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id="toc-Causes_of_provoked_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metabolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Metabolic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acute_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Acute infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acute_brain_trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_brain_trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Acute brain trauma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_brain_trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_of_unprovoked_seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_of_unprovoked_seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Causes of unprovoked seizures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_unprovoked_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Structural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prior_brain_trauma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_brain_trauma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Prior brain trauma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_brain_trauma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prior_brain_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_brain_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Prior brain infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_brain_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_epilepsy_syndromes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_epilepsy_syndromes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Genetic epilepsy syndromes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_epilepsy_syndromes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_and_physical_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_physical_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 History and physical examination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_physical_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Differential diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Surgery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Seizure</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%B7%D8%A8)" title="نوبة (طب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوبة (طب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepti%C4%8Dki_napad" title="Epileptički napad – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Epileptički napad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atac_epil%C3%A8ptic" title="Atac epilèptic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atac epilèptic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampfanfall" title="Krampfanfall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Krampfanfall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Επιληπτική κρίση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιληπτική κρίση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsi%C3%B3n_epil%C3%A9ptica" title="Convulsión epiléptica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convulsión epiléptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%B9" title="حمله صرع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله صرع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_d%27%C3%A9pilepsie" title="Crise d'épilepsie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise d'épilepsie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%87%8C%EC%A0%84%EC%A6%9D_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9E%91" title="뇌전증 발작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뇌전증 발작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Էպիլեպտիկ նոպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էպիլեպտիկ նոպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="दौरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दौरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawan" title="Sawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_epilettiche" title="Crisi epilettiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi epilettiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99" title="פרכוס אפילפטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרכוס אפילפטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawan" title="Sawan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult" title="Insult – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Insult" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4" title="ବାତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବାତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napad_padaczkowy" title="Napad padaczkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napad padaczkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_epil%C3%A9ptica" title="Crise epiléptica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise epiléptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Эпилептический приступ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эпилептический приступ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepti%C4%8Dni_napad" title="Epileptični napad – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Epileptični napad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%81%DB%8E" title="نۆرەفێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆرەفێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Епилептички напад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епилептички напад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epilepti%C4%8Dki_napad" title="Epileptički napad – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epileptički napad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="การชัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การชัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6bet_(t%C4%B1p)" title="Nöbet (tıp) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nöbet (tıp)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Епілептичний напад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епілептичний напад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_kinh" title="Cơn động kinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơn động kinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%99%87%E7%99%BC%E4%BD%9C" title="癲癇發作 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="癲癇發作" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6279182#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Period of symptoms due to excessive or synchronous neuronal brain activity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about epileptic seizures. For other types of seizures, see <a href="/wiki/Non-epileptic_seizure" title="Non-epileptic seizure">Non-epileptic seizure</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Seizure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Seizure (disambiguation)">Seizure (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Epileptic seizure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Epileptic fit,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> seizure, fit, convulsions<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Spike-waves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/220px-Spike-waves.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/330px-Spike-waves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spike-waves.png/440px-Spike-waves.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Generalized 3 Hz spike and wave discharges in an <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroencephalogram">electroencephalogram</a> (EEG) of a patient with epilepsy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Variable<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Falling, drowning, car accidents, pregnancy complications, emotional health issues<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Typically < 2 minutes<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">Focal, generalized; Provoked, unprovoked<a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Provoked: <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood sugar">Low blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol withdrawal">alcohol withdrawal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood sodium">low blood sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain infection">brain infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a> Unprovoked: Flashing <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">lights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">colours</a>, unknown, <a href="/wiki/Brain_injury" title="Brain injury">brain injury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumor</a>, previous <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, blood tests, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">Syncope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">psychogenic non-epileptic seizure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine_aura" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraine aura">migraine aura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attack</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Less than 5 min: Place person on their side, remove nearby dangerous objects More than 5 min: Treat as per <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">≈10% of people (overall worldwide lifetime risk)<a href="#cite_note-Fer2019-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2018-11">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> A seizure is a sudden change in behavior, movement or consciousness due to abnormal <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">electrical activity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a> Seizures can look different in different people. It can be uncontrolled shaking of the whole body (<a href="/wiki/Tonic-clonic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic-clonic seizures">tonic-clonic seizures</a>) or a person spacing out for a few seconds (<a href="/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">absence seizures</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mis2017-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> Most seizures last less than two minutes.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> They are then followed by confusion/drowsiness before the person returns to normal.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> If a seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes, it is a medical emergency (<a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>) and needs immediate treatment.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-9">[9]</a> Seizures can be classified as provoked or unprovoked.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a> Provoked seizures have a cause that can be fixed, such as <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood sugar">low blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_withdrawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol withdrawal">alcohol withdrawal</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, recent <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, and recent <a href="/wiki/Head_trauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Head trauma">head trauma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a> Unprovoked seizures have no clear cause or fixable cause.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a> Examples include past strokes, brain tumors, brain vessel malformations, and genetic disorders.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> If no cause is found, it is called an idiopathic seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> After a first unprovoked seizure, the chance of experiencing a second one is about 40% within 2 years.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> People with repeated unprovoked seizures are diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fish2014-6">[6]</a> Doctors assess a seizure by first ruling out other conditions that look similar to seizures, such as <a href="/wiki/Fainting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fainting">fainting</a> and strokes.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> This includes taking a detailed history and ordering blood tests.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> They may also order an <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroencephalogram">electroencephalogram</a> (EEG) and brain imaging (CT, MRI or both).<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a> If it is a person's first seizure and it was "provoked", or caused by another condition, treatment of the cause is usually enough to treat the seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> If the seizure is "unprovoked", brain imaging is abnormal, and/or EEG is abnormal, starting anti-seizure medications is generally recommended.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></div> A seizure can last from a few seconds to 5 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> Once it reaches and passes 5 minutes, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-9">[9]</a> Accidental urination (<a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">urinary incontinence</a>), stool leaking (<a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a>), tongue biting, foaming of the mouth, and turning blue due to inability to breathe commonly are seen in seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> A period of confusion typically follows the seizure that lasts from seconds to hours before a person returns to normal. This period is called a <a href="/wiki/Postictal_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Postictal period">postictal period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-15">[15]</a> Other symptoms during this period include drowsiness, headache, difficulty speaking, psychosis, and weakness.<a href="#cite_note-:15-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Post2010-17">[17]</a> Observable signs and symptoms of seizures vary depending on the type.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> Seizures can be classified into generalized seizures and focal seizures, depending on what part of the brain is involved.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focal_seizures">Focal seizures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Focal seizures">edit</a>]</div> Focal seizures affect a specific area of the brain, not both sides.<a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> It may turn into a generalized seizure if the seizure spreads through the brain.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> Consciousness may or may not be impaired.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The signs and symptoms of these seizures depends on the location of the brain that is affected. Focal seizures usually consist of motor symptoms or sensory symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Sensory symptoms: Auras are subjective sensations that occur before focal seizures. <a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Auras</a> include changes in vision, hearing, or smell (an example is smelling rubber).<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Feelings of deja-vu or abdominal discomfort are also examples of auras.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> A person who experiences focal weakness of a limb may also have just experienced a focal seizure. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Todd%27s_paresis" title="Todd's paresis">Todd's paralysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Motor symptoms: Head turning and eyes moving to one side, with contraction of limbs on one side is a common presentation.<a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Automatism_(medicine)" title="Automatism (medicine)">Automatisms</a> are also an indicator that a seizure is focal.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> These are repetitive movements. It can be lip smacking, chewing, swallowing, eyelid fluttering, feet shuffling, or picking movements.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian march">Jacksonian March</a> is also a motor presentation of a focal seizure, with contractions spreading from one muscle to the next on one side of the body.<a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalized_seizures">Generalized seizures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generalized seizures">edit</a>]</div> Generalized seizures affect both sides of the brain and typically involve both sides of the body.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> They all involve a loss of consciousness and usually happen without warning.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> There are six main types of generalized seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absence, and atonic seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>Tonic-clonic seizures, also known as Grand Mal seizures, present with continuous stiffening of the body for 10–20 seconds followed by rhythmic jerking.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a> It may be accompanied by an increase in blood pressure, increase in heart rate, or urinary incontinence.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The person may turn blue if breathing is impaired.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> Shoulder dislocation and tongue biting are also possible.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-13">[13]</a></li> <li>Tonic seizures produce constant contractions of the muscles. The body stiffens for a prolonged period of time.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> The muscles most commonly affected are the neck, shoulders, hips, and trunk.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Clonic seizures involve jerking of the muscles rhythmically.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Myoclonic seizures involve short contractions of muscles in either a few areas of the body or through the whole body. They are not typically rhythmic.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Absence seizures last 10–15 seconds usually.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> It is characterized by a sudden, brief episode where a person is unaware of what is happening and does not respond.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> The person stops in the middle of activity.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> The person often does not fall over. They may return to normal right after the seizure ends, with no postictal state.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The person is usually unaware of what just happened.</li> <li>Atonic seizures involve the loss of muscle activity causing a person to drop abruptly with their muscles limp.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> This is called a drop attack.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_seizures" title="Causes of seizures">Causes of seizures</a></div> Seizures have a number of causes. Seizures can be classified into provoked or unprovoked.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Provoked seizures have a cause that is temporary and reversible.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> They are also known as Acute Symptomatic Seizures as they occur closely after the injury.<a href="#cite_note-Thur2011-20">[20]</a> Unprovoked seizures do not have a known cause or the cause is not reversible.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Unprovoked seizures are typically considered epilepsy and treated as epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> Of those who have a seizure, about 25% have <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stasiukyniene-2009-21">[21]</a> Those with epilepsy may have certain triggers that they know cause seizures to occur, including emotional stress, sleep deprivation, and flickering lights.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_provoked_seizures">Causes of provoked seizures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes of provoked seizures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolic">Metabolic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metabolic">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a> can trigger epileptic seizures by changing electrolyte balances.<a href="#cite_note-:21-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">Low blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood sodium">low blood sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">high blood sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood sodium">high blood sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood calcium">low blood calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">high blood urea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Low_blood_magnesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low blood magnesium">low blood magnesium</a> levels may cause seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medications">Medications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medications">edit</a>]</div> Up to 9% of status epilepticus cases occur due to drug intoxication.<a href="#cite_note-:22-23">[23]</a> Common drugs involved include <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a>, stimulants (<a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-23">[23]</a> Withdrawal seizures commonly occur after prolonged alcohol or <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-23">[23]</a> In people who are at risk of developing epileptic seizures, common <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">herbal medicines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">ephedra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">ginkgo biloba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_absinthium" title="Artemisia absinthium">wormwood</a> can provoke seizures.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acute_infections">Acute infections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Acute infections">edit</a>]</div> Systemic infection with <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">high fever</a> is a common cause of seizures, especially in children.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-25">[25]</a> These are called <a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">febrile seizures</a> and occur in 2–5% of children between the ages of six months and five years.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-25">[25]</a> Acute infection of the brain, such as <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> are also causes of seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acute_brain_trauma">Acute brain trauma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Acute brain trauma">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Acute stroke</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">brain bleed</a> may lead to seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Stroke is the most common cause of seizures in the elderly population.<a href="#cite_note-:24-27">[27]</a> Post-stroke seizures occur in 5-7% of those with ischemic strokes.<a href="#cite_note-:25-28">[28]</a> It is higher in those who experienced brain bleeds, with 10-16% risk in those patients.<a href="#cite_note-:25-28">[28]</a> Recent <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a> may also lead to seizures. 1 to 5 of every 10 people who have had traumatic brain injury have experienced at least one seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:26-29">[29]</a> Seizures may occur within 7 days of the injury (early <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_seizure" title="Post-traumatic seizure">posttraumatic seizure</a>) or after 7 days have passed (late posttraumatic seizure).<a href="#cite_note-:26-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_unprovoked_seizures">Causes of unprovoked seizures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Causes of unprovoked seizures">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural">Structural</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Structural">edit</a>]</div> Space-occupying lesions in the brain (<a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumour">tumours</a>) are one cause of unprovoked seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> In people with <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumour">brain tumours</a>, the frequency of epilepsy depends on the location of the tumor in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15187884-30">[30]</a> Abnormalities in blood vessels of the brain (<a href="/wiki/Arteriovenous_malformation" title="Arteriovenous malformation">Arteriovenous malformation</a>) can also cause epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> In babies and children, congenital brain abnormalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Lissencephaly" title="Lissencephaly">lissencephaly</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymicrogyria" title="Polymicrogyria">polymicrogyria</a>, will also result in epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypoxic-ischemic_encephalopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy">Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy</a> in newborns will also predispose the newborn to epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prior_brain_trauma">Prior brain trauma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prior brain trauma">edit</a>]</div> Strokes, brain bleeds, and traumatic brain injury can all also lead to epilepsy if seizures re-occur. If the first seizure occurs more than 7 days following a stroke, there is a higher chance of the person developing epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:24-27">[27]</a> Post-stroke epilepsy accounts for 30%-50% of new epilepsy cases.<a href="#cite_note-:24-27">[27]</a> This is also the case for traumatic brain injury, with 80% of people with late <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_seizure" title="Post-traumatic seizure">posttraumatic seizures</a> having another seizure occur, classifying it as epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:26-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prior_brain_infections">Prior brain infections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prior brain infections">edit</a>]</div> Infections of newborns that occur while before or during birth, such as <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubella" title="Rubella">rubella</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a>, all carry a risk of causing epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:27-33">[33]</a> Infection with the <a href="/wiki/Pork_tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork tapeworm">pork tapeworm</a>, which can cause <a href="/wiki/Neurocysticercosis" title="Neurocysticercosis">neurocysticercosis</a>, is the cause of up to half of epilepsy cases in areas of the world where the parasite is common.<a href="#cite_note-:27-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bh2011-34">[34]</a> Meningitis and encephalitis also carry the risk of causing long-term epilepsy as well.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genetic_epilepsy_syndromes">Genetic epilepsy syndromes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Genetic epilepsy syndromes">edit</a>]</div> During childhood, well-defined epilepsy syndromes are generally seen. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Dravet_syndrome" title="Dravet syndrome">Dravet syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lennox%E2%80%93Gastaut_syndrome" title="Lennox–Gastaut syndrome">Lennox–Gastaut syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy">juvenile myoclonic epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">Neurons</a> function by either being excited or inhibited.<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a> Excited neurons fire electrical charges while inhibited neurons are prevented from firing.<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a> The balance of the two maintains our central nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-:1-35">[35]</a> In those with seizures, neurons are both hyperexcitable and hypersynchronous, where many neurons fire numerously at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-:16-36">[36]</a> This may be due to an imbalance of excitation and inhibition of neurons.<a href="#cite_note-:17-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ-aminobutyric acid">γ-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) and <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamate</a> are chemicals called <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> that work by opening or closing ion channels on neurons to cause inhibition or excitability.<a href="#cite_note-:18-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> GABA serves to inhibit neurons from firing. It has been found to be decreased in epilepsy patients.<a href="#cite_note-:18-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-37">[37]</a> This may explain the lack of inhibition of neurons resulting in seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:18-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-37">[37]</a> Glutamate serves to excite neurons into firing when appropriate.<a href="#cite_note-:18-38">[38]</a> It was found to be increased in those with epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:18-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-37">[37]</a> This is a possible mechanism for why there is hyper-excitability of neurons in seizures. Seizures that occur after brain injury may be due to the brain adapting to injury (<a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:19-40">[40]</a> This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Epileptogenesis" title="Epileptogenesis">epileptogenesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gol2013-41">[41]</a> There is loss of inhibitory neurons because they die due to the injury.<a href="#cite_note-Gol2013-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-40">[40]</a> The brain may also adapt and make new neuron connections that may be hyper-excitatory.<a href="#cite_note-Gol2013-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-40">[40]</a> Brief seizures, such as absence seizures lasting 5–10 seconds, do not cause observable brain damage.<a href="#cite_note-:20-42">[42]</a> More prolonged seizures have a higher risk of neuronal death.<a href="#cite_note-:20-42">[42]</a> Prolonged and recurrent seizures, such as status epilepticus, typically cause brain damage.<a href="#cite_note-:20-42">[42]</a> Scarring of brain tissue (<a href="/wiki/Gliosis" title="Gliosis">gliosis</a>), neuronal death, and shrinking of areas of the brain (<a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a>) are linked to recurrent seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:20-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epi2008p483-43">[43]</a> These changes may lead to the development of epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2008p483-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf/page1-220px-The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf/page1-330px-The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf/page1-440px-The_2017_ILAE_classification_of_seizure_types_and_the_epilepsies_what_do_people_with_epilepsy_and_their_caregivers_need_to_know%3F.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption>The 2017 ILAE classification of seizure types and the epilepsies (click to read full text)</figcaption></figure> Diagnosis of seizures involve gathering history, doing a physical exam, and ordering tests. These are done to classify the seizure and determine if the seizure is provoked or unprovoked.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_physical_examination">History and physical examination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History and physical examination">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bittentongue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bittentongue.JPG/220px-Bittentongue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bittentongue.JPG/330px-Bittentongue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bittentongue.JPG/440px-Bittentongue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>An individual who has bitten the tip of their tongue while having a seizure</figcaption></figure> Events leading up to the seizure and what movements occurred during the seizure are important in classifying the type of seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The person's memory of what happened before and during the seizure is also important. However, since most people that experience seizures do not remember what happened, it is best to get history from a witness when possible.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> Video recording of the seizure is also helpful in diagnosis of seizures.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> Events that occurred after the seizure are also an important part of the history.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> Past medical history, such as past head trauma, past strokes, past febrile seizures, or past infections, are helpful.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> In babies and children, information about developmental milestones, birth history, and previous illnesses are important as potential epilepsy risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> Family history of seizures is also important in evaluating risk for epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> History regarding medication use, substance use, and alcohol use is important in determining a cause of the seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> Most people are in a <a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">postictal state</a> (drowsy or confused) following a seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:15-15">[15]</a> A bite mark on the side of the tongue or bleeding from the mouth strongly indicates a seizure happened.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> But only a third of people who have had a seizure have such a bite.<a href="#cite_note-EB2014-45">[45]</a> Weakness of one limb or asymmetric reflexes are also signs a seizure just occurred.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> Presence of urinary incontinence or fecal incontinence also strongly suggests a seizure occurred.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a> However, most people who have had a seizure will have a normal physical exam.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tests">Tests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg/220px-EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg/330px-EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg/440px-EEG_Recording_Cap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>An EEG can aid in locating the focus of the epileptic seizure.</figcaption></figure>Blood tests can determine if there are any reversible causes of the seizure (provoked seizures).<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> This includes a complete blood count that may show infection.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> A comprehensive metabolic panel is ordered to rule out abnormal sugar levels (hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia) or electrolyte abnormalities (such as hyponatremia) as a cause.<a href="#cite_note-:11-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> A lumbar puncture is mainly done if there is reason to believe infection or inflammation of the nervous system is occurring.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> Toxicology screening is also mainly done if history is suggestive.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> Brain imaging by <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> and <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> is recommended after a first seizure, especially if no provoking factors are discovered.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> It is done to detect structural problems inside the brain, such as tumors.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> MRI is generally the better imaging test, but CT scan is preferred when intracranial bleeding is suspected.<a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a> Imaging may be done at a later point in time in those who return to their normal selves while in the emergency room.<a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">electroencephalography</a> (EEG) measures the brain's electrical activity.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> It is used in cases of first seizures that have no provoking factor, normal head imaging, and no prior history of head trauma.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> It will help determine the type of seizure or epilepsy syndrome present, as well as where the seizures are coming from if focal.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> It is also used when a person has not returned to baseline after a seizure for a prolonged time.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Other conditions that commonly get mistaken for a seizure include <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)" title="Syncope (medicine)">syncope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic seizures">psychogenic nonepileptic seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migraine_headache" class="mw-redirect" title="Migraine headache">migraine headaches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> There are times when a person has never had a seizure but anti-seizure medications are started to prevent seizures in those at risk.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a>, anti-seizure medications decrease the risk of early seizures but not late seizures.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, there is no clear evidence that anti-seizure medications are effective at preventing seizures following brain surgery (<a href="/wiki/Craniotomy" title="Craniotomy">craniotomy</a>), a brain bleed, or after a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Prevention of seizures from re-occurring after a first seizure depends on many factors. If it was an unprovoked seizure with abnormal brain imaging or abnormal EEG, then it is recommended to start anti-seizure medication.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> If a person has an unprovoked seizure, but physical exam is normal, EEG is normal, and brain imaging is normal, then anti-seizure medication may not be needed.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> The decision to start anti-seizure medications should be made after a discussion between the patient and doctor. In children with one simple <a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">febrile seizure</a>, starting anti-seizure medications is not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-54">[54]</a> While both fever medications (<a href="/wiki/Antipyretic" title="Antipyretic">antipyretics</a>) and anti-seizure medications reduce reoccurrence, the harmless nature of febrile seizures outweighs the risks of these medications.<a href="#cite_note-:29-54">[54]</a> However, if it was a complex febrile seizure, EEG should be done. If EEG is abnormal, starting prophylactic anti-seizure medications is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> During an active seizure, the person seizing should be slowly laid on the floor.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a> Witnesses should not try to stop the convulsions or other movements.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a> Potentially sharp or dangerous objects should be moved from the area around a person experiencing a seizure so that the individual is not hurt.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a> Nothing should be placed in the person's mouth as it is a choking hazard.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a> After the seizure, if the person is not fully conscious and alert, they should be turned to their side to prevent choking. This is called <a href="/wiki/Recovery_position" title="Recovery position">recovery position</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-55">[55]</a> Timing of the seizure is also important. If a seizure is longer than five minutes, or there are two or more seizures occurring in five minutes, it is a medical emergency known as <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Emergency services should be called. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Medication">edit</a>]</div> The first line medication for an actively seizing person is a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a>, with most guidelines recommending <a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">midazolam</a> are alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> It may be given in IV if emergency services are present.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Rectal and intranasal forms also exist if a child has had seizures previously and was prescribed the rescue medication.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> If seizures continue, second-line therapy includes <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">fosphenytoin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">valproate</a> may also be used.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Starting anti-seizure medications is not typically recommended if it was a provoked seizure that can be corrected.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> Examples of causes of provoked seizures that can be corrected include low blood sugar, low blood sodium, febrile seizures in children, and substance/medication use. Starting anti-seizure medications is usually for those with medium to high risk of seizures re-occurring. This includes people with unprovoked seizures with abnormal brain imaging or abnormal EEG.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> It also includes those who have had more than one unprovoked seizure more than 24 hours apart.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-59">[59]</a> It is recommended to start with one anti-seizure medication.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-59">[59]</a> Another may be added if one is not enough to control the seizure occurrence.<a href="#cite_note-:9-59">[59]</a> Approximately 70% of people can obtain full control with continuous use of medication.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-60">[60]</a> The type of medication used is based on the type of seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-59">[59]</a> Anti-seizure medications may be slowly stopped after a period of time if a person has just experienced one seizure and has not had any more.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The decision to stop anti-seizure medications should be discussed between the doctor and patient, weighing the benefits and risks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Surgery">edit</a>]</div> In severe cases where seizures are uncontrolled by at least two anti-seizure medications, brain surgery can be a treatment option.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-59">[59]</a> Epilepsy surgery is especially useful for those with focal seizures where the seizures are coming from a specific part of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-:9-59">[59]</a> The amount of brain removed during the surgery depends on the extent of the brain involved in the seizures. It can range from just removing one lobe of the brain (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_temporal_lobectomy" title="Anterior temporal lobectomy">temporal lobectomy</a>) to disconnecting an entire side of the brain (<a href="/wiki/Hemispherectomy" title="Hemispherectomy">hemispherectomy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> The procedure can be curative, where seizures are eliminated.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> However, if it is not curative, it can be palliative, reducing the frequency of seizures but not eliminating them.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Helmets may be used to provide protection to the head during a seizure. Some claim that <a href="/wiki/Seizure_response_dog" title="Seizure response dog">seizure response dogs</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Service_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Service dog">service dog</a>, can predict seizures.<a href="#cite_note-Doh2007-62">[62]</a> Evidence for this, however, is poor.<a href="#cite_note-Doh2007-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> has also been used for the management of seizures that do not respond to anti-seizure medications. Research on its effectiveness is ongoing, but current research shows that it does reduce seizure frequency.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_diet" title="Ketogenic diet">ketogenic diet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Modified_Atkins_diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Atkins diet">modified Atkins diet</a> may help in those who have epilepsy who do not improve following typical treatments, with evidence for its effectiveness growing.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precautions">Precautions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> Following a person's first seizure, they are legally not allowed to drive until they are seizure-free for a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> This period of time varies between states, but is usually between 6 and 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a> They are also cautioned against working at heights and swimming alone in case a seizure occurs.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Prognosis">edit</a>]</div> Following a first unprovoked seizure, the risk of more seizures in the next two years is around 40%.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> Starting anti-seizure medications reduces recurrence of seizures by 35% within the first two years.<a href="#cite_note-:28-44">[44]</a> The greatest predictors of more seizures are problems either on the EEG or on imaging of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-:10-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> Those with normal EEG and normal physical exam following a first unprovoked seizure had less risk of recurrence in the next two years, with a risk of 25%.<a href="#cite_note-:12-5">[5]</a> In adults, after 6 months of being seizure-free after a first seizure, the risk of a subsequent seizure in the next year is less than 20% regardless of treatment.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Those who have a seizure that is provoked have a low risk of re-occurrence, but have a higher risk of death compared to those with epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-Nel2012-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 8–10% of people will experience an epileptic seizure during their lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Gavvala2016-69">[69]</a> In adults, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a new-onset seizure is 35%; the risk rises to 75% in persons who have had a second seizure.<a href="#cite_note-Gavvala2016-69">[69]</a> In children, the risk of seizure recurrence within the five years following a single unprovoked seizure is about 50%; the risk rises to about 80% after two unprovoked seizures.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In the United States in 2011, seizures resulted in an estimated 1.6 million emergency department visits; approximately 400,000 of these visits were for new-onset seizures.<a href="#cite_note-Gavvala2016-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Epileptic seizures were first described in an Akkadian text from 2000 B.C.<a href="#cite_note-:7-71">[71]</a> Early reports of epilepsy often saw seizures and convulsions as the work of "<a href="/wiki/Evil_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil spirits">evil spirits</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:8-72">[72]</a> The perception of epilepsy, however, began to change in the time of Ancient Greek medicine. The term "epilepsy" itself is a Greek word, which is derived from the verb "epilambanein", meaning "to seize, possess, or afflict".<a href="#cite_note-:7-71">[71]</a> Although the Ancient Greeks referred to epilepsy as the "<a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Disease" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sacred Disease">sacred disease</a>", this perception of epilepsy as a "spiritual" disease was challenged by Hippocrates in his work On the Sacred Disease, who proposed that the source of epilepsy was from natural causes rather than supernatural ones.<a href="#cite_note-:8-72">[72]</a> Early surgical treatment of epilepsy was primitive in Ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian medicine.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The 19th century saw the rise of targeted surgery for the treatment of epileptic seizures, beginning in 1886 with localized resections performed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horsley" title="Victor Horsley">Victor Horsley</a>, a neurosurgeon in London.<a href="#cite_note-:8-72">[72]</a> Another advancement was that of the development by the Montreal procedure by Canadian neurosurgeon <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a>, which involved use of electrical stimulation among conscious patients to more accurately identify and resect the epileptic areas in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-:8-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Seizures result in direct economic costs of about one billion dollars in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-7">[7]</a> Epilepsy results in economic costs in Europe of around €15.5 billion in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-NChp1-74">[74]</a> In India, epilepsy is estimated to result in costs of US$1.7 billion or 0.5% of the GDP.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2012-60">[60]</a> They make up about 1% of emergency department visits (2% for emergency departments for children) in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-emcna2011-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Scientific work into the prediction of epileptic seizures began in the 1970s. Several techniques and methods have been proposed, but evidence regarding their usefulness is still lacking.<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a> Two promising areas include: (1) <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy_for_epilepsy" title="Gene therapy for epilepsy">gene therapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-77">[77]</a> and (2) seizure detection and <a href="/wiki/Seizure_prediction" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizure prediction">seizure prediction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a> Gene therapy for epilepsy consists of employing vectors to deliver pieces of genetic material to areas of the brain involved in seizure onset.<a href="#cite_note-:3-77">[77]</a> Seizure prediction is a special case of seizure detection in which the developed systems are able to issue a warning before the clinical onset of the epileptic seizure.<a href="#cite_note-:2-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a> Computational neuroscience has been able to bring a new point of view on the seizures by considering the dynamical aspects.<a href="#cite_note-Depannemaecker_4–8-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShorvon2009" class="citation book cs1">Shorvon S (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7r2XZWSCJoIC&pg=PA1">Epilepsy</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199560042" title="Special:BookSources/9780199560042"><bdi>9780199560042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epilepsy&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199560042&rft.aulast=Shorvon&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7r2XZWSCJoIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeizure" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035/">"Epileptic Seizures - National Library of Medicine"</a>. PubMed Health. 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Seizure. 90: 4–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.seizure.2021.06.015">10.1016/j.seizure.2021.06.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34219016">34219016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235468072">235468072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seizure&rft.atitle=Modeling+seizures%3A+From+single+neurons+to+networks&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2021-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235468072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34219016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.seizure.2021.06.015&rft.aulast=Depannemaecker&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Destexhe%2C+A&rft.au=Jirsa%2C+V&rft.au=Bernard%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.seizure.2021.06.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeizure" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seizure&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6279182" class="extiw" title="d:Q6279182">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1376414432">8A63</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#539646260">8A68</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/R56">R56</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G40.9">G40.9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=780.3">780.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=345.9">345.9</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D012640">D012640</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb19011.htm">19011</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm">003200</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/neuro/415-overview">neuro/415</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic694.htm#">neuro/694</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seizures_and_epilepsy161" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Template talk:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seizures_and_epilepsy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seizures and epilepsy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seizures_and_epilepsy161" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura (warning sign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postictal_state" title="Postictal state">Postictal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptogenesis" title="Epileptogenesis">Epileptogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_seizure" title="Neonatal seizure">Neonatal seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_in_children" title="Epilepsy in children">Epilepsy in children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li>Investigations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Electroencephalography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptologist" title="Epileptologist">Epileptologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_for_people_with_epilepsy" title="Issues for people with epilepsy">Personal issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_driving" title="Epilepsy and driving">Epilepsy and driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seizure_types" title="Seizure types">Seizure types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Seizures</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Simple_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple partial seizure">Simple partial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex partial seizure">Complex partial</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gelastic_seizure" title="Gelastic seizure">Gelastic seizure</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Epilepsy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">Temporal lobe epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Frontal lobe epilepsy">Frontal lobe epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rolandic_epilepsy" title="Rolandic epilepsy">Rolandic epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sleep-related_hypermotor_epilepsy" title="Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy">Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panayiotopoulos_syndrome" title="Panayiotopoulos syndrome">Panayiotopoulos syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_epilepsy" title="Vertiginous epilepsy">Vertiginous epilepsy</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Generalised_epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised epilepsy">Generalised</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_tonic%E2%80%93clonic_seizure" title="Generalized tonic–clonic seizure">Tonic–clonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absence_seizure" title="Absence seizure">Absence seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonic_seizure" title="Atonic seizure">Atonic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(medicine)" title="Automatism (medicine)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_familial_neonatal_seizures" title="Benign familial neonatal seizures">Benign familial neonatal seizures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox%E2%80%93Gastaut_syndrome" title="Lennox–Gastaut syndrome">Lennox–Gastaut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_astatic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic astatic epilepsy">Myoclonic astatic epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic spasms">Epileptic spasms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">Febrile seizure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsia_partialis_continua" title="Epilepsia partialis continua">Epilepsia partialis continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_partial_status_epilepticus" title="Complex partial status epilepticus">Complex partial status epilepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_myoclonus_epilepsy" title="Progressive myoclonus epilepsy">Progressive myoclonus epilepsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentatorubral%E2%80%93pallidoluysian_atrophy" title="Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy">Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unverricht%E2%80%93Lundborg_disease" title="Unverricht–Lundborg disease">Unverricht–Lundborg disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERRF_syndrome" title="MERRF syndrome">MERRF syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafora_disease" title="Lafora disease">Lafora disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_myoclonic_encephalopathy" title="Early myoclonic encephalopathy">Early myoclonic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy">Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudden_unexpected_death_in_epilepsy" title="Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy">Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd%27s_paresis" title="Todd's paresis">Todd's paresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Kleffner_syndrome" title="Landau–Kleffner syndrome">Landau–Kleffner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_in_animals" title="Epilepsy in animals">Epilepsy in animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_for_Research_in_Epilepsy" title="Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy">Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Action" title="Epilepsy Action">Epilepsy Action</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Action_Australia" title="Epilepsy Action Australia">Epilepsy Action Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Foundation" title="Epilepsy Foundation">Epilepsy Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Outlook" title="Epilepsy Outlook">Epilepsy Outlook</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Research_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Epilepsy Research UK">Epilepsy Research UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_Society" title="Epilepsy Society">Epilepsy Society</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/ <a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>both: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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