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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-NASA_ranks_and_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NASA_ranks_and_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>NASA ranks and positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NASA_ranks_and_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NASA ranks and positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NASA_ranks_and_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roscosmos_and_Soviet_space_program_ranks_and_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roscosmos_and_Soviet_space_program_ranks_and_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roscosmos and Soviet space program ranks and positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roscosmos_and_Soviet_space_program_ranks_and_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roscosmos and Soviet space program ranks and positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roscosmos_and_Soviet_space_program_ranks_and_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_National_Space_Administration_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_National_Space_Administration_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>China National Space Administration positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-China_National_Space_Administration_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle China National Space Administration positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-China_National_Space_Administration_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ranks_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ranks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Space_Station_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Space_Station_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International Space Station positions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Space_Station_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Space Force rank">United States Space Force rank</a>.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> hold a variety of ranks and positions. Each of these roles carries responsibilities that are essential to the operation of a spacecraft. A spacecraft's cockpit, filled with sophisticated equipment, requires skills differing from those used to manage the scientific equipment on board, and so on. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NASA_ranks_and_positions">NASA ranks and positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: NASA ranks and positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks">Ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">NASA Astronaut Corps</a> hold one of two ranks. Astronaut Candidate is the rank of those training to be NASA astronauts. </p><p>Upon graduation from training, candidates are promoted to Astronaut and receive their <a href="/wiki/Astronaut_Badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronaut Badge">Astronaut Pin</a>. The pin is issued in two grades, silver and gold, with the silver pin awarded to candidates who have successfully completed astronaut training and the gold pin to astronauts who have flown in space. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief of the Astronaut Office</a> is a position, not a rank. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions">Positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:0.97em; line-height:1.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Typical duties </th> <th>Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot </th> <td>Overall mission success. As a single-seat spacecraft, the astronauts who flew the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury#Spacecraft" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a> missions were referred to simply as "Pilots". Mercury Pilots were required to have experience as a pilot of high-performance jet aircraft and to be no more than 5 feet 11 inches (180 cm) tall and weigh no more than 180 pounds (82 kg). </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Command Pilot </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot </th> <td>Serves as systems engineer, copilot, and would perform any other mission objectives such as EVA's during the Gemini program. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td><span class="anchor" id="Commander_(Apollo_program)"></span>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft, pilot in command of spacecraft during launch, trans-lunar coast, and Earth return coast. Also pilot in command of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>. The commander would make the actual descent and landing of LM on the lunar surface, as well as the lunar ascent back to the orbiting CSM. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Command Module Pilot </th> <td><span class="anchor" id="Command_Module_Pilot"></span>Responsible for knowing the CSM and their systems fully. Serve as flight engineer during launch phase while commander would be in full control of the vehicle. Perform navigation and mid-course correction procedures during trans-lunar and trans-Earth phases of flight, command pilot of CSM during lunar orbit phase (when the mission commander is in control of the lunar module from separation phase until the LM docked back with CSM in lunar orbit). The CM pilot would also have other objectives during lunar orbit phase such as lunar photography, research and study for future landing sites for subsequent Apollo missions, deploy lunar satellite in some cases, as well as being responsible for relaying messages from mission control if radio contact with the LM was lost or weak, and also responsible for performing an orbital rescue with the LM if it were to malfunction and not be able to perform as needed to rendezvous with CSM as planned for in normal cases, but this never was needed. However, the CM pilot was responsible for docking the two ships together when the LM returned to orbit after being on the surface. On later J-series missions, the CM pilot would conduct an EVA on the return voyage to collect film canisters in the SIM bay. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lunar Module Pilot </th> <td><span class="anchor" id="Lunar_Module_Pilot"></span>Flight engineer of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> during descent and ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">LM</a> also responsible for its systems during all phases of flight between Earth and Moon. The LMP would callout key information to the commander during the most critical descent and landing phases when all of the commander's attention would be focused out the window and on visually flying the LM to a suitable landing spot on the surface. He would also control the navigation computer and other subsystems of the craft while the commander had hands on the controls to fly the ship down manually the last portion of the descent when manual control was taken over from the computer. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Docking Module Pilot </th> <td> </td> <td>Position only used once during <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> joint mission </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot </th> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Science Pilot </th> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander (CDR) </th> <td><span class="anchor" id="Space_Shuttle_Commander"></span> Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft, managed ascent, maneuvered Shuttle during entry. </td> <td>All Shuttle commanders had prior spaceflight experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Engle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Required a degree in engineering, biological science, physical science, or mathematics. Must have had at least 1000 hours flying experience on a <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-becoming_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becoming-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least 750 simulated landings in the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bolden20040106_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolden20040106-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Must pass a NASA Class I space physical to be certified for flight.<sup id="cite_ref-becoming2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becoming2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot (PLT) </th> <td><span class="anchor" id="Space_Shuttle_Pilot"></span> Assisted the Commander in maneuvering the Shuttle. May have also been responsible for release and recovery of satellites. </td> <td>Same education and flight experience requirements as a Commander,<sup id="cite_ref-becoming_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becoming-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but does not need prior spaceflight experience. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mission_specialist" title="Mission specialist">Mission Specialist</a> (MS) </th> <td>Mission-specific. </td> <td>Career astronaut, could be employed by a partner space agency. <p>Must pass a NASA Class II space physical to be certified for flight.<sup id="cite_ref-becoming2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-becoming2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Flight Engineer (FE) </th> <td>Mission Specialist with additional responsibility for assisting the Commander and Pilot during ascent and landing, tracking information from CAPCOM and calling out milestones. </td> <td>The FE is always mission specialist 2 (MS-2) and sits in seat 4 on the Shuttle flight deck for both launch and landing. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Payload Commander (PLC) </th> <td><span class="anchor" id="Payload_Commander"></span> A Mission Specialist with additional responsibility for the management of the science or other major payload elements of the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-plc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Payload Commanders were always NASA astronauts. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Payload_specialist" title="Payload specialist">Payload Specialist</a> (PS) </th> <td>Technical experts who accompanied specific payloads such as commercial or scientific satellites with mission-specific duties. </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Typically not career astronauts.</li><li>Title also applied to representatives from partner nations such as Saudi Arabia and Mexico, who were given the opportunity to fly on the Space Shuttle.</li><li>Position discontinued after the 2003 Columbia disaster.</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Educator_Astronaut_Project" title="Educator Astronaut Project">Educator Mission Specialist</a> </th> <td>A Mission Specialist with additional education-related duties. </td> <td>Position created in 2004 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Educator_Astronaut_Project" title="Educator Astronaut Project">Educator Astronaut Project</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>International Mission Specialist </th> <td>A Mission Specialist with additional duties assigned by home agency. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Manned_Spaceflight_Engineer_Program" title="Manned Spaceflight Engineer Program">USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer</a> </th> <td>Technical experts who accompanied military payloads with mission-specific duties. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_participant" title="Spaceflight participant">Spaceflight Participant</a> </th> <td>Mission-specific. </td> <td>This term serves to distinguish tourists and other special travelers from career <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a> and technical experts. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew Program</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft, manages ascent and entry. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot </th> <td>Assist the Commander in maneuvering the capsule. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mission Specialist </th> <td>A NASA or affiliated astronaut with mission-specific duties. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Joint Operations Commander </th> <td>Manages rendezvous, docking, and undocking with the ISS, and quiescent operations while docked </td> <td>Position only used once during the <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Demo-2</a> mission. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis program</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft, manages ascent and entry. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot </th> <td>Assist the Commander in maneuvering the capsule. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mission Specialist </th> <td>Astronaut with mission-specific duties. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Payload Specialist </th> <td>Astronaut with engineering/mission-specific duties. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roscosmos_and_Soviet_space_program_ranks_and_positions"><span class="anchor" id="Roscosmos"></span> Roscosmos and Soviet space program ranks and positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roscosmos and Soviet space program ranks and positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks_2">Ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cosmonauts are professional space travellers from Russia. After initial training, cosmonauts are assigned as either a test cosmonaut (Russian: <span lang="ru">космонавт испытатель</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">kosmonavt ispytatel</i></span>) or a research cosmonaut (Russian: <span lang="ru">космонавт исследователь</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">kosmonavt issledovatel</i></span>). A test cosmonaut has a more difficult preparation than a research cosmonaut and can serve as the commander or the flight engineer of a spacecraft, while a research cosmonaut cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-cosmotraining_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmotraining-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher ranks include pilot cosmonaut, test cosmonaut instructor, and research cosmonaut instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-cosmotraining_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cosmotraining-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a> is a title that is presented to all cosmonauts who fly for the Russian space program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions_2">Positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Position </th> <th style="width:30%;">Duties </th> <th style="width:30%;">Examples </th> <th style="width:30%;">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pilot Cosmonaut </th> <td>Overall mission success </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a>, the first man in space </td> <td>As a single-seat spacecraft, the cosmonaut who flew the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a> missions were referred to simply as "Pilot Cosmonauts". </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov" title="Vladimir Komarov">Vladimir Komarov</a>, commanded the first multi-person flight </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Second Pilot </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a>, the first person to perform a spacewalk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Scientist Cosmonaut </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Feoktistov" title="Konstantin Feoktistov">Konstantin Feoktistov</a>, the first engineer in space </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Doctor Cosmonaut </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yegorov" title="Boris Yegorov">Boris Yegorov</a>, the first doctor in space </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and spacecraft </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dzhanibekov" title="Vladimir Dzhanibekov">Vladimir Dzhanibekov</a>, commander of missions to <a href="/wiki/Salyut_6" title="Salyut 6">Salyut 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salyut_7" title="Salyut 7">Salyut 7</a> space stations </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Flight Engineer </th> <td>One or two flight engineers per mission. Assist Commander and perform mission-specific duties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Savitskaya" title="Svetlana Savitskaya">Svetlana Savitskaya</a>, the first female to perform a spacewalk </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Participant" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceflight Participant">Spaceflight Participant</a> </th> <td>No official duties </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Muszaphar_Shukor" title="Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor">Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor</a>, first Malaysian in space</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Tito" title="Dennis Tito">Dennis Tito</a>, first fee-paying space tourist</li></ul> </td> <td>Term used for Soyuz passengers who are not part of the crew, and serves to distinguish tourists and other special travelers from the career <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China_National_Space_Administration_positions">China National Space Administration positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China National Space Administration positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranks_3">Ranks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ranks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to NASA, members of the China National Space Administration (CNSA) hold one of two ranks. Astronaut Candidate is the rank of those training to be CNSA astronauts. The positions of Spacecraft Pilot, Flight Engineer, and Mission Payload Specialist were listed in the announcement for the Group 3 selection.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon graduation, candidates are promoted to Astronaut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions_3">Positions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Position </th> <th style="width:30%;">Duties </th> <th style="width:30%;">Examples </th> <th style="width:30%;">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Gainsboro;"><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Commander (指挥长) </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and vehicle </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">Yang Liwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a> (first crewed Shenzhou) </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spacecraft Pilot </th> <td>TBA </td> <td>TBA </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Flight Engineer (操作手/飞行工程师)<sup id="cite_ref-cnsa_job_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnsa_job-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Daily Maintenance of the Spacecraft Platform, Also conducts Science </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nie_Haisheng" title="Nie Haisheng">Nie Haisheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a> (first flight engineer) </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Orbital Module Astronaut </th> <td>Eva Crew Member </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Boming_(astronaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Boming (astronaut)">Liu Boming (astronaut)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a> (first three-person Shenzhou) </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Descent module monitor astronaut </th> <td>Intravehicular Specialist of the Eva </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jing_Haipeng" title="Jing Haipeng">Jing Haipeng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a> (first three-person Shenzhou) </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Operator <p>(AST 002) </p> </th> <td>PLACC Taikonauts who help the Commander Navigate the spacecraft </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chen_Dong_(astronaut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen Dong (astronaut)">Chen Dong (astronaut)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a> </td> <td>TBA </td></tr> <tr> <th>Systems Operator <p>(AST 003) </p> </th> <td>PLACC Taikonauts who does the daily work in the station and experiments <p>(This was from Shenzhou 12-14) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_Hongbo" title="Tang Hongbo">Tang Hongbo</a> (astronaut), <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_12" title="Shenzhou 12">Shenzhou 12</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Science <p>Specialist </p><p>(AST 003) </p> </th> <td>PLACC Taikonauts that are like system operator but more inclined to science (This Happened because of the expansion) (Shenzhou 15-TBA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(taikonaut)" title="Zhang Lu (taikonaut)">Zhang Lu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_15" title="Shenzhou 15">Shenzhou 15</a> <p>(astronaut) </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Payload Specialist (载荷专家)<sup id="cite_ref-cnsa_job_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnsa_job-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>Non-professional astronaut position responsible for scientific experiments and space exploration </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gui_Haichao" title="Gui Haichao">Gui Haichao</a> (astronaut), <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_16" title="Shenzhou 16">Shenzhou 16</a> </td> <td>TBA </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Space_Station_positions">International Space Station positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International Space Station positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%;">Position </th> <th style="width:30%;">Duties </th> <th style="width:30%;">Examples </th> <th style="width:30%;">Comments </th></tr> <tr> <th>Commander </th> <td>Overall mission success, safety of crew and <a href="/wiki/ISS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISS">Station</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a>, first female commander </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Flight Engineer </th> <td>Overall mission success, science </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a>, first Canadian astronaut to be part of an ISS expedition </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Science Officer </th> <td>Primary responsibility for station's science experiments. A secondary position for an ISS Flight Engineer. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a>, first science officer </td> <td>Position established in 2002 by NASA to reinforce science aspect of ISS. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight_Participant" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceflight Participant">Spaceflight Participant</a> </th> <td>No formal duties. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anousheh_Ansari" title="Anousheh Ansari">Anousheh Ansari</a>, first female space tourist </td> <td>Term used for ISS visitors who are not part of the crew, and serves to distinguish tourists and other special travelers from the career <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Groups" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Astronaut Groups">NASA Astronaut Groups</a> – the phases of astronaut selection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Engle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engle_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a> was the only exception as he flew on <a href="/wiki/STS-2" title="STS-2">STS-2</a> without prior NASA spaceflight experience, but had flown the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> into space (by air force standards) and had participated in the Shuttle <a href="/wiki/Approach_and_Landing_Tests" title="Approach and Landing Tests">Approach and Landing Tests</a>. 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External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kidzworld.com/article/3084-becoming-an-astronaut">Shuttle Commander and Pilot definitions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kidzworld.com/article/3086-becoming-an-astronaut-pg-2">Shuttle PLC, MS, and PS definitions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_Astronaut_Groups" title="Template talk:NASA Astronaut Groups"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_6" title="NASA Astronaut Group 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_7" title="NASA Astronaut Group 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_8" title="NASA Astronaut Group 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_9" title="NASA Astronaut Group 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_10" title="NASA Astronaut Group 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_11" title="NASA Astronaut Group 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_12" title="NASA Astronaut Group 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_13" title="NASA Astronaut Group 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_14" title="NASA Astronaut Group 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_15" title="NASA Astronaut Group 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16" title="NASA Astronaut Group 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_17" title="NASA Astronaut Group 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_18" title="NASA Astronaut Group 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_19" title="NASA Astronaut Group 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_20" title="NASA Astronaut Group 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_21" title="NASA Astronaut Group 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_22" title="NASA Astronaut Group 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_23" title="NASA Astronaut Group 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_24" title="NASA Astronaut Group 24">24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astronaut ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_astronauts" title="List of United States Marine Corps astronauts">List of United States Marine Corps astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Space_Force_astronauts" title="List of United States Space Force astronauts">List of United States Space Force astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Template talk:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_human_spaceflight_programs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian human spaceflight programs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_government_human_spaceflight_programs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> government human spaceflight programs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <small> (joint) </small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <small> (joint) </small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle-Mir</a> <small> (joint) </small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Moon: </i> <a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_human_lunar_programs#Moon_landing_N1.2FL3_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet human lunar programs">N1-L3</a>, <a href="/wiki/LK-700" title="LK-700">LK-700</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><i>Interplanetary: </i> <a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelita_project" title="Aelita project">Aelita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martian_Piloted_Complex" title="Martian Piloted Complex">Martian Piloted Complex</a></li> <li><i>Spaceplanes: </i> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a>, <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a>, <a href="/wiki/LKS_(Spaceship)" class="mw-redirect" title="LKS (Spaceship)">LKS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2000" title="Tupolev Tu-2000">Tupolev Tu-2000</a></li> <li><i>Capsules: </i> <a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><i>Space Stations: </i> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soyuz_programme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soyuz" title="Template:Soyuz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soyuz" title="Template talk:Soyuz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soyuz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soyuz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soyuz_programme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz (rocket family)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Site 1/5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31">Site 31/6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_abort_modes" title="Soyuz abort modes">Soyuz abort modes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/140px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/210px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/280px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions<br />(by spacecraft type)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OK" title="Soyuz 7K-OK">Soyuz 7K-OK</a> (1966–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_133" title="Kosmos 133">Kosmos 133</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OK_No.1" title="Soyuz 7K-OK No.1">Soyuz 7K-OK No.1</a>† <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_140" title="Kosmos 140">Kosmos 140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_1" title="Soyuz 1">Soyuz 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_186_and_Kosmos_188" title="Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188">Kosmos 186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_186_and_Kosmos_188" title="Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188">188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_212" title="Kosmos 212">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_213" title="Kosmos 213">213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_238" title="Kosmos 238">238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_2" title="Soyuz 2">Soyuz 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_3" title="Soyuz 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_4" title="Soyuz 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_5" title="Soyuz 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_6" title="Soyuz 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7" title="Soyuz 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_8" title="Soyuz 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_9" title="Soyuz 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Soyuz 7K-L1</a> (1967–1970)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond lunar programme</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_146" title="Kosmos 146">Kosmos 146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_154" title="Kosmos 154">154</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1_No.4L" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L">Zond 1967A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1_No.5L" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L">1967B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1968A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1968A">1968A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1968B" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1968B">1968B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1969A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1969A">1969A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_L1S-1" title="Zond L1S-1">Zond-M 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_L1S-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond L1S-2">M 2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">Zond 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zond_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 9">9</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zond_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 10">10</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1E" title="Soyuz 7K-L1E">Soyuz 7K-L1E</a> (1969–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1E_No.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1">Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_382" title="Kosmos 382">Kosmos 382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">Soyuz 7K-LOK</a> (1971–1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK_No.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1">Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK No.2">No.2</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OKS" title="Soyuz 7K-OKS">Soyuz 7K-OKS</a> (1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_10" title="Soyuz 10">Soyuz 10</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11" title="Soyuz 11">11</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-T" title="Soyuz 7K-T">Soyuz 7K-T</a> (1972–1981)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_496" title="Kosmos 496">Kosmos 496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_573" title="Kosmos 573">573</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_12" title="Soyuz 12">Soyuz 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_613" title="Kosmos 613">Kosmos 613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_13" title="Soyuz 13">Soyuz 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_656" title="Kosmos 656">Kosmos 656</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_14" title="Soyuz 14">Soyuz 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_15" title="Soyuz 15">15</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_17" title="Soyuz 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-T_No.39" title="Soyuz 7K-T No.39">18a</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_18" title="Soyuz 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_20" title="Soyuz 20">20</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_21" title="Soyuz 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_23" title="Soyuz 23">23</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_24" title="Soyuz 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_25" title="Soyuz 25">25</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_26" title="Soyuz 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_27" title="Soyuz 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_28" title="Soyuz 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_29" title="Soyuz 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_30" title="Soyuz 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_31" title="Soyuz 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_32" title="Soyuz 32">32</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed landing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_33" title="Soyuz 33">33</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_34" title="Soyuz 34">34</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed launch)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_35" title="Soyuz 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_36" title="Soyuz 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_37" title="Soyuz 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_38" title="Soyuz 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_39" title="Soyuz 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_40" title="Soyuz 40">40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-TM" title="Soyuz 7K-TM">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> (1974–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_638" title="Kosmos 638">Kosmos 638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_672" title="Kosmos 672">672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_16" title="Soyuz 16">Soyuz 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 19">19</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_22" title="Soyuz 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz" title="Military Soyuz">Soyuz 7K-S</a> (1974–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_670" title="Kosmos 670">Kosmos 670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_772" title="Kosmos 772">772</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_869" title="Kosmos 869">869</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-T" title="Soyuz-T">Soyuz-T</a> (1978–1986)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1001" title="Kosmos 1001">Kosmos 1001</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1074" title="Kosmos 1074">1074</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-1" title="Soyuz T-1">Soyuz T-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-2" title="Soyuz T-2">T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-3" title="Soyuz T-3">T-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-4" title="Soyuz T-4">T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-5" title="Soyuz T-5">T-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-6" title="Soyuz T-6">T-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-7" title="Soyuz T-7">T-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-8" title="Soyuz T-8">T-8</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-9" title="Soyuz T-9">T-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-ST_No.16L" title="Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L">T-10a</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-10" title="Soyuz T-10">T-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-11" title="Soyuz T-11">T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-12" title="Soyuz T-12">T-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-13" title="Soyuz T-13">T-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-14" title="Soyuz T-14">T-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">T-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a> (1986–2002)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-1" title="Soyuz TM-1">Soyuz TM-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">TM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">TM-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">TM-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-5" title="Soyuz TM-5">TM-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-6" title="Soyuz TM-6">TM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">TM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">TM-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">TM-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">TM-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">TM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12" title="Soyuz TM-12">TM-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">TM-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">TM-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">TM-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">TM-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">TM-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-18" title="Soyuz TM-18">TM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-19" title="Soyuz TM-19">TM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">TM-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-22" title="Soyuz TM-22">TM-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">TM-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">TM-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">TM-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-26" title="Soyuz TM-26">TM-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">TM-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">TM-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">TM-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-30" title="Soyuz TM-30">TM-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-31" title="Soyuz TM-31">TM-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">TM-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-33" title="Soyuz TM-33">TM-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-34" title="Soyuz TM-34">TM-34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA</a> (2002–2012)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-1" title="Soyuz TMA-1">Soyuz TMA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-2" title="Soyuz TMA-2">TMA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-3" title="Soyuz TMA-3">TMA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-4" title="Soyuz TMA-4">TMA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-5" title="Soyuz TMA-5">TMA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-6" title="Soyuz TMA-6">TMA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-7" title="Soyuz TMA-7">TMA-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-8" title="Soyuz TMA-8">TMA-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-9" title="Soyuz TMA-9">TMA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10" title="Soyuz TMA-10">TMA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11" title="Soyuz TMA-11">TMA-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">TMA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">TMA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14" title="Soyuz TMA-14">TMA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15" title="Soyuz TMA-15">TMA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16" title="Soyuz TMA-16">TMA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17" title="Soyuz TMA-17">TMA-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18" title="Soyuz TMA-18">TMA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19" title="Soyuz TMA-19">TMA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20" title="Soyuz TMA-20">TMA-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-21" title="Soyuz TMA-21">TMA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-22" title="Soyuz TMA-22">TMA-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA#Soyuz_TMA-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA-M</a> (2010–2016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-01M" title="Soyuz TMA-01M">Soyuz TMA-01M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-02M" title="Soyuz TMA-02M">TMA-02M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-03M" title="Soyuz TMA-03M">TMA-03M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-04M" title="Soyuz TMA-04M">TMA-04M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-05M" title="Soyuz TMA-05M">TMA-05M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-06M" title="Soyuz TMA-06M">TMA-06M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-07M" title="Soyuz TMA-07M">TMA-07M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-08M" title="Soyuz TMA-08M">TMA-08M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-09M" title="Soyuz TMA-09M">TMA-09M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10M" title="Soyuz TMA-10M">TMA-10M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11M" title="Soyuz TMA-11M">TMA-11M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12M" title="Soyuz TMA-12M">TMA-12M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13M" title="Soyuz TMA-13M">TMA-13M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14M" title="Soyuz TMA-14M">TMA-14M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15M" title="Soyuz TMA-15M">TMA-15M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16M" title="Soyuz TMA-16M">TMA-16M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17M" title="Soyuz TMA-17M">TMA-17M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18M" title="Soyuz TMA-18M">TMA-18M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19M" title="Soyuz TMA-19M">TMA-19M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M" title="Soyuz TMA-20M">TMA-20M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS" title="Soyuz MS">Soyuz MS</a> (2016–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01" title="Soyuz MS-01">Soyuz MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02" title="Soyuz MS-02">MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03" title="Soyuz MS-03">MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-04" title="Soyuz MS-04">MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-05" title="Soyuz MS-05">MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-06" title="Soyuz MS-06">MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-07" title="Soyuz MS-07">MS-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-08" title="Soyuz MS-08">MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-09" title="Soyuz MS-09">MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-10" title="Soyuz MS-10">MS-10</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-11" title="Soyuz MS-11">MS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-12" title="Soyuz MS-12">MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-13" title="Soyuz MS-13">MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-14" title="Soyuz MS-14">MS-14</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-16" title="Soyuz MS-16">MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-18" title="Soyuz MS-18">MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-19" title="Soyuz MS-19">MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-20" title="Soyuz MS-20">MS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-21" title="Soyuz MS-21">MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-22" title="Soyuz MS-22">MS-22</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed landing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-23" title="Soyuz MS-23">MS-23</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed launch)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-24" title="Soyuz MS-24">MS-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-25" title="Soyuz MS-25">MS-25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-26" title="Soyuz MS-26">MS-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-27" title="Soyuz MS-27">MS-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-28" title="Soyuz MS-28">MS-28</a></li></ul></li> <li>2026 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-29" title="Soyuz MS-29">MS-29</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Uncrewed missions are designated as <i>Kosmos</i> instead of <i>Soyuz</i>; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".<br />The † sign designates failed missions. <i>Italics</i> designates cancelled missions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CNSA_space_program" title="Template talk:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration (CNSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Agency" title="China Manned Space Agency">China Manned Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a> and landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siziwang_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Siziwang Banner">Siziwang Banner</a> (landing site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2" title="Long March 2">Long March 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">Long March 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">Long March 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">Long March 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4" title="Long March 4">Long March 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">Long March 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">Long March 4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">Long March 4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">Long March 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">Long March 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">Long March 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">Long March 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">Long March 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Exploration programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">CMS</a> (human spaceflight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a> (lunar exploration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a> (space station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Tianwen</a> (interplanetary exploration)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects and missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–09)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinghuo 1">Yinghuo 1</a>† <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2 rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="fr:Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSES" class="mw-redirect" title="CSES">CSES</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–07)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">Haiyang Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Brazil_Earth_Resources_Satellite_program" title="China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program">CBERS</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind_Magnetosphere_Ionosphere_Link_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer">SMILE</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Human<br />spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Uncrewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_1" title="Shenzhou 1">Shenzhou 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_2" title="Shenzhou 2">Shenzhou 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_3" title="Shenzhou 3">Shenzhou 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_4" title="Shenzhou 4">Shenzhou 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_8" title="Shenzhou 8">Shenzhou 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Crewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_9" title="Shenzhou 9">Shenzhou 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_10" title="Shenzhou 10">Shenzhou 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_12" title="Shenzhou 12">Shenzhou 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_13" title="Shenzhou 13">Shenzhou 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_14" title="Shenzhou 14">Shenzhou 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_15" title="Shenzhou 15">Shenzhou 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_16" title="Shenzhou 16">Shenzhou 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_17" title="Shenzhou 17">Shenzhou 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_18" title="Shenzhou 18">Shenzhou 18</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">List of Chinese astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Space laboratories and cargos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 1">Tiangong 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 2">Tiangong 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_1" title="Tianzhou 1">Tianzhou 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_2" title="Tianzhou 2">Tianzhou 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_3" title="Tianzhou 3">Tianzhou 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_4" title="Tianzhou 4">Tianzhou 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_5" title="Tianzhou 5">Tianzhou 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_6" title="Tianzhou 6">Tianzhou 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentian_module" title="Wentian module">Wentian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengtian_module" title="Mengtian module">Mengtian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</a> (BDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinasat" title="Chinasat">Chinasat Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I">Tianlian I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian II">Tianlian II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft">Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW Program</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale" title="Quantum Experiments at Space Scale">QUESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijian 13">Shijian Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar-based_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray pulsar-based navigation">XPNAV 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Future missions marked in <i>italics</i>. Failed missions marked with † sign</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&oldid=1254830042">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronaut_ranks_and_positions&oldid=1254830042</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Outer_space_lists" title="Category:Outer space lists">Outer space lists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astronauts" title="Category:Astronauts">Astronauts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Awards_and_decorations_of_NASA" title="Category:Awards and decorations of NASA">Awards and decorations of NASA</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_interviewers_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: interviewers list">CS1 maint: multiple names: interviewers list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 22:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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