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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Risk factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laboratory_workup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_workup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Laboratory workup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_workup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cardiac_rhythm_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiac_rhythm_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cardiac rhythm monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiac_rhythm_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Imaging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lifestyle modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiplatelet_medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiplatelet_medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Antiplatelet medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiplatelet_medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticoagulant_medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticoagulant_medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Anticoagulant medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticoagulant_medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_pressure_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_pressure_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Blood pressure control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_pressure_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cholesterol_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholesterol_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cholesterol control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholesterol_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diabetes_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diabetes_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Diabetes control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diabetes_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Transient ischemic attack</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B5_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نوبة نقص تروية عابرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوبة نقص تروية عابرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzitor_i%C5%9Femik_h%C9%99ml%C9%99" title="Tranzitor işemik həmlə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tranzitor işemik həmlə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_isqu%C3%A8mic_transitori" title="Accident isquèmic transitori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Accident isquèmic transitori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranzitorn%C3%AD_ischemick%C3%A1_ataka" title="Tranzitorní ischemická ataka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tranzitorní ischemická ataka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitorisk_cerebral_isk%C3%A6mi" title="Transitorisk cerebral iskæmi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transitorisk cerebral iskæmi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitorische_isch%C3%A4mische_Attacke" title="Transitorische ischämische Attacke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transitorische ischämische Attacke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accidente_isqu%C3%A9mico_transitorio" title="Accidente isquémico transitorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Accidente isquémico transitorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="حمله ایسکمی گذرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله ایسکمی گذرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_isch%C3%A9mique_transitoire" title="Accident ischémique transitoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accident ischémique transitoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EA%B3%BC%EC%84%B1_%EB%87%8C%ED%97%88%ED%98%88%EC%A6%9D" title="일과성 뇌허혈증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일과성 뇌허혈증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B0" title="Տրանզիտոր իշեմիկ գրոհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրանզիտոր իշեմիկ գրոհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95" title="ट्रांसिएंट इस्केमिक अटैक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रांसिएंट इस्केमिक अटैक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempal_iskemio-atako" title="Tempal iskemio-atako – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tempal iskemio-atako" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_iskemik_sementara" title="Serangan iskemik sementara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan iskemik sementara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attacco_ischemico_transitorio" title="Attacco ischemico transitorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attacco ischemico transitorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A5_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3" title="שבץ חולף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבץ חולף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rejo%C5%A1a_i%C5%A1%C4%93miska_l%C4%93kme" title="Pārejoša išēmiska lēkme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārejoša išēmiska lēkme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="താൽകാലിക രക്തപ്രവാഹതടസ്സം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താൽകാലിക രക്തപ്രവാഹതടസ്സം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIA" title="TIA – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="TIA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%81%8E%E6%80%A7%E8%84%B3%E8%99%9A%E8%A1%80%E7%99%BA%E4%BD%9C" title="一過性脳虚血発作 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一過性脳虚血発作" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drypp" title="Drypp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drypp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3" title="କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଅଳ୍ପରକ୍ତ‌ତା ଆକ୍ରମଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଷଣସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଅଳ୍ପରକ୍ତ‌ତା ଆକ୍ରମଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemijaj%C4%85cy_atak_niedokrwienny" title="Przemijający atak niedokrwienny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemijający atak niedokrwienny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidente_isqu%C3%A9mico_transit%C3%B3rio" title="Acidente isquémico transitório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acidente isquémico transitório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacul_ischemic_tranzitoriu" title="Atacul ischemic tranzitoriu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atacul ischemic tranzitoriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Транзиторная ишемическая атака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Транзиторная ишемическая атака" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transient ischemic attack" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Пролазни исхемијски напад – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пролазни исхемијски напад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohimenev%C3%A4_aivoverenkiertoh%C3%A4iri%C3%B6" title="Ohimenevä aivoverenkiertohäiriö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohimenevä aivoverenkiertohäiriö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitorisk_ischemisk_attack" title="Transitorisk ischemisk attack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transitorisk ischemisk attack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"TIA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/TIA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="TIA (disambiguation)">TIA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Transient ischemic attack</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Mini-stroke, mild stroke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Survival rate 91% (to hospital discharge) <br /> 67.2% (five years)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>transient ischemic attack</b> (<b>TIA</b>), commonly known as a <b>mini-stroke</b>, is a temporary (transient) <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> with noticeable symptoms that end within 24 hours. A TIA causes the same <a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms of stroke">symptoms associated with a stroke</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemiplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiplegia">weakness or numbness on one side of the body</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax" title="Amaurosis fugax">sudden dimming or loss of vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">difficulty speaking or understanding language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">slurred speech</a>. </p><p>All forms of stroke, including a TIA, result from a disruption in blood flow to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. A TIA is caused by a temporary disruption in <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_blood_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral blood flow">blood flow to the brain, or cerebral blood flow</a> (CBF). The primary difference between a major stroke and the TIA's minor stroke is how much tissue death (<a href="/wiki/Infarct" class="mw-redirect" title="Infarct">infarction</a>) can be detected afterwards through <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a>. While a TIA must by definition be associated with symptoms, strokes can also be <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> or silent. In a <a href="/wiki/Silent_stroke" title="Silent stroke">silent stroke</a>, also known as a <i>silent cerebral infarct</i> (SCI), there is permanent infarction detectable on imaging, but there are no immediately observable symptoms. The same person can have major strokes, minor strokes, and silent strokes, in any order.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occurrence of a TIA is a risk factor for having a major stroke, and many people with TIA have a major stroke within 48 hours of the TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All forms of stroke are associated with increased risk of death or <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>. Recognition that a TIA has occurred is an opportunity to start treatment, including <a href="/wiki/Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications">medications</a> and lifestyle changes, to prevent future strokes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Signs and symptoms of TIA are widely variable and can mimic other neurologic conditions, making the clinical context and physical exam crucial in ruling in or out the diagnosis. The most common presenting symptoms of TIA are focal neurologic deficits, which can include, but are not limited to:<sup id="cite_ref-NBK459143_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK459143-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax" title="Amaurosis fugax">Amaurosis fugax</a> (painless, temporary loss of vision)</li> <li>One-sided <a href="/wiki/FAST_(stroke)" title="FAST (stroke)">facial droop</a></li> <li>One-sided motor weakness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a> (double vision)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Problems with balance and spatial orientation or dizziness</a></li> <li>Visual field deficits, such as <a href="/wiki/Homonymous_hemianopsia" title="Homonymous hemianopsia">homonymous hemianopsia</a> or monocular blindness<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sensory deficits in one or more limbs and of the face<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Loss of ability to understand or express speech (<a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Difficulty with articulation of speech (<a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">dysarthria</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unsteady gait<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Difficulties with swallowing (<a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Numbness or weakness generally occur on the <a href="/wiki/Contralateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Contralateral">opposite side of the body</a> from the affected hemisphere of the brain. </p><p>A detailed neurologic exam, including a thorough cranial nerve exam, is important to identify these findings and to differentiate them from mimickers of TIA. Symptoms such as unilateral weakness, amaurosis fugax, and double vision have higher odds of representing TIA compared to memory loss, headache, and blurred vision.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is a table of symptoms at presentation, and what percentage of the time they are seen in TIAs versus conditions that mimic TIA. In general, <a href="/wiki/Focal_neurologic_signs" title="Focal neurologic signs">focal deficits</a> make TIA more likely, but the absence of focal findings do not exclude the diagnosis and further evaluation may be warranted if clinical suspicion for TIA is high (see "Diagnosis" section below).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TIA_vis-à-vis_mimics"><span id="TIA_vis-.C3.A0-vis_mimics"></span>TIA vis-à-vis mimics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: TIA vis-à-vis mimics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% TIA mimics<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>% TIAs<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unilateral paresis </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Memory loss/cognitive impairment </td> <td>18 to 26 </td> <td>2 to 12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Headache </td> <td>14.6 to 23 </td> <td>2 to 36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blurred vision </td> <td>21.8 </td> <td>5.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">Dysarthria</a> </td> <td>12.7 </td> <td>20.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemianopsia" title="Hemianopsia">Hemianopsia</a> </td> <td>3.6 </td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax" title="Amaurosis fugax">Transient monocular blindness</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diplopia </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Non-focal symptoms such as amnesia, confusion, incoordination of limbs, unusual <a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">cortical</a> visual symptoms (such as isolated bilateral blindness or bilateral positive visual phenomena), headaches and transient loss of consciousness are usually not associated with TIA,<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however patient assessment is still needed. Public awareness on the need to seek a medical assessment for these non-focal symptoms is also low, and can result in a delay by patients to seek treatment<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symptoms of TIAs can last on the order of minutes to one–two hours, but occasionally may last for a longer period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TIA is defined as ischemic events in the brain that last less than 24 hours. Given the variation in duration of symptoms, this definition holds less significance.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pooled study of 808 patients with TIAs from 10 hospitals showed that 60% lasted less than one hour, 71% lasted less than two hours, and 14% lasted greater than six hours.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Importantly, patients with symptoms that last more than one hour are more likely to have permanent neurologic damage, making prompt diagnosis and treatment important to maximize recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common underlying pathology leading to TIA and stroke is a cardiac condition called <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, where poor coordination of heart contraction may lead to a formation of a clot in the atrial chamber that can become dislodged and travel to a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_arteries" title="Cerebral arteries">cerebral artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, the blood flow can become restored prior to <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a> which leads to the resolution of neurologic symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK459143_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK459143-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common culprit of TIA is an <a href="/wiki/Atheroma" title="Atheroma">atherosclerotic plaque</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a>, typically by the bifurcation between the internal and external carotids, that becomes an embolism to the brain vasculature similar to the clot in the prior example.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of the plaque can become dislodged and lead to embolic pathology in the cerebral vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In-situ <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>, an obstruction that forms directly in the cerebral vasculature unlike the remote embolism previously mentioned, is another vascular occurrence with possible presentation as TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">carotid stenosis</a> secondary to atherosclerosis narrowing the diameter of the lumen and thus limiting blood flow is another common cause of TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with carotid stenosis may present with TIA symptoms, thus labeled symptomatic, while others may not experience symptoms and be asymptomatic.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK459143_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK459143-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risk factors associated with TIA are categorized as modifiable or non-modifiable. Non-modifiable risk factors include age greater than 55, sex, family history, genetics, and race/ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modifiable risk factors include cigarette <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a> (elevated blood pressure), <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemia</a>, level of <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">carotid artery stenosis</a> (asymptomatic or symptomatic) and activity level.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modifiable risk factors are commonly targeted in treatment options to attempt to minimize risk of TIA and stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three major mechanisms of ischemia in the brain: <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a> traveling to the brain, in situ thrombotic occlusion in the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Willis" title="Circle of Willis">intracranial vessels</a> supplying the parenchyma of the brain, and <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a> of vessels leading to poor perfusion secondary to flow-limiting diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globally, the vessel most commonly affected is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery" title="Middle cerebral artery">middle cerebral artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embolisms can originate from multiple parts of the body. </p><p>Common mechanisms of stroke and TIA:<sup id="cite_ref-:11_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Stroke mechanism </th> <th>Frequency </th> <th>Pattern of infarcts </th> <th>Number of infarcts </th></tr> <tr> <td>In situ thrombotic occlusion </td> <td>Uncommon </td> <td>Large subcortical; Sometimes with borderzone; Rarely, whole territory; Sometimes enlarging </td> <td>Single </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artery to artery embolism </td> <td>Common </td> <td>Small cortical and subcortical </td> <td>Multiple </td></tr> <tr> <td>Impaired clearance of emboli </td> <td>Common </td> <td>Small, scattered, alongside the borderzone region </td> <td>Multiple </td></tr> <tr> <td>Branch occlusive disease </td> <td>Common </td> <td>Small subcortical, lacune-like </td> <td>Single </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hemodynamic </td> <td>Uncommon </td> <td>Borderzone; may be without lesion </td> <td>Multiple; None </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial clinical evaluation of a suspected TIA involves obtaining a history and physical exam (including a neurological exam).<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History taking includes defining the symptoms and looking for mimicking symptoms as described above. Bystanders can be very helpful in describing the symptoms and giving details about when they started and how long they lasted. The time course (onset, duration, and resolution), precipitating events, and risk factors are particularly important. </p><p>The definition, and therefore the diagnosis, has changed over time. TIA was classically based on duration of <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a>. The current widely accepted definition is called "tissue-based" because it is based on imaging, not time. The <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Stroke_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Stroke Association">American Stroke Association</a> (AHA/ASA) now define TIA as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction with a <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vascular</a> cause, with clinical symptoms typically lasting less than one hour, and without evidence of significant <a href="/wiki/Infarction" title="Infarction">infarction</a> on <a href="/wiki/Radiological_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiological imaging">imaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_workup">Laboratory workup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Laboratory workup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laboratory tests should focus on ruling out metabolic conditions that may mimic TIA (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hypoglycemia" title="Hypoglycemia">hypoglycemia</a>), in addition to further evaluating a patient's risk factors for ischemic events. All patients should receive a complete blood count with platelet count, blood glucose, basic metabolic panel, <a href="/wiki/Prothrombin_time" title="Prothrombin time">prothrombin time/international normalized ratio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Activated_partial_thromboplastin_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated partial thromboplastin time">activated partial thromboplastin time</a> as part of their initial workup.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tests help with screening for bleeding or <a href="/wiki/Hypercoagulability" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercoagulability">hypercoagulable</a> conditions. Other lab tests, such as a full hypercoagulable state workup or serum drug screening, should be considered based on the clinical situation and factors, such as age of the patient and family history.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fasting lipid panel is also appropriate to thoroughly evaluate the patient's risk for atherosclerotic disease and ischemic events in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other lab tests may be indicated based on the history and presentation; such as obtaining inflammatory markers (<a href="/wiki/Erythrocyte_sedimentation_rate" title="Erythrocyte sedimentation rate">erythrocyte sedimentation rate</a> and <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a>) to evaluate for <a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis" title="Giant cell arteritis">giant cell arteritis</a> (which can mimic a TIA) in those presenting with headaches and monocular blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardiac_rhythm_monitoring">Cardiac rhythm monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cardiac rhythm monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An electrocardiogram is necessary to rule out abnormal heart rhythms, such as <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>, that can predispose patients to clot formation and embolic events.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospitalized patients should be placed on heart rhythm telemetry, which is a continuous form of monitoring that can detect abnormal heart rhythms.<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged heart rhythm monitoring (such as with a <a href="/wiki/Holter_monitor" title="Holter monitor">Holter monitor</a> or implantable heart monitoring) can be considered to rule out arrhythmias like paroxysmal atrial fibrillation that may lead to clot formation and TIAs, however this should be considered if other causes of TIA have not been found.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Imaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to guidelines from the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Stroke_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Stroke Association">American Stroke Association</a> Stroke Council, patients with TIA should have head imaging "within 24 hours of symptom onset, preferably with magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion sequences".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MRI is a better imaging modality for TIA than computed tomography (CT), as it is better able to pick up both new and old ischemic lesions than CT. CT, however, is more widely available and can be used particularly to rule out intracranial hemorrhage.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diffusion sequences can help further localize the area of ischemia and can serve as prognostic indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presence of ischemic lesions on <a href="/wiki/Diffusion-weighted_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion-weighted imaging">diffusion weighted imaging</a> has been correlated with a higher risk of stroke after a TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vessels in the head and neck may also be evaluated to look for <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerotic</a> lesions that may benefit from interventions, such as <a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">carotid endarterectomy</a>. The vasculature can be evaluated through the following imaging modalities: <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_angiography" title="Magnetic resonance angiography">magnetic resonance angiography</a> (MRA), <a href="/wiki/CT_angiography" class="mw-redirect" title="CT angiography">CT angiography</a> (CTA), and <a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">carotid ultrasonography</a>/transcranial doppler ultrasonography.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carotid ultrasonography is often used to screen for carotid artery stenosis, as it is more readily available, is noninvasive, and does not expose the person being evaluated to radiation. However, all of the above imaging methods have variable <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivities and specificities</a>, making it important to supplement one of the imaging methods with another to help confirm the diagnosis (for example: screen for the disease with ultrasonography, and confirm with CTA).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirming a diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis is important because the treatment for this condition, <a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">carotid endarterectomy</a>, can pose significant risk to the patient, including heart attacks and strokes after the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Preventive_Services_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Preventive Services Task Force">U.S. Preventive Services Task Force</a> (USPSTF) "recommends against screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis in the general adult population".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This recommendation is for asymptomatic patients, so it does not necessarily apply to patients with TIAs as these may in fact be a symptom of underlying carotid artery disease (see "Causes and Pathogenesis" above). Therefore, patients who have had a TIA may opt to have a discussion with their clinician about the risks and benefits of screening for carotid artery stenosis, including the risks of surgical treatment of this condition. </p><p>Cardiac imaging can be performed if head and neck imaging do not reveal a vascular cause for the patient's TIA (such as atherosclerosis of the carotid artery or other major vessels of the head and neck). Echocardiography can be performed to identify <a href="/wiki/Patent_foramen_ovale" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent foramen ovale">patent foramen ovale</a> (PFO), valvular stenosis, and atherosclerosis of the aortic arch that could be sources of clots causing TIAs, with <a href="/wiki/Transesophageal_echocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Transesophageal echocardiography">transesophageal echocardiography</a> being more sensitive than <a href="/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Transthoracic echocardiography">transthoracic echocardiography</a> in identifying these lesions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Diagnosis<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Findings<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Brain tumor </td> <td>Severe unilateral headache with nausea and vomiting </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central nervous system infection (e.g., meningitis, encephalitis) </td> <td>Fever, headache, confusion, neck stiffness, nausea, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">photophobia</a>, change in mental status </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falls/trauma </td> <td>Headache, confusion, bruising </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hypoglycemia </td> <td>Confusion, weakness, <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">diaphoresis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Migraines </td> <td>Severe headaches with or without <a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">photophobia</a>, younger age </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiple sclerosis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a>, limb weakness, <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a>, urinary retention, optic neuritis </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seizure disorder </td> <td>Confusion with or without loss of consciousness, urinary incontinence, tongue biting, <a href="/wiki/Tonic-clonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic-clonic">tonic-clonic</a> movements </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subarachnoid hemorrhage </td> <td>Severe headache with sudden onset and photophobia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vertigo (central or peripheral) </td> <td>Generalized dizziness and <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">diaphoresis</a> with or without hearing loss </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is a lack of robust studies demonstrating the efficacy of lifestyle changes in preventing TIA, many medical professionals recommend them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include: </p> <ul><li>Avoiding <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">smoking</a></li> <li>Cutting down on fats to help reduce the amount of plaque buildup</li> <li>Eating a healthy diet including plenty of fruits and vegetables</li> <li>Limiting <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> in the diet, thereby reducing blood pressure</li> <li>Exercising regularly</li> <li>Moderating intake of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulants">stimulants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">sympathomimetics</a>, etc.</li> <li>Maintaining a healthy weight</li></ul> <p>In addition, it is important to control any underlying medical conditions that may increase the risk of stroke or TIA, including:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Hypertension</li> <li>High cholesterol</li> <li>Diabetes mellitus</li> <li>Atrial fibrillation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By definition, TIAs are transient, self-resolving, and do not cause permanent impairment. However, they are associated with an increased risk of subsequent ischemic strokes, which can be permanently disabling.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, management centers on the prevention of future ischemic strokes and addressing any modifiable risk factors. The optimal regimen depends on the underlying cause of the TIA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_modification">Lifestyle modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lifestyle modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lifestyle changes have not been shown to reduce the risk of stroke after TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no studies have looked at the optimal diet for secondary prevention of stroke, some observational studies have shown that a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a> can reduce stroke risk in patients without cerebrovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Mediterranean diet is rich in fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and limited in red meats and sweets. Vitamin supplementation has not been found to be useful in secondary stroke prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiplatelet_medications">Antiplatelet medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antiplatelet medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelet medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a>, are both recommended for secondary prevention of stroke after high-risk TIAs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hap2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hap2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clopidogrel can generally be stopped after 10 to 21 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Hap2018_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hap2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exception is TIAs due to blood clots originating from the heart, in which case <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a> are generally recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After TIA or minor stroke, aspirin therapy has been shown to reduce the short-term risk of recurrent stroke by 60–70%, and the long-term risk of stroke by 13%.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The typical therapy may include aspirin alone, a combination of aspirin plus extended-release <a href="/wiki/Dipyridamole" title="Dipyridamole">dipyridamole</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clopidogrel and aspirin have similar efficacies and side effect profiles. Clopidogrel is more expensive and has a slightly decreased risk of GI bleed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another antiplatelet, <a href="/wiki/Ticlopidine" title="Ticlopidine">ticlopidine</a>, is rarely used due to increased side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticoagulant_medications">Anticoagulant medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anticoagulant medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anticoagulants may be started if the TIA is thought to be attributable to <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>. Atrial fibrillation is an abnormal heart rhythm that may cause the formation of blood clots that can travel to the brain, resulting in TIAs or ischemic strokes. Atrial fibrillation increases stroke risk by five times, and is thought to cause 10-12% of all ischemic strokes in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulant</a> therapy can decrease the relative risk of ischemic stroke in those with atrial fibrillation by 67%<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">Warfarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/DOAC" class="mw-redirect" title="DOAC">direct acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs)</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Apixaban" title="Apixaban">apixaban</a>, have been shown to be equally effective while also conferring a lower risk of bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, anticoagulants and antiplatelets are not used in combination, as they result in increased bleeding risk without a decrease in stroke risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy may be warranted if the patient has symptomatic coronary artery disease in addition to atrial fibrillation. </p><p>Sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> ("heart attack") may lead to the formation of a blood clot in one of the chambers of the heart. If this is thought to be the cause of the TIA, people may be temporarily treated with warfarin or other anticoagulant to decrease the risk of future stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_pressure_control">Blood pressure control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blood pressure control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blood pressure control may be indicated after TIA to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke. About 70% of patients with recent ischemic stroke are found to have hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) > 140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) > 90 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the first half of the 2010s, blood pressure goals have generally been SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, newer studies suggest that a goal of SBP <130 mmHg may confer even greater benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood pressure control is often achieved using <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretics</a> or a combination of diuretics and <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitors</a>, although the optimal treatment regimen depends on the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies that evaluated the application of blood pressure‐lowering drugs in people who had a TIA or stroke, concluded that this type of medication helps to reduce the possibility of a recurrent stroke, of a major vascular event and dementia.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood_pressure-lowering_treatment_f_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blood_pressure-lowering_treatment_f-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects achieved in stroke recurrence were mainly obtained through the ingestion of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or a diuretic.<sup id="cite_ref-Blood_pressure-lowering_treatment_f_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blood_pressure-lowering_treatment_f-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholesterol_control">Cholesterol control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cholesterol control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is inconsistent evidence regarding the effect of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">LDL-cholesterol</a> levels on stroke risk after TIA. Elevated cholesterol may increase ischemic stroke risk while decreasing the risk of hemorrhagic stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its role in stroke prevention is unclear, <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statin</a> therapy has been shown to reduce all-cause mortality and may be recommended after TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diabetes_control">Diabetes control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diabetes control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> increases the risk of ischemic stroke by 1.5–3.7 times, and may account for at least 8% of first ischemic strokes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While intensive glucose control can prevent certain complications of diabetes such as kidney damage and retinal damage, there has previously been little evidence that it decreases the risk of stroke or death.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, data from 2017 suggests that <a href="/wiki/Metformin" title="Metformin">metformin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioglitazone" title="Pioglitazone">pioglitazone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semaglutide" title="Semaglutide">semaglutide</a> may reduce stroke risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the TIA affects an area that is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid arteries</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Carotid_ultrasonography" title="Carotid ultrasonography">carotid ultrasound</a> scan may demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">stenosis</a>, or narrowing, of the carotid artery. For people with extra-cranial carotid stenosis, if 70-99% of the carotid artery is clogged, <a href="/wiki/Carotid_endarterectomy" title="Carotid endarterectomy">carotid endarterectomy</a> can decrease the five-year risk of ischemic stroke by approximately half.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those with extra-cranial stenosis between 50 and 69%, carotid endarterectomy decreases the 5-year risk of ischemic stroke by about 16%.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those with extra-cranial stenosis less than 50%, carotid endarterectomy does not reduce stroke risk and may, in some cases, increase it.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting in reducing stroke risk in people with intra-cranial carotid artery stenosis is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In carotid endarterectomy, a surgeon makes an incision in the neck, opens up the carotid artery, and removes the plaque occluding the blood vessel. The artery may then be repaired by adding a graft from another vessel in the body, or a woven patch. In patients who undergo carotid endarterectomy after a TIA or minor stroke, the 30-day risk of death or stroke is 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carotid_stenting" title="Carotid stenting">Carotid artery stenting</a> is a less invasive alternative to carotid endarterectomy for people with extra-cranial carotid artery stenosis. In this procedure, the surgeon makes a small cut in the groin and threads a small flexible tube, called a <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a>, into the patient's carotid artery. A balloon is inflated at the site of stenosis, opening up the clogged artery to allow for increased blood flow to the brain. To keep the vessel open, a small wire mesh coil, called a stent, may be inflated along with the balloon. The stent remains in place, and the balloon is removed. </p><p>For people with symptomatic carotid stenosis, carotid endarterectomy is associated with fewer perioperative deaths or strokes than carotid artery stenting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the procedure, there is no difference in effectiveness if you compare carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting procedures, however, endarterectomy is often the procedure of choice as it is a safer procedure and is often effective in the longer term for preventing recurrent stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For people with asymptomatic carotid stenosis, the increased risk of stroke or death during the stenting procedure compared to an endarterectomy is less certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People who undergo carotid endarterectomy or carotid artery stenting for stroke prevention are medically managed with <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">antiplatelets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statins</a>, and other interventions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Without treatment, the risk of an ischemic stroke in the three months after a TIA is about 20% with the greatest risk occurring within two days of the TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources cite that 10% of TIAs will develop into a stroke within 90 days, half of which will occur in the first two days following the TIA.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment and preventative measures after a TIA (for example treating elevated blood pressure) can reduce the subsequent risk of an ischemic stroke by about 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risk of a stroke occurring after a TIA can be predicted using the <a href="/wiki/ABCD%C2%B2_score" title="ABCD² score">ABCD² score</a>. One limitation of the <a href="/wiki/ABCD%C2%B2_score" title="ABCD² score">ABCD² score</a> is that it does not reliably predict the level of carotid artery stenosis, which is a major cause of stroke in TIA patients. The patient's age is the most reliable risk factor in predicting any level of carotid stenosis in transient ischemic attack.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ABCD<sup>2</sup> score is no longer recommended for triage (to decide between outpatient management versus hospital admission) of those with a suspected TIA due to these limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-Amarenco_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amarenco-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the difficulty in diagnosing a TIA due to its nonspecific symptoms of neurologic dysfunction at presentation and a differential including many mimics, the exact incidence of the disease is unclear. It was estimated to have an incidence of approximately 200,000 to 500,000 cases per year in the US in the early 2000s according to the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TIA incidence trends similarly to <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, such that incidence varies with age, gender, and different race/ethnicity populations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19423857_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19423857-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBK459143_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK459143-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated risk factors include age greater than or equal to 60, blood pressure greater than or equal to 140 systolic or 90 diastolic, and comorbid diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>. It is thought that approximately 15 to 30 percent of strokes have a preceding TIA episode associated.<sup id="cite_ref-NBK459143_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBK459143-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23062043_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23062043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transient_ischemic_attack&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGattellariGoumasGardenWorthington2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gattellari M, Goumas C, Garden F, Worthington JM (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FSTROKEAHA.111.636233">"Relative survival after transient ischaemic attack: results from the Program of Research Informing Stroke Management (PRISM) study"</a>. <i>Stroke</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1161%2FSTROKEAHA.111.636233">10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.636233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22076008">22076008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16722015">16722015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stroke&rft.atitle=Relative+survival+after+transient+ischaemic+attack%3A+results+from+the+Program+of+Research+Informing+Stroke+Management+%28PRISM%29+study&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16722015%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22076008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1161%2FSTROKEAHA.111.636233&rft.aulast=Gattellari&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Goumas%2C+C&rft.au=Garden%2C+F&rft.au=Worthington%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1161%252FSTROKEAHA.111.636233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransient+ischemic+attack" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Lay summary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">American Heart Association (November 11, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593958" class="extiw" title="d:Q593958">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#826335789">8B10</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/G45.9">G45.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=435.9">435.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002546">D002546</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb13253.htm">13253</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000730.htm">000730</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/emerg/604-overview">emerg/604</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cerebrovascular_diseases_including_stroke109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template talk:Cerebrovascular diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cerebrovascular diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cerebrovascular_diseases_including_stroke109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular diseases</a> including <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ischaemic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischaemic stroke">Ischaemic stroke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery_syndrome" title="Anterior cerebral artery syndrome">Anterior cerebral artery syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome" title="Middle cerebral artery syndrome">Middle cerebral artery syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cerebral_artery_syndrome" title="Posterior cerebral artery syndrome">Posterior cerebral artery syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax" title="Amaurosis fugax">Amaurosis fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyamoya_disease" title="Moyamoya disease">Moyamoya disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejerine%E2%80%93Roussy_syndrome" title="Dejerine–Roussy syndrome">Dejerine–Roussy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watershed_stroke" title="Watershed stroke">Watershed stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacunar_stroke" title="Lacunar stroke">Lacunar stroke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brain_stem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain stem">Brain stem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_stroke_syndrome" title="Brainstem stroke syndrome">Brainstem stroke syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_medullary_syndrome" title="Medial medullary syndrome">Medial medullary syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_medullary_syndrome" title="Lateral medullary syndrome">Lateral medullary syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">Pons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_pontine_syndrome" title="Medial pontine syndrome">Medial pontine syndrome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foville%27s_syndrome" title="Foville's syndrome">Foville's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pontine_syndrome" title="Lateral pontine syndrome">Lateral pontine syndrome</a> / <a href="/wiki/Millard%E2%80%93Gubler_syndrome" title="Millard–Gubler syndrome">Millard-Gubler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">Midbrain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weber%27s_syndrome" title="Weber's syndrome">Weber's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedikt_syndrome" title="Benedikt syndrome">Benedikt syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude%27s_syndrome" title="Claude's syndrome">Claude's syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_stroke_syndrome" title="Cerebellar stroke syndrome">Cerebellar stroke syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracranial arteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">Carotid artery stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precerebral_artery" title="Precerebral artery">precerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinal_artery_syndrome" title="Anterior spinal artery syndrome">Anterior spinal artery syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrobasilar_insufficiency" title="Vertebrobasilar insufficiency">Vertebrobasilar insufficiency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_steal_syndrome" title="Subclavian steal syndrome">Subclavian steal syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_ischemia" title="Brain ischemia">Brain ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_infarction" title="Cerebral infarction">Cerebral infarction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke#Classification" title="Stroke">Classification</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transient ischemic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_anterior_circulation_infarct" title="Total anterior circulation infarct">Total anterior circulation infarct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_anterior_circulation_infarct" title="Partial anterior circulation infarct">Partial anterior circulation infarct</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CADASIL" title="CADASIL">CADASIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binswanger%27s_disease" title="Binswanger's disease">Binswanger's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" title="Transient global amnesia">Transient global amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haemorrhagic_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemorrhagic stroke">Haemorrhagic stroke</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extra-axial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_hematoma" title="Epidural hematoma">Epidural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdural_hematoma" title="Subdural hematoma">Subdural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarachnoid_hemorrhage" title="Subarachnoid hemorrhage">Subarachnoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">Cerebral/Intra-axial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage" title="Intraventricular hemorrhage">Intraventricular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">Brainstem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duret_haemorrhages" title="Duret haemorrhages">Duret haemorrhages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">Intracranial hemorrhage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aneurysm" title="Aneurysm">Aneurysm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_aneurysm" title="Intracranial aneurysm">Intracranial aneurysm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Bouchard_aneurysm" title="Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm">Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_vasculitis" title="Cerebral vasculitis">Cerebral vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_venous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis">Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Template talk:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central nervous system disease"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_nervous_system,_primarily_CNS157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_disease" title="Central nervous system disease">CNS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">Inflammation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brain46" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">Encephalitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_encephalitis" title="Viral encephalitis">Viral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpesviral_encephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesviral encephalitis">Herpesviral encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_encephalitis" title="Limbic encephalitis">Limbic encephalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalitis_lethargica" title="Encephalitis lethargica">Encephalitis lethargica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" title="Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_abscess" title="Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" title="Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brain and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" title="Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">Meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">Meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">movement disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" title="Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">Parkinsonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" title="Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">NMS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegeneration_with_brain_iron_accumulation" title="Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation">NBIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" title="Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">PKAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">PSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Striatonigral degeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiballismus" title="Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">OA</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">Dystonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_dystonicus" title="Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" title="Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" title="Meige's syndrome">Meige's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blepharospasm" title="Blepharospasm">Blepharospasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athetosis" title="Athetosis">Athetosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">Chorea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choreoathetosis" title="Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">Myoclonus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">Akathisia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">Tremor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_tremor" title="Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention_tremor" title="Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff-person_syndrome" title="Stiff-person syndrome">Stiff-person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tauopathy" title="Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" title="Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" title="Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewy_bodies_dementia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewy bodies dementia">Lewy bodies dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_cortical_atrophy" title="Posterior cortical atrophy">Posterior cortical atrophy</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" title="Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_syndrome" title="Leigh syndrome">Leigh syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" title="Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Episodic/<br /><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysmal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">Seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focal_seizure" title="Focal seizure">Focal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy" title="Generalized epilepsy">Generalised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">Status epilepticus</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Epilepsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Epilepsy">Template:Epilepsy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">Headache</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">Migraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_headache" title="Cluster headache">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tension_headache" title="Tension headache">Tension</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Headache" title="Template:Headache">Template:Headache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">Cerebrovascular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">Stroke</a></li> <li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">Template:Cerebrovascular diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep disorders">Sleep disorders</a> <ul><li>For more detailed coverage, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep">Template:Sleep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_pressure" title="Intracranial pressure">Intracranial hypertension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocephalus" title="Hydrocephalus">Hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" title="Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" title="Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" title="Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_edema" title="Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_cerebrospinal_fluid_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak">Intracranial hypotension</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_herniation" title="Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reye_syndrome" title="Reye syndrome">Reye syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" title="Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_encephalopathy" title="Hashimoto's encephalopathy">Hashimoto's encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Static encephalopathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both/either</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Degenerative42" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Degenerative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia">SA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedreich%27s_ataxia" title="Friedreich's ataxia">Friedreich's ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia%E2%80%93telangiectasia" title="Ataxia–telangiectasia">Ataxia–telangiectasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_diseases" title="Motor neuron diseases">MND</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" title="Upper motor neuron">UMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" title="Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" title="Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spastic_paraplegia" title="Hereditary spastic paraplegia">Hereditary spastic paraplegia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">LMN</a> only:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuronopathies" title="Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies">Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophies" title="Spinal muscular atrophies">Spinal muscular atrophies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy">SMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_and_bulbar_muscular_atrophy" title="Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy">SMAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" title="X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">SMAX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" title="Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">DSMA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" title="Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital DSMA</a></li> <li>Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_1" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 1">SMALED1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2A" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2A">SMALED2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance_2B" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance 2B">SMALED2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" title="Pontocerebellar hypoplasia">SMA-PCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_progressive_myoclonic_epilepsy" title="Spinal muscular atrophy with progressive myoclonic epilepsy">SMA-PME</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscular_atrophy" title="Progressive muscular atrophy">Progressive muscular atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" title="Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" title="Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>both:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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