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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Astronaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmonaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmonaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cosmonaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmonaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taikonaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taikonaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Taikonaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taikonaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parastronaut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parastronaut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Parastronaut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parastronaut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_travel_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_travel_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Space travel milestones</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Space_travel_milestones-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Space travel milestones subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Space_travel_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Age_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Age milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duration_and_distance_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duration_and_distance_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Duration and distance milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duration_and_distance_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_and_non-government_milestones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_and_non-government_milestones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Civilian and non-government milestones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_and_non-government_milestones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-funded_travelers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-funded_travelers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Self-funded travelers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-funded_travelers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NASA_candidacy_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_candidacy_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>NASA candidacy requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NASA_candidacy_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mission_Specialist_Educator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_Specialist_Educator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Mission Specialist Educator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_Specialist_Educator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_risks_of_space_travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_risks_of_space_travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health risks of space travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_risks_of_space_travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Food and drink</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astronaut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaarder" title="Ruimtevaarder – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ruimtevaarder" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steorras%C7%A3mann" title="Steorrasǣmann – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Steorrasǣmann" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="رائد فضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رائد فضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapy%27ytah%C3%A1ra" title="Arapy'ytahára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapy'ytahára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonavt" title="Kosmonavt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmonavt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="آستروناوت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آستروناوت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="নভোচারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নভোচারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-khong-j%C3%AEn" title="Thài-khong-jîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-khong-jîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонавт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Космонавт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82" title="Касманаўт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Касманаўт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонавт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космонавт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraer" title="Astraer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Astraer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонавт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Космонавт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonaut" title="Kosmonaut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosmonaut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofodwr" title="Gofodwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gofodwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumfahrer" title="Raumfahrer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raumfahrer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3t%C3%A1%C3%A1hg%C3%B3%C3%B3_a%C5%82n%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1%C5%82t%CA%BCah%C3%AD" title="Wótááhgóó ałnááʼáłtʼahí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Wótááhgóó ałnááʼáłtʼahí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonaut" title="Kosmonaut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmonaut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αστροναύτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστροναύτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmona%C5%ADto" title="Kosmonaŭto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosmonaŭto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="فضانورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فضانورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaute" title="Astronaute – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astronaute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romtefarder" title="Romtefarder – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Romtefarder" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A1saire" title="Spásaire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spásaire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiaulteyr_rollageagh" title="Shiaulteyr rollageagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shiaulteyr rollageagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speuradair" title="Speuradair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Speuradair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%82%AC" title="우주비행사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우주비행사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81" title="Տիեզերագնաց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերագնաց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="खगोलयात्री – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खगोलयात्री" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauto" title="Astronauto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astronauto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antariksawan" title="Antariksawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antariksawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimfari" title="Geimfari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimfari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="טייס חלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טייס חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antariksawan" title="Antariksawan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antariksawan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಗನಯಾತ್ರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಗನಯಾತ್ರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კოსმონავტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსმონავტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%9A%D8%A8%D9%95%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="نیٚبٕر آسمأنؠ باز – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیٚبٕر آسمأنؠ باز" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ғарышкер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ғарышкер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanaanga" title="Mwanaanga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwanaanga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astwon%C3%B2t" title="Astwonòt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Astwonòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esmanger" title="Esmanger – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Esmanger" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонавт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Космонавт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmonauts" title="Kosmonauts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosmonauts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raumfuerer" title="Raumfuerer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Raumfuerer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautas" title="Astronautas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astronautas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0rhaj%C3%B3s" title="Űrhajós – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űrhajós" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Космонаут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Космонаут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ബഹിരാകാശസഞ്ചാരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബഹിരാകാശസഞ്ചാരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="अंतराळयात्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंतराळयात्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ასტრონავტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტრონავტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="رائد فضاء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رائد فضاء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkasawan" title="Angkasawan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkasawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronot" title="Astronot – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Astronot" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="အာကာသယာဉ်မှူး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာကာသယာဉ်မှူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruimtevaarder" title="Ruimtevaarder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ruimtevaarder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%A3%AB" title="宇宙飛行士 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宇宙飛行士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romfarer" title="Romfarer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romfarer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romfarar" title="Romfarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romfarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazogir" title="Fazogir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fazogir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਖਗੋਲਯਾਤਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਗੋਲਯਾਤਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="تارا پاندھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا پاندھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تشیالیونی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تشیالیونی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauta" title="Astronauta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astronauta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27usaq_wamp%27uq" title="Ch'usaq wamp'uq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'usaq wamp'uq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Козмонавт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Козмонавт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонавт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космонавт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонаавт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Космонаавт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruumtefierder" title="Ruumtefierder – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ruumtefierder" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronauti" title="Astronauti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astronauti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrun%C3%A0uta" title="Astrunàuta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astrunàuta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="අජටාකාශගාමියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අජටාකාශගාමියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozmonaut" title="Kozmonaut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kozmonaut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronavt" title="Astronavt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astronavt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95" title="ئەستێرەگەڕ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرەگەڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82" title="Космонаут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Космонаут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruuslent%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Avaruuslentäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruuslentäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdfarare" title="Rymdfarare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdfarare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astronaut" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="விண்ணோடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்ணோடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Галәмче – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галәмче" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF" title="వ్యోమగామి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యోమగామి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="นักบินอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักบินอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Фазонавард – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фазонавард" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronot" title="Astronot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astronot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82" title="Космонавт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космонавт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="خلانورد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خلانورد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%95%D9%85_%D8%A6%DB%87%DA%86%D9%82%DB%87%DA%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ئالەم ئۇچقۇچىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالەم ئۇچقۇچىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astron%C3%A0uta" title="Astronàuta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Astronàuta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_du_h%C3%A0nh_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5" title="Nhà du hành vũ trụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà du hành vũ trụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmaruumilindaja" title="Ilmaruumilindaja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ilmaruumilindaja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronawta" title="Astronawta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astronawta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%98" title="航天员 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="航天员" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98" title="אסטראנויט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסטראנויט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="太空人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E8%88%AA%E5%91%98" title="宇航员 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宇航员" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Commander, pilot, or crew member of a spacecraft</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cosmonaut" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Astronaut (disambiguation)">Astronaut (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cosmonaut (disambiguation)">Cosmonaut (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg/220px-Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg/330px-Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg/440px-Bruce_McCandless_II_during_EVA_in_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless II</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a> outside <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger"><i>Challenger</i></a> on shuttle mission <a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a> in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>astronaut</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἄστρον</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">astron</i></span>), meaning 'star', and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ναύτης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">nautes</i></span>), meaning 'sailor') is a person trained, equipped, and deployed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflight_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of human spaceflight programs">human spaceflight program</a> to serve as a commander or crew member aboard a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. Although generally reserved for professional space travelers, the term is sometimes applied to anyone who travels into space, including scientists, politicians, journalists, and <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">tourists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-utah_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utah-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Astronaut" technically applies to all human space travelers regardless of nationality. However, astronauts fielded by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> are typically known instead as <b>cosmonauts</b> (from the Russian "kosmos" (космос), meaning "space", also borrowed from Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κόσμος</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-vocabulary_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vocabulary-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparatively recent developments in crewed spaceflight made by China have led to the rise of the term <b>taikonaut</b> (from the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> "tàikōng" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太空</span></span>), meaning "space"), although its use is somewhat informal and its origin is unclear. In China, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">astronauts</a> and their foreign counterparts are all officially called <i>hángtiānyuán</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">航天员</span></span>, meaning "heaven navigator" or literally "<a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">heaven-sailing</a> staff"). </p><p>Since 1961 and as of 2021, 600 astronauts have flown in space.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2002, astronauts were sponsored and trained exclusively by governments, either by the military or by civilian space agencies. With the suborbital flight of the privately funded <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> in 2004, a new category of astronaut was created: the <a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial astronaut</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg/170px-Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg/255px-Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg/340px-Alan_Shepard_in_capsule_aboard_Freedom_7_before_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2678" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3"><i>Freedom 7</i></a> (1961)</figcaption></figure> <p>The criteria for what constitutes <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> vary, with some focus on the point where the atmosphere becomes so thin that <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_force" title="Aerodynamic force">aerodynamic force</a>, carries a significant portion of the weight of the flight object. The <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a></span></span> (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_line" title="Kármán line">Kármán line</a>, at an altitude of 100 kilometers (62 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-fai_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fai-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of 80 kilometres (50 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are awarded <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Badge">astronaut wings</a>. </p><p>As of 17 November 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 552 people from <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">36 countries</a> have reached 100 km (62 mi) or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> or beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-stats1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">24 people</a> have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or, in one case, a loop around the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the 24—<a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Watts_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="John Watts Young">John Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Cernan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Cernan">Eugene Cernan</a>—did so twice.<sup id="cite_ref-hundred_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hundred-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 17 November 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above 50 miles (80 km) altitude. Of eight <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a> pilots who exceeded 50 miles (80 km) in altitude, only one, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Walker" title="Joseph A. Walker">Joseph A. Walker</a>, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice.<sup id="cite_ref-stats1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Space travelers have spent over 41,790 <a href="/wiki/Man_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Man hour">man-days</a> (114.5-man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">spacewalks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-void_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-void-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the man with the longest cumulative time in space is <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kononenko" title="Oleg Kononenko">Oleg Kononenko</a>, who has spent over 1100 days in space.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy A. Whitson</a> holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, at 675 days.<sup id="cite_ref-paw_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paw-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></div> <p>In 1959, when both the United States and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Administrator <a href="/wiki/T._Keith_Glennan" title="T. Keith Glennan">T. Keith Glennan</a> and his Deputy Administrator, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a>, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called <i>astronauts</i> or <i>cosmonauts</i>. Dryden preferred "cosmonaut", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a></i>, while the "astro" prefix suggested flight specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most NASA <a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> members preferred "astronaut", which survived by common usage as the preferred American term.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Soviet Union launched the first man into space, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> in 1961, they chose a term which <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">anglicizes</a> to "cosmonaut".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronaut">Astronaut</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg/250px-Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg/330px-Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg/500px-Astronaut_Groups_1_and_2_-_S63-01419.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5942" data-file-height="2678" /></a><figcaption>The first sixteen NASA astronauts to be selected, February 1963. Back row: <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. White">White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_McDivitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim McDivitt">McDivitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Conrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Borman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Lovell</a>. Front row: <a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Gordon Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Grissom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Schirra</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Shepard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A professional space traveler is called an <i>astronaut</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known use of the term "astronaut" in the modern sense was by <a href="/wiki/Neil_R._Jones" title="Neil R. Jones">Neil R. Jones</a> in his 1930 short story "The Death's Head Meteor". The word itself had been known earlier; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Percy_Greg" title="Percy Greg">Percy Greg</a>'s 1880 book <i><a href="/wiki/Across_the_Zodiac" title="Across the Zodiac">Across the Zodiac</a></i>, "astronaut" referred to a spacecraft. In <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Navigateurs_de_l%27infini" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Navigateurs de l'infini">Les Navigateurs de l'infini</a></i> (1925) by <a href="/wiki/J.-H._Rosny_a%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="J.-H. Rosny aîné">J.-H. Rosny aîné</a>, the word <i>astronautique</i> (<a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a>) was used. The word may have been inspired by "aeronaut", an older term for an air traveler first applied in 1784 to <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon (aircraft)">balloonists</a>. An early use of "astronaut" in a non-fiction publication is <a href="/wiki/Eric_Frank_Russell" title="Eric Frank Russell">Eric Frank Russell</a>'s poem "The Astronaut", appearing in the November 1934 <i>Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first known formal use of the term <a href="/wiki/Astronautics" title="Astronautics">astronautics</a> in the scientific community was the establishment of the annual <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Congress" title="International Astronautical Congress">International Astronautical Congress</a> in 1950, and the subsequent founding of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-IAFpage_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAFpage-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> applies the term astronaut to any crew member aboard NASA spacecraft bound for Earth orbit or beyond. NASA also uses the term as a title for those selected to join its <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biopage_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biopage-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> similarly uses the term astronaut for members of its <a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ESApage_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESApage-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmonaut">Cosmonaut</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_888102_Soviet_cosmonauts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The first eleven Soviet cosmonauts to fly, July 1965. Back row, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Leonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gherman_Titov" title="Gherman Titov">Titov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bykovsky" title="Valery Bykovsky">Bykovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yegorov" title="Boris Yegorov">Yegorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Popovich" title="Pavel Popovich">Popovich</a>; front row: <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov" title="Vladimir Komarov">Komarov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Gagarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Tereshkova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev" title="Andriyan Nikolayev">Nikolayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Feoktistov" title="Konstantin Feoktistov">Feoktistov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Belyayev" title="Pavel Belyayev">Belyayev</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a>.</div> <p>By convention, an astronaut employed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> (or its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>) is called a <i>cosmonaut</i> in English texts.<sup id="cite_ref-biopage_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biopage-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is an <a href="/wiki/Anglicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicization">Anglicization</a> of <i>kosmonavt</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">космонавт</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Russian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kəsmɐˈnaft]</a></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-space_traveller_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-space_traveller-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other countries of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> use variations of the Russian kosmonavt, such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">kosmonauta</i> (although <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> also used <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">astronauta</i></span>, and the two words are considered synonyms).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coinage of the term <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">космонавт</span></span> has been credited to Soviet aeronautics (or "<a href="/wiki/Cosmonautics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonautics">cosmonautics</a>") pioneer <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tikhonravov" title="Mikhail Tikhonravov">Mikhail Tikhonravov</a> (1900–1974).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cosmonaut was <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, also the first person in space. He was part of the first six Soviet citizens, with <a href="/wiki/German_Titov" class="mw-redirect" title="German Titov">German Titov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Khrunov" title="Yevgeny Khrunov">Yevgeny Khrunov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andriyan_Nikolayev" title="Andriyan Nikolayev">Andriyan Nikolayev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Popovich" title="Pavel Popovich">Pavel Popovich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Nelyubov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Nelyubov">Grigoriy Nelyubov</a>, who were given the title of pilot-cosmonaut in January 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a> was the first female cosmonaut and the first and youngest <a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">woman to have flown in space</a> with a solo mission on the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 March 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a> became the first American to ride to space on board a Russian launch vehicle, and thus became the first "American cosmonaut".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taikonaut">Taikonaut</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg/220px-Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg/330px-Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg/440px-Taikonauts_2010_Somalia_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="1254" /></a><figcaption>The first Chinese taikonauts on a 2010 Somalia stamp</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">China Manned Space Program</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">List of Chinese astronauts</a>.</div> <p>In Chinese, the term <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yǔ háng yuán</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">宇航员</span></span>, "cosmos navigating personnel") is used for astronauts and cosmonauts in general,<sup id="cite_ref-rus_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rus2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rus2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">hángtiān yuán</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">航天员</span></span>, "navigating celestial-heaven personnel") is used for Chinese astronauts. Here, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">hángtiān</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">航天</span></span>, literally "heaven-navigating", or <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>) is strictly<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined as the navigation of <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> within the local <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">star system</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. The phrase <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">tàikōng rén</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太空人</span></span>, "spaceman") is often used in Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>taikonaut</i> is used by some English-language news media organizations for professional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">space travelers from China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word has featured in the <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English</a> dictionaries, and the term became more common in 2003 when China sent its first astronaut <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a> into space aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></i> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the term used by <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> in the English version of the Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> since the advent of the Chinese space program.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the term is unclear; as early as May 1998, Chiew Lee Yih (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">趙裡昱</span></span>) from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> used it in <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chiew_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiew-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chiew2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chiew2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parastronaut">Parastronaut</h3></div> <p>For its <a href="/wiki/2022_European_Space_Agency_Astronaut_Group" title="2022 European Space Agency Astronaut Group">2022 Astronaut Group</a>, the European Space Agency envisioned recruiting an astronaut with a physical disability, a category they called "parastronauts", with the intention but not guarantee of spaceflight.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The categories of disability considered for the program were individuals with lower limb deficiency (either through amputation or congenital), leg length difference, or a short stature (less than 130 centimetres or 4 feet 3 inches).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/John_McFall_(athlete)" title="John McFall (athlete)">John McFall</a> was selected to be the first ESA parastronaut;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he has rejected the use of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3></div> <p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">space tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal Space Agency">Russian Federal Space Agency</a> agreed to use the term "<a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_participant" title="Spaceflight participant">spaceflight participant</a>" to distinguish those space travelers from professional astronauts on missions coordinated by those two agencies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_(NHQ201606180038).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_%28NHQ201606180038%29.jpg/220px-Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_%28NHQ201606180038%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_%28NHQ201606180038%29.jpg/330px-Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_%28NHQ201606180038%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_%28NHQ201606180038%29.jpg/440px-Expedition_47_Soyuz_TMA-19M_Landing_%28NHQ201606180038%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finnish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish American">Finnish American</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While no nation other than Russia (and previously the Soviet Union), the United States, and China have launched a crewed spacecraft, several other nations have sent people into space in cooperation with one of these countries, e.g. the Soviet-led <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> program. Inspired partly by these missions, other synonyms for astronaut have entered occasional English usage. For example, the term <i>spationaut</i> (French: <i lang="fr">spationaute</i>) is sometimes used to describe French space travelers, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">spatium</i></span> for "space"; the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> term <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">angkasawan</i></span> (deriving from <i><a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">angkasa</a></i> meaning 'space') was used to describe participants in the <a href="/wiki/Angkasawan_program" title="Angkasawan program">Angkasawan program</a> (note its similarity with the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> term <i>antariksawan</i>). Plans of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> to launch its crewed <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> spacecraft have spurred at times public discussion if another term than <i>astronaut</i> should be used for the crew members, suggesting <i>vyomanaut</i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">vyoman</i></span> meaning 'sky' or 'space') or <i>gagannaut</i> (from the Sanskrit word <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">gagan</i></span> for 'sky').<sup id="cite_ref-Ananthaswamy_2010_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ananthaswamy_2010-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukunth_2018_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukunth_2018-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the NASA astronaut <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a>, has sometimes been referred to as <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">sisunautti</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi"><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">sisu</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across Germanic languages, the word for "astronaut" typically translates to "space traveler", as it does with German's <i>Raumfahrer</i>, Dutch's <i>ruimtevaarder</i>, Swedish's <i>rymdfarare</i>, and Norwegian's <i>romfarer</i>. </p><p>As of 2021 in the United States, astronaut status is conferred on a person depending on the authorizing agency: </p> <ul><li>one who flies in a vehicle above 50 miles (80 km) for NASA or the military is considered an <i>astronaut</i> (with no qualifier)</li> <li>one who flies in a vehicle to the International Space Station in a mission coordinated by NASA and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> is a <i>spaceflight participant</i></li> <li>one who flies above 50 miles (80 km) in a non-NASA vehicle as a crewmember and demonstrates activities during flight that are essential to public safety, or contribute to human space flight safety, is considered a <i>commercial astronaut</i> by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>one who flies to the International Space Station as part of a "privately funded, dedicated commercial spaceflight on a commercial launch vehicle dedicated to the mission ... to conduct approved commercial and marketing activities on the space station (or in a commercial segment attached to the station)" is considered a <i>private astronaut</i> by NASA<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as of 2020, nobody has yet qualified for this status)</li> <li>a generally-accepted but unofficial term for a paying non-crew passenger who flies a private non-NASA or military vehicles above 50 miles (80 km) is a <i>space tourist</i> (as of 2020<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup>, nobody has yet qualified for this status)</li></ul> <p>On July 20, 2021, the FAA issued an order redefining the eligibility criteria to be an astronaut in response to the private suborbital spaceflights of <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new criteria states that one must have "[d]emonstrated activities during flight that were essential to public safety, or contributed to human space flight safety" to qualify as an astronaut. This new definition excludes Bezos and Branson. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space_travel_milestones">Space travel milestones</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceflight records">Spaceflight records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_space_travel_by_nationality" title="Timeline of space travel by nationality">Timeline of space travel by nationality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg/150px-Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, first human in space (1961)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_612748_Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/RIAN_archive_612748_Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_612748_Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/RIAN_archive_612748_Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_612748_Valentina_Tereshkova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">woman in space</a> (1963)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/150px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/225px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/300px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>, first human to walk on the Moon (1969)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VladimirRemek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/VladimirRemek.jpg/150px-VladimirRemek.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/VladimirRemek.jpg/225px-VladimirRemek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/VladimirRemek.jpg/300px-VladimirRemek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="1860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Remek" title="Vladimír Remek">Vladimír Remek</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> who became the first non-American and non-Soviet cosmonaut in space (1978)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yang_Liwei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Yang_Liwei.jpg/250px-Yang_Liwei.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Yang_Liwei.jpg/330px-Yang_Liwei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a>, first person sent into space by China (2003)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Nationalities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Astronaut_Nationalities.svg/260px-Astronaut_Nationalities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Astronaut_Nationalities.svg/390px-Astronaut_Nationalities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Astronaut_Nationalities.svg/520px-Astronaut_Nationalities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries whose citizens have flown in space</figcaption></figure> <p>The first human in space was Soviet <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, who was launched on 12 April 1961, aboard <a href="/wiki/Vostok_1" title="Vostok 1">Vostok 1</a> and orbited around the Earth for 108 minutes. The first woman in space was Soviet <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a>, who launched on 16 June 1963, aboard <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a> and orbited Earth for almost three days. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> became the first American and second person in space on 5 May 1961, on a 15-minute sub-orbital flight aboard <i><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Freedom 7</a></i>. The first American to orbit the Earth was <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, aboard <i><a href="/wiki/Friendship_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship 7">Friendship 7</a></i> on 20 February 1962. The first American woman in space was <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger" title="Space Shuttle Challenger">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i></a>'s mission <a href="/wiki/STS-7" title="STS-7">STS-7</a>, on 18 June 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-ride1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ride1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a> became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard <a href="/wiki/STS-47" title="STS-47">STS-47</a>. </p><p>Cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> was the first person to conduct an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> (EVA), (commonly called a "spacewalk"), on 18 March 1965, on the Soviet Union's Voskhod 2 mission. This was followed two and a half months later by astronaut <a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a> who made the first American EVA on NASA's Gemini 4 mission.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first crewed mission to orbit the Moon, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, included American <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> who was born in Hong Kong, making him the first Asian-born astronaut in 1968. </p><p>The Soviet Union, through its <a href="/wiki/Intercosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercosmos">Intercosmos</a> program, allowed people from other "<a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and other Soviet-allied) countries to fly on its missions, with the notable exceptions of France and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> participating in <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">Soyuz TM-7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">Soyuz TM-13</a>, respectively. An example is <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Remek" title="Vladimír Remek">Vladimír Remek</a>, the first cosmonaut from a country other than the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a> or the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">United States</a>, who flew to space in 1978 on a <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">Soyuz-U</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-enc_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enc-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Sharma" title="Rakesh Sharma">Rakesh Sharma</a> became the first Indian citizen to travel to space. He was launched aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-11" title="Soyuz T-11">Soyuz T-11</a>, on 2 April 1984. </p><p>On 23 July 1980, <a href="/wiki/Pham_Tuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pham Tuan">Pham Tuan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> in space when he flew aboard <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_37" title="Soyuz 37">Soyuz 37</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tuan_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tuan-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Tamayo_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez">Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez</a> became the first person of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> and black African descent to fly in space, and in 1983, <a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a> became the first African American to fly into space. In April 1985, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Wang" title="Taylor Wang">Taylor Wang</a> became the first ethnic Chinese person in space.<sup id="cite_ref-taylorbio_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylorbio-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taylor_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first person born in Africa to fly in space was <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Baudry" title="Patrick Baudry">Patrick Baudry</a> (France), in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-mendez_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mendez-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baudry_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baudry-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Saudi Arabian <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Salman_al-Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Salman al-Saud">Prince Sultan Bin Salman Bin AbdulAziz Al-Saud</a> became the first Arab Muslim astronaut in space.<sup id="cite_ref-MC_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Mohmand" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Ahad Mohmand">Abdul Ahad Mohmand</a> became the first Afghan to reach space, spending nine days aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> space station.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the increase of seats on the Space Shuttle, the U.S. began taking international astronauts. In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Ulf_Merbold" title="Ulf Merbold">Ulf Merbold</a> of West Germany became the first non-US citizen to fly in a US spacecraft. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Garneau" title="Marc Garneau">Marc Garneau</a> became the first of eight <a href="/wiki/Canadian_astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian astronauts">Canadian astronauts</a> to fly in space (through 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Neri_Vela" title="Rodolfo Neri Vela">Rodolfo Neri Vela</a> became the first Mexican-born person in space.<sup id="cite_ref-vela_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vela-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Sharman" title="Helen Sharman">Helen Sharman</a> became the first Briton to fly in space.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcsharmon_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcsharmon-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> became the first citizen of an African country to fly in space, as a paying spaceflight participant.<sup id="cite_ref-mark_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a> became the first Israeli to fly in space, although he died during a <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">re-entry accident</a>. </p><p>On 15 October 2003, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a> became China's first astronaut on the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a> spacecraft. </p><p>On 30 May 2020, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hurley" title="Doug Hurley">Doug Hurley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Bob Behnken</a> became the first astronauts to launch to orbit on a private crewed spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Dragon_2" title="SpaceX Dragon 2">Crew Dragon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_milestones">Age milestones</h3></div> <p>The youngest person to reach space is <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Daemen" title="Oliver Daemen">Oliver Daemen</a>, who was 18 years and 11 months old when he made a <a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a> spaceflight on <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-16" title="Blue Origin NS-16">Blue Origin NS-16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daemen, who was a commercial passenger aboard the <a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a>, broke the record of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Gherman_Titov" title="Gherman Titov">Gherman Titov</a>, who was 25 years old when he flew <a href="/wiki/Vostok_2" title="Vostok 2">Vostok 2</a>. Titov remains the youngest human to reach <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">orbit</a>; he rounded the planet 17 times. Titov was also the first person to suffer <a href="/wiki/Space_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Space sickness">space sickness</a> and the first person to sleep in space, twice.<sup id="cite_ref-age_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-titov_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest person to reach space is <a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a>, who was 90 years old when he made a suborbital spaceflight on <a href="/wiki/Blue_Origin_NS-18" title="Blue Origin NS-18">Blue Origin NS-18</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest person to reach orbit is <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury 7">Mercury 7</a>, who was 77 when he flew on <a href="/wiki/STS-95" title="STS-95">STS-95</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glenn_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glenn-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duration_and_distance_milestones">Duration and distance milestones</h3></div> <p>The longest time spent in space was by Russian <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a>, who spent 438 days there.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2006, the most spaceflights by an individual astronaut is seven, a record held by both <a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang-Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Chang-Diaz">Franklin Chang-Diaz</a>. The farthest distance from Earth an astronaut has traveled was 401,056 km (249,205 mi), when <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> went around the Moon during the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> emergency.<sup id="cite_ref-stats_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_and_non-government_milestones">Civilian and non-government milestones</h3></div> <p>The first civilian in space was <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a><sup id="cite_ref-Valentina_Vladimirovna_TERESHKOVA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valentina_Vladimirovna_TERESHKOVA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aboard <a href="/wiki/Vostok_6" title="Vostok 6">Vostok 6</a> (she also became the first woman in space on that mission). Tereshkova was only honorarily inducted into the USSR's Air Force, which did not accept female pilots at that time. A month later, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albert_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Albert Walker">Joseph Albert Walker</a> became the first American civilian in space when his <a href="/wiki/X-15_Flight_90" title="X-15 Flight 90">X-15 Flight 90</a> crossed the 100 kilometers (54 nautical miles) line, qualifying him by the international definition of spaceflight.<sup id="cite_ref-Civilians_in_Space_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Civilians_in_Space-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space.com_Joseph_A_Walker_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space.com_Joseph_A_Walker-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walker had joined the US Army Air Force but was not a member during his flight. The first people in space who had never been a member of any country's armed forces were both <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Feoktistov" title="Konstantin Feoktistov">Konstantin Feoktistov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yegorov" title="Boris Yegorov">Boris Yegorov</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_1" title="Voskhod 1">Voskhod 1</a>. </p><p>The first non-governmental space traveler was <a href="/wiki/Byron_K._Lichtenberg" title="Byron K. Lichtenberg">Byron K. Lichtenberg</a>, a researcher from the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> who flew on <a href="/wiki/STS-9" title="STS-9">STS-9</a> in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-lichten_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lichten-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1990, <a href="/wiki/Toyohiro_Akiyama" title="Toyohiro Akiyama">Toyohiro Akiyama</a> became the first paying space traveler and the first journalist in space for <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">Tokyo Broadcasting System</a>, a visit to <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> as part of an estimated $12 million (USD) deal with a Japanese TV station, although at the time, the term used to refer to Akiyama was "Research Cosmonaut".<sup id="cite_ref-smith_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akiyama suffered severe <a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">space sickness</a> during his mission, which affected his productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first self-funded <a href="/wiki/Space_tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Space tourist">space tourist</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a> on board the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-3 on 28 April 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-funded_travelers">Self-funded travelers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></div> <p>The first person to fly on an entirely privately funded mission was <a href="/wiki/Mike_Melvill" title="Mike Melvill">Mike Melvill</a>, piloting <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne_flight_15P" title="SpaceShipOne flight 15P">SpaceShipOne flight 15P</a> on a suborbital journey, although he was a <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilot</a> employed by <a href="/wiki/Scaled_Composites" title="Scaled Composites">Scaled Composites</a> and not an actual paying space tourist.<sup id="cite_ref-eve_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eve-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rci_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rci-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jared_Isaacman" title="Jared Isaacman">Jared Isaacman</a> was the first person to self-fund a mission to orbit, commanding <a href="/wiki/Inspiration4" title="Inspiration4">Inspiration4</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine others have paid <a href="/wiki/Space_Adventures" title="Space Adventures">Space Adventures</a> to fly to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a> (American): 28 April – 6 May 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> (South African): 25 April – 5 May 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Olsen" title="Gregory Olsen">Gregory Olsen</a> (American): 1–11 October 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anousheh_Ansari" title="Anousheh Ansari">Anousheh Ansari</a> (Iranian / American): 18–29 September 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Simonyi" title="Charles Simonyi">Charles Simonyi</a> (Hungarian / American): 7–21 April 2007, 26 March – 8 April 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Garriott" title="Richard Garriott">Richard Garriott</a> (British / American): 12–24 October 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Lalibert%C3%A9" title="Guy Laliberté">Guy Laliberté</a> (Canadian): 30 September 2009 – 11 October 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusaku_Maezawa" title="Yusaku Maezawa">Yusaku Maezawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yozo_Hirano" title="Yozo Hirano">Yozo Hirano</a> (both Japanese): 8 – 24 December 2021</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg/250px-Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg/330px-Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg/500px-Gemini_5_Elliot_See_water_egress_training.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="5790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elliot_See" title="Elliot See">Elliot See</a> during water egress training with NASA (1965)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_training" title="Astronaut training">Astronaut training</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></div> <p>The first NASA astronauts were selected for training in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-comet_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comet-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the space program, military jet test piloting and engineering training were often cited as prerequisites for selection as an astronaut at NASA, although neither John Glenn nor Scott Carpenter (of the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a>) had any university degree, in engineering or any other discipline at the time of their selection. Selection was initially limited to military pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-training_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nolen_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolen-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest astronauts for both the US and the USSR tended to be <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">jet fighter</a> pilots, and were often test pilots. </p><p>Once selected, NASA astronauts go through twenty months of training in a variety of areas, including training for <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> in a facility such as NASA's <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-training_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronauts-in-training (astronaut candidates) may also experience short periods of <a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">weightlessness</a> (<a href="/wiki/Micro-g_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-g environment">microgravity</a>) in an aircraft called the "<a href="/wiki/Vomit_Comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vomit Comet">Vomit Comet</a>," the nickname given to a pair of modified <a href="/wiki/KC-135" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-135">KC-135s</a> (retired in 2000 and 2004, respectively, and replaced in 2005 with a <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_C-9" title="McDonnell Douglas C-9">C-9</a>) which perform <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabolic</a> flights.<sup id="cite_ref-comet_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comet-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronauts are also required to accumulate a number of flight hours in high-performance jet aircraft. This is mostly done in <a href="/wiki/T-38_Talon" class="mw-redirect" title="T-38 Talon">T-38 jet aircraft</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellington Field">Ellington Field</a>, due to its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>. Ellington Field is also where the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a> is maintained and developed, although most flights of the aircraft are conducted from <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>. </p><p>Astronauts in training must learn how to control and fly the Space Shuttle; further, it is vital that they are familiar with the International Space Station so they know what they must do when they get there.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NASA_candidacy_requirements">NASA candidacy requirements</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Unless otherwise noted, the following data are incorporated from the Astronaut Requirements article by NASA</div> <ul><li>The candidate must be a citizen of the United States.</li> <li>The candidate must complete a master's degree in a <a href="/wiki/STEM" class="mw-redirect" title="STEM">STEM</a> field, including engineering, <a href="/wiki/Biological_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological science">biological science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical science">physical science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> or mathematics.</li> <li>The candidate must have at least two years of related professional experience obtained after degree completion or at least 1,000 hours <a href="/wiki/Pilot-in-command" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot-in-command">pilot-in-command</a> time on <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>.</li> <li>The candidate must be able to pass the NASA long-duration flight astronaut physical.</li> <li>The candidate must also have skills in leadership, teamwork and communications.</li></ul> <p>The master's degree requirement can also be met by: </p> <ul><li>Two years of work toward a doctoral program in a related science, technology, engineering or math field.</li> <li>A completed <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> degree.</li> <li>Completion of a nationally recognized test pilot school program.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mission_Specialist_Educator">Mission Specialist Educator</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Educator_Astronaut_Project" title="Educator Astronaut Project">Educator Astronaut Project</a></div> <ul><li>Applicants must have a bachelor's degree with teaching experience, including work at the kindergarten through twelfth grade level. An advanced degree, such as a master's degree or a doctoral degree, is not required, but is strongly desired.<sup id="cite_ref-announce_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-announce-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Educator_Astronaut_Project" title="Educator Astronaut Project">Mission Specialist Educators</a>, or "Educator Astronauts", were first selected in 2004; as of 2007, there are three NASA Educator astronauts: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nexgen_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nexgen-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ed_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ed-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Morgan" title="Barbara Morgan">Barbara Morgan</a>, selected as back-up teacher to <a href="/wiki/Christa_McAuliffe" title="Christa McAuliffe">Christa McAuliffe</a> in 1985, is considered to be the first Educator astronaut by the media, but she trained as a mission specialist.<sup id="cite_ref-morgan1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgan1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Educator Astronaut program is a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Teacher_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Teacher in Space">Teacher in Space</a> program from the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-fly_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fly-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_risks_of_space_travel">Health risks of space travel</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg/250px-Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg/330px-Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg/500px-Padalka_Fincke_ISS_ultrasound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="990" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Padalka" title="Gennady Padalka">Gennady Padalka</a> performing ultrasound on <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a> during ISS <a href="/wiki/Expedition_9" title="Expedition 9">Expedition 9</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Astronauts are susceptible to a variety of health risks including <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunodeficiencies">immunodeficiencies</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, loss of <a href="/wiki/Eyesight" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyesight">eyesight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_intolerance" title="Orthostatic intolerance">orthostatic intolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disturbances" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disturbances">sleep disturbances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> injury.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20140127_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140127-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired-20120723_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-20120723-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mader-2011_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mader-2011-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puiu-20111109_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puiu-20111109-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN-20120109_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20120109-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-20120313_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20120313-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radiology-20120313_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radiology-20120313-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WIRED-20140212_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIRED-20140212-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SKR-20171103_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKR-20171103-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of large scale medical studies are being conducted in space via the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Biomedical_Research_Institute" title="National Space Biomedical Research Institute">National Space Biomedical Research Institute</a> (NSBRI) to address these issues. Prominent among these is the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Diagnostic_Ultrasound_in_Microgravity" title="Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity">Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity</a> Study in which astronauts (including former ISS commanders <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Chiao" title="Leroy Chiao">Leroy Chiao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Padalka" title="Gennady Padalka">Gennady Padalka</a>) perform <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> scans under the guidance of remote experts to diagnose and potentially treat hundreds of medical conditions in space. This study's techniques are now being applied to cover professional and Olympic <a href="/wiki/Sports_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports injuries">sports injuries</a> as well as ultrasound performed by non-expert operators in medical and high school students. It is anticipated that remote guided ultrasound will have application on Earth in emergency and <a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">rural care</a> situations, where access to a trained physician is often rare.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_typhimurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonella typhimurium">Salmonella typhimurium</a></i>, a bacterium that can cause <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a>, became more virulent when cultivated in space.<sup id="cite_ref-ASU-20070923_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASU-20070923-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, in 2017, bacteria were found to be more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> and to thrive in the near-weightlessness of space.<sup id="cite_ref-GZM-20170913_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GZM-20170913-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a> have been observed to survive the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> of outer space.<sup id="cite_ref-Dose_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dose-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horneck_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horneck-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 December 2012, a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>-supported study reported that <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a> may harm the brain and accelerate the onset of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PLOS-20121231_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLOS-20121231-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spaceref_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceref-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NasaWatch-20130103_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NasaWatch-20130103-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General" title="NASA Office of Inspector General">NASA Office of Inspector General</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">health hazards report</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Human_space_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Human space exploration">space exploration</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human mission to Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151029_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151029-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20151029oig_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20151029oig-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the last decade, flight surgeons and scientists at NASA have seen a pattern of vision problems in astronauts on long-duration space missions. The syndrome, known as <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment_due_to_intracranial_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual impairment due to intracranial pressure">visual impairment intracranial pressure (VIIP)</a>, has been reported in nearly two-thirds of space explorers after long periods spent aboard the International Space Station (ISS).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 November 2017, scientists reported that significant changes in the position and structure of the brain have been found in astronauts who have taken <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">trips in space</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI studies</a>. Astronauts who took longer space trips were associated with greater brain changes.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM-20171102_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM-20171102-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QTZ-20171103_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QTZ-20171103-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being in space can be physiologically deconditioning on the body. It can affect the <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otolith</a> organs and adaptive capabilities of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zero_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero gravity">Zero gravity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a> can cause many implications for astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2018, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>-funded researchers found that lengthy journeys into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, including travel to the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">planet Mars</a>, may substantially damage the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tissues</a> of astronauts. The studies support earlier work that found such journeys could significantly damage the brains of astronauts, and <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">age</a> them prematurely.<sup id="cite_ref-TI-20181002_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TI-20181002-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers in 2018 reported, after detecting the presence on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS) of five <i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter" title="Enterobacter">Enterobacter bugandensis</a></i> bacterial strains, none <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> to humans, that <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> on ISS should be carefully monitored to continue assuring a medically healthy environment for astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-20181122_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-20181122-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMC-20181123_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMC-20181123-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study by Russian scientists published in April 2019 stated that astronauts facing space <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> could face temporary hindrance of their <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a> centers. While this does not affect their intellectual capabilities, it temporarily hinders formation of new cells in brain's memory centers. The study conducted by Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) concluded this after they observed that mice exposed to neutron and gamma radiation did not impact the rodents' intellectual capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">study</a> conducted on the brains of eight male Russian cosmonauts after they returned from long stays aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> showed that long-duration <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">spaceflight</a> causes many <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> adaptions, including macro- and <a href="/wiki/Microstructure" title="Microstructure">microstructural</a> changes. While scientists still know little about the effects of <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a> on brain structure, this study showed that space travel can lead to new <a href="/wiki/Fine_motor_skill" title="Fine motor skill">motor skills (dexterity)</a>, but also slightly weaker <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, both of which could possibly be long lasting. It was the first study to provide clear evidence of <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">sensorimotor neuroplasticity</a>, which is the brain's ability to change through growth and reorganization.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_food" title="Space food">Space food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg/250px-AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg/330px-AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg/500px-AstronautsEatingBurgers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2006" /></a><figcaption>Astronauts making and eating hamburgers on board the ISS, 2002<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An astronaut on the International Space Station requires about 830 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a> (29 <a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">oz</a>) mass of food per meal each day (inclusive of about 120 g or 4.2 oz packaging mass per meal). </p><p>Space Shuttle astronauts worked with nutritionists to select menus that appealed to their individual tastes. Five months before flight, menus were selected and analyzed for nutritional content by the shuttle dietician. Foods are tested to see how they will react in a reduced gravity environment. Caloric requirements are determined using a basal energy expenditure (BEE) formula. On Earth, the average American uses about 35 US gallons (130 L) of water every day. On board the ISS astronauts limit water use to only about three US gallons (11 L) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insignia">Insignia</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_-_Astropin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_-_Astropin.png/170px-NASA_-_Astropin.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_-_Astropin.png/255px-NASA_-_Astropin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/NASA_-_Astropin.png/340px-NASA_-_Astropin.png 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>NASA Astronaut lapel pin</figcaption></figure> <p>In Russia, cosmonauts are awarded <a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a> upon completion of their missions, often accompanied with the award of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Hero of the Russian Federation">Hero of the Russian Federation</a>. This follows the practice established in the USSR where cosmonauts were usually awarded the title <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>At NASA, those who complete astronaut candidate training receive a silver <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Badge#NASA_Astronaut_Pins" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Badge">lapel pin</a>. Once they have flown in space, they receive a gold pin. U.S. astronauts who also have active-duty military status receive a special qualification badge, known as the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Badge">Astronaut Badge</a>, after participation on a spaceflight. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> also presents an Astronaut Badge to its pilots who exceed 50 miles (80 km) in altitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents#Astronaut_fatalities" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents § Astronaut fatalities</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amf_space_mirror.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amf_space_mirror.jpg/220px-Amf_space_mirror.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amf_space_mirror.jpg/330px-Amf_space_mirror.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Amf_space_mirror.jpg/440px-Amf_space_mirror.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Space Mirror Memorial</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, eighteen astronauts (fourteen men and four women) have died during four space flights. By nationality, thirteen were American, four were Russian (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>), and one was Israeli. </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, eleven people (all men) have died training for spaceflight: eight Americans and three Russians. Six of these were in crashes of training jet aircraft, one drowned during water recovery training, and four were due to fires in pure oxygen environments. </p><p>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> left a memorial consisting of a statuette titled <i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i> on the surface of the Moon during his 1971 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> mission, along with a list of the names of eight of the astronauts and six cosmonauts known at the time to have died in service.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a>, which stands on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a>, is maintained by the Astronauts Memorial Foundation and commemorates the lives of the men and women who have died during spaceflight and during training in the space programs of the United States. In addition to twenty NASA career astronauts, the memorial includes the names of an <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a> test pilot, a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> officer who died while training for a then-classified military space program, and a civilian <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_participant" title="Spaceflight participant">spaceflight participant</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airman" title="Airman">Airman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonautics_Day" title="Cosmonautics Day">Cosmonautics Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">List of astronauts by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">List of human spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">List of people who have walked on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_name" class="mw-redirect" title="List of space travelers by name">List of space travelers by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_travelers_by_nationality" title="List of space travelers by nationality">List of space travelers by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">List of spaceflight records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Lists of fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks" title="Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks">Lists of spacewalks and moonwalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_13" title="Mercury 13">Mercury 13</a> – 13 inactive women astronauts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Thomas_(USC_professor)" title="Shirley Thomas (USC professor)">Shirley Thomas</a> – author, <i>Men of Space</i> (1960–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Women in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri%27s_Night" title="Yuri's Night">Yuri's Night</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> had to abort an intended lunar landing, and looped around the Moon to return its three astronauts to Earth.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fact-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNASA2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025124047/http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/spacenews/factsheets/pdfs/astro.pdf">"Astronaut Fact Book"</a> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TheSpaceRace.com+%E2%80%93+Glossary+of+Space+Exploration+Terminology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacerace.com%2Fglossary%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3D54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingham, John L.: <i>Into Your Tent</i>, Plantech (2010): page 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAFpage-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IAFpage_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIAF2010" class="citation web cs1">IAF (16 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102624/https://www.iafastro.org/index.html?title=History">"IAF History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronaut+Biographies&rft.pub=Johnson+Space+Center%2C+NASA&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.aulast=Dismukes&rft.aufirst=Kim+%E2%80%93+NASA+Biography+Page+Curator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsc.nasa.gov%2FBios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESApage-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ESApage_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFESA2008" class="citation web cs1">ESA (10 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESA75G0VMOC_astronauts_0.html">"The European Astronaut Corps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220054618/http://www.esa.int/esaHS/ESA75G0VMOC_astronauts_0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Elsevier. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-048878-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-048878-3"><bdi>978-0-08-048878-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elsevier%27s+Dictionary+of+Geography%3A+in+English%2C+Russian%2C+French%2C+Spanish+and+German&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-048878-3&rft.aulast=Kotlyakov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Komarova%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6DhWw_cYLicC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatarzyna_Kłosińska,_University_of_Warsaw2016" class="citation web cs1">Katarzyna Kłosińska, University of Warsaw (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/Astronauta-a-kosmonauta;17329.html">"Astronauta a kosmonauta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Scientific_Publishers_PWN" title="Polish Scientific Publishers PWN">PWN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827223036/https://sjp.pwn.pl/poradnia/haslo/Astronauta-a-kosmonauta;17329.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronauta+a+kosmonauta&rft.pub=PWN&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.au=Katarzyna+K%C5%82osi%C5%84ska%2C+University+of+Warsaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fporadnia%2Fhaslo%2FAstronauta-a-kosmonauta%3B17329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallDavidVis2007" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Rex D.; David, Shayler; Vis, Bert (5 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zk_MkKERUokC&pg=332"><i>Russia's Cosmonauts: Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387739755" title="Special:BookSources/9780387739755"><bdi>9780387739755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Cosmonauts%3A+Inside+the+Yuri+Gagarin+Training+Center&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft.isbn=9780387739755&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Rex+D.&rft.au=David%2C+Shayler&rft.au=Vis%2C+Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzk_MkKERUokC%26pg%3D332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnapton2015" class="citation news cs1">Knapton, Sarah (17 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11871598/Russia-forgot-to-send-toothbrush-with-first-woman-in-space.html">"Russia forgot to send toothbrush with first woman in space"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324104013/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/11871598/Russia-forgot-to-send-toothbrush-with-first-woman-in-space.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NASA. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>53. NASA/TP-98-207890. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/references/documents/mirfinal.pdf#page=61">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mission will take them to the Mir space station"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 22 January 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818063027/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-22-mn-22879-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fmprc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%D0%AF%D0%BD+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B9+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%2C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fce%2Fceka%2Frus%2Fxwdt%2Ft216370.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rus2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rus2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ru.china-embassy.org/rus/xwdt/t73142.htm">"Chinese embassy in Russia press-release"</a>. <i>ru.china-embassy.org</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002145/http://ru.china-embassy.org/rus/xwdt/t73142.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ru.china-embassy.org&rft.atitle=Chinese+embassy+in+Russia+press-release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fru.china-embassy.org%2Frus%2Fxwdt%2Ft73142.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=1483555&start=120">"The Axiom-1 crew launches today—are these guys tourists, astronauts, or what? – Ars Technica OpenForum"</a>. <i>arstechnica.com</i>. 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arstechnica.com&rft.atitle=The+Axiom-1+crew+launches+today%E2%80%94are+these+guys+tourists%2C+astronauts%2C+or+what%3F+%E2%80%93+Ars+Technica+OpenForum&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fcivis%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D2%26t%3D1483555%26start%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinese.yabla.com/chinese-english-pinyin-dictionary.php?define=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BA%BA">"太空人 : astronaut... : tài kōng rén | Definition | Mandarin Chinese Pinyin English Dictionary | Yabla Chinese"</a>. <i>chinese.yabla.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903181737/https://chinese.yabla.com/chinese-english-pinyin-dictionary.php?define=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BA%BA">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinese.yabla.com&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E4%BA%BA+%3A+astronaut...+%3A+t%C3%A0i+k%C5%8Dng+r%C3%A9n+%26%23124%3B+Definition+%26%23124%3B+Mandarin+Chinese+Pinyin+English+Dictionary+%26%23124%3B+Yabla+Chinese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinese.yabla.com%2Fchinese-english-pinyin-dictionary.php%3Fdefine%3D%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A9%25BA%25E4%25BA%25BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003201652/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/26/content_7500262.htm">"Chinese taikonaut dismisses environment worries about new space launch center"</a>. China View. 26 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/26/content_7500262.htm">the original</a> on 3 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+taikonaut+dismisses+environment+worries+about+new+space+launch+center&rft.pub=China+View&rft.date=2008-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-01%2F26%2Fcontent_7500262.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928044453/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/25/content_10111749.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Taikonauts" a sign of China's growing global influence"</a>. <i>China View</i>. 25 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/25/content_10111749.htm">the original</a> on 28 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+View&rft.atitle=%22Taikonauts%22+a+sign+of+China%27s+growing+global+influence&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-09%2F25%2Fcontent_10111749.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXinhua2008" class="citation web cs1">Xinhua (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90881/6507790.html">"Chinese taikonaut debuts spacewalk"</a>. <i>People's Daily Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930071226/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90881/6507790.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.atitle=Chinese+taikonaut+debuts+spacewalk&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Xinhua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90776%2F90881%2F6507790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiew-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiew_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiew1998" class="citation web cs1">Chiew, Lee Yih (19 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/groups/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=taikonaut&btnG=Search&as_mind=1&as_minm=1&as_miny=1981&as_maxd=24&as_maxm=5&as_maxy=1998&as_drrb=b&sitesearch=">"Google search of "taikonaut" sort by date"</a>. <i>Usenet posting</i>. Chiew Lee Yih. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826104919/http://groups.google.com/groups/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=taikonaut&btnG=Search&as_mind=1&as_minm=1&as_miny=1981&as_maxd=24&as_maxm=5&as_maxy=1998&as_drrb=b&sitesearch=">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usenet+posting&rft.atitle=Google+search+of+%22taikonaut%22+sort+by+date&rft.date=1998-05-19&rft.aulast=Chiew&rft.aufirst=Lee+Yih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroups%2Fsearch%3Fhl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26q%3Dtaikonaut%26btnG%3DSearch%26as_mind%3D1%26as_minm%3D1%26as_miny%3D1981%26as_maxd%3D24%26as_maxm%3D5%26as_maxy%3D1998%26as_drrb%3Db%26sitesearch%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chiew2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chiew2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiew1996" class="citation web cs1">Chiew, Lee Yih (10 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/alt.chinese.text/browse_thread/thread/a7f02b9489c59c5b/dd9e7a1b78d7d5c7?hl=en&lnk=st&q=taikonout#dd9e7a1b78d7d5c7">"Chiew Lee Yih misspelled "taikonaut" 2 years before it first appear"</a>. <i>Usenet posting</i>. Chiew Lee Yih. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216093802/http://groups.google.com/group/alt.chinese.text/browse_thread/thread/a7f02b9489c59c5b/dd9e7a1b78d7d5c7?hl=en&lnk=st&q=taikonout#dd9e7a1b78d7d5c7">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usenet+posting&rft.atitle=Chiew+Lee+Yih+misspelled+%22taikonaut%22+2+years+before+it+first+appear&rft.date=1996-03-10&rft.aulast=Chiew&rft.aufirst=Lee+Yih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Falt.chinese.text%2Fbrowse_thread%2Fthread%2Fa7f02b9489c59c5b%2Fdd9e7a1b78d7d5c7%3Fhl%3Den%26lnk%3Dst%26q%3Dtaikonout%23dd9e7a1b78d7d5c7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Parastronaut_feasibility_project">"Parastronaut feasibility project"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216114610/https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Careers_at_ESA/ESA_Astronaut_Selection/Parastronaut_feasibility_project">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA&rft.atitle=Parastronaut+feasibility+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FAbout_Us%2FCareers_at_ESA%2FESA_Astronaut_Selection%2FParastronaut_feasibility_project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParsonson2021" class="citation web cs1">Parsonson, Andrew (16 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacenews.com/parastronaut-sought-as-esa-recruits-its-first-new-astronauts-in-more-than-a-decade/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Parastronaut' sought as ESA recruits its first new astronauts in more than a decade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SpaceNews" title="SpaceNews">SpaceNews</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceNews&rft.atitle=%27Parastronaut%27+sought+as+ESA+recruits+its+first+new+astronauts+in+more+than+a+decade&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=Parsonson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fparastronaut-sought-as-esa-recruits-its-first-new-astronauts-in-more-than-a-decade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmos2022" class="citation web cs1">Amos, Jonathan (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63730022">"Disabled man joins European Space Agency's astronaut programme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123154013/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-63730022">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Disabled+man+joins+European+Space+Agency%27s+astronaut+programme&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.aulast=Amos&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-63730022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstronaut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2025" class="citation web cs1">Devlin, Hannah (14 February 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2025/feb/14/british-paralympian-first-person-physical-disability-space-mission">"British Paralympian is first person with physical disability cleared for space mission"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926092741/http://astronauts.nasa.gov/content/InternationalSpaceAgencies.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820191601/http://www.astronautix.com/p/phantomcosmonaut.html">Encyclopedia Astronautica: Phantom cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectspace.com/sightings/">collectSPACE: Astronaut appearances calendar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacefacts.de/">spacefacts Spacefacts.de</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208224003/http://space.kursknet.ru/cosmos/english/other/stat_kk.sht">Manned astronautics: facts and figures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astronauts.nasa.gov/content/broch00.htm">Astronaut 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Ovchinin" title="Aleksey Ovchinin">Aleksey Ovchinin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vagner" title="Ivan Vagner">Ivan Vagner</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Pettit" title="Donald Pettit">Donald Pettit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-10" title="SpaceX Crew-10">SpaceX Crew-10</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anne_McClain" title="Anne McClain">Anne McClain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nichole_Ayers" title="Nichole Ayers">Nichole Ayers</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Peskov" title="Kirill Peskov">Kirill Peskov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_Space_Station_expeditions#Current_expedition" title="List of Tiangong Space Station expeditions">Expedition 8</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Shenzhou_1915" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_19" title="Shenzhou 19">Shenzhou 19</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cai_Xuzhe" title="Cai Xuzhe">Cai Xuzhe</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Song_Lingdong" title="Song Lingdong">Song Lingdong</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Haoze" title="Wang Haoze">Wang Haoze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of International Space Station expeditions">ISS expeditions</a></li> <li>Spaceflights to the ISS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station">crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spaceflights_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station">uncrewed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Space_Station_spacewalks" title="List of International Space Station spacewalks">ISS spacewalks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_visitors_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="List of visitors to the International Space Station">ISS visitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISS_year-long_mission" title="ISS year-long mission">ISS year-long mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_in_Tiangong_Program" title="List of human spaceflights in Tiangong Program">Spaceflights in Tiangong Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights_to_the_Tiangong_space_station" title="List of human spaceflights to the Tiangong space station">Spaceflights to the Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tiangong_Space_Station_expeditions" title="List of Tiangong Space Station expeditions">Tiangong expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" title="Orbital pass">Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_control_center" title="Mission control center">Mission control center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">United States Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Allen" title="Joseph P. Allen">Joseph P. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Altman" title="Scott Altman">Scott Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Blaha" title="John E. Blaha">John E. Blaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guion_Bluford" title="Guion Bluford">Guion Bluford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_J._Bobko" title="Karol J. Bobko">Karol J. Bobko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bolden" title="Charles Bolden">Charles Bolden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Bowersox" title="Ken Bowersox">Ken Bowersox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brandenstein" title="Daniel Brandenstein">Daniel Brandenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_D._Bridges_Jr." title="Roy D. Bridges Jr.">Roy Bridges Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Brown" title="Curtis Brown">Curtis Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchli" title="James Buchli">James Buchli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Cabana" title="Robert D. Cabana">Robert D. Cabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Carr_(astronaut)" title="Gerald Carr (astronaut)">Gerald Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Chaffee" title="Roger B. Chaffee">Roger B. Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Chang-D%C3%ADaz" title="Franklin Chang-Díaz">Franklin Chang-Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_P._Chilton" title="Kevin P. Chilton">Kevin P. Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Coats" title="Michael Coats">Michael Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_O._Covey" title="Richard O. Covey">Richard O. Covey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crippen" title="Robert Crippen">Robert Crippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Culbertson_Jr." title="Frank L. Culbertson Jr.">Frank L. Culbertson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Cunningham" title="Walter Cunningham">Walter Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Duffy_(astronaut)" title="Brian Duffy (astronaut)">Brian Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Dunbar" title="Bonnie J. Dunbar">Bonnie J. Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donn_F._Eisele" title="Donn F. Eisele">Donn F. Eisele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ferguson" title="Christopher Ferguson">Christopher Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foale" title="Michael Foale">Michael Foale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Gordon_Fullerton" title="C. Gordon Fullerton">C. Gordon Fullerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Garriott" title="Owen Garriott">Owen Garriott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibson" title="Edward Gibson">Edward Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Gibson" title="Robert L. Gibson">Robert L. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Richard F. Gordon Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gregory" title="Frederick D. Gregory">Frederick D. Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Grissom" title="Gus Grissom">Gus Grissom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Grunsfeld" title="John M. Grunsfeld">John M. Grunsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hartsfield" title="Henry Hartsfield">Henry Hartsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hauck" title="Frederick Hauck">Frederick Hauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hawley" title="Steven Hawley">Steven Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Helms" title="Susan Helms">Susan Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Hilmers" title="David C. Hilmers">David C. Hilmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Hoffman" title="Jeffrey A. Hoffman">Jeffrey A. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Ivins" title="Marsha Ivins">Marsha Ivins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_David_Jones" title="Thomas David Jones">Thomas David Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._Kavandi" title="Janet L. Kavandi">Janet L. Kavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Mark Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kerwin" title="Joseph P. Kerwin">Joseph P. Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Leestma" title="David Leestma">David Leestma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Lindsey" title="Steven Lindsey">Steven Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_R._Lousma" title="Jack R. Lousma">Jack Lousma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">James McDivitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Melroy" title="Pamela Melroy">Pamela Melroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_Musgrave" title="Story Musgrave">Story Musgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nelson_(astronaut)" title="George Nelson (astronaut)">George Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Ochoa" title="Ellen Ochoa">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_D._O%27Connor" title="Bryan D. O'Connor">Bryan D. O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_E._Parazynski" title="Scott E. Parazynski">Scott E. Parazynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pogue" title="William Pogue">William Pogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Precourt" title="Charles J. Precourt">Charles J. Precourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Rominger" title="Kent Rominger">Kent Rominger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_L._Ross" title="Jerry L. Ross">Jerry L. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Schirra" title="Wally Schirra">Wally Schirra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_Schweickart" title="Rusty Schweickart">Rusty Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Scobee" title="Dick Scobee">Dick Scobee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Seddon" title="Rhea Seddon">Rhea Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_H._Shaw" title="Brewster H. Shaw">Brewster H. Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepherd" title="William Shepherd">William Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loren_Shriver" title="Loren Shriver">Loren Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan" title="Kathryn D. Sullivan">Kathryn D. Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thagard" title="Norman Thagard">Norman Thagard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_C._Thornton" title="Kathryn C. Thornton">Kathryn C. Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Weitz" title="Paul J. Weitz">Paul J. Weitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wetherbee" title="Jim Wetherbee">Jim Wetherbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_White_(astronaut)" title="Ed White (astronaut)">Ed White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astronaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11631#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1922" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11631#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1922" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11631#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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