapproval<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In addition, older women (older than 35) have increased health risks when getting pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_status_and_wealth">Social status and wealth</h3></div> Some people want to marry a person with higher or lower status than them. Others want to marry people who have similar status. In many societies, women marry men who are of higher social status.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> There are marriages where each party has sought a partner of similar status. There are other marriages in which the man is older than the woman.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Some persons also wish to engage in transactional relationship for money rather than love (thus a type of marriage of convenience). Such people are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Gold_digger" title="Gold digger">gold diggers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_regime" title="Matrimonial regime">Separate property systems</a> can however be used to prevent property of being passed on to partners after divorce or death. Higher income men are more likely to marry and less likely to divorce. High income women are more likely to divorce.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incest_taboo,_exogamy_and_endogamy">Incest taboo, exogamy and endogamy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prohibited_degree_of_kinship" title="Prohibited degree of kinship">Prohibited degree of kinship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity (Catholic canon law)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate marriage</a></div> Societies have often placed restrictions on marriage to relatives, though the degree of prohibited relationship varies widely. Marriages between parents and children, or between full siblings, with few exceptions,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> have been considered <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> and forbidden. However, <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">marriages between more distant relatives</a> have been much more common, with one estimate being that 80% of all marriages in history have been between second cousins or closer.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This proportion has fallen dramatically, but still, more than 10% of all marriages are believed to be between people who are second cousins or more closely related.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the United States, such marriages are now highly stigmatized, and laws ban most or all first-cousin marriage in 30 states. Specifics vary: in South Korea, historically it was illegal to marry someone with the same last name and same ancestral line.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate marriage</a> is a marriage that occurs between an uncle and his niece or between an aunt and her nephew. Such marriages are illegal in most countries due to incest restrictions. However, a small number of countries have legalized it, including <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahrams_Chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Mahrams_Chart.png/300px-Mahrams_Chart.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Mahrams_Chart.png/450px-Mahrams_Chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2f/Mahrams_Chart.png/600px-Mahrams_Chart.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Family chart showing relatives who, in Islamic Sharia law, would be considered mahrim (or maharem): unmarriageable kin with whom <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> would be considered <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous</a></figcaption></figure> In various societies, the choice of partner is often limited to suitable persons from specific social groups. In some societies the rule is that a partner is selected from an individual's own social group – <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>, this is often the case in class- and caste-based societies. But in other societies a partner must be chosen from a different group than one's own – <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a>, this may be the case in societies practicing <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemic</a> religion where society is divided into several exogamous totemic clans, such as most <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australian</a> societies. In other societies a person is expected to marry their <a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">cross-cousin</a>, a woman must marry her father's sister's son and a man must marry his mother's brother's daughter – this is often the case if either a society has a rule of tracing kinship exclusively through patrilineal or matrilineal descent groups as among the <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a> of West Africa. Another kind of marriage selection is the <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate marriage</a> in which widows are obligated to marry their husband's brother, mostly found in societies where kinship is based on endogamous clan groups. Religion has commonly weighed in on the matter of which relatives, if any, are allowed to marry. Relations may be by <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">affinity</a>, meaning by blood or by marriage. On the marriage of cousins, <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> policy has evolved from initial acceptance, through a long period of general prohibition, to the contemporary requirement for a dispensation.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has always allowed it, while <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a> vary widely.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiasocialstructure-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prescriptive_marriage">Prescriptive marriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged marriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg/250px-Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg/330px-Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg/500px-Lodewijk_XIV-Marriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>An arranged marriage between <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> In a wide array of lineage-based societies with a <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">classificatory kinship system</a>, potential spouses are sought from a specific class of relative as determined by a prescriptive marriage rule. This rule may be expressed by anthropologists using a "descriptive" kinship term, such as a "man's mother's brother's daughter" (also known as a "cross-cousin"). Such descriptive rules mask the participant's perspective: a man should marry a woman from his mother's lineage. Within the society's kinship terminology, such relatives are usually indicated by a specific term which sets them apart as potentially marriageable. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> notes, however, that very few marriages ever follow the rule, and that when they do so, it is for "practical kinship" reasons such as the preservation of family property, rather than the "official kinship" ideology.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg/220px-Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg/330px-Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg/440px-Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian wedding</figcaption></figure> Insofar as regular marriages following prescriptive rules occur, lineages are linked together in fixed relationships; these ties between lineages may form political alliances in kinship dominated societies.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> French <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural</a> anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">alliance theory</a> to account for the "elementary" kinship structures created by the limited number of prescriptive marriage rules possible.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> A pragmatic (or 'arranged') marriage is made easier by formal procedures of family or group politics. A responsible authority sets up or encourages the marriage; they may, indeed, engage a professional <a href="/wiki/Matchmaking" title="Matchmaking">matchmaker</a> to find a suitable spouse for an unmarried person. The authority figure could be parents, family, a religious official, or a group consensus.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_marriage">Forced marriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_(Forced_marriage)._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_%28Forced_marriage%29._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg/250px-Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_%28Forced_marriage%29._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_%28Forced_marriage%29._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg/330px-Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_%28Forced_marriage%29._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_%28Forced_marriage%29._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg/500px-Oskar_Shmerling._Free_love_%28Forced_marriage%29._Molla_Nasreddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Criticism about the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azeri</a> society tradition from domestic violence to the social and political participation of women in the community</figcaption></figure> A forced marriage is a marriage in which one or both of the parties is married against their will. Forced marriages continue to be practiced in parts of the world, especially in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. The line between forced marriage and consensual marriage may become blurred, because the social norms of these cultures dictate that one should never oppose the desire of one's parents/relatives in regard to the choice of a spouse; in such cultures, it is not necessary for violence, threats, intimidation etc. to occur, the person simply "consents" to the marriage even if they do not want it, out of the implied social pressure and duty. The customs of <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, that exist in parts of the world, can lead to buying and selling people into marriage.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In some societies, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> to Africa, the custom of <a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">bride kidnapping</a> still exists, in which a woman is captured by a man and his friends. Sometimes this covers an <a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">elopement</a>, but sometimes it depends on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>. In previous times, <a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">raptio</a> was a larger-scale version of this, with groups of women captured by groups of men, sometimes in war; the most famous example is <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women">The Rape of the Sabine Women</a>, which provided the first citizens of Rome with their wives. Other marriage partners are more or less imposed on an individual. For example, <a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">widow inheritance</a> provides a widow with another man from her late husband's brothers. In rural areas of India, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> is practiced, with parents often arranging the wedding, sometimes even before the child is born.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This practice was made illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Child_Marriage_Restraint_Act" title="Child Marriage Restraint Act">Child Marriage Restraint Act</a> of 1929. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_considerations">Economic considerations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_marriage" title="Economics of marriage">Economics of marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">Family economics</a></div> The financial aspects of marriage vary between cultures and have changed over time. In some cultures, dowries and bride wealth continue to be required today. In both cases, the financial arrangements are usually made between the groom (or his family) and the bride's family; with the bride often not being involved in the negotiations, and often not having a choice in whether to participate in the marriage. In <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a>, the social status of the couple was supposed to be equal. After the marriage, all the property (called "fortune") and expected inheritances of the wife belonged to the husband. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dowry">Dowry</h3></div> A <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> is <blockquote>a process whereby parental property is distributed to a daughter at her marriage (i.e. inter vivos) rather than at the holder's death (mortis causa)… A dowry establishes some variety of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely. This fund ensures her support (or endowment) in widowhood and eventually goes to provide for her sons and daughters.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></blockquote> In some cultures, especially in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, dowries continue to be expected. In India, thousands of dowry-related deaths have taken place on yearly basis,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> to counter this problem, several jurisdictions have enacted laws restricting or banning dowry (see <a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India#Dowry_Prohibition_Act,_1961" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry law in India</a>). In Nepal, dowry was made illegal in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Some authors believe that the giving and receiving of dowry reflects the status and even the effort to climb high in social hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dower">Dower</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Dower</a></div> Direct Dowry contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride wealth</a>, which is paid by the groom or his family to the bride's parents, and with indirect dowry (or <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>), which is property given to the bride herself by the groom at the time of marriage and which remains under her ownership and control.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In the Jewish tradition, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into a <a href="/wiki/Prenuptial_agreement" title="Prenuptial agreement">prenuptial agreement</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">ketubah</a>. Besides other things, the ketubah provided for an amount to be paid by the husband in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)">divorce</a> or his estate in the event of his death. This amount was a replacement of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, which was payable at the time of the marriage by the groom to the father of the bride, because many young prospective husbands could not raise the bride price at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. It is the predecessor to the wife's present-day entitlement to <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">maintenance</a> in the event of the breakup of marriage, and family maintenance in the event of the husband not providing adequately for the wife in his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>. Another function performed by the ketubah amount was to provide a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife. <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">Morning gifts</a>, which might also be arranged by the bride's father rather than the bride, are given to the bride herself; the name derives from the Germanic tribal custom of giving them the morning after the wedding night. She might have control of this morning gift during the lifetime of her husband, but is entitled to it when widowed. If the amount of her inheritance is settled by law rather than agreement, it may be called <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a>. Depending on legal systems and the exact arrangement, she may not be entitled to dispose of it after her death, and may lose the property if she remarries. Morning gifts were preserved for centuries in <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a>, a union where the wife's inferior social status was held to prohibit her children from inheriting a noble's titles or estates. In this case, the morning gift would support the wife and children. Another legal provision for widowhood was <a href="/wiki/Jointure" title="Jointure">jointure</a>, in which property, often land, would be held in joint tenancy, so that it would automatically go to the widow on her husband's death. Islamic tradition has similar practices. A '<a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a>', either immediate or deferred, is the woman's portion of the groom's wealth (divorce) or estate (death). These amounts are usually set on the basis of the groom's own and family wealth and incomes, but in some parts these are set very high so as to provide a disincentive for the groom exercising the divorce, or the husband's family 'inheriting' a large portion of the estate, especially if there are no male offspring from the marriage. In some countries, including Iran, the mahr or alimony can amount to more than a man can ever hope to earn, sometimes up to US$1,000,000 (4000 official Iranian gold coins). If the husband cannot pay the mahr, either in case of a divorce or on demand, according to the current laws in Iran, he will have to pay it by installments. Failure to pay the <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a> might even lead to imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridewealth">Bridewealth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/220px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/330px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg/440px-Thai_Bride_Price_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Traditional, formal presentation of the bridewealth (also known as "sin sot") at an engagement ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></figcaption></figure> Bridewealth is a common practice in parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>), parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and in much of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>. It is also known as brideprice although this has fallen in disfavor as it implies the purchase of the bride. Bridewealth is the amount of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> or <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> or wealth paid by the groom or his family to the parents of a woman upon the marriage of their daughter to the groom. In <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> literature, bride price has often been explained as payment made to compensate the bride's family for the loss of her labor and fertility. In some cases, bridewealth is a means by which the groom's family's ties to the children of the union are recognized. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3></div> In some countries a married person or couple benefits from various taxation advantages not available to a single person. For example, spouses may be allowed to average their combined <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">incomes</a>. This is advantageous to a married couple with disparate incomes. To compensate for this, countries may provide a higher <a href="/wiki/Tax_bracket" title="Tax bracket">tax bracket</a> for the averaged income of a married couple. While income averaging might still benefit a married couple with a stay-at-home spouse, such averaging would cause a married couple with roughly equal personal incomes to pay more total tax than they would as two single persons. In the United States, this is called the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_penalty" title="Marriage penalty">marriage penalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> When the rates applied by the tax code are not based income averaging, but rather on the sum of individuals' incomes, higher rates will usually apply to each individual in a two-earner households in a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> systems. This is most often the case with high-income taxpayers and is another situation called a marriage penalty.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Conversely, when progressive tax is levied on the individual with no consideration for the partnership, dual-income couples fare much better than single-income couples with similar household incomes. The effect can be increased when the welfare system treats the same income as a shared income thereby denying welfare access to the non-earning spouse. Such systems apply in Australia and Canada, for example.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-marital_residence">Post-marital residence</h2></div> In many Western cultures, marriage usually leads to the formation of a new household comprising the married couple, with the married couple living together in the same home, often sharing the same bed, but in some other cultures this is not the tradition.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, residency after marriage is <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocal</a>, with the husband moving into the household of his wife's mother.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Residency after marriage can also be <a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">patrilocal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Avunculate#Avunculocal_societies" title="Avunculate">avunculocal</a>. In these cases, married couples may not form an independent household, but remain part of an extended family household. Early theories explaining the determinants of postmarital residence<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> connected it with the sexual division of labor. However, to date, <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">cross-cultural</a> tests of this <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> using worldwide samples have failed to find any significant relationship between these two variables. However, <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev</a>'s tests show that the female contribution to subsistence does correlate significantly with matrilocal residence in general. However, this correlation is masked by a general polygyny factor. Although, in different-sex marriages, an increase in the female contribution to subsistence tends to lead to matrilocal residence, it also tends simultaneously to lead to general non-sororal <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> which effectively destroys <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocality</a>. If this polygyny factor is controlled (e.g., through a multiple <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a> model), division of labor turns out to be a significant predictor of postmarital residence. Thus, Murdock's hypotheses regarding the relationships between the sexual division of labor and postmarital residence were basically correct, though<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> the actual relationships between those two groups of variables are more complicated than he expected.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> There has been a trend toward the <a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">neolocal residence</a> in western societies.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Marriage and other unions and status</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership" title="Domestic partnership">Domestic partnership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Validity of marriages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage licence">Marriage licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">Marriage certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenuptial_agreement" title="Prenuptial agreement">Prenuptial agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_regime" title="Matrimonial regime">Matrimonial regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">Annulment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Dissolution of marriages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounds_for_divorce" title="Grounds for divorce">Grounds for divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">No-fault divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Act" title="Matrimonial Causes Act">Matrimonial Causes Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_separation" title="Legal separation">Legal separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">Alimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_plan" title="Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a></li> <li>Residence [UK (EW and NI)]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custody_evaluation" title="Custody evaluation">Custody evaluator (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting_coordinator" title="Parenting coordinator">Parenting coordinator (US)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Children's issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_paternity_testing" title="DNA paternity testing">DNA paternity testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">Legal guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tender_years_doctrine" title="Tender years doctrine">Tender years doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_responsibility_laws" title="Filial responsibility laws">Filial responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_(law)" title="Contact (law)">Contact & visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_and_Family_Court_Advisory_and_Support_Service" title="Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service">CAFCASS [UK (EW)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent_visitation" title="Grandparent visitation">Grandparent visitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">UN Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_minors" title="Emancipation of minors">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(law)" title="Ward (law)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_abortion" title="Paper abortion">Paper abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_abuse_cases_featuring_long-term_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention">List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Private international law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Private international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_laws" title="Conflict of divorce laws">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws" title="Conflict of marriage laws">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Adoption_Convention" title="Hague Adoption Convention">Hague Convention (adoption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_child_abduction" title="International child abduction">International child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Civil_Aspects_of_International_Child_Abduction" title="Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction">Hague Convention (child abduction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_International_Recovery_of_Child_Support_and_Other_Forms_of_Family_Maintenance" title="Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance">Hague Convention (maintenance)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#aaddff; color:#000;;color: var(--color-base)">Family and criminal code (or criminal law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Protective Services">CPS (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_selling" title="Child selling">Child selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Legality of incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_child_abduction" title="Parental child abduction">Parental child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental duties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_fraud" title="Paternity fraud">Paternity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_law" title="Template:Family law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_law" title="Template talk:Family law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></div> Marriage laws refer to the legal requirements which determine the validity of a marriage, which vary considerably between countries. Article 16 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> declares that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. 3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 16</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_and_obligations">Rights and obligations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_regime" title="Matrimonial regime">Matrimonial regime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rights_and_responsibilities_of_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States">Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States</a></div> A marriage bestows rights and obligations on the married parties, and sometimes on <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">relatives</a> as well, being the sole mechanism for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">affinal ties</a> (in-laws). These may include, depending on jurisdiction: <ul><li>Giving one spouse or his/her family control over the other spouse's sexual services, labor, and property.</li> <li>Giving one spouse responsibility for the other's debts.</li> <li>Giving one spouse visitation rights when the other is incarcerated or hospitalized.</li> <li>Giving one spouse control over the other's affairs when the other is incapacitated.</li> <li>Establishing the second <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardian" title="Legal guardian">legal guardian</a> of a parent's child.</li> <li>Establishing a <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">joint fund of property</a> for the benefit of children.</li> <li>Establishing a relationship between the families of the spouses.</li></ul> These rights and obligations vary considerably between societies, and between groups within society.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> These might include arranged marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> unit, the legal protection of children and public declaration of <a href="/wiki/Promise" title="Promise">commitment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_regime">Property regime</h3></div> In many countries today, each marriage partner has the choice of keeping his or her property <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">separate</a> or combining properties. In the latter case, called <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a>, when the marriage ends by divorce each owns half. In lieu of a <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a>, property owned by the deceased generally is inherited by the surviving spouse. In some legal systems, the partners in a marriage are "jointly liable" for the debts of the marriage. This has a basis in a traditional legal notion called the "Doctrine of Necessities" whereby, in a heterosexual marriage, a husband was responsible to provide necessary things for his wife. Where this is the case, one partner may be sued to collect a debt for which they did not expressly contract. Critics of this practice note that debt collection agencies can abuse this by claiming an unreasonably wide range of debts to be expenses of the marriage. The cost of defense and the burden of proof is then placed on the non-contracting party to prove that the expense is not a debt of the family. The respective maintenance obligations, both during and eventually after a marriage, are regulated in most <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a> is one such method. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3></div> Marriage is an institution that is historically filled with restrictions. From age, to race, to social status, to <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a>, to gender, restrictions are placed on marriage by society for reasons of benefiting the children, passing on healthy genes, maintaining cultural values, or because of <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>. Almost all cultures that recognize marriage also recognize <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> as a violation of the terms of marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_adultery-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Age">Age</h4></div> Most jurisdictions set a <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">minimum age for marriage</a>; that is, a person must attain a certain age to be legally allowed to marry. This age may depend on circumstances, for instance exceptions from the general rule may be permitted if the parents of a young person express their consent and/or if a court decides that said marriage is in the best interest of the young person (often this applies in cases where a girl is pregnant). Although most age restrictions are in place in order to prevent children from being forced into marriages, especially to much older partners – marriages which can have negative education and health related consequences, and lead to <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> and other forms of violence<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> – such <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriages</a> remain common in parts of the world. According to the UN, child marriages are most common in rural <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. The ten countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> (75%), Chad, Central African Republic, Bangladesh, Guinea, Mozambique, Mali, Burkina Faso, South Sudan, and Malawi.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kinship">Kinship</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship" title="Coefficient of relationship">Coefficient of relationship</a></div> To prohibit incest and eugenic reasons, marriage laws have set restrictions for relatives to marry. Direct blood relatives are usually prohibited to marry, while for branch line relatives, laws are wary.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Kinship relations through marriage is also called "affinity", relationships that arise in one's group of origin, can also be called one's descent group. Some cultures in kinship relationships may be considered to extend out to those who they have economic or political relationships with; or other forms of social connections. Within some cultures they may lead you back to gods<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> or animal ancestors (totems). This can be conceived of on a more or less literal basis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Race">Race</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_miscegenation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_miscegenation.svg/400px-US_miscegenation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_miscegenation.svg/600px-US_miscegenation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/US_miscegenation.svg/800px-US_miscegenation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>U.S States, by the date of repeal of anti-miscegenation laws: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  No laws passed</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Repealed before 1887</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Repealed between 1948 and 1967</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Overturned on 12 June 1967</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></div> Laws banning "race-mixing" were enforced in certain North American jurisdictions from 1691<a href="#cite_note-Frank_W_Sweet-114">[114]</a> until 1967, in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>) from 1935 until 1945, and in South Africa during most part of the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> era (1949–1985). All these laws primarily banned marriage between persons of different racially or ethnically defined groups, which was termed "amalgamation" or "miscegenation" in the U.S. The laws in Nazi Germany and many of the U.S. states, as well as South Africa, also banned sexual relations between such individuals. In the United States, laws in some but not all of the states prohibited the marriage of whites and blacks, and in many states also the intermarriage of whites with <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In the U.S., such laws were known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a>. From 1913 until 1948, 30 out of the then 48 states enforced such laws.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Although an "Anti-Miscegenation Amendment" to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> was proposed in 1871, in 1912–1913, and in 1928,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> no nationwide law against racially mixed marriages was ever enacted. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> unanimously ruled in <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> that anti-miscegenation laws are <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">unconstitutional</a>. With this ruling, these laws were no longer in effect in the remaining 16 states that still had them. The Nazi ban on interracial marriage and interracial sex was enacted in September 1935 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>, the Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre (The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour). The Nuremberg Laws classified <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> as a race and forbade marriage and extramarital sexual relations at first with people of Jewish descent, but was later ended to the "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring" and people of "German or related blood".<a href="#cite_note-Burleigh1991-119">[119]</a> Such relations were marked as <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'race-disgrace') and could be punished by imprisonment (usually followed by deportation to a concentration camp) and even by death. In South Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_Mixed_Marriages_Act,_1949" title="Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949">Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949</a> prohibited marriage between persons of different races, and the <a href="/wiki/Immorality_Act" title="Immorality Act">Immorality Act</a> of 1950 made <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">sexual relations with a person of a different race</a> a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sex">Sex</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_marriage-equality_laws.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/World_marriage-equality_laws.svg/500px-World_marriage-equality_laws.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/World_marriage-equality_laws.svg/960px-World_marriage-equality_laws.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Marriage open to same-sex couples (rings: individual cases)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but marriage is not yet provided for</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Same-sex marriage recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions, and accorded greater rights than local same-sex unions (if any)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Civil unions or domestic partnerships</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Limited legal recognition (registered cohabitation)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Local certification without legal force</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Limited recognition of marriage performed in certain other jurisdictions (residency rights for spouses)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Country subject to an international court ruling to recognize same-sex marriage</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Same-sex unions not legally recognized</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></div> Same-sex marriage is legally performed and recognized in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Andorra" title="Same-sex marriage in Andorra">Andorra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Australia" title="Same-sex marriage in Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Austria" title="Same-sex marriage in Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Belgium" title="Same-sex marriage in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex marriage in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Canada" title="Same-sex marriage in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Chile" title="Same-sex marriage in Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Colombia" title="Same-sex marriage in Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Costa_Rica" title="Same-sex marriage in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Cuba" title="Same-sex marriage in Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Denmark" title="Same-sex marriage in Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Ecuador" title="Same-sex marriage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Estonia" title="Same-sex marriage in Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Finland" title="Same-sex marriage in Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_France" title="Same-sex marriage in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany" title="Same-sex marriage in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Greece" title="Same-sex marriage in Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Iceland" title="Same-sex marriage in Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Luxembourg" title="Same-sex marriage in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Malta" title="Same-sex marriage in Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-netherlands-120">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_Zealand" title="Same-sex marriage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nz-121">[b]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Norway" title="Same-sex marriage in Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Portugal" title="Same-sex marriage in Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Slovenia" title="Same-sex marriage in Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Africa" title="Same-sex marriage in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Spain" title="Same-sex marriage in Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Sweden" title="Same-sex marriage in Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Switzerland" title="Same-sex marriage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Taiwan" title="Same-sex marriage in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-uk-122">[c]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-usa-123">[d]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Uruguay" title="Same-sex marriage in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Israel" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Israel">Israel</a> recognizes same-sex marriages entered into abroad as full marriages. The introduction of same-sex marriage has varied by jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through legislative change to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">marriage law</a>, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees of equality, or by direct popular vote (via <a href="/wiki/Ballot_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot initiative">ballot initiative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>). The recognition of same-sex marriage is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human right</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil right</a> as well as a political, social, and religious issue.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> The most prominent supporters of same-sex marriage are human rights and civil rights organizations as well as the medical and scientific communities, while the most prominent opponents are religious groups. Various faith communities around the world support same-sex marriage, while many religious groups oppose it. <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage#Public_opinion" title="Same-sex marriage">Polls consistently show</a> continually rising support for the recognition of same-sex marriage in all developed democracies and in some developing democracies.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> The establishment of recognition in law for the marriages of same-sex couples is one of the most prominent objectives of the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a> movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_of_spouses">Number of spouses</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_polygamy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Legality_of_polygamy.svg/500px-Legality_of_polygamy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Legality_of_polygamy.svg/600px-Legality_of_polygamy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Legality_of_polygamy.svg/800px-Legality_of_polygamy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption> <div style="margin:0 0.5em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is legal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is legal only for Muslims</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is legal in some regions (Indonesia)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is illegal, but practice is not criminalised</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is illegal and practice criminalised</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Legal status unknown</div> </div> <div style="margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.25em;border-top:1px solid#aaa;font-size:94%;"><ul><li style="line-height:1.3em;">In India, Malaysia, Philippines and Singapore polygamy is only legal for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.</li><li style="line-height:1.3em;">In Nigeria and South Africa, polygamous marriages under customary law and for Muslims are legally recognized.</li><li style="line-height:1.3em;">In Mauritius, polygamous unions have no legal recognition. Muslim men may, however, "marry" up to four women, but they do not have the legal status of wives.</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_polygamy" title="Legality of polygamy">Legality of polygamy</a></div> Polygyny is widely practiced in mostly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and African countries.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> In the Middle Eastern region, Israel, Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Tunisia" title="Polygamy in Tunisia">Tunisia</a> are notable exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> In most other jurisdictions, polygamy is illegal. For example, In the United States, polygamy is illegal in all <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_territories_of_the_United_States" title="List of states and territories of the United States">50 states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quietly-129">[125]</a> In the late-19th century, citizens of the self-governing territory of what is present-day <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> were forced by the United States federal government to abandon the practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> through the vigorous enforcement of several <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Acts of Congress</a>, and eventually complied. <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> formally abolished the practice in 1890, in a document labeled '<a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">The Manifesto</a>' (see <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy_in_the_late-19th_century" title="Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century">Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century</a>).<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">American Muslims</a>, a small minority of around 50,000 to 100,000 people are estimated to live in families with a husband maintaining an illegal polygamous relationship.<a href="#cite_note-quietly-129">[125]</a> Several countries such as India and Sri Lanka,<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> permit only their Islamic citizens to practice polygamy. Some Indians have converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in order to bypass such legal restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Predominantly Christian nations usually do not allow <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamous unions</a>, with a handful of exceptions being the <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Polygamy in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, Uganda, and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Zambia" title="Polygamy in Zambia">Zambia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_recognition">State recognition</h3></div> When a marriage is performed and carried out by a government institution in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">marriage laws</a> of the jurisdiction, without religious content, it is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a>. Civil marriage recognizes and creates the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony in the eyes of the state. Some countries do not recognize locally performed religious marriage on its own, and require a separate civil marriage for official purposes. Conversely, civil marriage does not exist in some countries governed by a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">religious legal system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, where marriages contracted abroad might not be recognized if they were contracted contrary to Saudi interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic religious law</a>. In countries governed by a <a href="/wiki/Millet_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Millet system">mixed secular-religious legal system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, locally performed civil marriage does not exist within the country, which prevents interfaith and various other marriages that contradict religious laws from being entered into in the country; however, civil marriages performed abroad may be recognized by the state even if they conflict with religious laws. For example, in the case of recognition of <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">marriage in Israel</a>, this includes recognition of not only interfaith civil marriages performed abroad, but also overseas same-sex civil marriages. In various jurisdictions, a civil marriage may take place as part of the religious marriage ceremony, although they are theoretically distinct. Some jurisdictions allow civil marriages in circumstances which are notably not allowed by particular religions, such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a>. Churches may have less strict limits than the civil jurisdictions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is possible for two people to be recognized as married by a religious or other institution, but not by the state, and hence without the legal rights and obligations of marriage; or to have a civil marriage deemed invalid and sinful by a religion. Similarly, a couple may remain married in religious eyes after a civil divorce. Most sovereign states and other jurisdictions limit legally recognized marriage to <a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">opposite-sex</a> couples and a diminishing number of these permit <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">group marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousin marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibling_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibling marriage">sibling marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teenage_marriage" title="Teenage marriage">teenage marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">avunculate marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous marriages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human-animal_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-animal marriage">bestiality marriages</a>. In modern times, a growing number of countries, primarily developed democracies, have lifted bans on, and have established legal recognition for, <a href="/wiki/Women%E2%80%99s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Women’s rights">equal rights for women</a> and the marriages of <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">interethnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">interfaith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_marriage" title="Interdenominational marriage">interdenominational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">interclass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">intercommunity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">transnational</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex</a> couples as well as immigrant couples, couples with an immigrant spouse, and other minority couples. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of national laws against the practice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marriage_license,_civil_ceremony_and_registration">Marriage license, civil ceremony and registration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinto_married_couple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shinto_married_couple.jpg/250px-Shinto_married_couple.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shinto_married_couple.jpg/330px-Shinto_married_couple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shinto_married_couple.jpg/500px-Shinto_married_couple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Couple married in a <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Takayama,_Gifu" title="Takayama, Gifu">Takayama, Gifu</a> prefecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrian_wedding,_Mechelen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Assyrian_wedding%2C_Mechelen.jpg/250px-Assyrian_wedding%2C_Mechelen.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Assyrian_wedding%2C_Mechelen.jpg/330px-Assyrian_wedding%2C_Mechelen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Assyrian_wedding%2C_Mechelen.jpg/500px-Assyrian_wedding%2C_Mechelen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>A newly married <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> couple</figcaption></figure> A marriage is usually formalized at a wedding or marriage ceremony. The ceremony may be officiated either by a religious official, by a government official or by a state approved celebrant. In various European and Latin American countries, any religious ceremony must be held separately from the required civil ceremony. Some countries – such as <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> – require that a civil ceremony take place before any religious one. In some countries – notably the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> – both ceremonies can be held together; the officiant at the religious and civil ceremony also serving as agent of the state to perform the civil ceremony. To avoid any implication that the state is "recognizing" a religious marriage (which is prohibited in some countries) – the "civil" ceremony is said to be taking place at the same time as the religious ceremony. Often this involves simply signing a register during the religious ceremony. If the civil element of the religious ceremony is omitted, the marriage ceremony is not recognized as a marriage by government under the law. Some countries, such as Australia, permit marriages to be held in private and at any location; others, including <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, require that the civil ceremony be conducted in a place open to the public and specially sanctioned by law for the purpose. In England, the place of marriage formerly had to be a church or <a href="/wiki/Register_office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Register office (United Kingdom)">register office</a>, but this was extended to any public venue with the necessary licence. An exception can be made in the case of marriage by special emergency license (UK: licence), which is normally granted only when one of the parties is terminally ill. Rules about where and when persons can marry vary from place to place. Some regulations require one of the parties to reside within the jurisdiction of the register office (formerly parish). Each religious authority has rules for the manner in which marriages are to be conducted by their officials and members. Where religious marriages are recognised by the state, the officiator must also conform with the law of the jurisdiction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common-law_marriage">Common-law marriage</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></div> In a small number of jurisdictions marriage relationships may be created by the operation of the law alone.<a href="#cite_note-Nolo-134">[130]</a> Unlike the typical <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_marriage" title="Ceremonial marriage">ceremonial marriage</a> with legal contract, wedding ceremony, and other details, a <a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">common-law marriage</a> may be called "marriage by habit and repute (cohabitation)." A de facto common-law marriage without a license or ceremony is legally binding in some jurisdictions but has no legal consequence in others.<a href="#cite_note-Nolo-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_unions">Civil unions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg/220px-New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg/330px-New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg/440px-New_York_City_Proposition_8_Protest_outside_LDS_temple_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Various advocates of same-sex marriage, such as this protester at a demonstration in New York City against <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 8 (2008)">California Proposition 8</a>, consider <a href="/wiki/Civil_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unions">civil unions</a> an inferior alternative to legal recognition of same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Towleroad-135">[131]</a></figcaption></figure> A civil union, also referred to as a civil partnership, is a legally recognized form of partnership similar to marriage. Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Denmark" title="Same-sex marriage in Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1989, civil unions under one name or another have been established by law in several countries in order to provide <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">same-sex couples</a> <a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>, benefits, and <a href="/wiki/Moral_responsibility" title="Moral responsibility">responsibilities</a> similar (in some countries, identical) to opposite-sex civil marriage. In some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex marriage in Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_union_in_New_Zealand" title="Civil union in New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Uruguay" title="Same-sex marriage in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_solidarity_pact" title="Civil solidarity pact">France</a> and the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Hawaii" title="Same-sex marriage in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Illinois" title="Same-sex marriage in Illinois">Illinois</a>, civil unions are also open to opposite-sex couples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Marriage_of_convenience"">"Marriage of convenience"</h4></div> Sometimes people marry to take advantage of a certain situation, sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">marriage of convenience</a> or a sham marriage. In 2003, over 180,000 immigrants were admitted to the U.S. as spouses of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States" title="Citizenship of the United States">U.S. citizens</a>;<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> more were admitted as fiancés of US citizens for the purpose of being married within 90 days. These marriages had a diverse range of motives, including <a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">obtaining permanent residency</a>, securing an inheritance that has a marriage clause, or to enroll in health insurance, among many others. While all marriages have a complex combination of conveniences motivating the parties to marry, a marriage of convenience is one that is devoid of normal reasons to marry. In certain countries like Singapore sham marriages are punishable criminal offences.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_legal_and_human_rights_criticisms_of_marriage">Contemporary legal and human rights criticisms of marriage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg/250px-Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg/330px-Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg/500px-Esposas_de_Matrimonio_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>"Esposas de Matrimonio" ("Wedding Cuffs"), a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring" title="Wedding ring">wedding ring</a> sculpture expressing the criticism of marriages' effects on individual liberty. Esposas is a play on Spanish, in which the singular form of the word esposa refers to a spouse, and the plural refers to <a href="/wiki/Handcuffs" title="Handcuffs">handcuffs</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></div> People have proposed arguments against marriage for reasons that include political, philosophical and religious criticisms; concerns about the <a href="/wiki/Divorce_demography" title="Divorce demography">divorce rate</a>; individual liberty and gender equality; questioning the necessity of having a personal relationship sanctioned by government or religious authorities; or the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> for religious or philosophical reasons. Research has found that unhappily married couples are at 3–25 times the risk of developing clinical depression.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_and_gender_roles">Power and gender roles</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.%2C_OWID.svg/310px-Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.%2C_OWID.svg/465px-Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.%2C_OWID.svg/620px-Are_married_women_required_by_law_to_obey_their_husbands.%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Countries where married women are required by law to obey their husbands as of 2015<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, in most cultures, married women had very few rights of their own, being considered, along with the family's children, the property of the <a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a>; as such, they could not own or inherit property, or represent themselves legally (see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Coverture" title="Coverture">coverture</a>). Since the late 19th century, in some (primarily <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a>) countries, marriage has undergone gradual legal changes, aimed at improving the rights of the wife. These changes included giving wives legal identities of their own, abolishing the right of husbands to physically discipline their wives, giving wives property rights, liberalizing <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> laws, providing wives with <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive rights</a> of their own, and requiring a <a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a>'s consent when sexual relations occur. In the 21st century, there continue to be controversies regarding the legal status of married women, legal acceptance of or leniency towards violence within marriage (especially sexual violence), traditional marriage customs such as <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a>, forced marriage, <a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">marriageable age</a>, and criminalization of consensual behaviors such as <a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">premarital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">extramarital sex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Feminist theory</a> approaches opposite-sex marriage as an institution traditionally rooted in <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a> that promotes male superiority and power over women. This <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power dynamic</a> conceptualizes men as "the provider operating in the public sphere" and women as "the caregivers operating within the private sphere".<a href="#cite_note-Weadock-142">[138]</a> "Theoretically, women ... [were] defined as the property of their husbands .... The adultery of a woman was always treated with more severity than that of a man."<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> "[F]eminist demands for a wife's control over her own property were not met [in parts of Britain] until ... [laws were passed in the late 19th century]."<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Traditional heterosexual marriage imposed an obligation of the wife to be sexually available for her husband and an obligation of the husband to provide material/financial support for the wife. Numerous philosophers, feminists and other academic figures have commented on this throughout history, condemning the hypocrisy of legal and religious authorities in regard to sexual issues; pointing to the lack of choice of a woman in regard to controlling her own sexuality; and drawing parallels between marriage, an institution promoted as sacred, and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, widely condemned and vilified (though often tolerated as a "<a href="/wiki/Lesser_of_two_evils_principle" title="Lesser of two evils principle">necessary evil</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, in the 18th century, described marriage as "legal prostitution".<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a> wrote that: "Marriage is for woman the commonest mode of livelihood, and the total amount of undesired sex endured by women is probably greater in marriage than in prostitution."<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Carter" title="Angela Carter">Angela Carter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nights_at_the_Circus" title="Nights at the Circus">Nights at the Circus</a> wrote: "What is marriage but prostitution to one man instead of many?"<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Some critics object to what they see as <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> in relation to marriage – from the government, religious organizations, the media – which aggressively promote marriage as a solution for all social problems; such propaganda includes, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_promotion" title="Marriage promotion">marriage promotion</a> in schools, where children, especially <a href="/wiki/Girl" title="Girl">girls</a>, are bombarded with positive information about marriage, being presented only with the information prepared by authorities.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> The performance of dominant gender roles by men and submissive gender roles by women influence the power dynamic of a heterosexual marriage.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> In some American households, women internalize gender role stereotypes and often assimilate into the role of "wife", "mother", and "caretaker" in <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> to societal norms and their male partner. Author <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> states "within the family structure, individuals learn to accept sexist oppression as 'natural' and are primed to support other forms of oppression, including heterosexist domination."<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> "[T]he cultural, economic, political and legal supremacy of the husband" was "[t]raditional ... under English law".<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> This patriarchal dynamic is contrasted with a conception of <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">peer marriage</a> in which power and labour are divided equally, and not according to <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weadock-142">[138]</a> In the US, studies have shown that, despite egalitarian ideals being common, less than half of respondents viewed their opposite-sex relationships as equal in power, with unequal relationships being more commonly dominated by the male partner.<a href="#cite_note-Sprecher-153">[149]</a> Studies also show that married couples find the highest level of satisfaction in egalitarian relationships and lowest levels of satisfaction in wife dominate relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Sprecher-153">[149]</a> In recent years, egalitarian or peer marriages have been receiving increasing focus and attention politically, economically and culturally in a number of countries, including the United States. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extra-marital_sex">Extra-marital sex</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG/250px-Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG/330px-Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG/500px-Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder-Christus_und_die_Ehebrecherin-AP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery" title="Jesus and the woman taken in adultery">Christ and the woman taken in adultery</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinakothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinakothek">Pinakothek</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdalen-asylum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Magdalen-asylum.jpg/300px-Magdalen-asylum.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Magdalen-asylum.jpg/450px-Magdalen-asylum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Magdalen-asylum.jpg/600px-Magdalen-asylum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_laundries" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene laundries">Magdalene laundries</a> were institutions that existed from the 18th to the late 20th centuries, throughout Europe and North America, where "fallen women", including <a href="/wiki/Single_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Single mother">unmarried mothers</a>, were detained. Photo: Magdalene laundry in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, ca. early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> Different societies demonstrate variable tolerance of extramarital sex. The Standard Cross-Cultural Sample describes the occurrence of extramarital sex by gender in over 50 pre-industrial cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Divale,_2000-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murdock,_White,1969-156">[152]</a> The occurrence of extramarital sex by men is described as "universal" in 6 cultures, "moderate" in 29 cultures, "occasional" in 6 cultures, and "uncommon" in 10 cultures. The occurrence of extramarital sex by women is described as "universal" in 6 cultures, "moderate" in 23 cultures, "occasional" in 9 cultures, and "uncommon" in 15 cultures. Three studies using nationally representative samples in the United States found that between 10 and 15% of women and 20–25% of men engage in extramarital sex.<a href="#cite_note-Clements,1994-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laumann,_Gagnon,_Michael,_Michaels,1994-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiederman,1997-159">[155]</a> Many of the world's major religions look with disfavor on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual relations</a> outside marriage.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> In some non-<a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> Islamic countries, there are criminal penalties for <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">sexual intercourse before marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kury_Redo_Shea_2016_p._652-161">[157]</a> Sexual relations by a married person with someone other than his/her spouse is known as <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>. Adultery is considered in many jurisdictions to be a crime and <a href="/wiki/Grounds_for_divorce" title="Grounds for divorce">grounds for divorce</a>. In some countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-travel.state.gov-164">[160]</a> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-travel.state.gov-164">[160]</a> Kuwait,<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Maldives,<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Morocco,<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> Oman,<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Mauritania,<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> United Arab Emirates,<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> Sudan,<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Yemen,<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> any form of sexual activity outside marriage is illegal. In some parts of the world, women and girls accused of having sexual relations outside marriage are at risk of becoming victims of <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a> committed by their families.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> In 2011 several people were sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> after being accused of adultery in Iran, Somalia, Afghanistan, Sudan, Mali and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Practices such as honor killings and stoning continue to be supported by mainstream politicians and other officials in some countries. In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, after the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Honour_killing_in_Pakistan" title="Honour killing in Pakistan">Balochistan honour killings</a> in which five women were killed by tribesmen of the <a href="/wiki/Umrani" title="Umrani">Umrani Tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>, Pakistani Federal Minister for Postal Services <a href="/wiki/Israr_Ullah_Zehri" title="Israr Ullah Zehri">Israr Ullah Zehri</a> defended the practice.<a href="#cite_note-times-185">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_violence">Sexual violence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></div> An issue that is a serious concern regarding marriage and which has been the object of international scrutiny is that of <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">sexual violence within marriage</a>. Throughout much of the history, in most cultures, sex in marriage was considered a 'right', that could be taken by force (often by a man from a woman), if 'denied'. As the concept of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> started to develop in the 20th century, and with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>, such views, and laws, have become less widely held.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> The legal and social concept of marital rape has developed in most industrialized countries in the mid- to late 20th century; in many other parts of the world it is not recognized as a form of abuse, socially or legally. Several countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> made marital rape illegal before 1970, and other countries in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and the English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> outlawed it in the 1980s and 1990s. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, marital rape was made illegal in 1991. Although marital rape is being increasingly criminalized in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> too, cultural, religious, and traditional ideologies about "conjugal rights" remain very strong in many parts of the world; and even where countries may have adequate laws against rape in marriage, these laws may rarely be enforced.<a href="#cite_note-Banerjee_Rao_2022_pp._11–13-187">[183]</a> Apart from the issue of rape committed against one's spouse, marriage is, in many parts of the world, closely connected with other forms of sexual violence: in some places, like <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, unmarried girls and women who are raped are often forced by their families to marry their rapist. Because being the victim of rape and losing <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a> carry extreme social stigma, and the victims are deemed to have their "reputation" tarnished, a marriage with the rapist is arranged. This is claimed to be in the advantage of both the victim – who does not remain unmarried and does not lose social status – and of the rapist, who avoids punishment. In 2012, after a Moroccan 16-year-old girl committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> after having been forced by her family to marry her rapist and enduring further abuse by the rapist after they married, there have been protests from activists against this practice which is common in Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> In some societies, the very high social and religious importance of marital fidelity, especially female fidelity, has as result the criminalization of adultery, often with harsh penalties such as <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogging</a>; as well as leniency towards punishment of violence related to infidelity (such as <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a>).<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> In the 21st century, criminal laws against adultery have become controversial with international organizations calling for their abolition.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-191">[187]</a> Opponents of adultery laws argue that these laws are a major contributor to discrimination and violence against women, as they are enforced selectively mostly against women; that they prevent women from reporting <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>; and that they maintain social norms which justify violent crimes committed against women by husbands, families and communities. A Joint Statement by the United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice states that "Adultery as a criminal offence violates women's human rights".<a href="#cite_note-ohchr.org-191">[187]</a> Some human rights organizations argue that the criminalization of adultery also violates internationally recognized protections for private life, as it represents an arbitrary interference with an individual's privacy, which is not permitted under international law.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laws,_human_rights_and_gender_status">Laws, human rights and gender status</h4></div> The laws surrounding heterosexual marriage in many countries have come under international scrutiny because they contradict international standards of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>; institutionalize <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriage</a>; require the permission of a husband for his wife to work in a paid job, sign legal documents, file criminal charges against someone, sue in civil court etc.; sanction the use by husbands of violence to "discipline" their wives; and discriminate against women in divorce.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> Such things were legal even in many Western countries until recently: for instance, in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, married women obtained the right to work without their husband's permission in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> women obtained this right in 1977 (by comparison women in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> had many more rights).<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, during Franco's era, a married woman needed her husband's consent, referred to as the permiso marital, for almost all economic activities, including employment, ownership of property, and even traveling away from home; the permiso marital was abolished in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> An absolute submission of a wife to her husband is accepted as natural in many parts of the world, for instance surveys by UNICEF have shown that the percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is as high as 90% in Afghanistan and Jordan, 87% in Mali, 86% in Guinea and Timor-Leste, 81% in Laos, 80% in Central African Republic.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> Detailed results from Afghanistan show that 78% of women agree with a beating if the wife "goes out without telling him [the husband]" and 76% agree "if she argues with him".<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> Throughout history, and still today in many countries, laws have provided for <a href="/wiki/Extenuating_circumstances" class="mw-redirect" title="Extenuating circumstances">extenuating circumstances</a>, partial or complete defenses, for men who killed their wives due to adultery, with such acts often being seen as <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">crimes of passion</a> and being covered by legal defenses such as <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocation</a> or defense of <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">family honor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_and_ability_to_divorce">Right and ability to divorce</h4></div> While international law and conventions recognize the need for consent for entering a marriage – namely that people cannot be forced to get married against their will – the right to obtain a divorce is not recognized; therefore holding a person in a marriage against their will (if such person has consented to entering in it) is not considered a violation of human rights, with the issue of divorce being left at the appreciation of individual states.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> In the EU, the last country to allow divorce was <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_divorce_referendum,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese divorce referendum, 2011">in 2011</a>. Around the world, the only countries to forbid divorce are <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> although in practice in many countries which use a <a href="/wiki/Divorce#At-fault_divorce" title="Divorce">fault-based divorce</a> system obtaining a divorce is very difficult. The ability to divorce, in law and practice, has been and continues to be a controversial issue in many countries, and public discourse involves different ideologies such as feminism, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>, religious interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dowry_and_bridewealth">Dowry and bridewealth</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Say_no_to_dowry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/250px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/330px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Say_no_to_dowry.jpg/500px-Say_no_to_dowry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>Anti-dowry poster in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore, India</a></figcaption></figure> In recent years, the customs of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> have received international criticism for inciting conflicts between families and clans; contributing to <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>; promoting materialism; increasing property crimes (where men steal goods such as cattle in order to be able to pay the bride price); and making it difficult for poor people to marry. African women's rights campaigners advocate the abolishing of bride price, which they argue is based on the idea that women are a form of property which can be bought.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> Bride price has also been criticized for contributing to <a href="/wiki/Child_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Child trafficking">child trafficking</a> as impoverished parents sell their young daughters to rich older men.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> A senior Papua New Guinea police officer has called for the abolishing of bride price arguing that it is one of the main reasons for the mistreatment of women in that country.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> The opposite practice of dowry has been linked to a high level of violence (see <a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a>) and to crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children_born_outside_marriage">Children born outside marriage</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy (family law)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg/300px-TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg/450px-TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg/600px-TheOutcastRichardRedgrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>The Outcast, by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Redgrave" title="Richard Redgrave">Richard Redgrave</a>, 1851. A patriarch casts his daughter and her illegitimate baby out of the family home.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women,_selected_countries,_1980_and_2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png/300px-Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png/450px-Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png/600px-Percentage_of_birth_to_unmarried_women%2C_selected_countries%2C_1980_and_2007.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007<a href="#cite_note-non_mar1-212">[208]</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, and still in many countries, children born outside marriage suffered severe social stigma and discrimination. In England and Wales, such children were known as <a href="/wiki/Bastard_(law_of_England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastard (law of England and Wales)">bastards and whoresons</a>. There are significant differences between world regions in regard to the social and legal position of non-marital births, ranging from being fully accepted and uncontroversial to being severely stigmatized and discriminated.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> The 1975 European Convention on the Legal Status of Children Born out of Wedlock protects the rights of children born to unmarried parents.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> The convention states, among others, that: "The father and mother of a child born out of wedlock shall have the same obligation to maintain the child as if it were born in wedlock" and that "A child born out of wedlock shall have the same right of succession in the estate of its father and its mother and of a member of its father's or mother's family, as if it had been born in wedlock."<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> While in most Western countries legal inequalities between children born inside and outside marriage have largely been abolished, this is not the case in some parts of the world. The legal status of an unmarried father differs greatly from country to country. Without voluntary formal recognition of the child by the father, in most cases there is a need of due process of law in order to establish <a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">paternity</a>. In some countries however, unmarried cohabitation of a couple for a specific period of time does create a presumption of paternity similar to that of formal marriage. This is the case in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Under what circumstances can a paternity action be initiated, the rights and responsibilities of a father once paternity has been established (whether he can obtain parental responsibility and whether he can be forced to <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">support the child</a>) as well as the legal position of a father who voluntarily acknowledges the child, vary widely by jurisdiction. A special situation arises when a married woman has a child by a man other than her husband. Some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, refuse to accept a legal challenge of paternity in such a circumstance, in order to avoid the stigmatization of the child (see <a href="/wiki/Mamzer" title="Mamzer">Mamzer</a>, a concept under <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>). In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled in favor of a German man who had fathered twins with a married woman, granting him right of contact with the twins, despite the fact that the mother and her husband had forbidden him to see the children.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The steps that an unmarried father must take in order to obtain rights to his child vary by country. In some countries (such as the UK – since 2003 in England and Wales, 2006 in Scotland, and 2002 in Northern Ireland) it is sufficient for the father to be listed on the birth certificate for him to have parental rights;<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> in other countries, such as Ireland, simply being listed on the birth certificate does not offer any rights, additional legal steps must be taken (if the mother agrees, the parents can both sign a "statutory declaration", but if the mother does not agree, the father has to apply to court).<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Children born outside marriage have become more common, and in some countries, the majority. Recent data from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> showed figures for non-marital childbearing to be 74% for <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, 69% for <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, 68% for <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, 66% for <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 58% for <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, 55% for <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> In 2012, in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, 40% of births were outside marriage,<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-223">[219]</a> and in the United States, in 2013, the figure was similar, at 41%.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> 48% of births were to unmarried women in 2012; in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> the figure was 35%.<a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-223">[219]</a> During the first half of the 20th century, unmarried women in some Western countries were coerced by authorities to give their children up for <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>. This was especially the case in Australia, through the <a href="/wiki/Forced_adoption_in_Australia" title="Forced adoption in Australia">forced adoptions in Australia</a>, with most of these adoptions taking place between the 1950s and the 1970s. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a>, then Prime Minister of Australia, offered a national apology to those affected by the forced adoptions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> Some married couples <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">choose not to have children</a>. Others are unable to have children because of <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a> or other factors preventing <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">conception</a> or the bearing of children. In some cultures, marriage imposes an obligation on women to bear children. In northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, for example, payment of <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bridewealth</a> signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg/220px-Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg/330px-Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg/440px-Verlobung_Frau_und_Mann_-_mit_Ringtausch_-_und_Treue_Verlobungsversprechen_-_Dresden_-_Bild_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption>A man and woman exchange rings</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_divorce" title="Religion and divorce">Religion and divorce</a></div> Religions develop in specific geographic and social milieux.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> Religious attitudes and practices relating to marriage vary, but have many similarities.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> encourages marriage and views it as a mutually strengthening bond. A <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_marriage" title="Baháʼí marriage">Baháʼí marriage</a> is contingent on the consent of all living parents.<a href="#cite_note-oneworld-230">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian views on marriage</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wedding#Christian_customs" title="Wedding">Wedding § Christian customs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg/250px-Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg/330px-Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg/500px-Crowning_in_Syro-Malabar_Nasrani_Wedding_by_Mar_Gregory_Karotemprel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4834" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption>Crowning during <a href="/wiki/Nasrani_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani wedding">Holy Matrimony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Catholic Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> Church and a part of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian">Saint Thomas Christian</a> community in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Church,_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Kyoto.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Kyoto.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Kyoto.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_Church%2C_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Christian wedding in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto,Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto%2CCanada.jpg/220px-Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto%2CCanada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto%2CCanada.jpg/330px-Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto%2CCanada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto%2CCanada.jpg/440px-Russian_church_wedding_in_Toronto%2CCanada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Russian orthodox wedding ceremony</figcaption></figure> Modern Christianity bases its views on marriage upon the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witte-231">[227]</a> Many of the largest <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> denominations regard marriage as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>, sacred institution, or <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> The first known decrees on marriage were during the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (twenty-fourth session of 1563), decrees that made the validity of marriage dependent on the wedding occurring in the presence of a priest and two witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-monger-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-omalley-234">[230]</a> The absence of a requirement of parental consent ended a debate that proceeded from the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-omalley-234">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> In the case of a civil <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, the innocent spouse had and has no right to marry again until the death of the other spouse terminates the still valid marriage, even if the other spouse was guilty of adultery.<a href="#cite_note-omalley-234">[230]</a> The Christian Church performed marriages in the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> of the church prior to the 16th century, when the emphasis was on the marital contract and betrothal. Subsequently, the ceremony moved inside the <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a> of the church.<a href="#cite_note-monger-233">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, consider marriage termed holy matrimony to be an expression of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jr.Warrick2013-237">[233]</a> termed a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">mystery</a> in the first two Christian traditions. In <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Western ritual</a>, the ministers of the sacrament are the spouses themselves, with a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> merely witnessing the union on behalf of the Church and blessing it. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern ritual churches</a>, the bishop or priest functions as the actual minister of the Sacred Mystery; Eastern Orthodox deacons may not perform marriages. Western Christians commonly refer to marriage as a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a>, while Eastern Christians consider it an <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a>, though the theological emphases indicated by the various names are not excluded by the teachings of either tradition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Marriage#Dubious" title="Talk:Marriage">discuss</a>] Marriage is commonly celebrated in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> service (a <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church#Ritual_Masses" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">nuptial Mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a>). The Roman Catholic tradition of the 12th and 13th centuries defined marriage as a sacrament ordained by God,<a href="#cite_note-Witte-231">[227]</a> signifying the mystical marriage of Christ to his Church.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <blockquote>The matrimonial covenant, by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life, is by its nature ordered toward the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring; this covenant between baptized persons has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> </blockquote> For Catholic and Methodist Christians, the mutual love between husband and wife becomes an image of the eternal love with which God loves humankind.<a href="#cite_note-Church2016-240">[236]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, the celebration of Holy Matrimony ideally occurs in the context of a Service of Worship, which includes the celebration of the Eucharist.<a href="#cite_note-Jr.Warrick2013-237">[233]</a> Likewise, the celebration of marriage between two Catholics normally takes place during the public liturgical celebration of the Holy Mass, because of its sacramental connection with the unity of the Paschal mystery of Christ (Communion). Sacramental marriage confers a perpetual and exclusive bond between the spouses. By its nature, the institution of marriage and conjugal love is ordered to the procreation and upbringing of offspring. Marriage creates rights and duties in the Church between the spouses and towards their children: "[e]ntering marriage with the intention of never having children is a grave wrong and more than likely grounds for an annulment".<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> According to Roman Catholic legislation, progeny of annulled relationships are considered legitimate. Civilly remarried persons who civilly divorced a living and lawful spouse are not separated from the Church, but they cannot receive Eucharistic Communion.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">remarriage</a>, while generally not encouraged, are regarded differently by each Christian denomination, with certain traditions, such as the Catholic Church, teaching the concept of an <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a> permits divorce and remarriage,<a href="#cite_note-RCA1975-243">[239]</a> while connexions such as the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a> forbid divorce except in the case of <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> and do not allow for remarriage in any circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-EMCC2017-244">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> allows divorce for a limited number of reasons, and in theory, but usually not in practice, requires that a marriage after divorce be celebrated with a penitential overtone. With respect to marriage between a Christian and a pagan, the early Church "sometimes took a more lenient view, invoking the so-called Pauline privilege of permissible separation (1 Cor. 7) as legitimate grounds for allowing a convert to divorce a pagan spouse and then marry a Christian."<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> The Catholic Church adheres to the proscription of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> in Matthew, 19: 6 that married spouses who have consummated their marriage "are no longer two, but one flesh. Therefore, what God has joined together, no human being must separate."<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> Consequently, the Catholic Church understands that it is wholly without authority to terminate a sacramentally valid and consummated marriage, and its Codex Iuris Canonici (<a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>) confirms this in Canons 1055–7. Specifically, Canon 1056 declares that "the essential properties of marriage are unity and indissolubility; in [C]hristian marriage they acquire a distinctive firmness by reason of the sacrament."<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> Canon 1057, §2 declares that marriage is "an irrevocable covenant".<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> Therefore, divorce of such a marriage is a metaphysical, moral, and legal impossibility. However, the Church has the authority to annul a presumed "marriage" by declaring it to have been invalid from the beginning, i. e., declaring it not to be and never to have been a marriage, in an <a href="/wiki/Annulment_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulment (Catholic Church)">annulment</a> procedure,<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> which is basically a fact-finding and fact-declaring effort. For <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations, the purposes of marriage include intimate companionship, rearing children, and mutual support for both spouses to fulfill their life callings. Most <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Christians</a> did not regard marriage to the status of a sacrament but considered it a covenant between spouses before God. In addition, some Protestant denominations (such as the Methodist Churches) affirmed that Holy Matrimony is a "<a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>, thus, sacramental in character".<a href="#cite_note-Mulhall2013-250">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil_and_Marlene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phil_and_Marlene.jpg/250px-Phil_and_Marlene.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phil_and_Marlene.jpg/255px-Phil_and_Marlene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Phil_and_Marlene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>A couple following their marriage in the <a href="/wiki/Manti_Utah_Temple" title="Manti Utah Temple">Manti Utah Temple</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 16th century, five competing models have shaped marriage in the Western tradition, as described by <a href="/wiki/John_Witte,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Witte, Jr.">John Witte, Jr.</a>:<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <ul><li>Marriage as Sacrament in the Roman Catholic Tradition</li> <li>Marriage as Social Estate in the Lutheran Reformation</li> <li>Marriage as Covenant in the Reformed (and Methodist) Traditions<a href="#cite_note-252">[248]</a></li> <li>Marriage as Commonwealth in the Anglican Tradition</li> <li>Marriage as Contract in the Enlightenment Tradition</li></ul> Members of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) believe that "<a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">marriage</a> between a man and a woman is ordained of God and that the family is central to the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">Creator's plan</a> for the eternal destiny of His children."<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Their view of marriage is that family relationships can endure beyond the grave.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> This is known as 'eternal marriage' which can be eternal only when authorized priesthood holders perform the sealing ordinance in sacred <a href="/wiki/Temple_(LDS_Church)" title="Temple (LDS Church)">temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> With respect to religion, historic Christian belief emphasizes that Christian weddings should occur in a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> as Christian marriage should begin where one also starts their faith journey (Christians receive the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> in church in the presence of their <a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">congregation</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Dooley2016-256">[252]</a> Catholic Christian weddings must "take place in a church building" as holy matrimony is a sacrament; sacraments normatively occur in the presence of Christ in the house of God, and "members of the faith community [should be] present to witness the event and provide support and encouragement for those celebrating the sacrament."<a href="#cite_note-Dooley2016-256">[252]</a> Bishops never grant permission "to those requesting to be married in a garden, on the beach, or some other place outside of the church" and a dispensation is only granted "in extraordinary circumstances (for example, if a bride or groom is ill or disabled and unable to come to the church)."<a href="#cite_note-Dooley2016-256">[252]</a> Marriage in the church, for Christians, is seen as contributing to the fruit of the newlywed couple regularly attending church each <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a> and raising children in the faith.<a href="#cite_note-Dooley2016-256">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Christian_attitudes_to_same-sex_marriage">Christian attitudes to same-sex marriage</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_arguments_about_same-sex_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious arguments about same-sex marriage">Religious arguments about same-sex marriage</a></div> Although many Christian denominations do not currently perform <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a>, many do, such as the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>, some dioceses of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church" title="Metropolitan Community Church">Metropolitan Community Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a> congregations, and some <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Anglican_Communion#Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion">Anglican</a> dioceses, for example.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-united-258">[254]</a> Same-sex marriage is recognized by various <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum-259">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_UCC_SSM-260">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Marriage">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic marital jurisprudence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm/220px--Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="121" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="352" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="140" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm/Pakistani_Marriage_Culture_Video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="234" /></video><figcaption>Pakistani marriage culture video</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_(Shahrisabz)_(6018352949).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/250px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/330px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg/500px-Jeunes_Mari%C3%A9s_dans_le_parc_dAk_Saray_%28Shahrisabz%29_%286018352949%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Newlywed" title="Newlywed">Newlywed</a> couples visit <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s statues to receive wedding blessings in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signing_the_Nikah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Signing_the_Nikah.jpg/250px-Signing_the_Nikah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Signing_the_Nikah.jpg/330px-Signing_the_Nikah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Signing_the_Nikah.jpg/500px-Signing_the_Nikah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>A Muslim bride of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> origin signing the nikkah nama or <a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">marriage certificate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg/250px-Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg/330px-Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg/500px-Muslim_wedding_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>A Muslim couple being wed alongside the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> also commends marriage, with the age of marriage being whenever the individuals feel ready, financially and emotionally.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> In Islam, <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a> is allowed while <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a> is not, with the specific <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in Islam">limitation</a> that a man can have no more than four legal wives at any one time and an unlimited number of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">female slaves</a> as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a> who may have rights similar wives, with the exception of not being free unless the man has children with them, with the requirement that the man is able and willing to partition his time and wealth equally among the respective wives and concubines (this practice of concubinage, as in Judaism, is not applicable in contemporary times and has been deemed by scholars as invalid due to shifts in views about the role of slavery in the world).<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> For a Muslim wedding to take place, the bridegroom and the guardian of the bride (<a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a>) must both agree on the marriage. Should the guardian disagree on the marriage, it may not legally take place. If the wali of the girl is her father or paternal grandfather, he has the right to force her into marriage even against her proclaimed will, if it is her first marriage, the exercise of this power is, however, very strictly regulated in the interests of the bride. A guardian who is allowed to force the bride into marriage is called <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam#Conditions" title="Marriage in Islam">wali mujbir</a>. As minors are not in a position to make a declaration of their wishes which is valid in law, they can only be married at all by a wali mudjbir, but a woman married in this way by another than her ascendant is entitled on coming of age to demand that her marriage be declared void (<a href="/wiki/Faskh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faskh">faskh</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg/250px-An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg/330px-An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg/500px-An_Islamic_wedding_for_a_new_Bride_and_groom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Nigerians" title="Nigerians">Nigerian</a> Islamic wedding</figcaption></figure> From an Islamic (<a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>) law perspective, the minimum requirements and responsibilities in a Muslim marriage are that the groom provide living expenses to the bride, and in return, the bride's main responsibility is raising children to be proper Muslims. All other rights and responsibilities are to be decided between the husband and wife, and may even be included as stipulations in the marriage contract, so long as they do not go against the minimum requirements of the marriage. In <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">marriage</a> must take place in the presence of at least two reliable witnesses, with the consent of the guardian of the bride and the consent of the groom. Following the marriage, the couple may consummate the marriage. To create an '<a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">urf</a> marriage, it is sufficient that a man and a woman indicate an intention to marry each other and recite the requisite words in front of a suitable Muslim. The wedding party usually follows but can be held days, or months later, whenever the couple and their families want to; however, there can be no concealment of the marriage as it is regarded as public notification due to the requirement of witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, marriage may take place without the presence of witnesses as is often the case in temporary <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a> (prohibited in Sunni Islam), but with the consent of both the bride and the groom. Following the marriage, they may consummate their marriage.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg/220px-Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg/330px-Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg/440px-Joodse_bruiloft_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-2598.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="14222" data-file-height="13202" /></a><figcaption>A Jewish wedding, painting by <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Isra%C3%ABls" title="Jozef Israëls">Jozef Israëls</a>, 1903</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg/220px-V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg/330px-V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg/440px-V03p128a01_Ketubah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ketubah" title="Ketubah">Ketubah</a> in Hebrew, a Jewish marriage-contract outlining the duties of each partner</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish views on marriage</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, marriage is based on the laws of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and is a contractual bond between spouses in which the spouses agree to be consecrated to one another.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> This contract is called <a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">Kiddushin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> Though procreation is not the sole purpose, a Jewish marriage is also expected to fulfill the commandment to have children, as it is written "God blessed them and God said to them, 'Be fertile and increase.'"<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> The main focus centers around the relationship between the spouses. <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistically</a>, marriage is understood to mean that the spouses are merging into a single soul. In Kabbalistic thought, a man is considered "incomplete" if he is not married, as his soul is only one part of a larger whole that remains to be unified.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> describes a number of marriages, including those of <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a><a href="#cite_note-B'reishit_29-274">[270]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a>, or men having multiple wives at once, is one of the most common marital arrangements represented in the Hebrew Bible;<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-276">[272]</a> another is that of concubinage (<a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">pilagshut</a>) which was often arranged by a man, and a woman who generally enjoyed the same rights as a full legal wife. Other means of concubinage are observed by the author of Judges 19–20,<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> or during war, as in Deuteronomy 21:10–12.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> The rabbis of the Talmud exhibited discomfort with abduction of women in war for the purpose of marriage, declaring it to be a "compromise against man's <a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">evil inclination</a>" to be avoided.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> Today <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> are prohibited to take more than one wife because of a ban instituted on this by <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> (d. 1040 CE). However, academic scholarship indicates that prohibitions on polygyny may have existed far earlier, based on the <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Covenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> Among ancient Hebrews, marriage was a domestic affair and not a religious ceremony; no officiant or witness was required by law. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">The Rambam</a> wrote that "before the Torah was given, when a man would meet a woman in the marketplace and he and she decided to marry, he would bring her home, conduct relations in private and thus make her his wife." Subsequently, to the Torah being handed down at Sinai, however, the Jews received the commandment that a marriage must be witnessed.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> Betrothal (<a href="/wiki/Erusin" title="Erusin">erusin</a>), which refers to the time that this binding contract is made, is distinct from marriage itself (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">nissu'in</a>), with the time between these events varying substantially.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackMar-282">[278]</a> In biblical times, a wife was regarded as <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>, belonging to her husband;<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackMar-282">[278]</a> the descriptions of the Bible suggest that she would be expected to perform tasks such as spinning, sewing, weaving, manufacture of clothing, fetching of water, baking of bread, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B'reishit_29-274">[270]</a> A husband's obligations to his wife are 1) to provide her with food and care; 2) to supply her clothing and shelter; 3) to share a home with her; 4) to provide the ketubah (marriage contract); 5) to supply medical care if she falls ill; 6) to ransom her back if she is kidnapped; 7) to provide proper burial when she dies; 8) to provide for her materially if he predeceases her; 9) to provide for the support of their daughters until they marry or become adults; and 10) to see that their sons inherit the money specified in her ketubah, in addition to their portion of his estate.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> Men are also obligated sexually to their wives, per BT Ketubot 61b:10, with the frequency of marital relations determined in part by the occupation (and hence availability) of the husband.<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> Because a wife was regarded as property, her husband was originally free to divorce her for any reason, at any time.<a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackMar-282">[278]</a> However, Talmudic sources complicate this matter significantly, with Beit Shammai stating that a man may divorce his wife only if she has committed a sexual transgression (such as adultery).<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> Divorcing a woman against her will was also banned by <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Gershom ben Judah</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. A divorced couple were permitted to remarry, unless the wife had married someone else after her divorce.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Marriage in Hinduism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/250px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/330px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg/500px-Hindu_marriage_ceremony_offering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hindu marriage ceremony from a <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> wedding</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bride_Groom_NP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bride_Groom_NP.JPG/250px-Bride_Groom_NP.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bride_Groom_NP.JPG/330px-Bride_Groom_NP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bride_Groom_NP.JPG/500px-Bride_Groom_NP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Nepalese Hindu couple in marriage ceremony</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> regards Vivāha or Biye (marriage) to be a sacred duty that entails both religious and social obligations. It is regarded to be an important <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">samskara</a>, or a rite of passage.<a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a> describe four <a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">purusharthas</a> (goals of existence): <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (righteousness), <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a> (wealth), <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> (desire), and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation). The purpose of the marriage samskara is to fulfill the goal of kama, allowing an adherent to gradually advance towards the attainment of moksha. The <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> describes many different types of marriages and their categorisation, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">gandharva vivaha</a><a href="#cite_note-Banerjee_86-288">[284]</a> (a consensual marriage of love between a man and a woman without the performance of rituals or witnesses) to the <a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">rakshasa vivaha</a><a href="#cite_note-Banerjee_86-288">[284]</a> (a "demoniac" marriage, performed by abduction of one participant by the other participant, usually, but not always, with the help of other persons). In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent">arranged marriages</a>, in which the spouse's parents or an older family member choose the partner, are still predominant in comparison with <a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">love marriages</a> in the contemporary period. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Widows%27_Remarriage_Act,_1856" title="Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856">Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act 1856</a> empowers a Hindu widow to remarry.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_view_of_marriage" title="Buddhist view of marriage">Buddhist view of marriage</a></div> The Buddhist view of marriage considers marriage a secular affair and thus not a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>. Buddhists are expected to follow the civil laws regarding marriage laid out by their respective governments. Gautama Buddha, being a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">kshatriya</a> was required by Shakyan tradition to pass a series of tests to prove himself as a warrior, before he was allowed to marry. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> In a Sikh marriage, the couple walks around the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> holy book four times, and a holy man recites from it in the <a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">kirtan</a> style. The ceremony is known as '<a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a>' and represents the holy union of two souls united as one. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca">Wicca</h3></div> Wiccan marriages are commonly known as handfastings and are a celebration held by Wiccans. <a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a> was originally a medieval ritual and has been revived by contemporary Pagans. In the ritual, the couple's wrists are tied together to symbolize the binding of two lives. It is commonly used in Wicca and Pagan ceremonies, but it has become more mainstream and comes up in both religious and secular vows and readings. Although handfastings vary for each Wiccan they often involve honoring Wiccan deities.<a href="#cite_note-Bedard-290">[286]</a> Some Wiccan traditions have a marriage vow "for as long as love lasts" instead of the traditional Christian "till death do us part". The first Wiccan wedding took place in 1960, between <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Lamond_(Wiccan)" title="Frederic Lamond (Wiccan)">Frederic Lamond</a> and his wife, Gillian. Most Wiccan traditions will celebrate same-sex and different-sex handfastings.<a href="#cite_note-Bedard-290">[286]</a> The length of commitment varies from a year and a day (after which the vows may be renewed), "as long as love shall last", for a lifetime, or for future incarnations. Consensual sex is considered sacred for Wiccans. Some traditions perform the Great Rite, in which a High Priest and High Priestess invoke the God and Goddess on each other before making love. It can be used to raise magical energy for the use of spell work. It can also be performed symbolically, using the athame to symbolize masculine energy and the chalice to symbolize feminine energy.<a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_health" title="Marriage and health">Marriage and health</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepalese_marriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nepalese_marriage.jpg/250px-Nepalese_marriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nepalese_marriage.jpg/330px-Nepalese_marriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nepalese_marriage.jpg/500px-Nepalese_marriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Nepali wedding</figcaption></figure> Marriage, like other close relationships, exerts considerable influence on <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robles2013-292">[288]</a> Married people experience lower <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and mortality across such diverse health threats as <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KiecoltGlaser2001-293">[289]</a> Research on marriage and health is part of the broader study of the benefits of social relationships. Social ties provide people with a sense of identity, purpose, belonging, and support.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Simply being married, as well as the quality of one's marriage, have been linked to diverse measures of health.<a href="#cite_note-Robles2013-292">[288]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The health-protective effect of marriage is stronger for men than women.<a href="#cite_note-KiecoltGlaser2001-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-wanic2011-295">[291]</a> Marital status—the simple fact of being married—confers more health benefits to men than women.<a href="#cite_note-KiecoltGlaser2001-293">[289]</a> Women's health is more strongly impacted than men's by marital conflict or satisfaction, such that unhappily married women do not enjoy better health relative to their single counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-KiecoltGlaser2001-293">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-wanic2011-295">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-saxbe2008-296">[292]</a> Most research on marriage and health has focused on heterosexual couples; more work is needed to clarify the health impacts of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robles2013-292">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divorce_and_annulment">Divorce and annulment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Divorce law by country</a></div> In most societies, the death of one of the partners terminates the marriage, and in monogamous societies, this allows the other partner to remarry, though sometimes after a waiting or mourning period. In some societies, a marriage can be <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulled</a>, when an authority declares that a marriage never happened. Jurisdictions often have provisions for <a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">void marriages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">voidable marriages</a>. A marriage may also be terminated through <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>. Countries that have relatively recently legalized divorce are Italy (1970), Portugal (1975), Brazil (1977), Spain (1981), Argentina (1987), Paraguay (1991), Colombia (1991), Ireland (1996), Chile (2004) and Malta (2011). As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> are the only jurisdictions which do not allow divorce (this is currently under discussion in Philippines).<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> After divorce, one spouse may have to pay <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Divorce_law_by_country" title="Divorce law by country">Laws concerning divorce</a> and the ease with which a divorce can be obtained vary widely around the world. After a divorce or an annulment, the people concerned are free to remarry (or marry). A statutory right of two married partners to mutually consent to divorce was enacted in western nations in the mid-20th century. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/No-fault_divorce" title="No-fault divorce">no-fault divorce</a> was first enacted in California in 1969 and the final state to legalize it was New York in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> About 45% of marriages in Britain<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> and, according to a 2009 study, 46% of marriages in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> end in divorce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> The history of marriage is often considered under <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">history of the family</a> or legal history.<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h4></div> Many cultures have legends concerning the origins of marriage. The way in which a marriage is conducted and its rules and ramifications have changed over time, as has the institution itself, depending on the culture or demographic of the time.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a> The first recorded evidence of marriage ceremonies uniting a man and a woman dates back to approximately 2350 BC, in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> Wedding ceremonies, as well as dowry and divorce, can be traced back to Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> According to ancient Hebrew tradition, a wife was seen as being property of high value and was, therefore, usually, carefully looked after.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMar-276">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackMar-282">[278]</a> Early nomadic communities in the Middle East practiced a form of marriage known as <a href="/wiki/Beena_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beena marriage">beena</a>, in which a wife would own a tent of her own, within which she retains complete independence from her husband.<a href="#cite_note-WRSKinship167-305">[301]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a> orders "If he take him another; her food, her clothing, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish (or lessen)". The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> interprets this as a requirement for a man to provide food and clothing to, and have sex with, each of his wives.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncHusWif-306">[302]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] However, "duty of marriage" is also interpreted as whatever one does as a married couple, which is more than just sexual activity. And the term diminish, which means to lessen, shows the man must treat her as if he was not married to another. As a <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a> society, the Israelites did not have any laws that imposed marital fidelity on men.<a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackJeal-307">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-JewEncAdu-308">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adulterous</a> married women, adulterous betrothed women, and the men who slept with them, however, were subject to the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adultery#In_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Adultery">the biblical laws against adultery</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Literary_prophets" title="Literary prophets">literary prophets</a> indicate that adultery was a frequent occurrence, despite these legal strictness's.<a href="#cite_note-CheyneAndBlackJeal-307">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Greece_and_Rome">Classical Greece and Rome</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage in ancient Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek wedding customs">Ancient Greek wedding customs</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, no specific civil ceremony was required for the creation of a heterosexual marriage – only mutual agreement and the fact that the couple must regard each other as husband and wife accordingly.<a href="#cite_note-WILLIAMSON_1998-309">[305]</a> Men usually married when they were in their 20s and women in their teens.<a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> It has been suggested that these ages made sense for the Greeks because men were generally done with military service or financially established by their late 20s, and marrying a teenage girl ensured ample time for her to bear children, as life expectancies were significantly lower.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Married Greek women had few rights in ancient Greek society and were expected to take care of the house and children.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Time was an important factor in Greek marriage. For example, there were superstitions that being married during a <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a> was good luck and Greeks married in the winter in honor of Hera.<a href="#cite_note-WILLIAMSON_1998-309">[305]</a> Inheritance was more important than feelings: a woman whose father dies without male heirs could be forced to marry her nearest male relative – even if she had to divorce her husband first.<a href="#cite_note-PT-311">[307]</a> There were several types of marriages in ancient Roman society. The traditional ("conventional") form called conventio in manum required a ceremony with witnesses and was also dissolved with a ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-magnusHirschfeldSexology-312">[308]</a> In this type of marriage, a woman lost her family rights of inheritance of her old family and gained them with her new one. She now was subject to the authority of her husband.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a> There was the free marriage known as sine manu. In this arrangement, the wife remained a member of her original family; she stayed under the authority of her father, kept her family rights of inheritance with her old family and did not gain any with the new family.<a href="#cite_note-RomanEmpireMarriage-314">[310]</a> The minimum age of marriage for girls was 12.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germanic_tribes">Germanic tribes</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seuso_and_his_wife_at_Lake_Balaton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Seuso_and_his_wife_at_Lake_Balaton.jpg/220px-Seuso_and_his_wife_at_Lake_Balaton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Seuso_and_his_wife_at_Lake_Balaton.jpg/330px-Seuso_and_his_wife_at_Lake_Balaton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Seuso_and_his_wife_at_Lake_Balaton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Seuso and his wife</figcaption></figure> Among ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribes, the bride and groom were roughly the same age and generally older than their Roman counterparts, at least according to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>: <blockquote>The youths partake late of the pleasures of love, and hence pass the age of puberty unexhausted: nor are the virgins hurried into marriage; the same maturity, the same full growth is required: the sexes unite equally matched and robust, and the children inherit the vigor of their parents.<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a></blockquote> Where <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had set the prime of life at 37 years for men and 18 for women, the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Code" title="Visigothic Code">Visigothic Code of law</a> in the 7th century placed the prime of life at 20 years for both men and women, after which both presumably married. Tacitus states that ancient Germanic brides were on average about 20 and were roughly the same age as their husbands.<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> Tacitus, however, had never visited the German-speaking lands and most of his information on <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> comes from secondary sources. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> women, like those of other Germanic tribes, are marked as women from the age of 12 and older, based on archaeological finds, implying that the age of marriage coincided with <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History of the family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif/220px-Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif/330px-Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif/440px-Brauysegen_im_Bett.gif 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut. How Reymont and Melusina were betrothed / And by the bishop were blessed in their bed on their wedlock. From the <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a>, 15th century.</figcaption></figure> From the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> era (30 to 325 CE), marriage was thought of as primarily a private matter, with no uniform religious or other ceremony being required.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> However, bishop <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>, writing around 110, exhorts, "[I]t becomes both men and women who marry, to form their union with the approval of the bishop, that their marriage may be according to God, and not after their own lust."<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> In 12th-century Europe, women took the surname of their husbands and starting in the second half of the 16th century parental consent along with the church's consent was required for marriage.<a href="#cite_note-those_terrible_middle_ages-321">[317]</a> With few local exceptions, until 1545, Christian marriages in Europe were by mutual consent, declaration of intention to marry and upon the subsequent physical union of the parties.<a href="#cite_note-upennExcerptFromBook-322">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-marriageDotAbout-323">[319]</a> The couple would promise verbally to each other that they would be married to each other; the presence of a priest or witnesses was not required.<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> This promise was known as the "verbum." If freely given and made in the present tense (e.g., "I marry you"), it was unquestionably binding;<a href="#cite_note-upennExcerptFromBook-322">[318]</a> if made in the future tense ("I will marry you"), it would constitute a <a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">betrothal</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Fueros_of_Navarre" title="Fueros of Navarre">Charter of Navarre</a>, the basic union consisted of a civil marriage with no priest required and at least two witnesses, and the contract could be broken using the same formula.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Church in turn lashed out at those who got married twice or thrice in a row while their formers spouses were still alive. In 1563 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, twenty-fourth session, required that a valid marriage must be performed by a priest before two witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Matrimonios_a_lo_Navarro-325">[321]</a> One of the functions of churches from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was to register marriages, which was not obligatory. There was no state involvement in marriage and personal status, with these issues being adjudicated in <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">ecclesiastical courts</a>. During the Middle Ages marriages were arranged, sometimes as early as birth, and these early pledges to marry were often used to ensure treaties between different royal families, nobles, and heirs of fiefdoms. The church resisted these imposed unions, and increased the number of causes for nullification of these arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-those_terrible_middle_ages-321">[317]</a> As Christianity spread during the Roman period and the Middle Ages, the idea of free choice in selecting marriage partners increased and spread with it.<a href="#cite_note-those_terrible_middle_ages-321">[317]</a> In medieval Western Europe, later marriage and higher rates of definitive <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> (the so-called "European marriage pattern") helped to constrain patriarchy at its most extreme level. For example, <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> saw marriage age as variable depending on economic circumstances, with couples delaying marriage until the early twenties when times were bad and falling to the late teens after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, when there were labor shortages;<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> by appearances, marriage of adolescents was not the norm in England.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> Where the strong influence of classical <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> cultures (which were not rigidly patriarchal)<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> helped to offset the Judaeo-Roman patriarchal influence,<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> in Eastern Europe the tradition of early and universal marriage (often in early <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>),<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> as well as traditional <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> patrilocal custom,<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> led to a greatly inferior status of women at all levels of society.<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr%C3%A4kt,_Gustav_III,_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt,_Sofia_magdalena,_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Gustav_III%2C_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Sofia_magdalena%2C_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Gustav_III%2C_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Sofia_magdalena%2C_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Gustav_III%2C_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Sofia_magdalena%2C_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Gustav_III%2C_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Sofia_magdalena%2C_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Gustav_III%2C_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Sofia_magdalena%2C_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Gustav_III%2C_gnr_3485_%26_dr%C3%A4kt%2C_Sofia_magdalena%2C_gnr_3502._Fel_f%C3%B6rem%C3%A5lsref_-_Livrustkammaren_-_16527.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="5114" /></a><figcaption>Swedish royal wedding clothes from 1766 at <a href="/wiki/Livrustkammaren" title="Livrustkammaren">Livrustkammaren</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> The average age of marriage for most of <a href="/wiki/Western_European_marriage_pattern" title="Western European marriage pattern">Northwestern Europe</a> from 1500 to 1800 was around <a href="/wiki/Hajnal_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Hajnal line">25 years of age</a>;<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated82-337">[333]</a> as the Church dictated that both parties had to be at least 21 years of age to marry without the consent of their parents, the bride and groom were roughly the same age, with most brides in their early twenties and most grooms two or three years older,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated82-337">[333]</a> and a substantial number of women married for the first time in their thirties and forties, particularly in urban areas,<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> with the average age at first marriage rising and falling as circumstances dictated. In better times, more people could afford to marry earlier and thus fertility rose and conversely marriages were delayed or forgone when times were bad, thus restricting family size;<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, the greater availability of profitable jobs allowed more people to marry young and have more children,<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> but the stabilization of the population in the 16th century meant fewer job opportunities and thus more people delaying marriages.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a> The age of marriage was not absolute, however, as child marriages occurred throughout the Middle Ages and later, with just some of them including: <ul><li>The 1552 CE marriage between John Somerford and Jane Somerford Brereto, at the ages of 3 and 2, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-woman-compendium-342">[338]</a></li> <li>In the early 1900s, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a> surveyed the age of consent in about 50 countries, which he found to often range between 12 and 16. In the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, the age of consent was 12.<a href="#cite_note-ascrim-persp-343">[339]</a></li></ul> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the role of recording marriages and setting the rules for marriage passed to the state, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s view that marriage was a "worldly thing".<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> By the 17th century, many of the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> European countries had a state involvement in marriage. In England, under the Anglican Church, marriage by consent and cohabitation was valid until the passage of <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1753" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage Act 1753">Marriage Act 1753</a>. This act instituted certain requirements for marriage, including the performance of a religious ceremony observed by witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-WestLaw-345">[341]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg/220px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg/330px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg/440px-Paolo_Monti_-_Serie_fotografica_-_BEIC_6363689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>A marriage in 1960 in Italy. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Monti" title="Paolo Monti">Paolo Monti</a>.</figcaption></figure> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, in 1563 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> decreed that a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> marriage would be recognized only if the marriage ceremony was officiated by a priest with two witnesses. The council also authorized a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a>, issued in 1566, which defined marriage as "The conjugal union of man and woman, contracted between two qualified persons, which obliges them to live together throughout life."<a href="#cite_note-Witte-231">[227]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> colleagues reformulated Christian marriage by enacting the Marriage Ordinance of Geneva, which imposed "The dual requirements of state registration and church consecration to constitute marriage"<a href="#cite_note-Witte-231">[227]</a> for recognition. In <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, Lord Hardwicke's <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1753" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage Act 1753">Marriage Act 1753</a> required a formal ceremony of marriage, thereby curtailing the practice of <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet Marriage</a>, an irregular or a clandestine marriage.<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> From the 1690s until the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1753" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage Act 1753">Marriage Act 1753</a> as many as 300,000 clandestine marriages were performed at Fleet Prison alone.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> The act required a marriage ceremony to be officiated by an Anglican priest in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> with two witnesses and registration. The act did not apply to Jewish marriages or those of Quakers, whose marriages continued to be governed by their own customs. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg/250px-Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg/330px-Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg/500px-Flodmark-Ehrs_Marriage_2016_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Newlyweds after a civil ceremony in the tower of <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_City_Hall" title="Stockholm City Hall">Stockholm City Hall</a> in 2016</figcaption></figure> In England and Wales, since 1837, civil marriages have been recognized as a legal alternative to church marriages under the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1836" title="Marriage Act 1836">Marriage Act 1836</a>. In Germany, civil marriages were recognized in 1875. This law permitted a declaration of the marriage before an official clerk of the civil administration, when both spouses affirm their will to marry, to constitute a legally recognized valid and effective marriage, and allowed an optional private clerical marriage ceremony. In contemporary <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a>, a marriage is a voluntary <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> by a man and a woman, in which by agreement they choose to become husband and wife.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> Edvard Westermarck proposed that "the institution of marriage has probably developed out of a primeval habit".<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> Since the late twentieth century, major social changes in Western countries have led to changes in the demographics of marriage, with the age of first marriage increasing, fewer people marrying, and more couples choosing to <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabit</a> rather than marry. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005.<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> As of 2000, the average marriage age range was 25–44 years for men and 22–39 years for women. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Chinese marriage</a></div> The mythological origin of Chinese marriage is a story about <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCwa" title="Nüwa">Nüwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fu_Xi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fu Xi">Fu Xi</a> who invented proper marriage procedures after becoming married. In ancient Chinese society, people of the same surname are supposed to consult with their <a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">family trees</a> prior to marriage to reduce the potential risk of unintentional incest. Marrying one's maternal relatives was generally not thought of as incest. Families sometimes intermarried from one generation to another. Over time, Chinese people became more geographically mobile. Individuals remained members of their biological families. When a couple died, the husband and the wife were buried separately in the respective clan's graveyard. In a maternal marriage, a male would become a son-in-law who lived in the wife's home. The <a href="/wiki/New_Marriage_Law" title="New Marriage Law">New Marriage Law</a> of 1950 radically changed Chinese marriage traditions, enforcing <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a>, equality of men and women, and choice in marriage; <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> were the most common type of marriage in China until then. Starting October 2003, it became legal to marry or divorce without authorization from the couple's work units.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Although people with infectious diseases such as AIDS may now marry, marriage is still illegal for the mentally ill.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3></div> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Matrilocality" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocality">matrilocality</a> in Korea started in the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> period and ended in the early <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> The Korean saying that when a man gets married, he is "entering jangga" (the house of his father-in-law), stems from the Goguryeo period.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Consent_to_Marriage,_Minimum_Age_for_Marriage_and_Registration_of_Marriages" title="Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages">Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_marriage_rate" title="List of countries by marriage rate">List of countries by marriage rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins" title="List of coupled cousins">List of coupled cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">Marriage certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_science" title="Relationship science">Relationship science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_wedding" title="Collective wedding">Collective wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wedding" title="White wedding">White wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_wedding" title="Black wedding">Black wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdenominational_marriage" title="Interdenominational marriage">Interdenominational marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Intercommunity marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">Transnational marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Gay marriage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-netherlands-120"><a href="#cite_ref-netherlands_120-0">^</a> Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Netherlands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Netherlands">the Netherlands proper</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Bonaire,_Sint_Eustatius_and_Saba" title="Same-sex marriage in Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba">Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba</a>. Marriages entered into there have minimal recognition in <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Aruba,_Cura%C3%A7ao_and_Sint_Maarten" title="Same-sex marriage in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten">Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-nz-121"><a href="#cite_ref-nz_121-0">^</a> Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand proper</a>, but not in <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tokelau" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> or <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Niue">Niue</a>, which together make up the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-uk-122"><a href="#cite_ref-uk_122-0">^</a> Except the British Overseas Territories of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Anguilla" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Cayman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Montserrat" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Montserrat">Montserrat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-usa-123"><a href="#cite_ref-usa_123-0">^</a> Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">fifty states</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, all territories except <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_tribal_nations_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States">some tribal nations</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHavilandPrinsMcBrideWalrath2011" class="citation book cs1">Haviland, William A.; <a href="/wiki/Harald_Prins" title="Harald Prins">Prins, Harald E.L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bunny_McBride" title="Bunny McBride">McBride, Bunny</a>; Walrath, Dana (2011). "Chapter 9: Sex, Marriage, and Family". Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge (13th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-81178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-81178-7"><bdi>978-0-495-81178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Sex%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Family&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology%3A+The+Human+Challenge&rft.pages=209&rft.edition=13th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-81178-7&rft.aulast=Haviland&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Prins%2C+Harald+E.L.&rft.au=McBride%2C+Bunny&rft.au=Walrath%2C+Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> "A nonethnocentric definition of marriage is a culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws." </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmberGonzalezMcCloskey2021" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carol_R._Ember" title="Carol R. 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CEPR Working Paper. 13348.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CEPR+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Girl+power+Generates+Superstars+in+Long-term+Development%3A+Female+Autonomy+and+Human+Capital+Formation+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.volume=13348&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=Joerg&rft.au=de+Pleijt%2C+Alexandra+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2021" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harper_(lexicographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Harper (lexicographer)">Harper, Douglas R.</a> (13 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/marriage">"marriage (n.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=marriage+%28n.%29&rft.date=2021-10-13&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fmarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED_marriage-6"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_marriage_6-0">^</a> Oxford English Dictionary 11th Edition, "marriage" </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=matrimony">"matrimony (n.)"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=matrimony+%28n.%29&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmatrimony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bell_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duran_Bell" title="Duran Bell">Bell, Duran</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170524221837/http://www.economics.uci.edu/~dbell/marriageandlegit.pdf">"Defining Marriage and Legitimacy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a>. 38 (2): 237–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F204606">10.1086/204606</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744491">2744491</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144637145">144637145</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economics.uci.edu/~dbell/marriageandlegit.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Defining+Marriage+and+Legitimacy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144637145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2744491%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F204606&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Duran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economics.uci.edu%2F~dbell%2Fmarriageandlegit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerstmann2004" class="citation book cs1">Gerstmann, Evan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/samesexmarriagec0000gers">Same-sex marriage and the Constitution</a>. Cambridge [England]; New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81100-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81100-2</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Same-sex+marriage+and+the+Constitution&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D%3B+New+York+%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81100-2&rft.aulast=Gerstmann&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamesexmarriagec0000gers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestermarck2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck" title="Edvard Westermarck">Westermarck, Edward</a> (26 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b2998130x_0001/">History of Human Marriage</a>. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). New York: The Allerton Book Company (published 1922). p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4618-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4618-1"><bdi>978-0-7661-4618-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Human+Marriage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=The+Allerton+Book+Company&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-4618-1&rft.aulast=Westermarck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb2998130x_0001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestermarck1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck" title="Edvard Westermarck">Westermarck, Edward</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.219197/">The Future of Marriage in Western Civilisation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5304-6"><bdi>978-0-8369-5304-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Marriage+in+Western+Civilisation&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-5304-6&rft.aulast=Westermarck&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.219197%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Notes-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Notes_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Notes and Queries on Anthropology. 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Berg. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0"><bdi>978-1-84520-220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+a+cross-cultural+analysis&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-220-0&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIzHjpTJgdQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDupanloupPereiraBertorelleCalafell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dupanloup I, Pereira L, Bertorelle G, Calafell F, Prata MJ, Amorim A, Barbujani G (2003). "A recent shift from polygyny to monogamy in humans is suggested by the analysis of worldwide Y-chromosome diversity". J Mol Evol. 57 (1): 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JMolE..57...85D">2003JMolE..57...85D</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.454.1662">10.1.1.454.1662</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00239-003-2458-x">10.1007/s00239-003-2458-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12962309">12962309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2673314">2673314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&rft.atitle=A+recent+shift+from+polygyny+to+monogamy+in+humans+is+suggested+by+the+analysis+of+worldwide+Y-chromosome+diversity&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2673314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMolE..57...85D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.454.1662%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12962309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00239-003-2458-x&rft.aulast=Dupanloup&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Pereira%2C+L&rft.au=Bertorelle%2C+G&rft.au=Calafell%2C+F&rft.au=Prata%2C+MJ&rft.au=Amorim%2C+A&rft.au=Barbujani%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmber2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ember, Carol R. (2011). "What we know and what we don't know about variation in social organization: Melvin Ember's approach to the study of kinship". Cross-Cultural Research. 45 (1): 27–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069397110383947">10.1177/1069397110383947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143952998">143952998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross-Cultural+Research&rft.atitle=What+we+know+and+what+we+don%27t+know+about+variation+in+social+organization%3A+Melvin+Ember%27s+approach+to+the+study+of+kinship&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1069397110383947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143952998%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Carol+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_24-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">Ethnographic Atlas Codebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232413/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">Archived</a> 18 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> derived from George P. Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas recording the marital composition of 1231 societies from 1960 to 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitzen_2008_5-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitzen_2008_5_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitzen_2008_5_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit">Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis</a>. Oxford: Berg. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit/page/n11">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84788-617-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84788-617-0"><bdi>978-1-84788-617-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84788-617-0&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolygamycrosscul00zeit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1997" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin (1997). Reproduction & Succession: Studies in Anthropology, Law, and Society. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproduction+%26+Succession%3A+Studies+in+Anthropology%2C+Law%2C+and+Society&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit">Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis</a>. Oxford: Berg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit/page/n131">125</a>–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=125-27&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolygamycrosscul00zeit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitzen_2008_9-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitzen_2008_9_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeitzen_2008_9_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZeitzen2008" class="citation book cs1">Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit">Polygamy: A Cross-Cultural Analysis</a>. Oxford: Berg. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit/page/n15">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolygamycrosscul00zeit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1997" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin (1997). Reproduction & Succession: Studies in Anthropology, Law and Society. 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Oxford: Berg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polygamycrosscul00zeit/page/n23">17</a>, 89–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=17%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolygamycrosscul00zeit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkweatherHames2012" class="citation journal cs1">Starkweather, Katherine; Hames, Raymond (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923033542/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub">"A survey of non-classical polyandry"</a>. Human Nature. 23 (2): 149–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x">10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22688804">22688804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2008559">2008559</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1049%26context%3Danthropologyfacpub">the original</a> on 23 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+non-classical+polyandry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2008559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22688804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x&rft.aulast=Starkweather&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Hames%2C+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%253D1049%2526context%253Danthropologyfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkweatherHames2012" class="citation journal cs1">Starkweather, Katherine; Hames, Raymond (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=anthropologyfacpub">"A survey of non-classical polyandry"</a>. Human Nature. 23 (2): 149–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x">10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22688804">22688804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2008559">2008559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+non-classical+polyandry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2008559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22688804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x&rft.aulast=Starkweather&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Hames%2C+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1049%26context%3Danthropologyfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Nancy (1998). The Dynamics of polyandry: kinship, domesticity, and population on the Tibetan border. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+polyandry%3A+kinship%2C+domesticity%2C+and+population+on+the+Tibetan+border&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-murdock-1949-definition-34"><a href="#cite_ref-murdock-1949-definition_34-0">^</a> Murdock, 1949, p. 24. "group marriage or a marital union embracing at once several men and several women." </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/247131/group-marriage">"Group Marriage"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Group+Marriage&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F247131%2Fgroup-marriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Child_Marriage-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Child_Marriage_36-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58008.html">Child Marriage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907061839/https://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58008.html">Archived</a> 7 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNICEF (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/14/q-child-marriage-and-violations-girls-rights">"Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights – Human Rights Watch"</a>. 14 June 2013. 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Retrieved 5 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bway.net&rft.atitle=Gay+Marriage+in+Montaigne&rft.date=1998-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bway.net%2F~halsall%2Flgbh%2Flgbh-montaigne.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFİlkkaracan2008" class="citation book cs1">İlkkaracan, Pınar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGwP9-FhxYC&pg=PA36">Deconstructing sexuality in the Middle East: challenges and discourses</a>. 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Retrieved 4 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosocial+Science&rft.atitle=Brother-sister+marriage+in+Roman+Egypt&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23732024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9881142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021932097003611&rft.aulast=Scheidel&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumweb.ucsc.edu%2Fjklynn%2FAncientWomen%2FScheidelBrotherSisterMarriages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConniff2003" class="citation web cs1">Conniff, Richard (1 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2003/aug/featkiss">"Richard Conniff. "Go Ahead, Kiss Your Cousin.""</a>. Discovermagazine.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Conniff.+%22Go+Ahead%2C+Kiss+Your+Cousin.%22&rft.pub=Discovermagazine.com&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.aulast=Conniff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2003%2Faug%2Ffeatkiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2009" class="citation news cs1">Kershaw, Sarah (26 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/26/garden/26cousins.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">"Shaking Off the Shame"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shaking+Off+the+Shame&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F26%2Fgarden%2F26cousins.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1%26_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Article_809_of_the_Korean_Civil_Code" title="Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code">Article 809 of the Korean Civil Code</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219184747/http://www.ccourt.go.kr/home/english/download/decision_10years.pdf">"The first ten years of the Korean Constitutional Court"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved on 5 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session21/A-HRC-21-41_en.pdf">Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences, Gulnara Shahinian</a>. United Nations. Human Rights Council Twenty-first session. 10 July 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070816221639/http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2005/presskit/factsheets/facts_child_marriage.htm">"Child Marriage Factsheet: State of World Population 2005"</a>. UNFPA. 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Volume 146, No. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120720040917/http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/nepal-bans-dowry-caste-based-discrimination#.UGH0Nq4Zh0I">"Nepal bans dowry, caste-based discrimination – OneWorld South Asia"</a>. Southasia.oneworld.net. 27 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/nepal-bans-dowry-caste-based-discrimination#.UGH0Nq4Zh0I">the original</a> on 20 July 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+bans+dowry%2C+caste-based+discrimination+%E2%80%93+OneWorld+South+Asia&rft.pub=Southasia.oneworld.net&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.oneworld.net%2Ftodaysheadlines%2Fnepal-bans-dowry-caste-based-discrimination%23.UGH0Nq4Zh0I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanwar,_Reicha2007" class="citation book cs1">Tanwar, Reicha (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NS_TOHRTWpgC&pg=PT36">Dowery the North Indian Perspective</a>. 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Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tax+Policy+Center&rft.atitle=What+are+marriage+penalties+and+bonuses%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxpolicycenter.org%2Fbriefing-book%2Fwhat-are-marriage-penalties-and-bonuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Renacci, James B. "Simplifying America's Tax System." Simplifying America's Tax System (2016): 1–11. Renacci.house.gov. July 2016. Web. 26 Feb. 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanegbi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hanegbi, Rami (15 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dro.deakin.edu.au/articles/journal_contribution/INCOME_SPLITTING_IN_AUSTRALIA_TIME_FOR_A_PRINCIPLED_APPROACH_/24123492/1">"INCOME SPLITTING IN AUSTRALIA: TIME FOR A PRINCIPLED APPROACH?"</a>. Adelaide Law Review. 44 (2). University of Adelaide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adelaide+Law+Review&rft.atitle=INCOME+SPLITTING+IN+AUSTRALIA%3A+TIME+FOR+A+PRINCIPLED+APPROACH%3F&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft.aulast=Hanegbi&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdro.deakin.edu.au%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2FINCOME_SPLITTING_IN_AUSTRALIA_TIME_FOR_A_PRINCIPLED_APPROACH_%2F24123492%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt2006" class="citation book cs1">Rosenblatt, Paul C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703024457/http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61306">Two in a Bed: The Social System of Couple Bed Sharing</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6829-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6829-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-6829-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunypress.edu/details.asp?id=61306">the original</a> on 3 July 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+in+a+Bed%3A+The+Social+System+of+Couple+Bed+Sharing&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6829-6&rft.aulast=Rosenblatt&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fdetails.asp%3Fid%3D61306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanday2002" class="citation book cs1">Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2002). Women at the center: life in a modern matriarchy. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8906-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8906-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-8906-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+at+the+center%3A+life+in+a+modern+matriarchy&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8906-8&rft.aulast=Sanday&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Reeves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Tylor">Edward Tylor</a>, or <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Murdock" class="mw-redirect" title="George Peter Murdock">George Peter Murdock</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> as has been shown by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev2003" class="citation journal cs1">Korotayev, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51985620">"Form of marriage, sexual division of labor, and postmarital residence in cross-cultural perspective: A reconsideration"</a>. Journal of Anthropological Research. 59 (1): 69–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fjar.59.1.3631445">10.1086/jar.59.1.3631445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3631445">3631445</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147513567">147513567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Research&rft.atitle=Form+of+marriage%2C+sexual+division+of+labor%2C+and+postmarital+residence+in+cross-cultural+perspective%3A+A+reconsideration&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147513567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3631445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fjar.59.1.3631445&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F51985620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev2003" class="citation journal cs1">Korotayev, A. (2003). "Division of Labor by Gender and Postmarital Residence in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Reconsideration". Cross-Cultural Research. 37 (4): 335–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069397103253685">10.1177/1069397103253685</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145694651">145694651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cross-Cultural+Research&rft.atitle=Division+of+Labor+by+Gender+and+Postmarital+Residence+in+Cross-Cultural+Perspective%3A+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1069397103253685&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145694651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmberEmber1983" class="citation book cs1">Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R. (1983). Marriage, Family, and Kinship: Comparative Studies of Social Organization. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/HRAF" class="mw-redirect" title="HRAF">HRAF</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87536-113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87536-113-0"><bdi>978-0-87536-113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Family%2C+and+Kinship%3A+Comparative+Studies+of+Social+Organization&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=HRAF+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87536-113-0&rft.aulast=Ember&rft.aufirst=Melvin&rft.au=Ember%2C+Carol+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeach1968" class="citation book cs1">Leach, Edmund (1968). Paul Bonannan and John Middleton (ed.). Marriage, Family, and Residence. The Natural History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-121-64470-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-121-64470-0"><bdi>978-1-121-64470-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage%2C+Family%2C+and+Residence&rft.pub=The+Natural+History+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-121-64470-0&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrierGregory_S._AlexanderMichael_H._SchillJesse_Dukeminier2006" class="citation book cs1">Krier, James E.; Gregory S. Alexander; Michael H. Schill; Jesse Dukeminier (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/property0000unse">Property</a>. Aspen Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-5792-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-5792-5"><bdi>978-0-7355-5792-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7355-5792-5&rft.aulast=Krier&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Gregory+S.+Alexander&rft.au=Michael+H.+Schill&rft.au=Jesse+Dukeminier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproperty0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> Excerpt – p. 335: "...at the wedding; hence the importance of including in the marriage ceremony the words, 'With all my worldly goods I thee endow.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2002" class="citation web cs1">Gallagher, Maggie (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marriagedebate.com/pdf/What%20is%20Marriage%20For.pdf">"What is Marriage For? The Public Purposes of Marriage Law"</a> (PDF). Louisiana law review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Marriage+For%3F+The+Public+Purposes+of+Marriage+Law&rft.pub=Louisiana+law+review&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marriagedebate.com%2Fpdf%2FWhat%2520is%2520Marriage%2520For.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_adultery-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_adultery_108-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/6618/adultery">"Adultery"</a> Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/14/q-child-marriage-and-violations-girls-rights">Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights | Human Rights Watch</a>. Hrw.org (14 June 2013). Retrieved on 5 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314073138/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/">WHO | Child marriages: 39,000 every day</a>. Who.int (7 March 2013). Retrieved on 6 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/tutor/marriage/usa-ncst.html">"State Variations on American Marriage Prohibitions"</a>. www.umanitoba.ca. Retrieved 10 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.umanitoba.ca&rft.atitle=State+Variations+on+American+Marriage+Prohibitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umanitoba.ca%2Ffaculties%2Farts%2Fanthropology%2Ftutor%2Fmarriage%2Fusa-ncst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHafen1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hafen, Bruce C. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4662&context=mlr">"The Constitutional Status of Marriage, Kinship, and Sexual Privacy: Balancing the Individual and Social Interests"</a>. Michigan Law Review. 81 (3): 463–574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1288509">10.2307/1288509</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-2234">0026-2234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1288509">1288509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Status+of+Marriage%2C+Kinship%2C+and+Sexual+Privacy%3A+Balancing+the+Individual+and+Social+Interests&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0026-2234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1288509%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1288509&rft.aulast=Hafen&rft.aufirst=Bruce+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4662%26context%3Dmlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampagno2014" class="citation journal cs1">Campagno, Marcelo (18 August 2014). "Patronage and Other Logics of Social Organization in Ancient Egypt during the IIIrd Millennium bce". Journal of Egyptian History. 7 (1): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F18741665-12340012">10.1163/18741665-12340012</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F33193">11336/33193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-1657">1874-1657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Egyptian+History&rft.atitle=Patronage+and+Other+Logics+of+Social+Organization+in+Ancient+Egypt+during+the+IIIrd+Millennium+bce&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F33193&rft.issn=1874-1657&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F18741665-12340012&rft.aulast=Campagno&rft.aufirst=Marcelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_W_Sweet-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_W_Sweet_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrank_W_Sweet2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frank W Sweet (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409160923/http://backintyme.com/essay050101.htm">"The Invention of the Color Line: 1691—Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule"</a>. Backentyme Essays. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.backintyme.com/essay050101.htm">the original</a> on 9 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+the+Color+Line%3A+1691%E2%80%94Essays+on+the+Color+Line+and+the+One-Drop+Rule&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.au=Frank+W+Sweet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backintyme.com%2Fessay050101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarthikeyanChin,_Gabriel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Karthikeyan, Hrishi; Chin, Gabriel (2002). "Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910–1950". Asian Law Journal. 9 (1). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=283998">283998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Preserving+Racial+Identity%3A+Population+Patterns+and+the+Application+of+Anti-Miscegenation+Statutes+to+Asian+Americans%2C+1910%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D283998%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Karthikeyan&rft.aufirst=Hrishi&rft.au=Chin%2C+Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231145639/http://www.lovingday.org/map.htm">"Where were Interracial Couples Illegal?"</a>. LovingDay. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lovingday.org/map.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LovingDay&rft.atitle=Where+were+Interracial+Couples+Illegal%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flovingday.org%2Fmap.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lovingday.org/courtroom.htm">"Courtroom History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231035205/http://www.lovingday.org/courtroom.htm">Archived</a> 31 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Lovingday.org Retrieved 28 June 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStein2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stein, Edward (2004). "Past and present proposed amendments to the United States constitution regarding marriage". Washington University Law Quarterly. 82 (3). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=576181">576181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Past+and+present+proposed+amendments+to+the+United+States+constitution+regarding+marriage&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D576181%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh1991-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh1991_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Burleigh1991" class="citation book cs1">Michael Burleigh (7 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich">The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-39802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+State%3A+Germany+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39802-2&rft.au=Michael+Burleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialstate00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42633891">"Inter-American Human Rights Court backs same-sex marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inter-American+Human+Rights+Court+backs+same-sex+marriage&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-42633891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/14-556/opinion3.html">"Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Justia" title="Justia">Justia</a>. 26 June 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obergefell+v.+Hodges%2C+576+U.S.+___+%282015%29&rft.pub=Justia&rft.date=2015-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F576%2F14-556%2Fopinion3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Susan K. (30 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003083717/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/susan_k_smith/2009/07/marriage_a_civil_right_not_sacred_rite.html">"Marriage a Civil Right, not Sacred Rite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/panelists/susan_k_smith/2009/07/marriage_a_civil_right_not_sacred_rite.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Marriage+a+Civil+Right%2C+not+Sacred+Rite&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweek.washingtonpost.com%2Fonfaith%2Fpanelists%2Fsusan_k_smith%2F2009%2F07%2Fmarriage_a_civil_right_not_sacred_rite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316191210/https://ecf.cand.uscourts.gov/cand/09cv2292/files/09cv2292-ORDER.pdf">"Decision in Perry v. Schwarzenegger"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecf.cand.uscourts.gov/cand/09cv2292/files/09cv2292-ORDER.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+in+Perry+v.+Schwarzenegger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecf.cand.uscourts.gov%2Fcand%2F09cv2292%2Ffiles%2F09cv2292-ORDER.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/234866/two-three-americans-support-sex-marriage.aspx">"Two in Three Americans Support Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>. 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gallup&rft.atitle=Two+in+Three+Americans+Support+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.date=2018-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F234866%2Ftwo-three-americans-support-sex-marriage.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianmarriageequality.org/who-supports-equality/a-majority-of-australians-support-marriage-equality/">"For several years a majority of Australians have supported marriage equality"</a>. Australian Marriage Equality Incorporated. Retrieved 22 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+several+years+a+majority+of+Australians+have+supported+marriage+equality&rft.pub=Australian+Marriage+Equality+Incorporated&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianmarriageequality.org%2Fwho-supports-equality%2Fa-majority-of-australians-support-marriage-equality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/I0844.enrevised.pdf">"Support for Same-Sex Marriage in Latin America"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>. Retrieved 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support+for+Same-Sex+Marriage+in+Latin+America&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanderbilt.edu%2Flapop%2Finsights%2FI0844.enrevised.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901020418/http://www.waleg.com/archives/001129.html">"Polygamy in Muslim countries"</a>. Waleg.com. 26 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waleg.com/archives/001129.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygamy+in+Muslim+countries&rft.pub=Waleg.com&rft.date=2005-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waleg.com%2Farchives%2F001129.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerstein,_Nina2007" class="citation news cs1">Berstein, Nina (25 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720144224/http://www.wehaitians.com/polygamy%20practiced%20in%20secrecy%20follows%20africans%20to%20new%20york%20city.html">"Polygamy, Practiced in Secrecy, Follows Africans to New York City"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wehaitians.com/polygamy%20practiced%20in%20secrecy%20follows%20africans%20to%20new%20york%20city.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Polygamy%2C+Practiced+in+Secrecy%2C+Follows+Africans+to+New+York+City&rft.date=2007-03-25&rft.au=Berstein%2C+Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wehaitians.com%2Fpolygamy%2520practiced%2520in%2520secrecy%2520follows%2520africans%2520to%2520new%2520york%2520city.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/tunisia.htm">"Tunisia: Notable Features: Polygamy"</a>. Law.emory.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisia%3A+Notable+Features%3A+Polygamy&rft.pub=Law.emory.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.emory.edu%2Fifl%2Flegal%2Ftunisia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quietly-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quietly_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quietly_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagerty,_Barbara_Bradley2008" class="citation news cs1">Hagerty, Barbara Bradley (27 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90857818">"Some Muslims in U.S. Quietly Engage in Polygamy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>: <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+Muslims+in+U.S.+Quietly+Engage+in+Polygamy&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.au=Hagerty%2C+Barbara+Bradley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D90857818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyman1994" class="citation book cs1">Lyman, Edward Leo (1994). "Statehood for Utah". In Powell, Allan Kent (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131036/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/s/STATEHOOD.html">Utah History Encyclopedia</a>. Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-425-6"><bdi>978-0-87480-425-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/s/STATEHOOD.html">the original</a> on 1 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statehood+for+Utah&rft.btitle=Utah+History+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+Utah&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30473917&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-425-6&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Edward+Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uen.org%2Futah_history_encyclopedia%2Fs%2FSTATEHOOD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027130820/http://genderindex.org/country/sri-lanka">"Sri Lanka: Family Code"</a>. Genderindex.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genderindex.org/country/sri-lanka">the original</a> on 27 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%3A+Family+Code&rft.pub=Genderindex.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenderindex.org%2Fcountry%2Fsri-lanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygamy in India</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231021938/http://www.wwhr.org/images/CivilandPenalCodeReforms.pdf">"Turkish Civil and Penal Code Reforms from a Gender Perspective: The Success of two Nationwide Campaigns"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwhr.org/images/CivilandPenalCodeReforms.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Civil+and+Penal+Code+Reforms+from+a+Gender+Perspective%3A+The+Success+of+two+Nationwide+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwhr.org%2Fimages%2FCivilandPenalCodeReforms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> (6.21 MB) (p. 18) </li> <li id="cite_note-Nolo-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nolo_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nolo_134-1">b</a> "Common Law Marriage FAQ." Nolo. 31 July 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Towleroad-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Towleroad_135-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towleroad.com/2008/11/we-did-it.html">NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Towle" title="Andy Towle">Andy Towle</a>, Towleroad.com, 13 November 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2003/2003IMMtables.pdf">"Immigration to the United States: Fiscal years 1820–2003"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+to+the+United+States%3A+Fiscal+years+1820%E2%80%932003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Fxlibrary%2Fassets%2Fstatistics%2Fyearbook%2F2003%2F2003IMMtables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> (2.03 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/news/singapore/courts-crime/story/sham-marriage-married-the-day-they-met-prolong-her-stay-20140626">"Sham marriage: Married on the day they met to prolong her stay"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43633-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43633-5"><bdi>978-0-521-43633-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wollstonecraft%3A+A+Vindication+of+the+Rights+of+Man+and+a+Vindication+of+the+Rights+of+Woman+and+Hints&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43633-5&rft.au=Wollstonecraft%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUOzywCVo3swC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell,_Bertrand1929" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Bertrand (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.227102">Marriage And Morals</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+And+Morals&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Russell%2C+Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.227102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter,_Angela1984" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Angela (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IklaAAAAMAAJ">Nights at the circus</a>. Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-3932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-3932-2"><bdi>978-0-7011-3932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nights+at+the+circus&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-3932-2&rft.au=Carter%2C+Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIklaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Hardisty, Jean (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publiceye.org/jeans_report/marriage-promotion-part-2.pdf">Marriage as a cure for poverty?</a>. Red Sun Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915987-21-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-915987-21-X">0-915987-21-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://government.arts.cornell.edu/assets/faculty/docs/smith/nopromomarriage.23feb.pdf">Reduce Poverty Using Proven Methods: Eliminate Federal Funding of "Marriage Promotion" and Staff HHS with Appointees Who Value All Families</a>. arts.cornell.edu </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Veronica Jaris Tichenor, "Thinking About Gender and Power in Marriage", The Kaleidoscope of Gender, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFbell_hooks2000" class="citation book cs1">bell hooks (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvIQbop4cdsC">Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center</a>. 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BBC News. 18 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404013126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8366197.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Somali+woman+stoned+for+adultery&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8366197.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTait,_RobertHoseiny,_Noushin2008" class="citation news cs1">Tait, Robert & Hoseiny, Noushin (21 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/21/iran.humanrights">"Eight women and a man face stoning in Iran for adultery"</a>. The Guardian. 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Fox News. 13 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527200840/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,479752,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Two+Men+Stoned+to+Death+for+Adultery+in+Iran&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Ftwo-men-stoned-to-death-for-adultery-in-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-10983494">"Taliban 'kill adulterous Afghan couple'"</a>. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924042456/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/02/world/africa/mali-couple-stoned/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Islamists%3A+Two+stoned+to+death+for+committing+adultery+in+Mali&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.aulast=Hoije&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F02%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fmali-couple-stoned%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShah2010" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Saeed (18 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/18/couple-sentenced-pakistan">"Pakistani couple face death by stoning threat after conviction for adultery"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530062444/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/18/couple-sentenced-pakistan">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pakistani+couple+face+death+by+stoning+threat+after+conviction+for+adultery&rft.date=2010-07-18&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F18%2Fcouple-sentenced-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times-185"><a href="#cite_ref-times_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHussain2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Zahid_Hussain_(journalist)" title="Zahid Hussain (journalist)">Hussain, Zahid</a> (5 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093713/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4678530.ece">"Three teenagers buried alive in 'honour killings'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. London. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Three+teenagers+buried+alive+in+%27honour+killings%27&rft.date=2008-09-05&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Zahid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle4678530.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2013" class="citation web cs1">Freedman, Estelle B. (25 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2013/08/25/how_feminism_redefined_rape/">"Feminism's amazing achievement: Changing the conversation – and laws – about rape"</a>. Salon. Retrieved 11 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Feminism%27s+amazing+achievement%3A+Changing+the+conversation+%E2%80%93+and+laws+%E2%80%93+about+rape&rft.date=2013-08-25&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Estelle+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2013%2F08%2F25%2Fhow_feminism_redefined_rape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banerjee_Rao_2022_pp._11–13-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Banerjee_Rao_2022_pp._11–13_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeRao2022" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee, Debanjan; Rao, T. S. Sathyanarayana (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F26318318221083709">"The Dark Shadow of Marital Rape: Need to Change the Narrative"</a>. Journal of Psychosexual Health. 4 (1): 11–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F26318318221083709">10.1177/26318318221083709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2631-8318">2631-8318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychosexual+Health&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Shadow+of+Marital+Rape%3A+Need+to+Change+the+Narrative&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F26318318221083709&rft.issn=2631-8318&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Debanjan&rft.au=Rao%2C+T.+S.+Sathyanarayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F26318318221083709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17379721">"Morocco protest after raped Amina Filali kills herself"</a>. BBC News. 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Morocco+protest+after+raped+Amina+Filali+kills+herself&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-17379721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> is today illegal in the <a href="/wiki/Western_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Western World">Western World</a>, but this is not the case in many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, for instance, part of article 340 of the Penal Code states that "he who discovers his wife or one of his female relatives committing adultery and kills, wounds, or injures one of them, is exempted from any penalty. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAltstein,_HowardSimon,_Rita_James2003" class="citation book cs1">Altstein, Howard & Simon, Rita James (2003). Global perspectives on social issues: marriage and divorce. Lexington, Mass: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0588-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-0588-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+perspectives+on+social+issues%3A+marriage+and+divorce&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Mass&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0588-7&rft.au=Altstein%2C+Howard&rft.au=Simon%2C+Rita+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/10/adultery-laws-unfairly-target-women-u-n-says/">IPS – Adultery Laws Unfairly Target Women, U.N. Says | Inter Press Service</a>. Ipsnews.net (24 October 2012). Retrieved on 5 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-ohchr.org-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohchr.org_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohchr.org_191-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=12672&LangID=E">DisplayNews</a>. Ohchr.org (18 October 2012). Retrieved on 5 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/11/indonesia-new-aceh-law-imposes-torture">Indonesia: New Aceh Law Imposes Torture | Human Rights Watch</a>. Hrw.org (11 October 2009). Retrieved on 5 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-19/world/uae.court.ruling_1_islamic-law-sharia-law-ruling?_s=PM:WORLD">Court in UAE says beating wife, child OK if no marks are left – CNN.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325143850/http://articles.cnn.com/2010-10-19/world/uae.court.ruling_1_islamic-law-sharia-law-ruling?_s=PM%3AWORLD">Archived</a> 25 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Articles.cnn.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr55/006/2011/en/">Key human rights concerns highlighted by Amnesty International in advance of Swaziland's Universal Periodic Review hearing in October 2011</a>. Amnesty International </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/7cec89369c43a6dfc1256a2a0027ba2a/14366a04dd560e57c125729d006cd1ac/$FILE/N0322916.pdf">Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Twenty-eighth session</a>, United Nations, 14 February 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/explore/cmcf-vsi-women-in-france.pdf">Women in France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092212/http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/explore/cmcf-vsi-women-in-france.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Modern and Contemporary France, Taylor and Francis. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parisvoice.com/-archives-97-86/282-frances-leading-women-show-the-way">France's leading women show the way</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728175142/http://www.parisvoice.com/-archives-97-86/282-frances-leading-women-show-the-way">Archived</a> 28 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Parisvoice.com. Retrieved on 6 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/TWR-07.html">Lesson – The French Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) – Teaching Women's Rights From Past to Present</a>. Womeninworldhistory.com. 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Retrieved 11 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Family+Planning&rft.atitle=Women%27s+fears+and+men%27s+anxieties%3A+the+impact+of+family+planning+on+gender+relations+in+northern+Ghana&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F73927&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10216896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1728-4465.1999.00054.x&rft.aulast=Bawah&rft.aufirst=AA.&rft.au=Akweongo+P&rft.au=Simmons+R&rft.au=Phillips+JF.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popcouncil.org%2Fpdfs%2Fcouncilarticles%2Fsfp%2FSFP301Bawah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2011" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Duane (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJ71DHpbRAwC">Issues in Contemporary Christian Thought: A Fortress Introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0731-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0731-0"><bdi>978-1-4514-0731-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 September 2015. <q>In the course of human history, over thousands of years, many human cultures arise in relative isolation from each other, and major world religions develop in these relatively independent cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issues+in+Contemporary+Christian+Thought%3A+A+Fortress+Introduction&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0731-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJ71DHpbRAwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZareanBarzegar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zarean, Mansoureh; Barzegar, Khadijeh (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ri.urd.ac.ir/article_43969.html">"Marriage in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism"</a>. Religious Inquiries. 5 (9): 67–80. Retrieved 30 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Inquiries&rft.atitle=Marriage+in+Islam%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Judaism&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Zarean&rft.aufirst=Mansoureh&rft.au=Barzegar%2C+Khadijeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fri.urd.ac.ir%2Farticle_43969.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oneworld-230"><a href="#cite_ref-oneworld_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/232">"Marriage"</a>. A concise encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/232">232–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-184-6"><bdi>978-1-85168-184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marriage&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=232-33&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-184-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witte-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_231-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witte_231-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitte1997" class="citation book cs1">Witte, John Jr. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromsacramenttoc0000witt/page/39">From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromsacramenttoc0000witt/page/39">39–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25543-5"><bdi>978-0-664-25543-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sacrament+to+Contract%3A+Marriage%2C+Religion%2C+and+Law+in+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25543-5&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=John+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromsacramenttoc0000witt%2Fpage%2F39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/ritesrituals/weddings_1.shtml">"Religions – Christianity: Marriage and weddings"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+Marriage+and+weddings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fritesrituals%2Fweddings_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monger-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monger_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monger_233-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonger2004" class="citation book cs1">Monger, George P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C&q=marriage+ceremony+%22early+christianity%22&pg=PA70">"Christian Weddings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriagecustomso0000mong/page/70">Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons</a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marriagecustomso0000mong/page/70">70–71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-987-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-987-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469368346">469368346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christian+Weddings&rft.btitle=Marriage+Customs+of+the+World%3A+From+Henna+to+Honeymoons&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=ABC+CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469368346&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-987-4&rft.aulast=Monger&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8JlWxBYs40C%26q%3Dmarriage%2Bceremony%2B%2522early%2Bchristianity%2522%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-omalley-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omalley_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-omalley_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-omalley_234-2">c</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, John W. (15 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent0000omal">Trent: What Happened at the Council</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent0000omal/page/225">225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06760-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trent%3A+What+Happened+at+the+Council&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06760-8&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent0000omal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2013" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, John (22 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3FFCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">The Council of Trent. Myths, Misunderstandings and Unintended Consequences</a>. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7839-255-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7839-255-7"><bdi>978-88-7839-255-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Council+of+Trent.+Myths%2C+Misunderstandings+and+Unintended+Consequences&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Gregorian+Biblical+BookShop&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.isbn=978-88-7839-255-7&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk3FFCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> For clarification, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofvirginity0000stra/page/53">State of Virginity: Gender, Religion, and Politics in an Early Modern Europe</a> (Google Books) by Ulrike Strasser, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09703b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Ritual of Marriage"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Ritual+of+Marriage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09703b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jr.Warrick2013-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jr.Warrick2013_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jr.Warrick2013_237-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYrigoyenWarrick2013" class="citation book cs1">Yrigoyen, Charles Jr.; Warrick, Susan E. (7 November 2013). Historical Dictionary of Methodism. Scarecrow Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7894-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7894-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7894-5</bdi></a>. <q>In Methodism, the sacred service celebrates a covenenat grounded in the will of God and sustained by divine grace. ... Methodism encourages the solemnization of marriages within the context of congregational worship and eucharistic celebration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Methodism&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7894-5&rft.aulast=Yrigoyen&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jr.&rft.au=Warrick%2C+Susan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217152549/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition, Article Seven, Paragraph 1612"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+Second+Edition%2C+Article+Seven%2C+Paragraph+1612&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp2s2c3a7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217152549/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition, Article Seven, Paragraph 1601"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+Second+Edition%2C+Article+Seven%2C+Paragraph+1601&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp2s2c3a7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church2016-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Church2016_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Book of Resolutions of The United Methodist Church 2016. United Methodist Publishing House. 16 December 2016. p. 623. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5018-3325-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5018-3325-0"><bdi>978-1-5018-3325-0</bdi></a>. <q>For the church, the marriage covenant is grounded in the covenant between God and God's people into which Christians enter in their baptism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Resolutions+of+The+United+Methodist+Church+2016&rft.pages=623&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-5018-3325-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> McLachlan, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-pages.com/marriage/sacrament.asp">Sacrament of Holy Matrimony</a>. Catholic-pages.com </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217152549/https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition, Article Seven, Paragraph 1665"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c3a7.htm">the original</a> on 17 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church%2C+Second+Edition%2C+Article+Seven%2C+Paragraph+1665&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp2s2c3a7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCA1975-243"><a href="#cite_ref-RCA1975_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rca.org/synod/statements/">"Statements of General Synod"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a>. 1975. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statements+of+General+Synod&rft.pub=Reformed+Church+in+America&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rca.org%2Fsynod%2Fstatements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMCC2017-244"><a href="#cite_ref-EMCC2017_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Methodist Church Conference">Evangelical Methodist Church Conference</a>. 15 July 2017. pp. 22–21. <q>The marriage contract is so sacred that we advise against seeking divorce on any grounds whatseover. Should any member seek divorce on any unscriptural grounds (Matt. 5:32 "But I say unto you, that whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery; and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced comitteth adultery."), and that well proven, he shall be summoned to appear at a meeting in the local church, with the general board working in co-operation with the local church board. If proven guilty of such offense, he shall be dismissed at once, and no longer considered a member of Evangelical Methodist Church. We advise against the remarriage of all divorced persons, as the scriptures declare in Romans 7:3a "...So then if, while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she shall be called an adulteress." If any person becoming converted, and having such marital complications as mentioned above in the days of their sin and ignorance, it is our belief that God will and does forgive them; however, we shall not receive such persons into church membership, but with to extend to them the right hand of fellowship, promising the prayers of God's people. Should any pastor, knowingly or unknowingly, receive such persons that have been divorced and remarried into membership, such membership shall not be valid. Ministers are advised to have nothing to do with the re-marriage of persons divorced on any grounds. In the event any person is divorced by an unbelieving companion and shall remain in an unmarried state, retaining his or her Christian integrity, he or she shall not be dismissed or barred from church membership.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Discipline&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Evangelical+Methodist+Church+Conference&rft.date=2017-07-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/augustweb-only/46.0c.html?start=2">Divorce and Remarriage from Augustine to Zwingli</a>. Christianity Today. Retrieved on 6 April 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Matthew, 19: 6, New American Bible Revised Edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/matthew/19">[1]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Code of Canon Law Annotated, edited by Ernest Caparros et alia, Canon 1056, pp. 806–07 (Woodridge, Illinois: Midwest Theological Forum, 2004); see the printed work to correctly cite the translator(s) et alia; emphasis added. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Code of Canon Law Annotated, edited by Ernest Caparros et alia, Canon 1057, §2, p. 807 (Woodridge, Illinois: Midwest Theological Forum, 2004); see the printed work to correctly cite the translator(s) et alia; emphasis added. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/rs/relationships/chmarriageanddivorcerev1.shtml">"GCSE Bitesize: Marriage"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCSE+Bitesize%3A+Marriage&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Frs%2Frelationships%2Fchmarriageanddivorcerev1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulhall2013-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Mulhall2013_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulhall2013" class="citation book cs1">Mulhall, Daniel S. (18 September 2013). The Ecumenical Christian Dialogues and The Catechism of the Catholic Church. Paulist Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61643-809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61643-809-8"><bdi>978-1-61643-809-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Protestant reformers of the sixteenth century were unwilling to call marriage a sacrament because they did not regard matrimony as a necessary means of grace for salvation. Though not necessary for salvation certainly marriage is a means of grace, thus, sacramental in character.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecumenical+Christian+Dialogues+and+The+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft.isbn=978-1-61643-809-8&rft.aulast=Mulhall&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitte2007" class="citation book cs1">Witte, John (2007). From Sacarament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition. The Family, Religion, and Culture (1st ed.). Westminster John Knox Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sacarament+to+Contract%3A+Marriage%2C+Religion%2C+and+Law+in+the+Western+Tradition&rft.series=The+Family%2C+Religion%2C+and+Culture&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Witte&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Book of Discipline of the Free Methodist Church. <a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a>. 2015. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Discipline+of+the+Free+Methodist+Church&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Free+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world/the-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world?lang=eng">"The Family: A Proclamation to the World"</a>. ChurchofJesusChrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=The+Family%3A+A+Proclamation+to+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fthe-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world%2Fthe-family-a-proclamation-to-the-world%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service/lesson-5-laws-and-ordinances?lang=eng">"Lesson 5: Laws and Ordinances"</a>. ChurchofJesusChrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Lesson+5%3A+Laws+and+Ordinances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fpreach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service%2Flesson-5-laws-and-ordinances%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/the-eternal-family-teacher-manual/lesson-15-eternal-marriage?lang=eng">"Lesson 15: Eternal Marriage"</a>. ChurchofJesusChrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChurchofJesusChrist.org&rft.atitle=Lesson+15%3A+Eternal+Marriage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fthe-eternal-family-teacher-manual%2Flesson-15-eternal-marriage%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dooley2016-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dooley2016_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dooley2016_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dooley2016_256-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dooley2016_256-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDooley2016" class="citation book cs1">Dooley, Sandra (20 June 2016). A Guide to Catholic Weddings. Liturgy Training Publications. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61833-134-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61833-134-2"><bdi>978-1-61833-134-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Catholic+Weddings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.isbn=978-1-61833-134-2&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703002853/http://marriagelaw.cua.edu/publications/wrr.pdf">"World Religions and Same-Sex Marriage"</a>, Marriage Law Project, <a href="/wiki/Columbus_School_of_Law" title="Columbus School of Law">Columbus School of Law</a> at The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, July 2002 revision </li> <li id="cite_note-united-258"><a href="#cite_ref-united_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531085742/http://www.united-church.ca/exploring/marriage/affirmingcongregations">"Affirming Congregations, The Episcopal Church and Ministries of the United Church of Canada"</a>. United-church.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.united-church.ca/exploring/marriage/affirmingcongregations">the original</a> on 31 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affirming+Congregations%2C+The+Episcopal+Church+and+Ministries+of+the+United+Church+of+Canada&rft.pub=United-church.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.united-church.ca%2Fexploring%2Fmarriage%2Faffirmingcongregations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum-259"><a href="#cite_ref-pewforum_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081109194247/http://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=291">"Religious Groups' Official Positions on Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. pewforums.org. 1 April 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewforum.org/docs/?DocID=291">the original</a> on 9 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Groups%27+Official+Positions+on+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.pub=pewforums.org&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewforum.org%2Fdocs%2F%3FDocID%3D291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_UCC_SSM-260"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_UCC_SSM_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaila_Dewan2005" class="citation news cs1">Shaila Dewan (5 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/national/05church.html">"United Church of Christ Backs Same-Sex Marriage"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050708015301/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/national/05church.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=United+Church+of+Christ+Backs+Same-Sex+Marriage&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft.au=Shaila+Dewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F07%2F05%2Fnational%2F05church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy2000" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Reuben (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JCJgmiv7uZcC&q=the+social+structure+of+islam&pg=PA1">The Social Structure of Islam</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-20910-6"><bdi>978-0-415-20910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Structure+of+Islam&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20910-6&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJCJgmiv7uZcC%26q%3Dthe%2Bsocial%2Bstructure%2Bof%2Bislam%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/educators/women/lesson3a.html">"Global Connections . How Many Wives? | PBS"</a>. www.pbs.org. Retrieved 31 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pbs.org&rft.atitle=Global+Connections+.+How+Many+Wives%3F+%7C+PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fglobalconnections%2Fmideast%2Feducators%2Fwomen%2Flesson3a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Vol. VIII, p. 27, Leiden 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=3079">"The method of pronouncing the marriage formula"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+method+of+pronouncing+the+marriage+formula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistani.org%2Flocal.php%3Fmodules%3Dnav%26nid%3D2%26bid%3D59%26pid%3D3079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218220414/http://www.sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=3078">Marriage formula</a>. sistani.org </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218001957/http://www.sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=3080">Conditions of pronouncing Nikah</a>. sistani.org </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistani.org/local.php?modules=nav&nid=2&bid=59&pid=3083">"Women with whom matrimony is Haraam"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+with+whom+matrimony+is+Haraam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistani.org%2Flocal.php%3Fmodules%3Dnav%26nid%3D2%26bid%3D59%26pid%3D3083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/muta-temporary-marriage-in-islamic-law-sachiko-murata/four-pillars-muta">"The Four Pillars Of Mut'a"</a>. Al-Islam.org. 27 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=The+Four+Pillars+Of+Mut%27a&rft.date=2012-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fmuta-temporary-marriage-in-islamic-law-sachiko-murata%2Ffour-pillars-muta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Kidushin 1:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.2a.1?lang=bi">"Talmud Bavli, Kiddushin 2a"</a>. Sefaria. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/448425/jewish/Why-Marry.htm">the original</a> on 24 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Marry%3F&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F448425%2Fjewish%2FWhy-Marry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Genesis.24?lang=bi&aliyot=0">"B'reishit 24"</a>. Sefaria. 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Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Mishneh+Torah%2C+Marriage+1%3A1&rft.au=Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Marriage.1.1%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3DAbout%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CheyneAndBlackMar-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackMar_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackMar_282-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackMar_282-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CheyneAndBlackMar_282-3">d</a> This article incorporates text from the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a> article <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica/Manius-Mash#MARRIAGE" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Encyclopaedia Biblica/Manius-Mash">"MARRIAGE"</a>, a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides" class="citation web cs1">Maimonides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Mishneh_Torah%2C_Marriage.12.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Mishneh Torah, Marriage 12:2"</a>. Sefaria. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Mishneh+Torah%2C+Marriage+12%3A2&rft.au=Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishneh_Torah%252C_Marriage.12.2%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.61b.10?lang=bi">"Talmud Bavli, Ketubot 61b:10"</a>. Sefaria. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sefaria&rft.atitle=Talmud+Bavli%2C+Ketubot+61b%3A10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FKetubot.61b.10%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein" class="citation web cs1">Feinstein, Eve Levavi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/when-is-a-man-allowed-to-divorce-his-wife">"When Is a Man Allowed to Divorce his Wife?"</a>. The Torah. Project TABS. Retrieved 18 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Torah&rft.atitle=When+Is+a+Man+Allowed+to+Divorce+his+Wife%3F&rft.aulast=Feinstein&rft.aufirst=Eve+Levavi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Fwhen-is-a-man-allowed-to-divorce-his-wife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeinstein" class="citation web cs1">Feinstein, Eve Levavi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/remarrying-your-ex-wife">"Remarrying Your Ex-Wife"</a>. The Torah. Project TABS. 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Chand Publishing. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-1036-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-1036-1"><bdi>978-81-219-1036-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-219-1036-1&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=CN+Shankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDscEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dvivaha%2Bsamskara%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banerjee_86-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banerjee_86_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banerjee_86_288-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Gooroodass. 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Delhi: University Publications. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-283-50016-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-283-50016-6"><bdi>978-1-283-50016-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+about+Wicca&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.pub=University+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-283-50016-6&rft.aulast=Bedard&rft.aufirst=Karlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frguir.inflibnet.ac.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F977%2F1%2F9781283500166.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> A Wiccan Bible: Exploring the Mysteries of the Craft from Birth to Summerland – p. 124, A. J. 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Retrieved 27 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Psychology&rft.atitle=Marital+satisfaction%2C+recovery+from+work%2C+and+diurnal+cortisol+among+men+and+women&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.597.2884%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18230009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0278-6133.27.1.15&rft.aulast=Saxbe&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.au=Repetti%2C+RL&rft.au=Nishina%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepettilab.psych.ucla.edu%2FSaxbe%2520Repetti%2520Nishina%25202008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalig,_Jojo2012" class="citation web cs1">Malig, Jojo (6 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607204409/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/06/07/12/philippines-ready-divorce-law">"Is Philippines ready for a divorce law?"</a>. ABS-CBN News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/06/07/12/philippines-ready-divorce-law">the original</a> on 7 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Philippines+ready+for+a+divorce+law%3F&rft.pub=ABS-CBN+News&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft.au=Malig%2C+Jojo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2F-depth%2F06%2F07%2F12%2Fphilippines-ready-divorce-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630173542/http://divorcesupport.about.com/od/maritalproblems/i/nofault_fault_2.htm">"No-Fault Divorce – The Pros and Cons Of No-Fault Divorce"</a>. Divorcesupport.about.com. 30 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divorcesupport.about.com/od/maritalproblems/i/nofault_fault_2.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No-Fault+Divorce+%E2%80%93+The+Pros+and+Cons+Of+No-Fault+Divorce&rft.pub=Divorcesupport.about.com&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdivorcesupport.about.com%2Fod%2Fmaritalproblems%2Fi%2Fnofault_fault_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2008/mar/27/britishidentity.divorce">Nearly half of marriaged doomed for divorce</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> (27 March 2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Yen, Hope (18 May 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/18/census-divorces-decline-7-year-itch-persists/?page=all">Census; divorce decline but 7 year itch persists</a>, Associated Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> for the historiography see Frederik J. 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London: William Heinemann (Medical Books) Ltd. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9419-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-9419-6"><bdi>978-1-4831-9419-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman%3A+An+Historical+Gyn%C3%A6cological+and+Anthropological+Compendium&rft.place=London&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=William+Heinemann+%28Medical+Books%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1935&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-9419-6&rft.au=Hermann+Heinrich+Ploss&rft.au=Max+Bartels&rft.au=Paul+Bartels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_yW0BQAAQBAJ%26q%3D129%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ascrim-persp-343"><a href="#cite_ref-ascrim-persp_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBullough2014" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, Vern L. (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9d23AwAAQBAJ&q=Magnus+Hirschfeld+age+of+consent+50+countries&pg=PA37">Adolescence, Sexuality, and the Criminal Law: Multidisciplinary Perspectives</a>. Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-95499-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-95499-6"><bdi>978-1-317-95499-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adolescence%2C+Sexuality%2C+and+the+Criminal+Law%3A+Multidisciplinary+Perspectives&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-317-95499-6&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Vern+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9d23AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMagnus%2BHirschfeld%2Bage%2Bof%2Bconsent%2B50%2Bcountries%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/History_of_Marriage">"History of Marriage" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Marriage&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestLaw-345"><a href="#cite_ref-WestLaw_345-0">^</a> West's Encyclopedia of American Law, 2nd Edition. Thomson Gale, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-6367-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-6367-0">0-7876-6367-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeneman1999" class="citation web cs1">Leneman, Leah (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706143516/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/17.1/leneman.html">"The Scottish Case That Led to Hardwicke's Marriage Act"</a>. Law and History Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/17.1/leneman.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Case+That+Led+to+Hardwicke%27s+Marriage+Act&rft.pub=Law+and+History+Review&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Leneman&rft.aufirst=Leah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycooperative.org%2Fjournals%2Flhr%2F17.1%2Fleneman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillis1985" class="citation book cs1">Gillis, John R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbetterforwors00gill">For Better, for Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forbetterforwors00gill/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503614-5"><bdi>978-0-19-503614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Better%2C+for+Worse%3A+British+Marriages%2C+1600+to+the+Present&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503614-5&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforbetterforwors00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110325205909/http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Marriage">"Marriage|LII / Legal Information Institute"</a>. Topics.law.cornell.edu. 19 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Marriage">the original</a> on 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marriage%26%23124%3BLII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.pub=Topics.law.cornell.edu&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2FMarriage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestermarck1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck" title="Edvard Westermarck">Westermarck, Edward Alexander</a> (1903). The History of Human Marriage (reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan and Co., Ltd., London</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-8548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-8548-9"><bdi>978-1-4021-8548-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Human+Marriage&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.%2C+Ltd.%2C+London&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-8548-9&rft.aulast=Westermarck&rft.aufirst=Edward+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> Vucheva, Elitsa. (30 July 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euobserver.com/social/27161">/ Social Affairs / Europeans marry older, less often</a>. Euobserver.com. Retrieved on 5 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cntoc.html">"Danwei"</a>. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danwei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fcntoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2003" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard (21 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1439403/China-relaxes-laws-on-love-and-marriage.html">"China relaxes laws on love and marriage"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/1439403/China-relaxes-laws-on-love-and-marriage.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=China+relaxes+laws+on+love+and+marriage&rft.date=2003-08-21&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F1439403%2FChina-relaxes-laws-on-love-and-marriage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMolony2016" class="citation book cs1">Molony, Barbara (2016). Gender in Modern East Asia. Routledge. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+in+Modern+East+Asia&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Molony&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF김선주" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">김선주. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/front/km/view.do?levelId=km_001_0030_0010_0020">"연애와 혼인 사이"</a>. National Institute of Korean History (in Korean).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=%EC%97%B0%EC%95%A0%EC%99%80+%ED%98%BC%EC%9D%B8+%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4&rft.au=%EA%B9%80%EC%84%A0%EC%A3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fkm%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dkm_001_0030_0010_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Bae-yong (2008). Women in Korean History. Ewha Womans University Press. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Korean+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Bae-yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1847). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Dying_Well/Chapter_15">"The fifteenth precept, on Matrimony" </a>. The Art of Dying Well. Translated by John Dalton. Richardson and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+fifteenth+precept%2C+on+Matrimony&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Dying+Well&rft.pub=Richardson+and+Son&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Trent1829" class="citation book cs1">Council of Trent (1829). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Catechism_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Part_2:_Holy_Matrimony">"Part 2: Holy Matrimony" </a>. The catechism of the Council of Trent. Translated by James Donovan. Lucas Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+2%3A+Holy+Matrimony&rft.btitle=The+catechism+of+the+Council+of+Trent&rft.pub=Lucas+Brothers&rft.date=1829&rft.au=Council+of+Trent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/59386">The history of human marriage by Edward Westermarck</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Marriage at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Marriage" class="extiw" title="wikt:Marriage">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marriage" class="extiw" title="c:Marriage">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marriage" class="extiw" title="q:Marriage">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Marriage" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Marriage">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t3kiLAQxrnMC">For Better, for Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present</a> John Gillis. 1985. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503614-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503614-X">0-19-503614-X</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Canons_and_Decrees_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Session_XXIV/Sacrament_of_Matrimony">The Council of Trent on Marriage by the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGautier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gautier, Arlette (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217205550/http://lawfam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/47">"Legal Regulation of Marital Relations: An Historical and Comparative Approach – Gautier 19 (1): 47 – International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family"</a>. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family. 19 (1): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flawfam%2Febi003">10.1093/lawfam/ebi003</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawfam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/19/1/47">the original</a> on 17 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Policy+and+the+Family&rft.atitle=Legal+Regulation+of+Marital+Relations%3A+An+Historical+and+Comparative+Approach+%E2%80%93+Gautier+19+%281%29%3A+47+%E2%80%93+International+Journal+of+Law%2C+Policy+and+the+Family&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flawfam%2Febi003&rft.aulast=Gautier&rft.aufirst=Arlette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawfam.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F19%2F1%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarriage" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20020321.shtml">"Marriage – Its Various Forms and the Role of the State"</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>'s <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a> featuring Janet Soskice, Frederik Pedersen and Christina Hardyment</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003193449/http://lawfam.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/4/2/154">Radical Principles and the Legal Institution of Marriage: Domestic Relations Law and Social Democracy in Sweden</a> – Bradley 4 (2): 154 – International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312111112/http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&gid=145&Itemid=673">Recordings</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110312095329/http://www.thehist.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=709&Itemid=672">Photos</a> from a <a href="/wiki/College_Historical_Society" title="College Historical Society">College Historical Society</a> debate on the role of marriage, featuring Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Norris_(politician)" title="David Norris (politician)">David Norris</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3n%C3%A1n_Mullen" title="Rónán Mullen">Rónán Mullen</a>.</li> <li>Chris Knight. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/Early-Human-Kinship-Was-Matrilineal.pdf">Early Human Kinship Was Matrilineal</a>." In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), Early Human Kinship. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61–82.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swedenborgdigitallibrary.org/contets/MLtc.html">The Delights of Wisdom Concerning Marriage ("Conjugial") Love, After Which Follows the Pleasures of Insanity Concerning Scortatory Love.</a> by Emanuel Swedenborg (Swedenborg Society 1953)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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title="Child">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_rights" title="Template:Family rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_rights" title="Template talk:Family rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Family_rights56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matrimonial rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights_movement" title="Children's rights movement">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_rights" title="Mothers' rights">Mothers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandparents">Grandparents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(criminal)" title="Parental responsibility (criminal)">Parental liability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Mixed-orientation marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_marriage" title="Category:Types of marriage">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weddings332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weddings" title="Template:Weddings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weddings" title="Template talk:Weddings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weddings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weddings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weddings332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Weddings</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_wedding" title="Collective wedding">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wedding" title="White wedding">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal_planner" title="Marriage proposal planner">Marriage proposal planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal" title="Marriage proposal">Marriage proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement" title="Engagement">Engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_planner" title="Wedding planner">Wedding planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_registry" title="Wedding registry">Wedding registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_shower" title="Bridal shower">Bridal shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement_party" title="Engagement party">Engagement party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_invitation" title="Wedding invitation">Wedding invitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_party" title="Bachelor party">Bachelor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelorette_party" title="Bachelorette party">Bachelorette party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_and_doe" title="Stag and doe">Stag and doe party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_license" title="Marriage license">Marriage license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_dinner" title="Rehearsal dinner">Rehearsal dinner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_chapel" title="Wedding chapel">Wedding chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretna_Green#Marriage" title="Gretna Green">Gretna Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western_dress_codes23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western_wedding_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Western wedding dress">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_crown" title="Bridal crown">Bridal crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">Ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter_(stockings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garter (stockings)">Garters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuppah" title="Chuppah">Chuppah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_arras" title="Las arras">Las arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8bes_gamik%C3%B2s" title="Lèbes gamikòs">Lèbes gamikòs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cord" title="Wedding cord">Wedding cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_favors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding favors">Wedding favors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_mandapa" title="Wedding mandapa">Wedding mandapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_ring_cushion" title="Wedding ring cushion">Wedding ring cushion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well_(wedding)" title="Wishing well (wedding)">Wishing well</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wedding_ceremony_participants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wedding ceremony participants">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride" title="Bride">Bride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_brides" title="List of child brides">child bride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridegroom" title="Bridegroom">Bridegroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_bridegrooms" title="List of child bridegrooms">child bridegroom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesmaid" title="Bridesmaid">Bridesmaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridesman" title="Bridesman">Bridesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_girl" title="Flower girl">Flower girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groomsman" title="Groomsman">Groomsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_boy_(wedding_attendant)" title="Page boy (wedding attendant)">Page boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_officiant" title="Marriage officiant">Officiant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahesta_Bero" title="Ahesta Bero">Ahesta Bero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedding_ceremony" title="Bedding ceremony">Bedding ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_dance" title="First dance">First dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Wedding_Blessing" title="Indian Wedding Blessing">"Indian" Wedding Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_the_broom" title="Jumping the broom">Jumping the broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lychgate#Use_at_weddings" title="Lychgate">Lychgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_dance" title="Money dance">Money dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_music" title="Wedding music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polterabend" title="Polterabend">Polterabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pounded_rice_ritual" title="Pounded rice ritual">Pounded rice ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyebaek" title="Pyebaek">Pyebaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trash_the_dress" title="Trash the dress">Trash the dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_candle" title="Unity candle">Unity candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_March_(Mendelssohn)" title="Wedding March (Mendelssohn)">Wedding March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_reception" title="Wedding reception">Wedding reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_videography" title="Wedding videography">Wedding videography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_breakfast" title="Wedding breakfast">Wedding breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake" title="Wedding cake">Wedding cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_cake_topper" title="Wedding cake topper">Wedding cake topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookie_table" title="Cookie table">Cookie table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groom%27s_cake" title="Groom's cake">Groom's cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochzeitssuppe" title="Hochzeitssuppe">Hochzeitssuppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_almonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan almonds">Jordan almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolach_(bread)" title="Kolach (bread)">Kolach (bread)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korovai" title="Korovai">Korovai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_cup" title="Loving cup">Loving cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_card" title="Place card">Place card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion or culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj (Sikh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_wedding" title="Arab wedding">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayie" title="Ayie">Ayie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_Malay_wedding" title="Brunei Malay wedding">Brunei Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese marriage">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pre-wedding_customs" title="Chinese pre-wedding customs">Pre-wedding customs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_marriage" title="Hajong marriage">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_practices" title="Islamic marital practices">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyer_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyer wedding">Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon wedding">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding" title="Odia Hindu wedding">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian wedding">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony" title="Poruwa ceremony">Poruwa ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_wedding_traditions" title="Punjabi wedding traditions">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasrani_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasrani wedding">Saint Thomas Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_wedding" title="Shinto wedding">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_wedding_traditions" title="Timorese wedding traditions">Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%91f%C3%A9ly" title="Vőfély">Vőfély (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_by_country" title="Wedding customs by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_customs_in_Ethiopia" title="Wedding customs in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C5%91f%C3%A9ly" title="Vőfély">Vőfély (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_weddings" title="Icelandic weddings">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_India" title="Weddings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Pakistan" title="Marriage in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_wedding_customs_in_the_Philippines" title="Marriage and wedding customs in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poruwa_ceremony" title="Poruwa ceremony">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wedding_traditions" title="Ukrainian wedding traditions">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Marriage in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddings in the United States and Canada">United States and Canada</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales" title="Marriage in England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Scotland" title="Marriage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_marriage_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of marriage in Great Britain and Ireland">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_wedding" title="Traditional Vietnamese wedding">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon" title="Honeymoon">Honeymoon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon_registry" title="Honeymoon registry">Honeymoon registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">Consummation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wedding" title="Black wedding">Black wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">Elopement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_vows" title="Marriage vows">Marriage vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlywed" title="Newlywed">Newlywed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_weddings" title="List of royal weddings">Royal weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequel_wedding" title="Sequel wedding">Sequel wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobstick_wedding" title="Knobstick wedding">Knobstick wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_crashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding crashing">Wedding crashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_vow_renewal_ceremony" title="Wedding vow renewal ceremony">Wedding vow renewal ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanless_wedding" title="Womanless wedding">Womanless wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality686" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_sexual_orientation" title="Christianity and sexual orientation">Christianity and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBTQ-affirming religious groups">LGBTQ-affirming religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/17px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/26px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/34px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parenting" title="Template:Parenting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parenting" title="Template talk:Parenting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parenting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parenting171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories · Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_parenting" title="Reflective parenting">Reflective parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Apart_from_Their_Children" title="Mothers Apart from Their Children">Mothers Apart from Their Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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