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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul 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reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Féerie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9erie_(th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre)" title="Féerie (théâtre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Féerie (théâtre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феерия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Феерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феерия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Феерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fejerija" title="Fejerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fejerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A2%E5%B9%BB%E5%8A%87" title="夢幻劇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="夢幻劇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feerie" title="Feerie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feerie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0-%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%94%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Драма-феєрія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Драма-феєрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Theatre genre</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the theatrical genre. For the opera genre, see <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_f%C3%A9erie" title="Opéra féerie">Opéra féerie</a>. For the stage show, see <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie_(Moulin_Rouge)" title="Féerie (Moulin Rouge)">Féerie (Moulin Rouge)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Biche_au_bois,_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/La_Biche_au_bois%2C_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg/220px-La_Biche_au_bois%2C_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/La_Biche_au_bois%2C_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg/330px-La_Biche_au_bois%2C_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/La_Biche_au_bois%2C_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg/440px-La_Biche_au_bois%2C_Alfred_Choubrac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Poster by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Choubrac" title="Alfred Choubrac">Alfred Choubrac</a> for an 1890 <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a> production of <i>La Biche au bois</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Féerie</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[feʁi]</a></span>), sometimes translated as "fairy play",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudreault2011171_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudreault2011171-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a French theatrical genre known for <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> plots and spectacular visuals, including lavish scenery and mechanically worked stage effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Féeries</i> blended music, dancing, pantomime, and acrobatics, as well as magical transformations created by designers and stage technicians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to tell stories with clearly defined <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> and an extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre developed in the early 19th century and became immensely popular in France throughout the nineteenth century, influencing the development of <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical comedy">musical comedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg/250px-Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg/375px-Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg/500px-Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stereo_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo card">Stereo card</a> of a scene from <i>Les Pilules du diable</i></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Féeries</i> used a fairy-tale aesthetic to combine theatre with music, dances, mime, acrobatics, and especially spectacular visual effects created by innovative stage machinery,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Trap_door" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap door">trap doors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoke machine">smoke machines</a>, and quickly changeable sets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Songs always appeared, usually featuring new lyrics to familiar melodies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19764_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19764-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transformation scenes, in which a scene would change as if by magic in full view of the audience, were an important component of the style; until 1830, nearly all scene changes in <i>féeries</i> were full-view transformations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last transformation in a <i>féerie</i>, accompanied by a flourish of music, led to the <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a>: a grand final stage picture, usually involving beautiful <a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_actor" title="Supernumerary actor">supernumeraries</a> descending from the sky or suspended on wires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19762_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19762-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These elements, especially the spectacle and stage effects, were far more prominent than the plot. The critic <a href="/wiki/Francisque_Sarcey" title="Francisque Sarcey">Francisque Sarcey</a> suggested that for a <i>féerie</i>, the crew in charge of design and stagecraft should be regarded as more important than the writers, noting that the scripts themselves were so incoherent that "one can put the beginning at the end, and vice versa."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen20122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> even suggested, with considerable irony, that the immensely successful féerie <i>Les Pilules du diable</i> could be performed as a purely <a href="/wiki/Mime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mime">mimed</a> production, so that no spoken words would distract the audience from the spectacle they had come to enjoy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total effect was one of a dazzling, dreamlike array of visuals, harkening back to fairy-tale traditions and a childlike sense of wonder through the use of innovative stage technology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen20122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a review of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(play)" title="The Blue Bird (play)">The Blue Bird</a></i>, a writer in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_d%C3%A9bats" title="Journal des débats">Journal des débats</a></i> commented satirically on the spectacular frivolity of a typical <i>féerie</i>, but positively on the genre's vast potential for creativity: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing is more rare than a féerie which is not an absurd mixture of ridiculous adventures and burlesque inventions and which consists otherwise only as an exhibition of tricks, costumes and decors … Nevertheless what resources are offered by the féerie to the poetic imagination!<sup id="cite_ref-Moen94_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moen94-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JulesCh%C3%A9ret,_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois,_1876.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JulesCh%C3%A9ret%2C_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois%2C_1876.JPEG/300px-JulesCh%C3%A9ret%2C_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois%2C_1876.JPEG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JulesCh%C3%A9ret%2C_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois%2C_1876.JPEG/450px-JulesCh%C3%A9ret%2C_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois%2C_1876.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/JulesCh%C3%A9ret%2C_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois%2C_1876.JPEG/600px-JulesCh%C3%A9ret%2C_Affiche_de_la_biche_au_bois%2C_1876.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Poster for an 1876 production of <i>La Biche au bois</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The plots of <i>féeries</i> were usually borrowed from fairy tales in the French tradition, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault">Charles Perrault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madame_d%27Aulnoy" title="Madame d'Aulnoy">Madame d'Aulnoy</a>; other <i>féeries</i> borrowed from outside sources such as the <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i>, or created original plots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen20122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like melodramas, the form <i>féeries</i> involved a stirring battle between forces of good and evil. However, where melodrama merely suggested the existence of these extremes, <i>féeries</i> made them unabashedly literal by embodying them as witches, gnomes, and other supernatural creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clear moral tone was heightened by the dialogue, which often included maxims about love, duty, virtue, and similar topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full-length <i>féerie</i> often ran for several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen20122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four human characters reliably appeared among the supernatural forces: two young lovers (an <a href="/wiki/Ingenue_(stock_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingenue (stock character)">ingenue</a> and her heroic suitor), an often comical and grotesque rival for the affections of the ingenue, and a lazy <a href="/wiki/Valet" title="Valet">valet</a> obsessed with eating. The supernatural forces in the plot drove these characters through fantastic landscapes and multiple adventures, typically involving magic <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a> used to transform people, things, and places. The apotheosis reunited the lovers to dazzling effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19762_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19762-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg/300px-Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg/450px-Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg/600px-Set_design_Act2_of_Androm%C3%A8de_by_P_Corneille_1650_-_Gallica_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4926" data-file-height="3498" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the original production of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de" title="Andromède">Andromède</a></i>, a precursor of the <i>féerie</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>féerie</i> can trace its origins to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_de_cour" title="Ballet de cour">ballet de cour</a></i> ("court ballet") tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which such court leaders as <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> would commission spectacularly designed ballets based on mythological subjects and fables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinisty191012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinisty191012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable precursor is the <i>pièces à machines</i> ("plays with machines") genre, popular at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Marais" title="Théâtre du Marais">Théâtre du Marais</a> in the mid 17th-century, again using mythology as source material; <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Psych%C3%A9_(play)" title="Psyché (play)">Psyché</a></i> is a notable small-scale example,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Corneille" title="Pierre Corneille">Corneille</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Androm%C3%A8de" title="Andromède">Andromède</a></i> and <i>La Toison d'or</i> also count within the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These genres owed much to the theatrical engineering work of Italian architects, especially <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabbatini" title="Nicola Sabbatini">Nicola Sabbatini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spectacles paved the way for 18th-century fairground pantomimes (<i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_foire" title="Théâtre de la foire">théâtre de la foire</a></i>), such as <i>Arlequin dans un oeuf</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Jeunes-Artistes" title="Théâtre des Jeunes-Artistes">Théâtre des Jeunes-Artistes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Les Eaux de Merlin</i> by <a href="/wiki/Alain-Ren%C3%A9_Lesage" title="Alain-René Lesage">Alain-René Lesage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fairground pantomimes, by combining motifs from the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27Arte" class="mw-redirect" title="Commedia dell'Arte">Commedia dell'Arte</a> with lavish fantasy created by theatrical spectacle,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served as the most direct precursor of the 19th-century <i>féerie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> changed the face of French theatre, with a large new audience to please: the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. Various genres developed to please bourgeois tastes. The <i>féerie</i>, combining the fairground influences with the farcical style of <i><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_en_vaudeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Comédie en vaudeville">comédie en vaudeville</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began as a form of <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>, but the gap between them quickly became highly pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the nineteenth century audience, the two genres stood at opposite ends of a spectrum: at one end was melodrama, with its plots calculated to make audiences weep; <i>féerie</i> filled a place at the other extreme, providing entertainment designed to make audiences laugh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable early attempts toward the genre were Cuvelier de Trie's adaptations of <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Thumb" title="Tom Thumb">Tom Thumb</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Puss-in-Boots" class="mw-redirect" title="Puss-in-Boots">Puss-in-Boots</a></i>, in 1801 and 1802, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the <i>féerie</i> was helped along by a growing French interest in the literary qualities of classic fairy tales, and by the popularity of the <i>One Thousand and One Nights</i> after its first publication in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_successes">Early successes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early successes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erik_Fahlbeck,_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Erik_Fahlbeck%2C_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Erik_Fahlbeck%2C_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Erik_Fahlbeck%2C_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Erik_Fahlbeck%2C_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Erik_Fahlbeck%2C_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Erik_Fahlbeck%2C_rollportr%C3%A4tt_-_SMV_-_H3_013.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Erik Fahlbeck in an 1866 Swedish production of <i>Le Pied de mouton</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>féerie</i> in the full 19th-century sense of the word was born on 6 December 1806, with the premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9_(boulevard_du_Temple)" title="Théâtre de la Gaîté (boulevard du Temple)">Théâtre de la Gaîté</a> of <i>Le Pied de mouton</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("The Mutton Foot").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The play, written by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Martainville" class="extiw" title="fr:Alphonse Martainville">Alphonse Martainville</a> in collaboration with the actor César Ribié, follows the quest of a lovesick hero, Guzman, to save his lover Leonora from the hands of a villainous rival. With the help of a magic talisman (the mutton foot of the title) and under the watch of a fairy who espouses the value of virtue and duty, Guzman braves his way through a series of spectacular trials, spiced with music, ballet, and duels. Thanks to stage machinery, magical events flow freely through the play: portraits move, people fly, chaperones transform into guitarists, food disappears. In the end, love conquers all, and the fairy intervenes once more to ensure the triumph of good over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Le Pied de mouton</i> was widely successful and frequently revived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It codified the standard form of <i>féeries</i> for the next hundred years: a narrative in which the <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> or heroes undergo a series of adventures through spectacular scenes, with the sets often "magically" transforming in view of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars continue to cite it as a quintessential example of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg/220px-Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg/330px-Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg/440px-Ambigu-Comique-Le_Monstre_et_le_Magicien-1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9852" data-file-height="7140" /></a><figcaption>Poster for an 1861 production of <i>Le Monstre et le magicien</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>féerie</i>, once established, quickly flourished; between 1800 and 1820 alone, some sixty <i>féeries</i> were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1826 "<i>mélodrame féerie</i>" at the Porte Saint-Martin, <i>Le Monstre et le magicien</i>, struck new ground not only thematically—it had a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> edge and was based on <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i>—but also literally: an English designer, Tomkins, was brought in to install a complex new system of trapdoors in the stage floor. While the trap doors became a staple for <i>féerie</i> effects, the fashion for Gothic fiction onstage subsided by the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of <a href="/wiki/Guilbert_de_Pix%C3%A9r%C3%A9court" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilbert de Pixérécourt">Guilbert de Pixérécourt</a>'s most famous works in the genre, <i>Ondine</i> or <i>La Nymphe des Eaux</i> (1830), marks the beginning of a popular trend for plots featuring romances between mortals and supernatural beings; it tells the balletic, often aquatic love story of the <a href="/wiki/Water_nymph" class="mw-redirect" title="Water nymph">water nymph</a> Ondine, who obtains a soul by falling in love with a mortal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technical advances in stage machinery were quickly woven into new <i>féerie</i> productions: <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>, installed in most major Paris theaters by the late 1830s, allowed for more realistic set designs and various atmospheric effects, with <a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">limelight</a> becoming especially useful to simulate sunbeams and moonbeams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19764_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19764-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">diorama</a>—a staged tableau animated and transformed by changes in lighting—widely influenced <i>féerie</i> transformation effects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19764_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19764-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg/250px-Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg/375px-Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg/500px-Les_Pilules_du_diable_st%C3%A9r%C3%A9oscope_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Stereo card of a scene from <i>Les Pilules du diable</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The first great hit to match the success of <i>Le Pied de mouton</i> was the <a href="/wiki/Cirque_Olympique" title="Cirque Olympique">Cirque Olympique's</a> <i>Les Pilules du diable</i> (1839),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from a script by the vaudeville writer <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Anicet-Bourgeois" title="Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois">Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois</a> and two writers for circus productions, Laloue and Laurent. While the stage effects had gotten more spectacular since the initial <i>féeries</i>, the plots remained familiar; in this play, the rich <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hidalgo" class="extiw" title="wikt:hidalgo">hidalgo</a> Sottinez, madly in love with the ingenue Isabelle, pursues her and her lover Albert through bizarre and spectacular adventures.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Les Pilules du diable</i> was widely revived and imitated,<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was possibly the most celebrated <i>féerie</i> of all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later successful <i>féeries</i> included <i>La Biche au bois</i>, <i>La Chatte Blanche</i>, and <i>Peau d'Âne</i>, all of which borrowed heavily from <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romances</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while reframing their stories to suit the tastes of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular playwright <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_d%27Ennery" title="Adolphe d'Ennery">Adolphe d'Ennery</a> had a hit at the Gaîté in 1844 with <i>Les Sept Châteaux du diable</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality play</a>-like fantasy in which a pair of young couples face temptations in castles representing the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Deadly Sins">Seven Deadly Sins</a>; among d'Ennery's other <i>féerie</i>s is the similarly moral <i>Rothomago</i> (1862).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993154–55_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993154–55-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many successful féeries were the work of the prolific Cogniard brothers; their 1843 adaptation of the <i>One Thousand and One Nights</i>, <i>Les Mille et une nuits</i>, introduced <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a> to the genre while preserving its lighthearted vaudevillian dialogue. Other notable Cogniard productions were <i>La Chatte blanche</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Café-concert">café-concert</a> performer <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_(singer)" title="Thérésa (singer)">Thérésa</a>, the trick-filled <i>La Poudre de Perlinpinpin</i>, and, in collaboration with the vaudeville writer Clairville, the 1858 Variétés production <i>Les Bibelots du diable</i>, a comic spectacle with winking references and allusions to most of the major <i>féeries</i> that had gone before it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The comic strain of <i>Le Pied de mouton</i> and <i>Les Pilules du diable</i> was emphasized in many of these successes, such as <i>Les Sept Châteaux</i>, <i>Perlinpinpin</i>, and <i>Les Bibelots</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_(1874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_%281874%29.jpg/220px-Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_%281874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_%281874%29.jpg/330px-Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_%281874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_%281874%29.jpg/440px-Pezon_et_ses_six_lions_%281874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4626" data-file-height="3718" /></a><figcaption>Poster for an 1874 <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a> production of <i>Les Pilules du diable</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the large scale of the spectacle, the biggest and most technically equipped Parisian stages became the most in-demand venues for the shows. The Cirque Olympique, formerly an arena used for political and <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> spectacles, took advantage of its deep stage to present expensively mounted <i>féeries</i>; it was eventually replaced by a new auditorium built specifically for spectacle, the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Théâtre du Châtelet">Théâtre du Châtelet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149–50_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149–50-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Porte_Saint-Martin" title="Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin">Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin</a>, originally designed for opera productions, had a stage and machinery well suited to the demands of the <i>féerie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flourished with the genre under the direction of Marc Fournier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_the_term">Evolution of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>féerie</i> began as an adjective, used together with more established descriptive terms to advertise a production's genre. Many of the first <i>féeries</i> were advertised as <i>mélodrame-féeries</i> ("fairy melodrama"; half of all <i>féeries</i> presented between 1800 and 1810 were so described), a description which fell out of favor during the 1810s. <i>Pantomime-féeries</i>, developed by the mime Deburau, became highly popular in the 1840s. Other popular descriptors included <i>folie-féeries</i> and <i>comédie-féeries</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-f%C3%A9erie" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra-féerie">Opéra-féeries</a></i>, with an increased emphasis on music, first flourished in the 1820s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually developing into a form of <a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">operetta</a> in such works as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Jacques Offenbach</a>'s 1874 <i><a href="/wiki/Le_voyage_dans_la_lune_(operetta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le voyage dans la lune (operetta)">Le Voyage dans la lune</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most popular of all were <i>vaudeville-féeries</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> playwrights and featuring more songs and jokes than other productions did. This style became so widespread that by the late 1840s, <i>vaudeville-féeries</i> were known simply as <i>féeries</i>, and their particular tone became the standard across the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_variants">International variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: International variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza,_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza%2C_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg/170px-Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza%2C_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza%2C_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg/255px-Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza%2C_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza%2C_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg/340px-Fred_R._Hamlin%27s_musical_extravaganza%2C_The_wizard_of_Oz_LCCN2014636750.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7307" data-file-height="10699" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the 1903 fairy-tale extravaganza version of <i>The Wizard of Oz</i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_Planch%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robinson Planché">James Robinson Planché</a>, after seeing a <i>féerie</i> at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin on his honeymoon in 1821, brought the genre to England as the "fairy <a href="/wiki/Extravaganza" title="Extravaganza">extravaganza</a>." He staged some twenty fairy extravaganzas in London between 1836 and 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037–38_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037–38-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> also had strong similarities to the <i>féerie</i>, with one critic for a New Zealand newspaper describing <i>Les 400 coups du diable</i> as a "fairy play which in everything but in name is very much like our own Christmas pantomime".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessler201276–77_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessler201276–77-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its fairy-tale themes, the <i>féerie</i> can be also compared to later English "fairy plays" such as <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Pan (play)">Peter Pan</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Moen94_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moen94-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to American fairy-tale extravaganzas such as <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s musical version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1902_musical)" title="The Wizard of Oz (1902 musical)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201038_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201038-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comedia_de_magia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comedia de magia (page does not exist)"><i>comedia de magia</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/comedia_de_magia" class="extiw" title="es:comedia de magia">es</a>]</span>, a genre very similar to the <i>féerie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began a rise to prominence in 1715 with the works of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Salvo_y_Vela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Salvo y Vela (page does not exist)">Juan Salvo y Vela</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Salvo_y_Vela" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Salvo y Vela">es</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGies1988219_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGies1988219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form was well-established there by the time <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Grimaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Grimaldi (page does not exist)">Juan Grimaldi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Grimaldi" class="extiw" title="es:Juan Grimaldi">es</a>]</span> adapted <i>Le Pied de mouton</i> for the Spanish stage in 1829. Grimaldi's version, <i>La Pata de Cabra</i>, was a pronounced popular success and was widely imitated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Russia, the concept of fairy-tale spectacle merged with <a href="/wiki/Narrative_ballet" title="Narrative ballet">narrative ballet</a> to create the <i>ballet-féerie</i> ("fairy ballet").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreskovic2005190_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreskovic2005190-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form took its name from the French genre and its dance characteristics from the Italian <i>ballo grande</i> style. It was often considered a lower-class, more commercialized entertainment than traditional ballet; many late-nineteenth-century Russian critics attacked it, describing it as a foreign threat to national ballet traditions. Nonetheless, the <i>ballet-féerie</i> form attracted considerable artistic attention: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)" title="The Sleeping Beauty (ballet)">The Sleeping Beauty</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker" title="The Nutcracker">The Nutcracker</a></i> are both <i>ballet-féeries</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the French <i>féerie</i>, the <i>ballet-féerie</i> emphasized spectacle and stage effects. Where previous dance stagings had emphasized the technique and solo virtuosity of the <a href="/wiki/Prima_ballerina" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima ballerina">prima ballerina</a>, the new genre put the focus on ensemble dances, magical transformations, and shifting stage pictures created with movement and color.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg/220px-Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg/330px-Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg/440px-Voyage_%C3%A0_travers_l%27impossible_L%27Illustration_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4120" /></a><figcaption>Scenes and characters from <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>'s <i>féerie</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Through_the_Impossible" title="Journey Through the Impossible">Journey Through the Impossible</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-nineteenth century, <i>féeries</i> had become one of the foremost venues for fairy-tale storytelling in popular culture,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen20122-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had gained the fascination and respect of some of the foremost writers of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a> often reviewed them in his capacity as a writer on the theatre,<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comparing the shifting scenes and magical occurrences of the <i>féerie</i> to a dream:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19762_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19762-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What a charming summer spectacle is a féerie! That which doesn't demand any attention and unravels without logic, like a dream that we make wide awake … [It is] a symphony of forms, of colours and of lights … The characters, brilliantly clothed, wander through a perpetually changing series of tableaux, panic-stricken, stunned, running after each other, searching to reclaim the action which goes who knows where; but what does it matter! The dazzling of the eyes is enough to make for an agreeable evening.<sup id="cite_ref-Moen1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moen1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The popularity of the <i>féerie</i> had its first peak in the 1850s;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19765_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19765-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the end of the decade, around the time of <i>Les Bibelots du diable</i>, the focus had shifted from the fairy-tale plot to extravaganza on its own terms. Siraudin and Delacour's 1856 satire <i>La Queue de la poêle</i> parodied the conventions of the genre, much as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Frédérick Lemaître">Frédérick Lemaître</a> had done to melodrama in his version of <i>L'Auberge des Adrets</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155–56_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155–56-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though seen as somewhat old-fashioned during the 1860s, the genre saw a second surge in popularity from 1871 through the 1890s, in which ever more lavish versions of the genre's classics were mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1885 dictionary of theatre arts, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Pougin" title="Arthur Pougin">Arthur Pougin</a> noted that "audiences always show up in great numbers to any [<i>féerie</i>] on offer, because they adore this truly magical entertainment", and praised the <i>féerie</i> as "surely a delightful entertainment when it is in the hands of a true poet. It freely enters the whimsy of his imagination and can both delight the viewer's mind and enchant their eyes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudreault201142–43_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudreault201142–43-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the poems in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Fleurs_du_mal" title="Les Fleurs du mal">Les Fleurs du mal</a></i>, "L'Irreparable," was inspired by a <i>féerie</i> he had seen, <i>La Belle aux Cheveaux d'Or</i>, starring Marie Daubrun, an actress with whom he was smitten. <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> even wrote a full-length <i>féerie</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2teau_des_c%C5%93urs" title="Le Château des cœurs">Le Château des cœurs</a></i>, in 1863, though it was never performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kovacs1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> made his own contribution to the genre in 1881 with <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_Through_the_Impossible" title="Journey Through the Impossible">Journey Through the Impossible</a></i>, written in collaboration with Adolphe d'Ennery and featuring themes and characters from Verne's well-known novels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910214–215_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910214–215-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a>'s 1908 play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Bird_(play)" title="The Blue Bird (play)">The Blue Bird</a></i> was likewise described by contemporary observers as a <i>féerie</i>, though critics noted that it was a more overtly poetic and intellectual example of the genre than the classic Châtelet productions.<sup id="cite_ref-Moen94_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moen94-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopoldo_Metlicovitz,_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz%2C_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg/300px-Leopoldo_Metlicovitz%2C_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz%2C_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg/450px-Leopoldo_Metlicovitz%2C_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Leopoldo_Metlicovitz%2C_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg/600px-Leopoldo_Metlicovitz%2C_1907_-_Pirlimpinpin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>Poster for a 1907 Italian version of <i><i>La Poudre de Perlinpinpin</i></i></figcaption></figure> <p>From 1875's <i>La Voyage dans la lune</i> onward, some <i>féerie</i>s began to show a trend for incorporating scientific and technological themes into their plots,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács197612_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács197612-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a novelty due in part to the popularity and influence of Jules Verne's works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A related and very popular genre was also derived from Verne: the <i>pièce de grand spectacle</i>, an extravagantly lavish production built on a colorful but not fantasy-based plot. The genre was launched with Verne and d'Ennery's smash-hit 1874 dramatization of <i><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days" title="Around the World in Eighty Days">Around the World in Eighty Days</a></i>, quickly followed by two further adaptations from the same team, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Children_of_Captain_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Children of Captain Grant">The Children of Captain Grant</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Michael_Strogoff" title="Michael Strogoff">Michael Strogoff</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargot2005154_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargot2005154-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style of the <i>pièce de grand spectacle</i> was so close to the <i>féerie</i> that some critics found the terms interchangeable; <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Daudet" title="Alphonse Daudet">Alphonse Daudet</a> called <i>Around the World</i> "the most sumptuous, the most original of all <i>féeries</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargot200458_("''la_plus_somptueuse,_la_plus_originale_de_toutes_les_féeries''")_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargot200458_("''la_plus_somptueuse,_la_plus_originale_de_toutes_les_féeries''")-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Jules_Claretie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Claretie">Jules Claretie</a> said he overheard a theatregoer describe the show as <i>La Biche au bois</i> "by locomotive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargot2004168_("''en_locomotive''")_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargot2004168_("''en_locomotive''")-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, <i>Around the World</i> and <i>Michael Strogoff</i>, both immensely successful, codified the <i>pièce de grand spectacle</i> as a genre of its own, in competition with the similar but magic-based form of the "classical" <i>féerie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910215_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910215-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>féerie</i> fell out of popularity by the end of the 19th century, by which time it was largely seen as entertainment for children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It disappeared from French stages just as another medium, the cinema, was beginning to supplant it as a form of storytelling spectacle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LePiedDeMouton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LePiedDeMouton.jpg/220px-LePiedDeMouton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/LePiedDeMouton.jpg/330px-LePiedDeMouton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/LePiedDeMouton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>Scene from <a href="/wiki/Albert_Capellani" title="Albert Capellani">Albert Capellani</a>'s 1907 film version of <i>Le Pied de mouton</i></figcaption></figure> <p>With his 1899 film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_(1899_film)" title="Cinderella (1899 film)">Cinderella</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a> brought the <i>féerie</i> into the newly developing world of motion pictures. The <i>féerie</i> quickly became one of film's most popular and lavishly mounted genres in the early years of the twentieth century, with such pioneers as <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Hepworth" title="Cecil Hepworth">Cecil Hepworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zecca" title="Ferdinand Zecca">Ferdinand Zecca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Capellani" title="Albert Capellani">Albert Capellani</a> contributing fairy-tale adaptations in the <i>féerie</i> style or filming versions of popular stage féeries like <i>Le Pied de mouton</i>, <i>Les Sept Châteaux du diable</i>, and <i>La Biche au bois</i>. The leader in the genre, however, remained Méliès,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen201239–40_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen201239–40-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who designed many of his major films as <i>féeries</i> and whose work as a whole is intensely suffused with the genre's influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19768_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19768-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Demy" title="Jacques Demy">Jacques Demy</a>'s 1970 film <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Skin_(film)" title="Donkey Skin (film)">Peau d'Âne</a></i> also shows a strong <i>féerie</i> influence, using elements of the <i>féerie</i> of the same name by Emile Vanderburch, Evrard Laurencin, and Charles Clairville.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuggan2014_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuggan2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With its explorations into ways of integrating spectacle, comedy, and music in the theatre, the <i>féerie</i> also influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical comedy">musical comedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recollections of his career making films in the Méliès tradition, Ferdinand Zecca reflected on the genre's power: "It's not in the dramas and the acrobatic films that I put my greatest hope. It was in the féeries."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen201240_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen201240-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a review of <i>L'Etoile du berger</i>, an 1846 <i>féerie</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_l%27Ambigu-Comique" title="Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique">Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique</a>, Gauthier joked that the playbill should have included the line "the play has been done away with, as it detracted from the scenery".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudreault2011171-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudreault2011171_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudreault2011">Gaudreault 2011</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenelick2000-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenelick2000_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSenelick2000">Senelick 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBnF2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBnF2001_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBnF2001">BnF 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2010_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2010">Williams 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipes2010">Zipes 2010</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19764-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19764_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19764_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19764_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19762-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19762_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19762_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19762_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen20122-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen20122_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoen2012">Moen 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993148_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moen94-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moen94_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moen94_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moen94_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoen2012">Moen 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJgAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94">94</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovacs1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinisty191012-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinisty191012_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinisty1910">Ginisty 1910</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993153_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kovacs5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs5_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kovacs5_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993154–55-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993154–55_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, pp. 154–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149–50-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993149–50_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, pp. 149–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19763–4_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201037–38-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201037–38_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipes2010">Zipes 2010</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKessler201276–77-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKessler201276–77_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKessler2012">Kessler 2012</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZipes201038-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZipes201038_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZipes2010">Zipes 2010</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGies1988219-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGies1988219_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGies1988">Gies 1988</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreskovic2005190-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreskovic2005190_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreskovic2005">Greskovic 2005</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholl200422–23_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholl2004">Scholl 2004</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moen1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moen1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoen2012">Moen 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJgAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19765-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19765_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155–56-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCormick1993155–56_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCormick1993">McCormick 1993</a>, pp. 155–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudreault201142–43-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudreault201142–43_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudreault2011">Gaudreault 2011</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910214–215-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910214–215_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinisty1910">Ginisty 1910</a>, pp. 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács197612-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács197612_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargot2005154-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargot2005154_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargot2005">Margot 2005</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargot200458_("''la_plus_somptueuse,_la_plus_originale_de_toutes_les_féeries''")-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargot200458_("''la_plus_somptueuse,_la_plus_originale_de_toutes_les_féeries''")_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargot2004">Margot 2004</a>, p. 58 ("<i>la plus somptueuse, la plus originale de toutes les féeries</i>").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargot2004168_("''en_locomotive''")-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargot2004168_("''en_locomotive''")_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMargot2004">Margot 2004</a>, p. 168 ("<i>en locomotive</i>").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910215-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinisty1910215_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGinisty1910">Ginisty 1910</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen201239–40-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen201239–40_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoen2012">Moen 2012</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKovács19768-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKovács19768_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKovács1976">Kovács 1976</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuggan2014-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuggan2014_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuggan2014">Duggan 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoen201240-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoen201240_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoen2012">Moen 2012</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBnF2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BnF</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/contes/arret/variant/indscene.htm">"La féerie sur scène: les variantes formelles du conte de fées"</a>, <i>Il était une fois...les contes de fées</i>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+%C3%A9tait+une+fois...les+contes+de+f%C3%A9es&rft.atitle=La+f%C3%A9erie+sur+sc%C3%A8ne%3A+les+variantes+formelles+du+conte+de+f%C3%A9es&rft.date=2001&rft.au=BnF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpositions.bnf.fr%2Fcontes%2Farret%2Fvariant%2Findscene.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2014" class="citation cs2">Duggan, Anne E. (28 July 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3237-donkey-skin-demy-s-fairy-tale-worlds">"<i>Donkey Skin</i>: Demy's Fairy-Tale Worlds"</a>, <i>The Current</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Criterion_Collection" title="The Criterion Collection">The Criterion Collection</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Current&rft.atitle=Donkey+Skin%3A+Demy%27s+Fairy-Tale+Worlds&rft.date=2014-07-28&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=Anne+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fcurrent%2Fposts%2F3237-donkey-skin-demy-s-fairy-tale-worlds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudreault2011" class="citation cs2">Gaudreault, André (2011), <i>Film and Attraction: From Kinematography to Cinema</i>, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, p. 171</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+and+Attraction%3A+From+Kinematography+to+Cinema&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gaudreault&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGies1988" class="citation cs2">Gies, David Thatcher (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBJbK96D4GAC&pg=PA219"><i>Theatre and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Spain: Juan De Grimaldi as Impresario and Government Agent</i></a>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34293-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34293-3"><bdi>978-0-521-34293-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theatre+and+Politics+in+Nineteenth-Century+Spain%3A+Juan+De+Grimaldi+as+Impresario+and+Government+Agent&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34293-3&rft.aulast=Gies&rft.aufirst=David+Thatcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBJbK96D4GAC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinisty1910" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ginisty" title="Paul Ginisty">Ginisty, Paul</a> (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laferie00giniuoft"><i>La Féerie</i></a>, Paris: Louis-Michaud<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+F%C3%A9erie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Louis-Michaud&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ginisty&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaferie00giniuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreskovic2005" class="citation cs2">Greskovic, Robert (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2COs6yh_LS0C&pg=PA190"><i>Ballet 101: A Complete Guide to Learning and Loving the Ballet</i></a>, Pompton Plains, N.J.: Limelight Editions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87910-325-5"><bdi>978-0-87910-325-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ballet+101%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Learning+and+Loving+the+Ballet&rft.place=Pompton+Plains%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Limelight+Editions&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87910-325-5&rft.aulast=Greskovic&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2COs6yh_LS0C%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler2012" class="citation cs2">Kessler, Frank (2012), "The <i>Féerie</i> between Stage and Screen", in Gaudreault, André; Dulac, Nicolas; Hidalgo, Santiago (eds.), <i>A Companion to Early Cinema</i>, New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 64–79</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+F%C3%A9erie+between+Stage+and+Screen&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Early+Cinema&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64-79&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovács1976" class="citation cs2">Kovács, Katherine Singer (Autumn 1976), "Georges Méliès and the <i>Féerie</i>", <i>Cinema Journal</i>, <b>16</b> (1): 1–13, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1225446">10.2307/1225446</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225446">1225446</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=Georges+M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s+and+the+F%C3%A9erie&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1225446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1225446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kov%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Singer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargot2004" class="citation cs2">Margot, Jean-Michel (2004), <i>Jules Verne en son temps: vu par ses contemporains francophones (1863-1905)</i>, Amiens: Encrage</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jules+Verne+en+son+temps%3A+vu+par+ses+contemporains+francophones+%281863-1905%29&rft.place=Amiens&rft.pub=Encrage&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Margot&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargot2005" class="citation cs2">Margot, Jean-Michel (March 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820113104/http://jv.gilead.org.il/sfs/Margot.html">"Jules Verne, playwright"</a>, <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>, 1, <b>XXXII</b> (95): 150–162, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jv.gilead.org.il/sfs/Margot.html">the original</a> on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Jules+Verne%2C+playwright&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.issue=95&rft.pages=150-162&rft.date=2005-03&rft.aulast=Margot&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjv.gilead.org.il%2Fsfs%2FMargot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick1993" class="citation cs2">McCormick, John (1993), <i>Popular Theatres of Nineteenth-Century France</i>, London: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Theatres+of+Nineteenth-Century+France&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=McCormick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoen2012" class="citation cs2">Moen, Kristian (2012), <i>Film and Fairy Tales: The Birth of Modern Fantasy</i>, London: I.B. Tauris & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+and+Fairy+Tales%3A+The+Birth+of+Modern+Fantasy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Moen&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenelick2000" class="citation cs2">Senelick, Laurence (2000), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/cupthea/f%C3%A9erie/0">"Féerie"</a></span>, <i>The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</i>, <a href="/wiki/Credo_Reference" title="Credo Reference">Credo Reference</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Sleeping+Beauty%2C%22+a+Legend+in+Progress&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-300-12882-7&rft.aulast=Scholl&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLavl1UaaExwC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2010" class="citation cs2">Williams, Simon (2010), <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199574193.001.0001/acref-9780199574193-e-1305">"Féerie"</a></span>, <i>The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance</i>, Oxford Reference, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957419-3"><bdi>978-0-19-957419-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Theatre+and+Performance&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9erie&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957419-3&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199574193.001.0001%2Facref-9780199574193-e-1305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZipes2010" class="citation cs2">Zipes, Jack (2010), <i>The Enchanted Screen: The Unknown History of Fairy-Tale Films</i>, New York: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enchanted+Screen%3A+The+Unknown+History+of+Fairy-Tale+Films&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Zipes&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AF%C3%A9erie" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9erie&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Roxane Martin, <i>La féerie romantique sur les scènes parisiennes (1791-1864)</i>, Honoré Champion, Paris, 2007</li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> 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