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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Bennett McCord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg/220px-Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg/330px-Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg/440px-Dr._and_Mrs._James_B._McCord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="618" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">James B. and Margaret (née Mellon) McCord, circa 1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">April 5th, 1870<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Toulon, Illinois, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 5th, 1950<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Oakham, Massachusetts, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Oberlin College (BA) <p>Northwestern University (MD) </p> Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS, LRCP)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Physician, Medical Missionary, Founder and First Superintendent of McCord Zulu Hospital</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Bennett McCord</b> (April 5, 1870 – October 5, 1950) was an American <a href="/wiki/Medical_missionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical missionary">medical missionary</a> and physician who founded the McCord Zulu Hospital and spent over three decades treating mostly African, Native, and mixed race patients in <a href="/wiki/Durban,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Durban, South Africa">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. He pioneered the training program for the first African nurses, worked towards the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> dedicated to training black doctors, and shared his life story in his autobiography titled <i>My Patients Were Zulus.</i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James B. McCord was born on April 5, 1870, in <a href="/wiki/Toulon,_Illinois" title="Toulon, Illinois">Toulon, Illinois</a>, to Robert L. McCord, a Congregational minister in Iowa and Illinois, and Helen D. McCord (née Hopkins), who came from a farming and politically involved family in Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCord studied at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>’s preparatory school before continuing on to attend the college. He graduated in 1891 and then attended medical school at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving his medical degree in 1895, he interned at <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Hospital_and_Medical_Center" title="Mercy Hospital and Medical Center">Mercy Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCord met his wife, Margaret McCord (née Mellon), whose parents were former medical missionaries in South Africa, at Oberlin College, and they married on August 14th, 1895. They had six children together: Jessie, Mary, Robert, Laura, William, and Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, Jessie and Laura both unexpectedly passed away in 1919, and although the McCords did not mention it publicly, their daughters’ deaths and the ensuing grief noticeably changed them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCord was an avid <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> player, and he not only founded the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://durbanchessclub.co.za/">Durban Chess Club</a> but also actively competed in tournaments even after his retirement and return to America. He continued playing until his death and was the oldest to compete in the 1950 U.S. National Chess Championship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission">Mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_to_Serve">Call to Serve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Call to Serve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his time at Oberlin College, McCord worked with the <a href="/wiki/Student_Volunteer_Movement" title="Student Volunteer Movement">Student Volunteer Movement</a>, which inspired him to serve as a missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He originally wanted to serve as a minister but realized he was best suited for another job. With his wife Margaret's encouragement, he had pursued medicine in hopes of being a medical missionary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his internship at Mercy Hospital, McCord enquired the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> for a position<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and learned that he would not be able to get paid yet due to a lack of funding, so he ended up working in Lake City, Iowa,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1899 when the Board notified him of a position in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal, South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png/220px-Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png/330px-Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png/440px-Adams_Mission_Jubilee_Hall_Natal_South_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>US missionaries at Jubilee Hall, Adams Mission, Amanzimtoti, South Africa, in 1886 to mark the mission's 50th anniversary</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adams_Mission">Adams Mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adams Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCord began learning <a href="/wiki/IsiZulu" class="mw-redirect" title="IsiZulu">isiZulu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> language, for a year, and after, he intended to take over and run the <a href="/wiki/Adams_Mission" title="Adams Mission">Adams Mission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was previously managed by Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=B.N._Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.N. Bridgman (page does not exist)">B.N. Bridgman</a> until 1898, in Amanzimtoti, South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a new law mandated that a British medical degree was required to practice medicine in Natal,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so McCord studied at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Surgeons">Royal College of Surgeons</a> in London, England from 1901 to 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning to Natal in 1902, it was clear that Adams Mission's location was inaccessible for many patients, as they traveled far to receive care.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As word spread about McCord's successful work, more patients journeyed to come see him, and by 1903, McCord was treating 400 patients a month.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Years_in_Durban,_South_Africa"><span id="Early_Years_in_Durban.2C_South_Africa"></span>Early Years in Durban, South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Years in Durban, South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The McCords were especially convinced to move their practice because of one patient who died from dysentery after walking 30 km (19 mi) to Adams Mission for treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durban, South Africa was considered to be a more suitable location, since it was a growing city<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and closer to a greater population of African, Native, and mixed race people<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that McCord wanted to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, on 76 Beatrice Street, Greyville,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the McCords opened a <a href="/wiki/Dispensary" title="Dispensary">dispensary</a>, with multiple medicine and consulting rooms, as well as a waiting room, a space reserved for multiple purposes from religious services (since religion was heavily integrated into the dispensary's operations) to evening school.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first year of operation, more than 4,000 people visited the dispensary to seek treatment, and there was a wide range of conditions seen, including but not limited to indigestion, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McCord_Zulu_Hospital">McCord Zulu Hospital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: McCord Zulu Hospital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg/220px-McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg/330px-McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg/440px-McCord_Hospital_verandah_and_balcony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>McCord Hospital verandah and balcony</figcaption></figure> <p>From when they first moved to Durban to when they continued to work at the dispensary, the McCords realized the need for a hospital,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so they rented a house close to the dispensary. It only had a capacity of twelve patients and even with no staff to help, this cottage hospital served 900 patients in its first three months open.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The McCords wanted to expand and open a larger hospital, but they faced several challenges along the way. In addition to needing funding and additional staff,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was tension between them and the white residents and even other doctors in the area, as they strongly opposed a hospital dedicated to providing care for Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to three years of court battles after the McCords bought a plot of land on the outskirts of Durban, due to their inability to afford a place closer to the dispensary. Even the Supreme Court of Natal became involved, but eventually, the McCords were allowed to follow through with their plans for a 48-bed hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new hospital, originally known as Mission Nursing Home,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened on May 1, 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its name only changed to <a href="/wiki/McCord_Zulu_Hospital" title="McCord Zulu Hospital">McCord Zulu Hospital</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospital_Culture">Hospital Culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hospital Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The McCord Zulu Hospital had a unique culture centering around the ‘McCord Family,’ which was built on Christianity and a general dedication to service, and it was a key element that motivated its staff and patients to come there, rather than other healthcare centers, for work and treatment. It also most likely played a part in the hospital's longevity and successful resistance to outside pressures, especially in the transition and aftermath of an apartheid state.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nurses were held to high standards, morally and religiously, and were often supervised to ensure that they continued fulfilling their jobs to the level expected of them.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCord himself notes the importance of the ‘McCord Family’ in his book <i>My Patients Were Zulus</i>, describing the ‘McCord nurse’ to be a balanced, self-respecting, and aware woman. Specifically, the three pillars that separated them from other nurses were prayer, staff selection, and discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCord, and his successor, Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_B._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan B. Taylor (page does not exist)">Alan B. Taylor</a>, considered themselves to be father figures who took care of the rest of the staff, while their wives, Margaret and Mary Taylor, respectively, were the Matrons who took on the role of the motherly figure. There was a hierarchy based on the positions people worked in, but the staff still enjoyed events together, were invested in each other's lives, and acted like a family.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="HIV_Pandemic">HIV Pandemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: HIV Pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the HIV pandemic swept across sub-Saharan Africa, with 70% of the affected 42 million living in this region and the KwaZulu-Natal province being the epicenter in South Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the McCord Zulu Hospital set up the Sinikithemba (or ‘we give hope’ in Zulu) HIV clinic and implemented comprehensive treatment programs in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These efforts led it to be a prominent, leading center for HIV care in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_Government_ownership_and_control">Transition to Government ownership and control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transition to Government ownership and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The McCord Zulu Hospital grew to include over 400 staff and 140 beds, becoming one of largest hospitals in the KwaZulu-Natal province.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, however, a cut in funding, initially from international sources in 2012 and then from the government in 2013, meant that it would not be able to stay open,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because as a nonprofit hospital, it only continued to operate by receiving state aid<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fundraising to compensate for the minimal fees patients had to pay.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the hospital's dedication since its establishment to provide quality care to the less privileged (extending to those without health insurance in recent decades)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and widespread public backlash to keep it open as a semi-private hospital and intermediary between the expensive private facilities and the public hospitals that were operating with the new National Health Insurance plan,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the McCord Zulu Hospital officially closed in March 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being open for 104 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the direction of Dr. Sibongiseni Dhlomo, a KwaZulu-Natal Executive Council Member, the province's Department of Health took over the hospital in 2014 and transformed it into the McCord Provincial Eye Hospital,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it continues to provide care in Durban today.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training_and_Education_Initiatives">Training and Education Initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Training and Education Initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the start when the McCord Zulu Hospital opened, McCord was dedicated to training Africans to be healthcare personnel. The first nurse he trained was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katie_Makanya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katie Makanya (page does not exist)">Katie Makanya</a>, who was crucial for the mission's success. She was also his assistant, translator, and interpreter, and as a Zulu, she bridged the gap between the local patients and McCord. Makanya worked at the Beatrice Street Dispensary from 1904 to 1940, and her story is the subject of the book <i>The Calling of Katie Makanya,</i> written by Margaret (Peggy) McCord-Nixon, McCord's youngest daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One motivation behind McCord's desire to medically train Africans was noted in his article “Medical missionary work among the Zulus of Natal, South Africa,” which was that training Africans to be nurses and missionaries would combat any harm perpetuated by witch-doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor was the potential to increase the number of medical providers, allowing a full staff to be not only at the McCord Hospital and Dispensary but also other healthcare centers in the area, expanding the quality care given to local patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCord served in the American army during World War I, and that is where he met Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_B._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan B. Taylor (page does not exist)">Alan B. Taylor</a>, who proved to be an important colleague, collaborator,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and McCord's successor as superintendent of McCord Zulu Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They both were committed to providing medical training for Africans, despite resistance they faced<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that hindered their efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As their proposals for a medical school kept getting blocked, in the interim, they decided to focus on an initiative to train African nurses, and in 1924, the McCord Zulu Hospital became one of the first official training hospitals for them. This inspired other Natal mission hospitals to include training schools, and by the 1930s, around 70 such institutions were established for nurses and midwives, although McCord's remained one of the two schools dedicated to black nurses.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCord and Taylor's relentless work eventually culminated in the opening of the Non-European Medical School of the University of Natal, of which Taylor was the dean, in 1951 after McCord's death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCord was heavily involved in multiple organizations in Durban. He was the president of the Durban Medical Society for four years; a member of the Joint Council for Europeans and Non-Europeans, the Institute of Race Relations, the Natal Missionary Conference, and the General Missionary Conference of South Africa; and chairman of the American Board Mission in South Africa, all in the pursuit to better advocate for Africans, whether it be for education, wages, or training.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement_and_Return">Retirement and Return</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retirement and Return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCord took several furloughs throughout his decades-long tenure in South Africa, including in 1909 (when he returned to America due to his father's poor health), 1917, and 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Margaret permanently moved back to the states when he retired at seventy years old in 1940. They stayed in Oakham, Massachusetts, where McCord died in his sleep on October 5, 1950, and was later buried in Pine Grove Cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCord's lifelong work, passion for education, and committed service to the people in South Africa led to a nursing school, the Durban Medical School (now Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine of the University of KwaZulu-Natal), a longstanding hospital (now McCord Provincial Eye Hospital), and allowed for the treatments and trainings of thousands of patients and healthcare professionals. In the six years alone from when he first moved to Durban to when he left for his first furlough, McCord had already served 15,000 patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The McCord Zulu Hospital has been well-known and respected for its high-quality care, extensive training programs, and dedicated treatment to the African and Native people in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hospital has provided training and experience for many healthcare professionals, and notable alumni include Dr. J. Ndlovu, KwaZulu-Natal's first African psychiatrist; Dr. Zweli Mkhize, KwaZulu-Natal's former Minister of Health; Professor M.W. Makgoba, University of Natal's Vice Chancellor; and Professor D.J. Ncayiyana, Durban Institute of Technology's Chancellor and <i>South African Medical Journal’s</i> Editor.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the only hospital to have survived the apartheid rule and the resulting efforts to shut down an organization mainly serving Africans in a majority white area.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCord published his autobiography <i>My Patients were Zulus</i> in 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his other publications include “A Native Medical Service in South Africa”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and “Native Witch Doctors and Healers.”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He elevated the medical care provided to nonwhite patients, and his efforts have left a long-lasting impact in South Africa, extending to present day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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<span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionary of American biography, under the auspices of the American council of learned societies</i>. New York, C. 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Natal Society Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9921766-9-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9921766-9-3"><bdi>978-0-9921766-9-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Hospital&rft.pub=Natal+Society+Foundation&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9921766-9-3&rft.aulast=Parle&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Noble%2C+Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1911" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, James Dexter (1911). <i>The American Board Mission In South Africa: A Sketch of Seventy-Five Years</i>. 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Ann Arbor, Michigan: MPublishing, University of Michigan Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HIV+Care+at+McCord+Hospital%2C+Durbin%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan%3A+MPublishing%2C+University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Giddy&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNcayiyana2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ncayiyana, Daniel (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0256-95742009000700001">"McCord Hospital: a century of footprints on the sands of time"</a>. <i>South African Medical Journal</i>. 99 n.7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=McCord+Hospital%3A+a+century+of+footprints+on+the+sands+of+time&rft.volume=99+n.7&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Ncayiyana&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0256-95742009000700001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatel2013" class="citation web cs1">Patel, Khadija (January 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-01-23-cutting-the-mccord-durbans-hospital-finally-loses-the-battle/">"Cutting the McCord: Durban's hospital finally loses the battle"</a>. <i>Daily Maverick</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Maverick&rft.atitle=Cutting+the+McCord%3A+Durban%27s+hospital+finally+loses+the+battle&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Khadija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymaverick.co.za%2Farticle%2F2013-01-23-cutting-the-mccord-durbans-hospital-finally-loses-the-battle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2013" class="citation web cs1">Burns, Catherine (February 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2013-02-08-defending-a-legacy-of-healthcare-integrity/">"McCord Hospital: Defending a legacy of healthcare integrity"</a>. <i>Mail and Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mail+and+Guardian&rft.atitle=McCord+Hospital%3A+Defending+a+legacy+of+healthcare+integrity&rft.date=2013-02-08&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmg.co.za%2Farticle%2F2013-02-08-defending-a-legacy-of-healthcare-integrity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kznhealth.gov.za/McCord-hospital.htm">"McCord Provincial Eye Hospital"</a>. <i>KwaZulu-Natal Province Health</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KwaZulu-Natal+Province+Health&rft.atitle=McCord+Provincial+Eye+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kznhealth.gov.za%2FMcCord-hospital.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1949" class="citation web cs1">Holmes, E.G. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/index.php?inventory_enhanced/U/Collections&c=193868/R/AD1715-9-7-1-4">"Anaemia in Indians: the field of work on Anaemia and its role in disease"</a>. <i>Historical Papers Research Archive</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Papers+Research+Archive&rft.atitle=Anaemia+in+Indians%3A+the+field+of+work+on+Anaemia+and+its+role+in+disease&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=E.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za%2Findex.php%3Finventory_enhanced%2FU%2FCollections%26c%3D193868%2FR%2FAD1715-9-7-1-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCord1930" class="citation journal cs1">McCord, J.B. (1930). "A Native Medical Service in South Africa". <i>Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (17): 511–514 – via Global Health Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Medical+Association+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=A+Native+Medical+Service+in+South+Africa&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=511-514&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=McCord&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCord1926" class="citation journal cs1">McCord, J.B. (1926). "Native Witch Doctors and Healers". <i>South African Medical Record</i>. <b>24</b> (9): 195–205 – via Global Health Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Record&rft.atitle=Native+Witch+Doctors+and+Healers&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=195-205&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=McCord&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Bennett+McCord" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&oldid=1158047094">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Bennett_McCord&oldid=1158047094</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870_births" title="Category:1870 births">1870 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950_deaths" title="Category:1950 deaths">1950 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oberlin_College_alumni" title="Category:Oberlin College alumni">Oberlin College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Northwestern_University_alumni" title="Category:Northwestern University alumni">Northwestern University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_missionaries" title="Category:Medical missionaries">Medical missionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Toulon,_Illinois" title="Category:People from Toulon, Illinois">People from Toulon, Illinois</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 June 2023, at 16:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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