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<span>As a crime</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_crime-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a crime subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Motives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_of_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_of_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Reaction of authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_of_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybervandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybervandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cybervandalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybervandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Defacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphic_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphic_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Graphic design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphic_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vandalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8_(%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تخريب (ممتلكات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخريب (ممتلكات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismu" title="Vandalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vandalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizm" title="Vandalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vandalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вандалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вандалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Вандализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вандализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismus" title="Vandalismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vandalismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalerezh" title="Vandalerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vandalerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Вандализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismus" title="Vandalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vandalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandaliaeth" title="Fandaliaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fandaliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6rv%C3%A6rk" title="Hærværk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hærværk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismus" title="Vandalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vandalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vandalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βανδαλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βανδαλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismo" title="Vandalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vandalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismo" title="Vandalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vandalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandalismo" title="Bandalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bandalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="وندالیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وندالیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismo" title="Vandalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vandalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EB%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="반달리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반달리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վանդալություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանդալություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="बर्बरता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्बरता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizam" title="Vandalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vandalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismo" title="Vandalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vandalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ונדליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונדליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვანდალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანდალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вандализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вандализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisms" title="Vandalisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vandalisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismus" title="Vandalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vandalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizmas" title="Vandalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rong%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Rongálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rongálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вандализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вандализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="വാൻഡലിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാൻഡലിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تخريب الممتلكات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تخريب الممتلكات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laku_musnah" title="Laku musnah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laku musnah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вандализма – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вандализма" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ヴァンダリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァンダリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6rverk" title="Hærverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hærverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6rverk" title="Hærverk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hærverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizm" title="Vandalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vandalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وندالیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وندالیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandalizm" title="Wandalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wandalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalismo" title="Vandalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vandalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vandalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вандализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandalismu" title="Bandalismu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bandalismu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizmi" title="Vandalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vandalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vandalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizmus" title="Vandalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vandalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizem" title="Vandalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vandalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ڤەندالیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤەندالیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вандализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вандализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizam" title="Vandalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vandalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkivalta" title="Ilkivalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilkivalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vandalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การทำลายทรัพย์สิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำลายทรัพย์สิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандализм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вандализм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandall%C4%B1k" title="Vandallık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vandallık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандализм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вандализм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Вандалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вандалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وندالیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وندالیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1_ho%E1%BA%A1i" title="Phá hoại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phá hoại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalisme" title="Vandalisme – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vandalisme" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%9D%8F" title="破坏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="破坏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E" title="破壞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="破壞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalizm" title="Vandalizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Vandalizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7%E7%A0%B4%E5%9D%8F" title="财产破坏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="财产破坏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6160#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deliberate damage or defacement of an object or structure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">This article is about vandalism in general. For the Wikipedia policy on vandalism, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Wikipedia:Vandalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism on Wikipedia</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vandalism (disambiguation)">Vandalism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg/260px-G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg/390px-G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg/520px-G-20_-_Hamburg_Schulterblatt_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption>Vandalised <a href="/wiki/Facade" class="mw-redirect" title="Facade">facade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg/220px-Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg/330px-Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg/440px-Progression_of_Vandalism_in_a_restroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1789" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Progression of vandalism as seen in a men's employee bathroom at a grocery store</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg/170px-Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg/255px-Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg/340px-Lead_Photo_For_Swimming_pool_sanitation0-46353521407581866.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Vandalism on a street sign, making it read "i Swim in Poo"</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/220px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/440px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" 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pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution" title="History of environmental pollution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">Pollutants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Misc</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_source_pollution" title="Area source pollution">Area source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_health_and_pollution" title="Brain health and pollution">Brain health and pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">Dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbology" title="Garbology">Garbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_pollution" title="Legacy pollution">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_source_pollution" title="Point source pollution">Point source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases" title="List of pollution-related diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_laws_by_country" title="List of environmental laws by country">Law by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" title="List of most-polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Most polluted cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_least_polluted_cities_by_particulate_matter_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration">Least polluted cities by PM2.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_environmental_agreements" title="List of international environmental agreements">Treaties</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution_by_country" title="Category:Pollution by country">By country</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/16px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/24px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vandalism</b> is the action involving deliberate destruction of or damage to public or private property.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term includes <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and <a href="#Defacement">defacement</a> directed towards any property without permission of the owner. The term finds its roots in an <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> view that the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Vandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal">Vandals</a> were a uniquely destructive people as they sacked Rome in 455 AD. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/220px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/330px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/440px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>The Vandals sacking <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 455 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic people</a>, are associated with senseless destruction as a result of their <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sack of Rome</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Genseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Genseric">Genseric</a> in 455. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, Rome was idealized, while the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and Vandals were blamed for its destruction. The Vandals may not have been any more destructive than other invaders of ancient times, but they did inspire English poet <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a> to write, <i>Till Goths, and Vandals, a rude Northern race, Did all the matchless Monuments deface</i> (1694). However, the Vandals did intentionally damage statues, which may be why their name is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_art" title="Vandalism of art">vandalism of art</a>. The term <i>Vandalisme</i> was coined in 1794 by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Blois">bishop of Blois</a>, to describe the destruction of artwork following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The term was quickly adopted across Europe. This new use of the term was important in colouring the perception of the Vandals from later Late Antiquity, popularizing the pre-existing idea that they were a barbaric group with a taste for destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, vandalism has been justified by painter <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> as destruction of monuments symbolizing "war and conquest". Therefore, it is often done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or both. Courbet's attempt, during the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, to dismantle the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Vendôme column</a>, a symbol of the past <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a> authoritarian Empire, was one of the most celebrated events of vandalism. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> himself would meditate after the Commune on the "fight against culture", taking as example the intentional burning of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> on 23 May 1871. "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture" wrote <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Klossowski" title="Pierre Klossowski">Klossowski</a> after quoting Nietzsche.<sup id="cite_ref-klossowski_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klossowski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a proposal to the International Conference for Unification of Criminal Law held in Madrid in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Raphael Lemkin</a> envisaged the creation of two new international crimes (delicta <a href="/wiki/Jus_gentium" title="Jus gentium">juris gentium</a>): the crime of barbarity, consisting in the extermination of racial, religious, or social collectivities, and the crime of vandalism, consisting in the destruction of cultural and artistic works of these groups.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal was not accepted. A figurative accusation of vandalism was applied towards the theology of <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2019_p._76_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2019_p._76-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_crime">As a crime</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg/220px-Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg/330px-Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg/440px-Abges%C3%A4gte_Leiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Vandalized shooting stand in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg/220px-Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg/330px-Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg/440px-Vandalismus_ve_vlaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Vandalized <a href="/wiki/Seat" title="Seat">seat</a> inside a <a href="/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger car (rail)">passenger car</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Private citizens commit vandalism when they willfully damage or deface the property of others or the <a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a>. Some vandalism may qualify as <a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">culture jamming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breaching_experiment" title="Breaching experiment">sniggling</a>: it is thought by some to be artistic in nature even though carried out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at least some <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> art, billboard "liberation", and possibly <a href="/wiki/Crop_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop circles">crop circles</a>. Criminal vandalism takes many forms. <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a> on <a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">public property</a> is common in many <a href="/wiki/Inner_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner cities">inner cities</a> as part of a <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> culture, where they might be used as territorial markers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More serious forms of vandalism that may take place during public unrest such as <a href="/wiki/Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioting">rioting</a> can involve the willful destruction of public and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. Vandalism per se is sometimes considered one of the less serious common crimes, but it can become quite serious and distressing when committed extensively, violently, or as an expression of hatred and intimidation. In response, local governments have adopted various legal measures to prevent vandalism, but research has shown that the conventional strategies employed by the government in response to at least unapproved graffiti are not the most effective.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3></div> <p>Examples of vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, <a href="/wiki/Egging" title="Egging">egg throwing</a>, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">tagging</a>, placing glue into locks, tire slashing, <i>keying</i> (scratching) paint, ransacking a property, flooding a house by clogging a sink and leaving the water running, and pulling up plants from the roots without permission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg/170px-Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg/255px-Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg/340px-Monument_Armand_Calinescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a>'s memorial with the bronze plaque stolen and the name of the assassin written over</figcaption></figure> <p>In elections, opposing candidates' supporters may engage in "political vandalism"⁠—the act of defacing opponents' political posters, <a href="/wiki/Bumper_sticker" title="Bumper sticker">bumper stickers</a>, billboards, and other <a href="/wiki/Street_marketing" title="Street marketing">street marketing</a> material. Although the nature of this material is temporary, its effect can be long-lasting as it may reflect both negatively and positively on the candidate whose material is being vandalized as well as on the presumed candidate whose supporters are engaging in the vandalism. </p><p> In addition, activists may use the tactic of <a href="/wiki/Property_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Property destruction">property destruction</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as means of protest, e.g. by smashing the windows of banks, shops and government institutions and setting fire to cars. This often takes place during riots but can also happen as a stand-alone event, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activists destroying property owned by farmers, hunters, biotech companies, and research facilities and setting free animals (which is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a> by opponents). Vandalism is also a common tactic of <a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">black blocs</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg/220px-Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg/330px-Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg/440px-Objects._Abandoned_shopping_cart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3012" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>A broken <a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">shopping cart</a>, thrown into a waterway, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motives">Motives</h3></div> <p>Actions of this kind can be ascribed to anger or envy, or to spontaneous, opportunistic behaviour, possibly for peer acceptance or bravado in <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang</a> cultures, or disgruntlement with the target (victim) person or society. Another common motive is to seek <a href="/wiki/Attention_seeking" title="Attention seeking">attention</a>, and for personal gain. Opportunistic vandalism of this nature may also be filmed, the mentality of which can be akin to <a href="/wiki/Happy_slapping" title="Happy slapping">happy slapping</a>. The large-scale prevalence of gang <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in some inner cities has almost made it acceptable to the societies based there, so much so that it may go unnoticed, or not be removed, possibly because it may be a fruitless endeavour, to be graffitied on once again. Greed can motivate vandalism as can <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">some political ideologies</a>, wish to draw attention to problems, <a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">frustration</a>, even playfulness. Youngsters, the most common vandals, frequently experience low status and <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">boredom</a>. Vandalism enables powerless people to attack those above them, take control and frighten others. Unpunished vandalism can provide relief which <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement" title="Reinforcement">reinforces</a> the behaviour. Vandalism by one person can lead to imitation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teenage boys and men in their 20s are most likely to vandalize, but older adults and females are also known to sometimes vandalize, with young children occasionally vandalizing, but in a much smaller form, such as making small crayon drawings on walls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Criminological research into vandalism has found that it serves many purposes for those who engage in it and stems from a variety of motives. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(sociologist)" title="Stanley Cohen (sociologist)">Stanley Cohen</a> describes seven different types of vandalism:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg/170px-S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg/255px-S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg/340px-S95ReformationDestructionEly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Headless statue in <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a>; ideological vandalism during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Acquisitive vandalism (looting and petty theft).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a> – Teenagers spend more time away from home with peers, and whether they act constructively or destructively can depend on the contacts they make. Disobeying authority can appear <a href="/wiki/Cool_(aesthetic)" title="Cool (aesthetic)">cool</a>.</li> <li>Tactical vandalism (to advance some end other than acquiring money or property – such as breaking a window to be arrested and get a bed for the night in a police cell).</li> <li>Ideological vandalism (carried out to further an explicit ideological cause or deliver a message).</li> <li>Vindictive vandalism (for revenge).</li> <li>Play vandalism (damage resulting from children's games).</li> <li>Malicious vandalism (damage caused by a violent outpouring of diffuse frustration and rage that often occurs in public settings).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohen's original typology was improved upon by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Sutton_(criminologist)" title="Mike Sutton (criminologist)">Mike Sutton</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose research led him to add a seventh sub-type of vandalism – Peer Status Motivated Vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_of_authorities">Reaction of authorities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg/300px-Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg/450px-Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg/600px-Where_is_your_family_-_due_process.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Two billboards with the same original content, the billboard on the right being an example of <a href="/wiki/Subvertising" title="Subvertising">subvertising</a>—vandalizing with a political message</figcaption></figure> <p>In view of its incivility, <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> for vandalism can be particularly severe in some countries. In Singapore, for example, a person who attempts to cause or commits an act of vandalism may be liable to <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a> for up to three years and may also be punished with <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">caning</a>. Vandalism in the UK is construed as an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">environmental crime</a> and may be punished with an <a href="/wiki/ASBO" class="mw-redirect" title="ASBO">ASBO</a> (Anti-Social Behaviour Order). </p><p>In the 1990s, former New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> cracked down on "quality of life crimes", including graffiti. NY Parks Commissioner Henry J. Stern described graffiti as "a metaphor for <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> perhaps best shown in '<a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(film)" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a>'" adding that "New York City will not be like that".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybervandalism">Cybervandalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AVandalism&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+22+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Vandalism">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vandalism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cybervandalism is vandalism on the internet. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">vandalism on Wikipedia</a> involves adding questionable content, removing content, or changing content in order to make it questionable, generally with the objective of harming Wikipedia's reputation. Forms of online vandalism have been recorded, the most common of which is <a href="/wiki/Website_defacement" title="Website defacement">website defacement</a>. Vandalism on <a href="/wiki/Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">web maps</a> has been called "cartographic vandalism".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> without financial intent also count. </p><p>Cybervandalism could be said to be a form of creativity and artistry. An example of this was when the Cheltenham paint festival was cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>, and artists still proceeded to celebrate their artistry virtually.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defacement">Defacement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg/170px-People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg/255px-People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg/340px-People_defacing_the_Golconda_walls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>People defacing the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Golconda_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Golconda Fort">Golconda Fort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png/220px-Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png/330px-Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png/440px-Coat_of_arms_on_the_outdoors_of_police_station_next_to_St_Joseph_Tower.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Defaced coat of arms (probably of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Rohan-Polduc" title="Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc">Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Venera" title="Santa Venera">Santa Venera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Defacement is a type of vandalism that involves damaging the appearance or surface of something. The object of damage may be architecture, books, paintings, sculpture, or other forms of art.<sup id="cite_ref-CongressOffice1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CongressOffice1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of defacement include: </p> <ul><li>Marking or removing the part of an object (especially images, be they on the page, in illustrative art or as a sculpture) designed to hold the viewers' attention</li> <li>Scoring a book cover with a blade</li> <li>Splashing paint over a painting in a gallery</li> <li>Smashing the nose of a sculpted bust</li> <li>Damaging or chiselling off sculpted coats of arms</li> <li>Altering the content of web sites and publicly editable repositories to include nonsensical or whimsical references</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a> led to the defacement of many religious artworks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_art">As art</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads,_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater,_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads%2C_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater%2C_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads%2C_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater%2C_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads%2C_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater%2C_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads%2C_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater%2C_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads%2C_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater%2C_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Sticker_on_Stop-sign_Reads%2C_%22The_Hell_With_Shell%22-in_Pentwater%2C_Michigan_-_NARA_-_547042_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2603" /></a><figcaption>A sticker reading "the HELL with <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">SHELL</a>" photographed in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> in 1973</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1,_Colombia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/170px-Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/255px-Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg/340px-Street_light_vandalism_in_Bogot%C3%A1%2C_Colombia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic signal light</a> vandalism portraying <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though vandalism in itself is illegal, it is often also an integral part of modern popular culture. French painter <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>'s attempt to disassemble the <a href="/wiki/Place_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Place Vendôme">Vendôme column</a> during the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> was probably one of the first artistic acts of vandalism, celebrated at least since <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dada</a> performances during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The Vendôme column was considered a symbol of the recently deposed <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a>, and dismantled as such. </p><p>After the burning of the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a> on 23 May 1871, Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> himself meditated about the "fight against culture", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a "senseless" manner (the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture. In this case, culture cannot be legitimised by art achievements, and Nietzsche writes: "I {also} know what it means: fighting against culture". After quoting him, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Klossowski" title="Pierre Klossowski">Klossowski</a> writes: "The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture".<sup id="cite_ref-klossowski_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klossowski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As destruction of monument, vandalism can only have sense in a culture respecting history, <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>: Nietzsche spoke of <i>monumental history</i>. As destruction of monumental history, vandalism was assured a long life (as <a href="/wiki/Herostratus" title="Herostratus">Herostratus</a> proved): <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a> could make such a claim, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hakim_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Bey">Hakim Bey</a>'s <i>poetic terrorism</i> or <i>Destroy 2000 Years of Culture</i> from <a href="/wiki/Atari_Teenage_Riot" title="Atari Teenage Riot">Atari Teenage Riot</a>. Gustave Courbet's declaration stated: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Attendu que la colonne Vendôme est un monument dénué de toute valeur artistique, tendant à perpétuer par son expression les idées de guerre et de conquête qui étaient dans la dynastie impériale, mais que réprouve le sentiment d'une nation républicaine, [le citoyen Courbet] émet le vœu que le gouvernement de la Défense nationale veuille bien l'autoriser à déboulonner cette colonne.</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>('As the Vendôme column is a monument devoid of any artistic value, whose expression tends to perpetuate the ideas of war and conquest from the imperial dynasty, but that reject the sentiment of a republican nation, citizen Courbet declares that the government of National Defense should allow him to dismantle this column.)</p></blockquote> <p>Hence, painter Courbet justified the dismantlement of the Vendôme column on political grounds, downgrading its artistic value. Vandalism poses the problem of the value of art compared to life's hardships: Courbet thought that the political values transmitted by this work of art neutralized its artistic value. His project was not followed; however, on 12 April 1871, the Commune voted to dismantle the imperial symbol, and the column was taken down on 8 May. After the assault on the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a>, Gustave Courbet was condemned to pay part of the expenses. </p><p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> glorified the art of vandalism in his essay "The Faith of Graffiti", which likened tagging in New York City to the work of <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Rauschenberg</a>. New York Authorities responded by coating subway walls with <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> paint, jailing taggers and requiring hardware stores to keep spray paint under lock and key.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Tags</a>, designs, and <a href="/wiki/Styles_of_Writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of Writing">styles of writing</a> are commonplace on clothing, and are an influence on many of the corporate <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">logos</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Skateparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateparks">skateparks</a> and similar youth-oriented venues are decorated with commissioned graffiti-style artwork, and in many others patrons are welcome to leave their own. There is still, however, a fine line between vandalism as an artform, as a <a href="/wiki/Political_statement" title="Political statement">political statement</a>, and as a crime. <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>-born guerrilla artist <a href="/wiki/Banksy" title="Banksy">Banksy</a>'s claim is that official vandalism is far worse than that perpetrated by individuals, and that he is decorating buildings of no architectural merit.<sup id="cite_ref-Medium_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medium-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphic_design">Graphic design</h3></div> <p>Defacing could also be one of the techniques that many graphic designers use, by applying their own hand writing on a graphic itself. Sometimes the use of this technique might be mistaken as vandalism to the original work, as exemplified by the work of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Sagmeister" title="Stefan Sagmeister">Stefan Sagmeister</a>, including his <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a> CD cover. A unique use of the defacement technique is the CD cover for <a href="/wiki/A.P.C." title="A.P.C.">A.P.C.</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Touitou" title="Jean Touitou">Jean Touitou</a>, where the designer wrote the title, volume number, and date with her own hand writing on the pre-print blank CD. Creative vandalism of this sort is not limited to writing and sketching. For example, the spraying on the KPIST album Golden coat for <a href="/wiki/MNW_Music" title="MNW Music">MNW Records</a> by Sweden graphic uses <a href="/wiki/Gold_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold (colour)">gold</a> spray, which may be considered an act of vandalism, but the customer may also appreciate the unicity of each cover that had been sprayed gold in different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">Broken windows theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_mischief" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal mischief">Criminal mischief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrinalia" title="Latrinalia">Latrinalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_book_vandalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Library book vandalism">Library book vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_mischief" class="mw-redirect" title="Malicious mischief">Malicious mischief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_of_art" title="Vandalism of art">Vandalism of art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731060431/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/vandalism">"Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/vandalism">the original</a> on 31 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fvandalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrills and Miles 2010, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klossowski-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klossowski_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klossowski_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Klossowski" title="Pierre Klossowski">Pierre Klossowski</a>, <i>Nietzsche and the Vicious Circle</i>, first Chapter: What is the value of culture if those who are exploited by it destroy it? <i>"En sorte qu'il nous faut être bien loin de vouloir, du haut de notre sentiment de nous-mêmes, imputer le crime d'un combat contre la culture exclusivement à ces malheureux.</i> Je sais ce que cela veut dire: le combat contre la culture. (...) <i> je me campronnai avec une conviction sérieuse à la valeur métaphysique de l'art, lequel ne saurait exister à cause des pauvres gens, mais doit accomplir des missions plus hautes. Mais, en dépit de mon extrême douleur, je n'étais pas en état de jeter la moindre pierre à ces profanateurs qui, pour moi, n'étaient que les suppôts de la culpabilité universelle, sur laquelle il y a beaucoup à méditer!"</i> Nietzsche quoted by Klossowski pp. 29–30 French edition, who adds: <i>"Le combat criminel contre la culture n'est lui-même que l'envers d'une culture criminelle"</i> ("The criminal fight against culture is only the reverse side of a criminal culture")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1933" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a> (November 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075351/http://www.preventgenocide.org/de/lemkin/anwaltsblatt1933.htm">"Akte der Barbarei und des Vandalismus als delicta juris gentium"</a>. <i>Anwaltsblatt Internationales (Wien)</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/de/lemkin/anwaltsblatt1933.htm">the original</a> on 25 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anwaltsblatt+Internationales+%28Wien%29&rft.atitle=Akte+der+Barbarei+und+des+Vandalismus+als+delicta+juris+gentium&rft.date=1933-11&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Fde%2Flemkin%2Fanwaltsblatt1933.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birch_2019_p._76-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2019_p._76_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2019" class="citation book cs1">Birch, J.C.P. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eOijDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Jesus in an Age of Enlightenment: Radical Gospels from Thomas Hobbes to Thomas Jefferson</i></a>. Christianities in the Trans-Atlantic World. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51276-5"><bdi>978-1-137-51276-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1973), Ward, C. (ed.), <i>Property destruction: Motives and meanings</i>, London: Architectural Press, pp. 23–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property+destruction%3A+Motives+and+meanings&rft.place=London&rft.pages=23-53&rft.pub=Architectural+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Cohen%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein,_A.1996" class="citation cs2">Goldstein, A. (1996), <i>The Psychology of Vandalism</i>, New York: Plenum Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Vandalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLey,_D.Cybriwsky,_R.1974" class="citation cs2">Ley, D. & Cybriwsky, R. (1974), "Urban Graffiti as Territorial Markers", <i>Annals of the Association of American Geographers</i>, <b>64</b> (4): 491–505, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1974.tb00998.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1974.tb00998.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Urban+Graffiti+as+Territorial+Markers&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=491-505&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1974.tb00998.x&rft.au=Ley%2C+D.&rft.au=Cybriwsky%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillsMiles2010" class="citation cs2">Merrills, A.; Miles, R. (2010), <i>The Vandals</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6068-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6068-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-6068-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vandals&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6068-1&rft.aulast=Merrills&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Miles%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_M.2006" class="citation cs2">Williams, M. (2006), <i>Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance, and Regulation Online.</i>, Abington, UK: Taylor & Francis</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtually+Criminal%3A+Crime%2C+Deviance%2C+and+Regulation+Online.&rft.place=Abington%2C+UK&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Williams%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVandalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Chris Hammond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224065925/http://www.motinternational.com/artists/bank/">Bank</a>. Retrieved 9 March 2016</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Defacement_of_graffiti" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Defacement of graffiti">Defacement of graffiti</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vandalism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vandalism">Vandalism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/vandalism">The Free Dictionary: Vandalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vandalism">Merriam Webster: Vandalism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vandalism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vandalism"><i>vandalism</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li>Vandalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Crime">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_law" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Crime and law">Wikinews</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6160#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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