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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duke Mu of Qin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc_Mu_de_Qin" title="Duc Mu de Qin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Duc Mu de Qin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%88_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="حاکم مو چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حاکم مو چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%84_%EB%AA%A9%EA%B3%B5" title="진 목공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="진 목공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ցինի դուքս Մու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցինի դուքս Մու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_dari_Qin" title="Mu dari Qin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mu dari Qin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82_%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="دوق مو من تشين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دوق مو من تشين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_(%E7%A7%A6)" title="穆公 (秦) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="穆公 (秦)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertug_Mu_av_Qin" title="Hertug Mu av Qin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hertug Mu av Qin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دووک مووی چین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دووک مووی چین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvoda_Mu_od_Qina" title="Vojvoda Mu od Qina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojvoda Mu od Qina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertig_Mu_av_Qin" title="Hertig Mu av Qin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hertig Mu av Qin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87" title="ฉินมู่กง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฉินมู่กง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83-%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C)" title="Му-гун (Цінь) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Му-гун (Цінь)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A7n_M%E1%BB%A5c_c%C3%B4ng" title="Tần Mục công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tần Mục công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC" title="秦穆公 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="秦穆公" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC" title="秦穆公 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="秦穆公" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC" title="秦穆公 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="秦穆公" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC" title="秦穆公 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="秦穆公" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ruler of Qin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Duke Mu of Qin<br />秦穆公</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Duke of Qin</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg/220px-%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg/330px-%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg/440px-%E7%A7%A6%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC_%E7%B9%A1%E5%83%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8%E5%88%97%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">659–621 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Cheng_of_Qin" title="Duke Cheng of Qin">Duke Cheng of Qin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Kang_of_Qin" title="Duke Kang of Qin">Duke Kang of Qin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">621 BC</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Ying Renhao (嬴任好)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Duke Mu (穆公) or Duke Miu (繆公)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ying</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duke_De_of_Qin" title="Duke De of Qin">Duke De of Qin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Renhao</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB" class="extiw" title="wikt:任">任</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:好">好</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Rènhǎo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jên-hao</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Posthumous name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:秦">秦</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:穆">穆</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:公">公</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">The Solemn <a href="/wiki/Gong_(title)" title="Gong (title)">Duke</a></span> of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">Qin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Qín Mùgōng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ch‘in Mu Kung</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Duke Mu of Qin</b> (died 621<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC), born <b>Ying Renhao</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Gong_(title)" title="Gong (title)">duke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a>. Sometimes considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Five Hegemons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>, Duke Mu greatly expanded the territory of Qin during the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Xiang_of_Zhou" title="King Xiang of Zhou">King Xiang of Zhou</a>. He was also known for his many talented advisors, such as <a href="/wiki/Baili_Xi" title="Baili Xi">Baili Xi</a>, Jian Shu (蹇叔), Pi Bao (丕豹), and Gong Sun (公孫). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Renhao is a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>: <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%ADng" title="Yíng">Ying</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral name">surname</a> and Renhao is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_given_name" title="Chinese given name">given name</a>. During his time in power, he would have simply been called Qin or the Duke of Qin (<i>Qingong</i>). The title <i>Qin Mugong</i>—the "Solemn Duke of Qin"—is a <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> bestowed by his successors as part of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral veneration">ancestral veneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shiji_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shiji-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this being a descriptive title, it is common in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> to treat it as though it were a common name. All of these are the modern <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> pronunciations of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">characters</a> in his names; their <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> pronunciations are different. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Biography"></span><span class="anchor" id="History"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Duke_De_of_Qin" title="Duke De of Qin">Duke De of Qin</a> and the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Cheng_of_Qin" title="Duke Cheng of Qin">Duke Cheng</a>. He married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu_Ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu Ji (page does not exist)">Mu Ji</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:穆">穆</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A7%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:姬">姬</a></span></span>), the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Jin" title="Duke Xian of Jin">Duke Xian of Jin</a>, and married his daughter <a href="/wiki/Huai_Ying" title="Huai Ying">Huai Ying</a> (懷嬴) to two of Duke Xian's sons. He helped his son-in-law win the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chengpu" title="Battle of Chengpu">Battle of Chengpu</a> against <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a>; these two marriages led to the saying "the Friendship of Qin and Jin" (秦晉之好) to denote political marriages and alliances based on marital bonds. He is also noted as the retainer of <a href="/wiki/Bole_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bole (mythology)">Bole</a>, the horse expert. </p><p>During the early reign of Duke Mu of Qin, the Jin state was a formidable power under the leadership of Duke Xian of Jin. However, after the death of Duke Xian, Jin plunged into a state of internal conflict as Duke Xian's sons fought over the succession. One of them won the contention and became Duke Hui of Jin, but Jin was struck by a famine not long later and Duke Hui requested aid from Qin. Duke Mu of Qin sent relief food supplies and agricultural equipment to Jin. However, Qin was struck by famine later and by then, Jin had recovered and it turned to attack Qin. Qin and Jin engaged in several battles over the next few years. </p><p>During the battles with Jin, Duke Mu heard that Duke Hui's older brother <a href="/wiki/Ji_Chong%27er" class="mw-redirect" title="Ji Chong'er">Ji Chong'er</a> had gone from his northern and eastern wanderings to the southern court of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Chu">Chu</a>. After consulting his subjects, Duke Mu sent an emissary to Chu to invite Chong'er to Qin. Upon Duke Hui's death, his son fled from captivity in the Qin court to establish himself as the new duke. Instead of permitting this, Duke Mu sent his army to establish Chong'er as Duke Hui's successor, defeating the Jin army at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gaoliang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gaoliang (page does not exist)">Battle of Gaoliang</a>. Chong'er— his posthumous name is "Duke Wen"—was grateful for Duke Mu's assistance and relations between Qin and Jin improved. Qin used the opportunity when its eastern front was stable, to launch military campaigns against the minority tribes in the west. </p> <blockquote> <p>At this time, Qin and Jin were the most powerful states in China. Duke Wen of Jin expelled the <a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Di</a> barbarians and drove them into the region west of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> between the Yun and Luo rivers; there they were known as the Red Di and the White Di. Shortly afterwards, Duke Mu of Qin, having obtained the services of You Yu, succeeded in getting the eight barbarian tribes of the west to submit to their authority. </p><p>Thus, at this time, there lived in the region west of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Long</a> the Mianzhu, the Hunrong, and the Diyuan tribes. North of Mts. Qi and Liang and the Jing and Qi rivers lived the Yiqu, Dali, Wuzhi, and Quyuan tribes. North of Jin were the Forest Barbarians and the Loufan, while north of Yan lived the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Eastern Barbarians</a> and Mountain Barbarians. All of them were scattered about in their own little valleys, each with its own chieftain. From time to time they would have gatherings of a hundred or so men, but no one tribe was capable of unifying the others under a single rule.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 627 BC, Duke Mu of Qin planned a secret attack on the State of Zheng, but the Qin army retreated after being tricked into believing that Zheng was prepared for Qin's invasion. Duke Wen had died and his successor, Duke Xiang of Jin, ordered his troops to lay an ambush for the retreating Qin army. The Qin forces were defeated in an ambush by Jin at the Battle of Yao (zh) near present-day Luoning County, Henan Province and suffered heavy casualties. Three years later, Qin attacked Jin for revenge and scored a major victory. Duke Mu refused to advance east further after holding a funeral service for those killed in action at the Battle of Yao, and focused on the traditional policy of expanding Qin's borders in the west. Duke Mu's achievements in the western campaigns and his handling of foreign relations with Jin earned him a position among the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He had at least two known sons: Ying and Hong. Ying succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Duke_Kang_of_Qin" title="Duke Kang of Qin">Duke Kang of Qin</a>. He also had several known daughters: Huai Ying (wife of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Huai_of_Jin" title="Duke Huai of Jin">Dukes Huai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Wen</a> of Jin), Wen Ying (wife of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a>), Qin Ying (wife of <a href="/wiki/King_Gong_of_Chu" title="King Gong of Chu">King Gong of Chu</a>), Jianbi, and Nongyu (wife of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Shi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Shi (page does not exist)">Xiao Shi</a>). There are doubts as to whether Huai Ying and Wen Ying were different names for the same daughter; likewise, some argue for the conflation of Jianbi and Nongyu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unclear who doubts this. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Great-great-grandfather: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Qin" title="Duke Wen of Qin">Duke Wen of Qin</a></li> <li>Great-grandfather: Duke Jing of Qin (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E9%9D%9C%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:秦靜公">秦靜公</a>)</li> <li>Grandfather: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Qin_(Duke_Ning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Xian of Qin (Duke Ning)">Duke Xian of Qin</a></li> <li>Father: <a href="/wiki/Duke_De_of_Qin" title="Duke De of Qin">Duke De of Qin</a> <ul><li>Brothers: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Xuan_of_Qin" title="Duke Xuan of Qin">Duke Xuan of Qin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Cheng_of_Qin" title="Duke Cheng of Qin">Duke Cheng of Qin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wife: Lady Mu (~672－637 BC), sister of <a href="/wiki/Shensheng" title="Shensheng">Shensheng</a> <ul><li>Son: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Kang_of_Qin" title="Duke Kang of Qin">Duke Kang of Qin</a> (d. 609 BC)</li> <li>Daughter: <a href="/wiki/Huai_Ying" title="Huai Ying">Huai Ying</a> (650 BC - 620 BC)</li> <li>Daughter: Wenying</li> <li>Daughter: Jianbi</li> <li>Daughter: Nongyu</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the manga and anime series <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(manga)" title="Kingdom (manga)">Kingdom</a> as well as a oneshot written by <a href="/wiki/Yasuhisa_Hara" title="Yasuhisa Hara">Yasuhisa Hara</a>, he made an alliance with mountain tribes, after seeing his horse devoured by them, even giving the barbarians wine. Later, he fought against <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a>, but was rescued by the same barbarians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shiji-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shiji_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSima_Qian" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sj_005.htm"><bdi lang="zh">秦本纪</bdi></a> [Annals of Qin]. <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> (in Chinese). guoxue.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian&rft.atitle=%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%AC%E7%BA%AA&rft.au=Sima+Qian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guoxue.com%2Fshibu%2F24shi%2Fshiji%2Fsj_005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuke+Mu+of+Qin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (1993), p. 132.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duke_Mu_of_Qin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSima1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Burton_Watson" title="Burton Watson">Watson, Burton</a> (ed.), <i>Records of the Grand Historian</i>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7"><bdi>0-231-08167-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-231-08167-7&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuke+Mu+of+Qin" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Duke Mu of Qin </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ying" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Ying">House of Ying</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 621 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Cheng_of_Qin" title="Duke Cheng of Qin">Duke Cheng of Qin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Duke of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> </b><br />659–621 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duke_Kang_of_Qin" title="Duke Kang of Qin">Duke Kang of Qin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Qin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Qin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Qin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)#Rulers" title="Qin (state)">Rulers of Qin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feizi" title="Feizi">Feizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Qin" title="Marquis of Qin">Marquis of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbo" title="Gongbo">Gongbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Zhong" title="Qin Zhong">Qin Zhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Qin" title="Duke Zhuang of Qin">Duke Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="font-size:36px;">秦</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">State of Qin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Qin" title="Duke Xiang of Qin">Duke Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Qin" title="Duke Wen of Qin">Duke Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Qin_(725%E2%80%93704_BC)" title="Duke Xian of Qin (725–704 BC)">Duke Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzi_I" title="Chuzi I">Chuzi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wu_of_Qin" title="Duke Wu of Qin">Duke Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_De_of_Qin" title="Duke De of Qin">Duke De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xuan_of_Qin" title="Duke Xuan of Qin">Duke Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Cheng_of_Qin" title="Duke Cheng of Qin">Duke Cheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Kang_of_Qin" title="Duke Kang of Qin">Duke Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Gong_of_Qin" title="Duke Gong of Qin">Duke Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qin" title="Duke Huan of Qin">Duke Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Jing_of_Qin" title="Duke Jing of Qin">Duke Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ai_of_Qin" title="Duke Ai of Qin">Duke Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Hui_I_of_Qin" title="Duke Hui I of Qin">Duke Hui I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Dao_of_Qin" title="Duke Dao of Qin">Duke Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ligong_of_Qin" title="Duke Ligong of Qin">Duke Ligong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Zao_of_Qin" title="Duke Zao of Qin">Duke Zao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huai_of_Qin" title="Duke Huai of Qin">Duke Huai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ling_of_Qin" title="Duke Ling of Qin">Duke Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Jian_of_Qin" title="Duke Jian of Qin">Duke Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Hui_II_of_Qin" title="Duke Hui II of Qin">Duke Hui II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzi_II" title="Chuzi II">Chuzi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xian_of_Qin_(424%E2%80%93362_BC)" title="Duke Xian of Qin (424–362 BC)">Duke Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiao_of_Qin" title="Duke Xiao of Qin">Duke Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Huiwen_of_Qin" title="King Huiwen of Qin">King Huiwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Qin" title="King Wu of Qin">King Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhaoxiang_of_Qin" title="King Zhaoxiang of Qin">King Zhaoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Xiaowen_of_Qin" title="King Xiaowen of Qin">King Xiaowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuangxiang_of_Qin" title="King Zhuangxiang of Qin">King Zhuangxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Shi Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Er_Shi" title="Qin Er Shi">Er Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziying_of_Qin" title="Ziying of Qin">Ziying</a> (as king of Qin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Five_Hegemons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Hegemons" title="Template:Five Hegemons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Five_Hegemons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Five Hegemons (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_Hegemons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five Hegemons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Five_Hegemons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Five Hegemons</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional List (<a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">SJ</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke Mu of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Song" title="Duke Xiang of Song">Duke Xiang of Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(book)" title="Xunzi (book)">Xunzi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel%C3%BC_of_Wu" title="Helü of Wu">Helü, King of Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goujian" title="Goujian">Goujian, King of Yue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ci Tong (辭通)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng" title="Duke Zhuang of Zheng">Duke Zhuang of Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke Mu of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Hu_Tong" title="Bai Hu Tong">Bai Hu Tong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke Mu of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel%C3%BC_of_Wu" title="Helü of Wu">Helü, King of Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disquisition_of_Four_Masters_Discussing_Virtue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disquisition of Four Masters Discussing Virtue (page does not exist)">SZJDL</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%AD%90%E8%AC%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%96" class="extiw" title="zh:四子講德論">zh</a>]</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke Mu of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Zhuang_of_Chu" title="King Zhuang of Chu">King Zhuang of Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goujian" title="Goujian">Goujian, King of Yue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Huan_of_Qi" title="Duke Huan of Qi">Duke Huan of Qi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Duke Mu of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Xiang_of_Song" title="Duke Xiang of Song">Duke Xiang of Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Wen_of_Jin" title="Duke Wen of Jin">Duke Wen of Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchai_of_Wu" title="Fuchai of Wu">Fuchai, King of Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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