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class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_and_ranging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_and_ranging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Detection and ranging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection_and_ranging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Detection and ranging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Detection_and_ranging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-contact_sensor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-contact_sensor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Non-contact sensor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-contact_sensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_sensors_and_flow_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_sensors_and_flow_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Motion sensors and flow measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_sensors_and_flow_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nondestructive_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nondestructive_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Nondestructive testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nondestructive_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_range_finding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_range_finding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ultrasonic range finding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_range_finding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasound_Identification_(USID)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasound_Identification_(USID)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ultrasound Identification (USID)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasound_Identification_(USID)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imaging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acoustic_microscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acoustic_microscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Acoustic microscopy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acoustic_microscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Human medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Veterinary medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing_and_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing_and_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Processing and power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processing_and_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Processing and power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Processing_and_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Physical therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_impact_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_impact_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ultrasonic impact treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_impact_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_manipulation_and_characterization_of_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_manipulation_and_characterization_of_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ultrasonic manipulation and characterization of particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_manipulation_and_characterization_of_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_cleaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_cleaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ultrasonic cleaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_cleaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_disintegration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_disintegration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Ultrasonic disintegration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_disintegration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_humidifier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_humidifier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Ultrasonic humidifier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_humidifier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultrasonic_welding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultrasonic_welding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Ultrasonic welding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultrasonic_welding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Sonochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wireless_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Wireless communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultrasound</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraklank" title="Ultraklank – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ultraklank" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موجة فوق صوتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة فوق صوتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrason%C3%ADu" title="Ultrasoníu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ultrasoníu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras%C9%99s" title="Ultrasəs – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ultrasəs" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="শ্রবণাতীত শব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রবণাতীত শব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiau-im-pho" title="Chhiau-im-pho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiau-im-pho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ультрагук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ультрагук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ультрагук – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ультрагук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ултразвук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ултразвук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ultrazvuk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras%C3%B2" title="Ultrasò – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ultrasò" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultrazvuk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgan_uwchsain" title="Sgan uwchsain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sgan uwchsain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralyd" title="Ultralyd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ultralyd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrajietna" title="Ultrajietna – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ultrajietna" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ultraschall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A7_%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0" title="އަލްޓްރާ ސައުންޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލްޓްރާ ސައުންޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraheli" title="Ultraheli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ultraheli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υπέρηχος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπέρηχος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasonido" title="Ultrasonido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ultrasonido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasono" title="Ultrasono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ultrasono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasoinu" title="Ultrasoinu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ultrasoinu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="فراصوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراصوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrason" title="Ultrason – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ultrason" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafhuaim" title="Ultrafhuaim – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ultrafhuaim" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultras%C3%B3n" title="Ultrasón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ultrasón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9D%8C%ED%8C%8C" title="초음파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초음파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ուլտրաձայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուլտրաձայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पराश्रव्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पराश्रव्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ultrazvuk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrabunyi" title="Ultrabunyi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ultrabunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasuoni" title="Ultrasuoni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ultrasuoni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93" title="אולטרה סאונד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אולטרה סאונד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4_(%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D)" title="ಶ್ರವಣಾತೀತ (ಅಲ್ಟ್ರಾಸೌಂಡ್) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ರವಣಾತೀತ (ಅಲ್ಟ್ರಾಸೌಂಡ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ულტრაბგერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ულტრაბგერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Ультрадыбыс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ультрадыбыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Ультра үн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ультра үн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraska%C5%86a" title="Ultraskaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ultraskaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultragarsas" title="Ultragarsas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ultragarsas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrason" title="Ultrason – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ultrason" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrahang" title="Ultrahang – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ultrahang" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ултразвук – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ултразвук" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="അൾട്രാസൗണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൾട്രാസൗണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="अल्ट्रासाऊंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्ट्रासाऊंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrabunyi" title="Ultrabunyi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ultrabunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Хэт авиа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэт авиа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အာထွာဆောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာထွာဆောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrageluid" title="Ultrageluid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ultrageluid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2" title="超音波 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超音波" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralyd" title="Ultralyd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ultralyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultralyd" title="Ultralyd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ultralyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratovush" title="Ultratovush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ultratovush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਅਲਟਰਾਸਾਉਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਟਰਾਸਾਉਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%DA%88" title="الٹرا ساؤنڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الٹرا ساؤنڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrad%C5%BAwi%C4%99ki" title="Ultradźwięki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ultradźwięki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrassom" title="Ultrassom – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ultrassom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasunet" title="Ultrasunet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ultrasunet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ултразвук – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ултразвук" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ультразвук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ультразвук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratingulli" title="Ultratingulli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ultratingulli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ultrasound" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ultrazvuk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvok" title="Ultrazvok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ultrazvok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="شەپۆلی سەرووی دەنگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەپۆلی سەرووی دەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ultrazvuk" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ultrazvuk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra%C3%A4%C3%A4ni" title="Ultraääni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ultraääni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraljud" title="Ultraljud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ultraljud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="மீயொலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீயொலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="అతిధ్వనులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అతిధ్వనులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="คลื่นเสียงความถี่สูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลื่นเสียงความถี่สูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrason" title="Ultrason – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ultrason" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Ультразвук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ультразвук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بالاصوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالاصوت" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sound waves with frequencies above the human hearing range</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the application to medicine, see <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Medical ultrasound</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ultrasound (disambiguation)">Ultrasound (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ultrasonic (disambiguation)">Ultrasonic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">Supersonic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg/220px-Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg/330px-Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg/440px-Aparelhodeultrassom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>An ultrasonic examination</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ultrasound</b> is <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> with <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a> greater than 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kilohertz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This frequency is the approximate upper audible <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range" title="Hearing range">limit of human hearing</a> in healthy young adults. The physical principles of acoustic waves apply to any frequency range, including ultrasound. Ultrasonic devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz. </p><p>Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the <a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive testing</a> of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes. Animals such as <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles.<sup id="cite_ref-squires_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-squires-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galton_whistle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Galton_whistle.jpg/220px-Galton_whistle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Galton_whistle.jpg/330px-Galton_whistle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Galton_whistle.jpg/440px-Galton_whistle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Galton whistle, one of the first devices to produce ultrasound</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a>, the science of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, starts as far back as <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">stringed instruments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a> in bats was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound, not vision. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> in 1893 invented the <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle" title="Dog whistle">Galton whistle</a>, an adjustable <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a> that produced ultrasound, which he used to measure the hearing range of humans and other animals, demonstrating that many animals could hear sounds above the hearing range of humans. </p><p>The first article on the history of ultrasound was written in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to its author, during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, a Russian engineer named Chilowski submitted an idea for submarine detection to the French Government. The latter invited <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a>, then Director of the School of Physics and Chemistry in Paris, to evaluate it. Chilowski's proposal was to excite a cylindrical, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">condenser</a> by a high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Poulsen_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Poulsen arc">Poulsen arc</a> at approximately 100 kHz and thus to generate an ultrasound beam for detecting submerged objects. The idea of locating underwater obstacles had been suggested prior by L. F. Richardson, following the <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a></i> disaster. Richardson had proposed to position a high-frequency <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulic</a> <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistle</a> at the focus of a mirror and use the beam for locating submerged navigational hazards. A prototype was built by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Parsons" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Parsons">Sir Charles Parsons</a>, the inventor of the vapour <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>, but the device was found not to be suitable for this purpose. Langevin's device made use of the <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezoelectric effect">piezoelectric effect</a>, which he had been acquainted with whilst a student at the laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Curie" title="Jacques Curie">Jacques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Langevin calculated and built an ultrasound <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> comprising a thin sheet of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> sandwiched between two steel plates. Langevin was the first to report <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a>-related bioeffects from ultrasound.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg/425px-Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="425" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg/638px-Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg/850px-Ultrasound_range_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="114" /></a><figcaption>Approximate frequency ranges corresponding to ultrasound, with rough guide of some applications</figcaption></figure> <p>Ultrasound is defined by the <a href="/wiki/ANSI/ASA_S1.1-2013" title="ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013">American National Standards Institute</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> at frequencies greater than 20 kHz". In air at atmospheric pressure, ultrasonic waves have <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> of 1.9 cm or less. </p><p>Ultrasound can be generated at very high frequencies; ultrasound is used for <a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">sonochemistry</a> at frequencies up to multiple hundreds of kilohertz.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical imaging equipment uses frequencies in the MHz range.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> ultrasound waves have been generated as high as the gigahertz range.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characterizing extremely high-frequency ultrasound poses challenges, as such rapid movement causes waveforms to steepen and form <a href="/wiki/Shock_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock waves">shock waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception">Perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans">Humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper frequency limit in humans (approximately 20 kHz) is due to limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_hearing" title="Ultrasonic hearing">Auditory sensation</a> can occur if high‐intensity ultrasound is fed directly into the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">human skull</a> and reaches the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a> through <a href="/wiki/Bone_conduction" title="Bone conduction">bone conduction</a>, without passing through the middle ear.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, because in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing tends to decrease with age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An American <a href="/wiki/Cell_phone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone">cell phone</a> company has used this to create ring signals that supposedly are only audible to younger humans,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many older people can hear the signals, which may be because of the considerable variation of age-related deterioration in the upper hearing threshold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/250px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/330px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/500px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Bats use ultrasounds to navigate in the darkness.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hundepfeife01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hundepfeife01.JPG/220px-Hundepfeife01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hundepfeife01.JPG/330px-Hundepfeife01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hundepfeife01.JPG/440px-Hundepfeife01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle" title="Dog whistle">dog whistle</a>, which emits sound in the ultrasonic range, used to train dogs and other animals</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Bats</a> use a variety of ultrasonic ranging (<a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">echolocation</a>) techniques to detect their prey. They can detect frequencies beyond 100 kHz, possibly up to 200 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> have good ultrasonic hearing, and most of these are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> insects listening for echolocating bats. These include many groups of <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetles">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praying_mantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying mantis">praying mantises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lacewings" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacewings">lacewings</a>. Upon hearing a bat, some insects will make <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_avoidance" title="Ultrasound avoidance">evasive manoeuvres</a> to escape being caught.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a <a href="/wiki/Reflex_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex action">reflex action</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Noctuid" class="mw-redirect" title="Noctuid">noctuid</a> moth that causes it to drop slightly in its flight to evade attack.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1627_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1627-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arctiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctiidae">Tiger moths</a> also emit clicks which may disturb bats' echolocation,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in other cases may advertise the fact that they are poisonous by emitting sound.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dogs and cats' hearing range extends into the ultrasound; the top end of a dog's hearing range is about 45 kHz, while a cat's is 64 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-Krantz_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krantz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strain_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strain-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wild ancestors of cats and dogs evolved this higher hearing range to hear high-frequency sounds made by their preferred prey, small rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-Krantz_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krantz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle" title="Dog whistle">dog whistle</a> is a whistle that emits ultrasound, used for training and calling dogs. The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range of 23 to 54 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Toothed_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothed whales">Toothed whales</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dolphins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolphins">dolphins</a>, can hear ultrasound and use such sounds in their navigational system (<a href="/wiki/Biosonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosonar">biosonar</a>) to orient and to capture prey.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Porpoises" class="mw-redirect" title="Porpoises">Porpoises</a> have the highest known upper hearing limit at around 160 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several types of fish can detect ultrasound. In the order <a href="/wiki/Clupeiformes" title="Clupeiformes">Clupeiformes</a>, members of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Alosinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alosinae">Alosinae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">shad</a>) have been shown to be able to detect sounds up to 180 kHz, while the other subfamilies (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a>) can hear only up to 4 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No bird species have been reported to be sensitive to ultrasound.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial ultrasonic systems have been sold for supposed indoors <a href="/wiki/Electronic_pest_control" title="Electronic pest control">electronic pest control</a> and outdoors <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_algae_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic algae control">ultrasonic algae control</a>. However, no scientific evidence exists on the success of such devices for these purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hui_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hui-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAS_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ASTM_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASTM-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_and_ranging">Detection and ranging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Detection and ranging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-contact_sensor">Non-contact sensor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-contact sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An ultrasonic level or sensing system requires no contact with the target. For many processes in the medical, pharmaceutical, military and general industries this is an advantage over inline sensors that may contaminate the liquids inside a vessel or tube or that may be clogged by the product. </p><p>Both continuous wave and pulsed systems are used. The principle behind a pulsed-ultrasonic technology is that the transmit signal consists of short bursts of ultrasonic energy. After each burst, the electronics looks for a return signal within a small window of time corresponding to the time it takes for the energy to pass through the vessel. Only a signal received during this window will qualify for additional signal processing. </p><p>A popular consumer application of ultrasonic ranging was the <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_SX-70" title="Polaroid SX-70">Polaroid SX-70</a> camera, which included a lightweight transducer system to focus the camera automatically. Polaroid later licensed this ultrasound technology and it became the basis of a variety of ultrasonic products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_sensors_and_flow_measurement">Motion sensors and flow measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Motion sensors and flow measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A common ultrasound application is an automatic door opener, where an ultrasonic sensor detects a person's approach and opens the door. Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect intruders; the ultrasound can cover a wide area from a single point. The flow in pipes or open channels can be measured by ultrasonic flowmeters, which measure the average velocity of flowing liquid. In <a href="/wiki/Rheology" title="Rheology">rheology</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_rheometer" title="Acoustic rheometer">acoustic rheometer</a> relies on the principle of ultrasound. In <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>, fluid flow can be measured using an <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_flow_meter" title="Ultrasonic flow meter">ultrasonic flow meter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nondestructive_testing">Nondestructive testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nondestructive testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macrosonics" title="Macrosonics">Macrosonics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing" title="Ultrasonic testing">Ultrasonic testing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UT_principe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UT_principe.svg/220px-UT_principe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UT_principe.svg/330px-UT_principe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/UT_principe.svg/440px-UT_principe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> Principle of flaw detection with ultrasound. A void in the solid material reflects some energy back to the transducer, which is detected and displayed.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_testing" title="Ultrasonic testing">Ultrasonic testing</a> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">nondestructive testing</a> commonly used to find flaws in materials and to measure the thickness of objects. Frequencies of 2 to 10 MHz are common, but for special purposes other frequencies are used. Inspection may be manual or automated and is an essential part of modern manufacturing processes. Most metals can be inspected as well as plastics and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composites</a>. Lower frequency ultrasound (50–500 kHz) can also be used to inspect less dense materials such as wood, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>. </p><p>Ultrasound inspection of welded joints has been an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> for nondestructive testing since the 1960s. Ultrasonic inspection eliminates the use of ionizing radiation, with safety and cost benefits. Ultrasound can also provide additional information such as the depth of flaws in a welded joint. Ultrasonic inspection has progressed from manual methods to computerized systems that automate much of the process. An ultrasonic test of a joint can identify the existence of flaws, measure their size, and identify their location. Not all welded materials are equally amenable to ultrasonic inspection; some materials have a large grain size that produces a high level of background noise in measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png/250px-Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png/330px-Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png/500px-Swing_shaft_spline_cracking.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Non-destructive testing of a swing shaft showing <a href="/wiki/Spline_(mechanical)" title="Spline (mechanical)">spline</a> cracking</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_thickness_measurement" title="Ultrasonic thickness measurement">Ultrasonic thickness measurement</a> is one technique used to monitor quality of welds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_range_finding">Ultrasonic range finding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic range finding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonar_Principle_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sonar_Principle_EN.svg/400px-Sonar_Principle_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sonar_Principle_EN.svg/600px-Sonar_Principle_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sonar_Principle_EN.svg/800px-Sonar_Principle_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Principle of an active sonar</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></div> <p>A common use of ultrasound is in underwater <a href="/wiki/Range_finding" class="mw-redirect" title="Range finding">range finding</a>; this use is also called <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. An ultrasonic pulse is generated in a particular direction. If there is an object in the path of this pulse, part or all of the pulse will be reflected back to the transmitter as an <a href="/wiki/Echo_(phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo (phenomenon)">echo</a> and can be detected through the receiver path. By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine the distance. </p><p>The measured travel time of Sonar pulses in water is strongly dependent on the temperature and the salinity of the water. Ultrasonic ranging is also applied for measurement in air and for short distances. For example, hand-held ultrasonic measuring tools can rapidly measure the layout of rooms. </p><p>Although range finding underwater is performed at both sub-audible and audible frequencies for great distances (1 to several kilometers), ultrasonic range finding is used when distances are shorter and the accuracy of the distance measurement is desired to be finer. Ultrasonic measurements may be limited through barrier layers with large salinity, temperature or vortex differentials. Ranging in water varies from about hundreds to thousands of meters, but can be performed with centimeters to meters accuracy </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasound_Identification_(USID)"><span id="Ultrasound_Identification_.28USID.29"></span>Ultrasound Identification (USID)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ultrasound Identification (USID)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_Identification" title="Ultrasound Identification">Ultrasound Identification</a> (USID) is a <a href="/wiki/Real-time_locating_system" title="Real-time locating system">Real-Time Locating System</a> (RTLS) or <a href="/wiki/Indoor_Positioning_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor Positioning System">Indoor Positioning System</a> (IPS) technology used to automatically track and identify the location of objects in real time using simple, inexpensive nodes (badges/tags) attached to or embedded in objects and devices, which then transmit an ultrasound signal to communicate their location to microphone sensors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaging">Imaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embryo_at_14_weeks_profile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Embryo_at_14_weeks_profile.JPG/250px-Embryo_at_14_weeks_profile.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Embryo_at_14_weeks_profile.JPG/330px-Embryo_at_14_weeks_profile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Embryo_at_14_weeks_profile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">Sonogram</a> of a fetus at 14 weeks (profile)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3dultrasound.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/3dultrasound.png/220px-3dultrasound.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/3dultrasound.png/330px-3dultrasound.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/3dultrasound.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Head of a fetus, aged 29 weeks, in a "<a href="/wiki/3D_ultrasound" title="3D ultrasound">3D ultrasound</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>The potential for ultrasonic imaging of objects, in which a 3 GHz sound wave could produce resolution comparable to an optical image, was recognized by Sergei Sokolov in 1939. Such frequencies were not possible at the time, and what technology did exist produced relatively low-contrast images with poor sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-EPP99_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPP99-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic imaging uses frequencies of 2 megahertz and higher; the shorter wavelength allows resolution of small internal details in structures and tissues. The power density is generally less than 1 watt per square centimetre to avoid heating and cavitation effects in the object under examination.<sup id="cite_ref-Betts00_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betts00-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasonic imaging applications include industrial nondestructive testing, quality control and medical uses.<sup id="cite_ref-EPP99_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPP99-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acoustic_microscopy">Acoustic microscopy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acoustic microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_microscopy" title="Acoustic microscopy">Acoustic microscopy</a> is the technique of using sound waves to visualize structures too small to be resolved by the human eye. High and ultra high frequencies up to several gigahertz are used in acoustic microscopes. The reflection and diffraction of sound waves from microscopic structures can yield information not available with light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_medicine">Human medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">Medical ultrasound</a> is an ultrasound-based diagnostic <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs to capture their size, structure and any pathological <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound has been used by <a href="/wiki/Radiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiologist">radiologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonographer" title="Sonographer">sonographers</a> to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) and <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and emergency <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care" title="Prenatal care">prenatal care</a>. Such diagnostic applications used during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Obstetric_ultrasonography" title="Obstetric ultrasonography">obstetric sonography</a>. As currently applied in the medical field, properly performed ultrasound poses no known risks to the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sonography does not use <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>, and the power levels used for imaging are too low to cause adverse heating or pressure effects in tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the long-term effects due to ultrasound exposure at diagnostic intensity are still unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> currently most doctors feel that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle has been advocated for an ultrasound examination –  that is, keeping the scanning time and power settings as low as possible but consistent with diagnostic imaging –  and that by that principle nonmedical uses, which by definition are not necessary, are actively discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with <a href="/wiki/Emergency_ultrasound" title="Emergency ultrasound">emergency ultrasound</a> being used by some EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where <a href="/wiki/Teleconsultation" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconsultation">teleconsultation</a> is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to RadiologyInfo,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultrasounds are useful in the detection of <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvic</a> abnormalities and can involve techniques known as <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdominal</a> (transabdominal) ultrasound, <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginal</a> (transvaginal or endovaginal) ultrasound in women, and also <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectal</a> (transrectal) ultrasound in men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_medicine">Veterinary medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Veterinary medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Preclinical_imaging" title="Preclinical imaging">Preclinical imaging</a></div> <p>Diagnostic ultrasound is used externally in horses for evaluation of soft tissue and tendon injuries, and internally in particular for reproductive work – evaluation of the reproductive tract of the mare and pregnancy detection.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be used in an external manner in stallions for evaluation of testicular condition and diameter as well as internally for reproductive evaluation (deferent duct etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2005, ultrasound technology began to be used by the beef <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> industry to improve animal health and the yield of cattle operations.<sup id="cite_ref-SubiacoDeltaFarm_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SubiacoDeltaFarm-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultrasound is used to evaluate fat thickness, rib eye area, and intramuscular fat in living animals.<sup id="cite_ref-WVUWagner_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVUWagner-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to evaluate the health and characteristics of unborn calves. </p><p>Ultrasound technology provides a means for cattle producers to obtain information that can be used to improve the breeding and husbandry of cattle. The technology can be expensive, and it requires a substantial time commitment for continuous data collection and operator training.<sup id="cite_ref-WVUWagner_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WVUWagner-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, this technology has proven useful in managing and running a cattle breeding operation.<sup id="cite_ref-SubiacoDeltaFarm_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SubiacoDeltaFarm-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing_and_power">Processing and power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Processing and power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-power applications of ultrasound often use frequencies between 20 kHz and a few hundred kHz. Intensities can be very high; above 10 watts per square centimeter, cavitation can be inducted in liquid media, and some applications use up to 1000 watts per square centimeter. Such high intensities can induce chemical changes or produce significant effects by direct mechanical action, and can inactivate harmful microorganisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Betts00_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betts00-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_therapy">Physical therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Physical therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_ultrasound" title="Therapeutic ultrasound">Therapeutic ultrasound</a></div> <p>Ultrasound has been used since the 1940s by physical and occupational therapists for treating <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a> (and also <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">scar tissue</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions for which ultrasound may be used for treatment include the follow examples: ligament <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprains</a>, muscle <a href="/wiki/Strain_(injury)" title="Strain (injury)">strains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tendonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendonitis">tendonitis</a>, joint inflammation, <a href="/wiki/Plantar_fasciitis" title="Plantar fasciitis">plantar fasciitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metatarsalgia" title="Metatarsalgia">metatarsalgia</a>, facet irritation, <a href="/wiki/Impingement_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Impingement syndrome">impingement syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bursitis" title="Bursitis">bursitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, and scar tissue adhesion. </p><p>Relatively high power ultrasound can break up stony deposits or tissue, increase <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin_permeability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skin permeability (page does not exist)">skin permeability</a>, accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area, assist in the measurement of the elastic properties of tissue, and can be used to sort cells or small particles for research.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_impact_treatment">Ultrasonic impact treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic impact treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_impact_treatment" title="Ultrasonic impact treatment">Ultrasonic impact treatment</a> (UIT) uses ultrasound to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of metals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a metallurgical processing technique in which ultrasonic energy is applied to a metal object. Ultrasonic treatment can result in controlled residual compressive stress, grain refinement and grain size reduction. Low and high cycle fatigue are enhanced and have been documented to provide increases up to ten times greater than non-UIT specimens. Additionally, UIT has proven effective in addressing <a href="/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" title="Stress corrosion cracking">stress corrosion cracking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_fatigue" title="Corrosion fatigue">corrosion fatigue</a> and related issues. </p><p>When the UIT tool, made up of the ultrasonic transducer, pins and other components, comes into contact with the work piece it acoustically couples with the work piece, creating harmonic resonance.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This harmonic resonance is performed at a carefully calibrated frequency, to which metals respond very favorably. </p><p>Depending on the desired effects of treatment a combination of different frequencies and displacement amplitude is applied. These frequencies range between 25 and 55 kHz,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the displacement amplitude of the resonant body of between 22 and 50 μm (0.00087 and 0.0020 in). </p><p>UIT devices rely on <a href="/wiki/Magnetostrictive" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetostrictive">magnetostrictive</a> transducers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">Sonication</a></div> <p>Ultrasonication offers great potential in the processing of liquids and slurries, by improving the mixing and chemical reactions in various applications and industries. Ultrasonication generates alternating low-pressure and high-pressure waves in liquids, leading to the formation and violent collapse of small <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> bubbles. This phenomenon is termed <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> and causes high speed impinging liquid jets and strong hydrodynamic shear-forces. These effects are used for the deagglomeration and milling of micrometre and nanometre-size materials as well as for the disintegration of cells or the mixing of reactants. In this aspect, ultrasonication is an alternative to high-speed mixers and agitator bead mills. Ultrasonic foils under the moving wire in a paper machine will use the shock waves from the imploding bubbles to distribute the cellulose fibres more uniformly in the produced paper web, which will make a stronger paper with more even surfaces. Furthermore, chemical reactions benefit from the free radicals created by the cavitation as well as from the energy input and the material transfer through boundary layers. For many processes, this sonochemical (see <a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">sonochemistry</a>) effect leads to a substantial reduction in the reaction time, like in the <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a> of oil into <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics,_LLC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics%2C_LLC.jpg/220px-Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics%2C_LLC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics%2C_LLC.jpg/330px-Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics%2C_LLC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics%2C_LLC.jpg/440px-Schematic_of_bench_and_industrial-scale_ultrasonic_liquid_processors_produced_by_Industrial_Sonomechanics%2C_LLC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors</figcaption></figure> <p>Substantial ultrasonic intensity and high ultrasonic vibration amplitudes are required for many processing applications, such as nano-crystallization, nano-emulsification,<sup id="cite_ref-nanoemulsion_paper_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nanoemulsion_paper-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deagglomeration, extraction, cell disruption, as well as many others. Commonly, a process is first tested on a laboratory scale to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench) scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for continuous production. During these scale-up steps, it is essential to make sure that all local exposure conditions (ultrasonic amplitude, <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> intensity, time spent in the active cavitation zone, etc.) stay the same. If this condition is met, the quality of the final product remains at the optimized level, while the productivity is increased by a predictable "scale-up factor". The productivity increase results from the fact that laboratory, bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic processor systems incorporate progressively larger <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_horn" title="Ultrasonic horn">ultrasonic horns</a>, able to generate progressively larger high-intensity cavitation zones and, therefore, to process more material per unit of time. This is called "direct scalability". It is important to point out that increasing the power of the ultrasonic processor alone does <i>not</i> result in direct scalability, since it may be (and frequently is) accompanied by a reduction in the ultrasonic amplitude and cavitation intensity. During direct scale-up, all processing conditions must be maintained, while the power rating of the equipment is increased in order to enable the operation of a larger ultrasonic horn.<sup id="cite_ref-horn_paper_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horn_paper-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book_section_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book_section-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-book_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_manipulation_and_characterization_of_particles">Ultrasonic manipulation and characterization of particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic manipulation and characterization of particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A researcher at the Industrial Materials Research Institute, Alessandro Malutta, devised an experiment that demonstrated the trapping action of ultrasonic standing waves on wood pulp fibers diluted in water and their parallel orienting into the equidistant pressure planes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time to orient the fibers in equidistant planes is measured with a laser and an electro-optical sensor. This could provide the paper industry a quick on-line fiber size measurement system. A somewhat different implementation was demonstrated at Pennsylvania State University using a microchip which generated a pair of perpendicular standing surface acoustic waves allowing to position particles equidistant to each other on a grid. This experiment, called <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tweezers" title="Acoustic tweezers">acoustic tweezers</a>, can be used for applications in material sciences, biology, physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_cleaning">Ultrasonic cleaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic cleaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_cleaning" title="Ultrasonic cleaning">Ultrasonic cleaning</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_cleaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic cleaner">Ultrasonic cleaners</a>, sometimes mistakenly called <i><a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> cleaners</i>, are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">dental instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">diving regulators</a> and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works mostly by energy released from the collapse of millions of microscopic <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> bubbles near the dirty surface. The collapsing bubbles form tiny shockwaves that break up and disperse contaminants on the object's surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_disintegration">Ultrasonic disintegration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic disintegration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to ultrasonic cleaning, <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">biological cells</a> including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> can be disintegrated. High power ultrasound produces <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> that facilitates particle disintegration or reactions. This has uses in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological science</a> for analytical or chemical purposes (<a href="/wiki/Sonication" title="Sonication">sonication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoporation" title="Sonoporation">sonoporation</a>) and in killing bacteria in sewage. High power ultrasound can disintegrate corn slurry and enhance liquefaction and saccharification for higher ethanol yield in dry corn milling plants.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_humidifier">Ultrasonic humidifier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic humidifier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ultrasonic humidifier, one type of <a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">nebulizer</a> (a device that creates a very fine spray), is a popular type of humidifier. It works by vibrating a metal plate at ultrasonic frequencies to nebulize (sometimes incorrectly called "atomize") the water. Because the water is not heated for evaporation, it produces a cool mist. The ultrasonic pressure waves nebulize not only the water but also materials in the water including calcium, other minerals, viruses, fungi, bacteria,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other impurities. Illness caused by impurities that reside in a humidifier's reservoir fall under the heading of "Humidifier Fever". </p><p>Ultrasonic humidifiers are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>, where they are generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fogger" title="Fogger">foggers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultrasonic_welding">Ultrasonic welding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ultrasonic welding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">ultrasonic welding</a> of plastics, high frequency (15 kHz to 40 kHz) low amplitude vibration is used to create heat by way of friction between the materials to be joined. The interface of the two parts is specially designed to concentrate the energy for maximum weld strength. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sonochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></div> <p>Power ultrasound in the 20–100 kHz range is used in chemistry. The ultrasound does not interact directly with <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> to induce the chemical change, as its typical wavelength (in the millimeter range) is too long compared to the molecules. Instead, the energy causes <a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> which generates extremes of temperature and pressure in the liquid where the reaction happens. Ultrasound also breaks up solids and removes <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivating</a> layers of <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a> material to give a larger <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> for the reaction to occur over. Both of these effects make the reaction faster. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Atul_Kumar_(chemist)" title="Atul Kumar (chemist)">Atul Kumar</a> reported synthesis of Hantzsch esters and polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi-component reaction protocol in aqueous <a href="/wiki/Micelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Micelles">micelles</a> using ultrasound.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultrasound is used in <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">extraction</a>, using different frequencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When applied in specific configurations, ultrasound can produce short bursts of light in a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Sonoluminescence" title="Sonoluminescence">sonoluminescence</a>. </p><p>Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_attenuation_spectroscopy" title="Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy">ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy</a> or by observing <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_phenomena" title="Electroacoustic phenomena">electroacoustic phenomena</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_pulsed_ultrasound" title="Transcranial pulsed ultrasound">transcranial pulsed ultrasound</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_communication">Wireless communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Wireless communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audio can be propagated by <a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">modulated ultrasound</a>. </p><p>A formerly popular consumer application of ultrasound was in television <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controls</a> for adjusting volume and changing channels. Introduced by <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith</a> in the late 1950s, the system used a hand-held remote control containing short rod resonators struck by small hammers, and a microphone on the set. Filters and detectors discriminated between the various operations. The principal advantages were that no battery was needed in the hand-held control box and, unlike <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>, the ultrasound was unlikely to affect neighboring sets. Ultrasound remained in use until displaced by infrared systems starting in the late 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2015, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> reported that researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> have conducted ultrasound studies using <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> <a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_(acoustics)" title="Diaphragm (acoustics)">diaphragms</a>. The thinness and low weight of graphene combined with its strength make it an effective material to use in ultrasound communications. One suggested application of the technology would be underwater communications, where radio waves typically do not travel well.<sup id="cite_ref-economist1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultrasonic signals have been used in "audio beacons" for <a href="/wiki/Cross-device_tracking" title="Cross-device tracking">cross-device tracking</a> of Internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occupational exposure to ultrasound in excess of 120 dB may lead to hearing loss. Exposure in excess of 155 dB may produce heating effects that are harmful to the human body, and it has been calculated that exposures above 180 dB may lead to death.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK's independent Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation (AGNIR) produced a report in 2010, which was published by the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA). This report recommended an exposure limit for the general public to airborne ultrasound sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70 dB (at 20 kHz), and 100 dB (at 25 kHz and above).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">medical ultrasound</a>, guidelines exist to prevent inertial cavitation from happening. The risk of inertial cavitation damage is expressed by the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_index" title="Mechanical index">mechanical index</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/40px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Medical">Medical portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_droplet_ejection" title="Acoustic droplet ejection">Acoustic droplet ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_emission" title="Acoustic emission">Acoustic emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_detector" title="Bat detector">Bat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast-enhanced_ultrasound" title="Contrast-enhanced ultrasound">Contrast-enhanced ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-line_memory" title="Delay-line memory">Delay-line memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_ultrasound-mediated_diagnostics" title="Focused ultrasound-mediated diagnostics">Focused ultrasound-mediated diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a> — sound at extremely low frequencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isochoic_wave" title="Isochoic wave">Isochoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_ultrasonics" title="Laser ultrasonics">Laser ultrasonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phased_array_ultrasonics" title="Phased array ultrasonics">Phased array ultrasonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosecond_ultrasonics" title="Picosecond ultrasonics">Picosecond ultrasonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonomicrometry" title="Sonomicrometry">Sonomicrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_from_ultrasound" title="Sound from ultrasound">Sound from ultrasound</a> (also known as hypersonic sound)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_acoustic_wave" title="Surface acoustic wave">Surface acoustic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_motor" title="Ultrasonic motor">Ultrasonic motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_attenuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasonic attenuation">Ultrasonic attenuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_attenuation_spectroscopy" title="Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy">Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDanceChristofidesMaidmentMcLean2014" class="citation book cs1">Dance D, Christofides S, Maidment A, McLean I, Ng K, eds. (2014). "12: Physics of Ultrasound". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/publications/8841/diagnostic-radiology-physics"><i>Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students</i></a>. Vienna, Austria: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-0-131010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-0-131010-1"><bdi>978-92-0-131010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12%3A+Physics+of+Ultrasound&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+Radiology+Physics%3A+A+Handbook+for+Teachers+and+Students&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=International+Atomic+Energy+Agency&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-0-131010-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fpublications%2F8841%2Fdiagnostic-radiology-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-squires-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-squires_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovelline1997" class="citation book cs1">Novelline R (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/squiresfundament0000nove_f4e9/page/34"><i>Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology</i></a> (5th ed.). 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(July 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKasteleinBunskoekHagedoornAu2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kastelein RA, Bunskoek P, Hagedoorn M, Au WW, de Haan D (July 2002). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Acoustic+chatter&rft.date=2015-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-and-technology%2F21657353-graphene-may-usher-radios-do-not-use-radio-waves-acoustic-chatter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:15_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArpQuiringWressneggerRieck2017" class="citation book cs1">Arp D, Quiring E, Wressnegger C, Rieck K (2017). "Privacy Threats through Ultrasonic Side Channels on Mobile Devices". <i>2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FEuroSP.2017.33">10.1109/EuroSP.2017.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-5762-7"><bdi>978-1-5090-5762-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Privacy+Threats+through+Ultrasonic+Side+Channels+on+Mobile+Devices&rft.btitle=2017+IEEE+European+Symposium+on+Security+and+Privacy+%28EuroS%26P%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FEuroSP.2017.33&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-5762-7&rft.aulast=Arp&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Quiring%2C+E&rft.au=Wressnegger%2C+C&rft.au=Rieck%2C+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMavroudisHaoFratantonioMaggi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mavroudis V, Hao S, Fratantonio Y, Maggi F, Kruegel C, Vigna G (April 2017). "On the Privacy and Security of the Ultrasound Ecosystem". <i>Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies</i>. <b>2017</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpopets-2017-0018">10.1515/popets-2017-0018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+on+Privacy+Enhancing+Technologies&rft.atitle=On+the+Privacy+and+Security+of+the+Ultrasound+Ecosystem&rft.volume=2017&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpopets-2017-0018&rft.aulast=Mavroudis&rft.aufirst=Vasilios&rft.au=Hao%2C+Shuang&rft.au=Fratantonio%2C+Yanick&rft.au=Maggi%2C+Federico&rft.au=Kruegel%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Vigna%2C+Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPart_II,_industrialcommercial_applications1991" class="citation book cs1">Part II, industrial, commercial applications (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110213842/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/safety-code_24-securite/health-sante-eng.php#a2.2"><i>Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Part II –  Industrial & Commercial Applications –  Safety Code 24</i></a>. Health Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-660-13741-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-660-13741-4"><bdi>978-0-660-13741-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/safety-code_24-securite/health-sante-eng.php#a2.2">the original</a> on 10 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+Safe+Use+of+Ultrasound+Part+II+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Industrial+%26+Commercial+Applications+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B+Safety+Code+24&rft.pub=Health+Canada&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-660-13741-4&rft.au=Part+II%2C+industrial&rft.au=commercial+applications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hc-sc.gc.ca%2Fewh-semt%2Fpubs%2Fradiation%2Fsafety-code_24-securite%2Fhealth-sante-eng.php%23a2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAGNIR2010" class="citation book cs1">AGNIR (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1265028759369"><i>Health Effects of Exposure to Ultrasound and Infrasound</i></a>. Health Protection Agency, UK. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>170. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108194756/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1265028759369">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Effects+of+Exposure+to+Ultrasound+and+Infrasound&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Health+Protection+Agency%2C+UK.&rft.date=2010&rft.au=AGNIR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpa.org.uk%2Fwebc%2FHPAwebFile%2FHPAweb_C%2F1265028759369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Ultrasound</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ultrasound">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKundu2004" class="citation book cs1">Kundu T (2004). <i>Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation: engineering and biological material characterization</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1462-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1462-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-1462-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultrasonic+nondestructive+evaluation%3A+engineering+and+biological+material+characterization&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1462-9&rft.aulast=Kundu&rft.aufirst=Tribikram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrzesikPluta1983" class="citation journal cs1">Grzesik J, Pluta E (1983). "High-frequency hearing risk of operators of industrial ultrasonic devices". <i>International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health</i>. <b>53</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983IAOEH..53...77G">1983IAOEH..53...77G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00406179">10.1007/BF00406179</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6654504">6654504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37176293">37176293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Archives+of+Occupational+and+Environmental+Health&rft.atitle=High-frequency+hearing+risk+of+operators+of+industrial+ultrasonic+devices&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00406179&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37176293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6654504&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983IAOEH..53...77G&rft.aulast=Grzesik&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Pluta%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltrasound" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrasound&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110213842/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/radiation/safety-code_24-securite/health-sante-eng.php">Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound</a>: valuable insight on the boundary conditions tending towards abuse of ultrasound</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" 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