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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Paul Gilroy</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulGilroy2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PaulGilroy2.jpg/220px-PaulGilroy2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PaulGilroy2.jpg/330px-PaulGilroy2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PaulGilroy2.jpg/440px-PaulGilroy2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1141" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gilroy in 2019</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1956-02-16</span>) </span>16 February 1956<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 68)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vron_Ware" title="Vron Ware">Vron Ware</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Gilroy" title="Beryl Gilroy">Beryl Gilroy</a></li><li>Patrick Gilroy</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holberg_Prize" title="Holberg Prize">Holberg Prize</a> (2019)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Racism, Class and the Contemporary Cultural Politics of "Race" and "Nation"</i> (1986)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">South Bank Polytechnic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">University of Essex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths%27_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmiths' College, London">Goldsmiths' College, London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College, London">King's College, London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/There_Ain%27t_No_Black_in_the_Union_Jack" title="There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack">There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack</a></i> (1987)</li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Atlantic" title="The Black Atlantic">The Black Atlantic</a></i> (1993)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Gilroy</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature">FRSL</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (born 16 February 1956) is an English <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> scholar who is the founding Director of the Sarah Parker Remond Centre for the Study of Race and Racism at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (UCL).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilroy is the 2019 winner of the €660,000 <a href="/wiki/Holberg_Prize" title="Holberg Prize">Holberg Prize</a>, for "his outstanding contributions to a number of academic fields, including <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race studies</a>, sociology, history, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">African-American studies</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilroy was born on 16 February 1956<sup id="cite_ref-CV_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyanese</a> mother, novelist <a href="/wiki/Beryl_Gilroy" title="Beryl Gilroy">Beryl Gilroy</a>, and an English father, Patrick, who was a scientist.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has a sister, Darla. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/University_College_School" title="University College School">University College School</a> and obtained his bachelor's degree at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> in 1978. He moved to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham University</a>, where he completed his PhD in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnsHopkins_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnsHopkins-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilroy is a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> and black Atlantic diasporic culture with interests in the "myriad manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">black British</a> culture".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the author of <i><a href="/wiki/There_Ain%27t_No_Black_in_the_Union_Jack" title="There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack">There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack</a></i> (1987), <i>Small Acts</i> (1993), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Atlantic" title="The Black Atlantic">The Black Atlantic</a></i> (1993), <i>Between Camps</i> (2000; also published as <i>Against Race</i> in the United States), and <i>After Empire</i> (2004; published as <i>Postcolonial Melancholia</i> in the United States), among other works. Gilroy was also co-author of <i>The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 1970s Britain</i> (1982), a path-breaking, collectively produced volume published under the imprint of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham University">Birmingham University</a>, where he was a doctoral student working with the Jamaican intellectual <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>. Other members of the group include <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Amos" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerie Amos">Valerie Amos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel_Carby" title="Hazel Carby">Hazel Carby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Parmar" title="Pratibha Parmar">Pratibha Parmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilroy taught at <a href="/wiki/South_Bank_University" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bank University">South Bank Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Essex University">Essex University</a>, and then for many years at <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths_College,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmiths College, University of London">Goldsmiths, University of London</a>, before taking up a tenured post in the US at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was the chair of the Department of African American Studies and Charlotte Marian Saden Professor of Sociology and African American Studies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first holder of the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> Professorship in Social Theory at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> before he joined <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> in September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilroy worked for the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a> for several years in the 1980s before becoming an academic. During that period, he was associated with the weekly <a href="/wiki/Listings_magazine" title="Listings magazine">listings magazine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/City_Limits_(magazine)" title="City Limits (magazine)">City Limits</a></i> (where he was a contributing editor between 1982 and 1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(magazine)" title="The Wire (magazine)">The Wire</a></i> (where he had a regular column from 1988 to 1991).<sup id="cite_ref-CV_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other publications for which he wrote during this period include <i><a href="/wiki/New_Musical_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="New Musical Express">New Musical Express</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Internationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Internationalist">The New Internationalist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New Statesman and Society">New Statesman and Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CV_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilroy is known as a path-breaking scholar and historian of the music of the black Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>, as a commentator on the politics of race, nation and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> in the UK, and as an archaeologist of the literary and cultural lives of blacks in the western hemisphere. According to the US <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Blacks_in_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Blacks in Higher Education">Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</a></i> he has been consistently among the most frequently cited black scholars in the humanities and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held the top position in the humanities rankings in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008. </p><p>Gilroy holds <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorates">honorary doctorates</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmiths University of London">Goldsmiths University of London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a> 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Autumn 2009 he served as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> Visiting Professor at the Centre for Humanities, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilroy was awarded a 50th Anniversary Fellowship of Sussex University in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">fellow of the British Academy</a>, the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">national academy</a> for the humanities and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he was elected Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an international honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts & Sciences</a> in April 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Gilroy became the founding director of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>'s Sarah Parker Remond Centre (formerly the Centre for the Study of Racism & Racialisation), named in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parker_Remond" title="Sarah Parker Remond">transatlantic abolitionist and women's rights activist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilroy is married to writer, photographer and academic <a href="/wiki/Vron_Ware" title="Vron Ware">Vron Ware</a>. The couple live in <a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">north London</a>, and have two children, Marcus and Cora. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Black_Atlantic"><i>The Black Atlantic</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Black Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Atlantic" title="The Black Atlantic">The Black Atlantic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilroy's 1993 book <i>The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness</i> marks a turning point in the study of diasporas.<sup id="cite_ref-Chivallon239_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chivallon239-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying a cultural studies approach, he provides a study of African intellectual history and its cultural construction.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving away from all cultural forms that could be deemed ethnic absolutism, Gilroy offers the concept of the black Atlantic as a space of transnational cultural construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Braziel_2006,_pp49_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braziel_2006,_pp49-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, Gilroy makes the peoples who suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> the emblem of his new concept of diasporic peoples. This new concept breaks with the traditional diasporic model based on the idea that diasporic people are separated by a communal source or origin, offering a second model that <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (sociology)">privileges</a> hybridity.<sup id="cite_ref-Chivallon239_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chivallon239-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilroy's theme of <a href="/wiki/Double_consciousness" title="Double consciousness">double consciousness</a> involves black Atlantic striving to be both European and black through their relationship to the land of their birth and their ethnic political constituency being absolutely transformed.<sup id="cite_ref-Braziel_2006,_pp49_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braziel_2006,_pp49-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than encapsulating the African-American tradition within national borders, Gilroy recognizes the actual significance of European and African travels of many African-American writers. To prove his point, he re-reads the works of African-American intellectuals against the background of a trans-Atlantic context.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilroy's concept of the black Atlantic fundamentally disrupts contemporary forms of cultural nationalism and reopens the field of African-American studies by enlarging the field's interpretive framework.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilroy offers a corrective to traditional notions of culture as rooted in a particular nation or history, suggesting instead an analytic that foregrounds movement and exchange. In an effort to disabuse scholars of cultural studies and cultural historians in the UK and the US from assuming a "pure" racial, ethnic, and class-based politics/political history, Gilroy traces two legacies of political and cultural thought that emerge through cross-pollination. Gilroy critiques New Leftists for assuming a purely <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> identity that in fact was influenced by various black histories and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mode_of_exchange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mode of exchange (page does not exist)">modes of exchange</a>. Gilroy's initial claim seeks to trouble the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assumptive_logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assumptive logic (page does not exist)">assumptive logics</a> of a "pure" western history (canon), offering instead a way to think these histories as mutually constituted and always already entangled.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Atlantic:_Modernity_and_Double_Consciousness_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Atlantic:_Modernity_and_Double_Consciousness-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gilroy uses the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Transatlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> to highlight the influence of "routes" on black identity. He uses the image of a ship to represent how authentic black culture is composed of cultural exchanges since the slave trade stifled blacks' ability to connect to a homeland. He claims that there was a cultural exchange as well as a commodity exchange that defines the transatlantic slave trade and thus black culture. In addition, he discusses how black people and black cultures were written out of European countries and cultures via the effort to equate white people with institutions and cultures, which causes whiteness to be conflated with Europe as a country and black people being ignored and excluded. This causes blackness and "Europeanness" to be viewed as separate entities lacking symbiosis. Whiteness and Europeanness even went so far as to create a culture such that blackness becomes a threat to the sanctity of these <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of how Gilroy and his concepts in <i>The Black Atlantic</i> directly affected a specific field of African-American studies is its role in defining and influencing the shift between the political black British movement of the 1960 and '70s to the 1980 and '90s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gilroy came to reject outright the working-class movements of the 1970s and '80s on the basis that the system and logic behind the movements were fundamentally flawed as a result of their roots in the way of thinking that not only ignored race but also the trans-Atlantic experience as an integral part of the black experience and history.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument is expanded upon in one of his previous co-authored books, <i>The Empire Strikes Back</i> (1983), which was supported by the (now closed) <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a> of the University of Birmingham in the UK. </p><p><i>The Black Atlantic</i> received an <a href="/wiki/American_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="American Book Award">American Book Award</a> in 1994. The book has subsequently been translated into Italian, French, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish. The influence of the study is generally accepted to be profound, though academics continue to debate in exactly what form its greatest significance may lie.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theoretical use of the ocean as a liminal space alternative to the authority of nation-states has been highly generative in diasporic studies, in spite of Gilroy's own desire to avoid such conflations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of water and migration has been taken up as well by later scholars of the black diaspora, including Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Hofmeyr" title="Isabel Hofmeyr">Isabel Hofmeyr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_E._Smallwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephanie E. Smallwood">Stephanie E. Smallwood</a>, who expand Gilroy's theorizations by engaging questions of <a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queerness</a>, transnationality, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle passage">middle passage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_responses_and_criticisms">Academic responses and criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Academic responses and criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the academic responses to Gilroy's black Atlantic thesis are: <i>Africadian Atlantic: Essays on George Elliott Clarke</i> (2012), edited by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pivato" title="Joseph Pivato">Joseph Pivato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Elliott_Clarke" title="George Elliott Clarke">George Elliott Clarke</a>'s "Must All Blackness Be American? Locating Canada in Borden's 'Tightrope Time,' or Nationalizing Gilroy's <i>The Black Atlantic</i>" (1996, <i>Canadian Ethnic Studies</i> 28.3).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, scholar Tsiti Ella Jaji discusses Gilroy and his conceptualization of the black Atlantic as the "inspiration and provocation" for her 2014 book <i>Africa in Stereo: Modernism, Music, and Pan-African Solidarity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaji_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaji-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While finding Gilroy's discussion of music in the black diaspora compelling and inspiring, Jaji has two main points of contention that provoked her to critique and to dissect his theories. Her first critique of Gilroy's theories are that they neglect continental Africa in this space of music production, creating an understanding of black diaspora that is exclusive of Africa. </p><p>Jaji's second point is that Gilroy does not examine the role that gender plays in black music production. Jaji discusses how Gilroy's <i>The Black Atlantic</i>, while enriching the collective understanding of trans-Atlantic black cultural exchange, devalues the incorporation of gender into his analysis; she uses as an example chapter one of <i>The Black Atlantic</i>, in which Gilroy says: "Black survival depends upon forging a new means to build alliances above and beyond petty issues like language, religion, skin colour, and to a lesser extent gender."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Gilroy does not include female voices in his discussion of music and trans-Atlantic black cultural exchange, which Jaji argues contributes to a gendered understanding of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a> that is largely male-dominated.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaji_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaji-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional academic response to Gilroy's work is by scholar <a href="/wiki/Julian_Henriques" title="Julian Henriques">Julian Henriques</a>. Gilroy concludes the first chapter of his book <i>The Black Atlantic Modernity and Double Consciousness</i> with the quote: "social self-creation through labour is not the centre-piece of emancipatory hopes....Artistic expression...therefore becomes the means towards both individual self-fashioning and communal liberation" (Gilroy, 40).<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Atlantic:_Modernity_and_Double_Consciousness_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Atlantic:_Modernity_and_Double_Consciousness-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quote about the liberatory potential of art as a transatlantic cultural product exemplifies Gilroy's argument that for black people, forms of culture take on a heightened meaning in light of black persons being excluded from representation in the traditional political apparatus. As such, Gilroy argues that culture is the mode through which black persons should aspire to liberation. </p><p>In working to understand black culture, Gilroy asks readers to focus on routes of movement of black persons and black cultural production, as opposed to focusing on roots of origin. However, Henriques argues that Gilroy's focus on routes in themselves is limiting to one's understanding of the black diaspora. Henriques introduces the idea of "propagation of vibration", described as the diffusion of a spectrum of frequencies through a variety of media, in his essay, "Sonic Diaspora, Vibrations, and Rhythm: Thinking Through the Sounding of the Jamaican Dancehall Session" (Henriques, 221).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This theory of the propagation of vibrations provides language to understand the diffusion of vibrations beyond the material (accessible) sonic and musical fields or the physical circulation of objects that can be tracked through Gilroy's routes. Henriques described vibrations as having corporeal (kinetic) and ethereal (meaning based) qualities that can be diffused similarly to the accessible fields, and argues that Gilroy's routes language does not encapsulate these frequencies of vibrations (224–226).<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Atlantic:_Modernity_and_Double_Consciousness_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Atlantic:_Modernity_and_Double_Consciousness-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_awards">Selected awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2005: honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></li> <li>2012: 50th Anniversary Fellowship of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a></li> <li>2014: elected a <a href="/wiki/British_Academy#Fellowship" title="British Academy">Fellow of the British Academy</a></li> <li>2016: honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="University of Liège">University of Liège</a></li> <li>2017: honorary doctorate from University of Sussex</li> <li>2018: elected an international honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts & Sciences</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Holberg_Prize" title="Holberg Prize">The Holberg Prize</a> (€600,000)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020 Fellow of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020 honorary doctorate <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023 honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1982: (co-author) <i>The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in '70s Britain</i>, London: Hutchinson/Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</li> <li>1987: <i><a href="/wiki/There_Ain%27t_No_Black_in_the_Union_Jack" title="There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack">There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation</a></i>, London: Hutchinson</li> <li>1993: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Atlantic" title="The Black Atlantic">The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness</a></i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a></li> <li>1993: <i>Small Acts: Thoughts on the Politics of Black Cultures</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Serpent%27s_Tail" title="Serpent's Tail">Serpent's Tail</a></li> <li>1995: (with <a href="/wiki/Iain_Michael_Chambers" title="Iain Michael Chambers">Iain Chambers</a>) <i>Hendrix, hip-hop e l’interruzione del pensiero</i>, Costa & Nolan.</li> <li>2000: <i>Against Race: Imagining Political Culture Beyond the Color Line</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Belknap_Press_of_Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press">The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</a></li> <li>2000: <i>Between Camps: Nations, Culture and the Allure of Race</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Lane (imprint)">Allen Lane</a></li> <li>2000: <i>Without Guarantees: Essays in Honour of Stuart Hall</i> (co-edited with <a href="/wiki/Angela_McRobbie" title="Angela McRobbie">Angela McRobbie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Grossberg" title="Lawrence Grossberg">Lawrence Grossberg</a>), London: Verso</li> <li>2004: <i>After Empire: Melancholia or Convivial Culture</i>, London: Routledge</li> <li>2007: <i>Black Britain - A Photographic History</i> (with an introduction by Stuart Hall), London: Saqi</li> <li>2009: (co-author) <i>Kuroi Taiseiyo to Chishikijin no Genzai</i> (The Black Atlantic and Intellectuals Today), Shoraisha</li> <li>2010: <i>Darker Than Blue: On The Moral Economies of Black Atlantic Culture</i>, Harvard University Press</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/racism-racialisation/professor-paul-gilroy">Professor Paul Gilroy</a>. UCL.AC.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSandmo2019" class="citation web cs1">Sandmo, Ole (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holbergprisen.no/en/news/holberg-prize/2019-holberg-prize-and-nils-klim-prize-laureates-announced">"2019 Holberg Prize and Nils Klim Prize Laureates Announced"</a>. <i>Holbergprisen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holbergprisen&rft.atitle=2019+Holberg+Prize+and+Nils+Klim+Prize+Laureates+Announced&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Sandmo&rft.aufirst=Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholbergprisen.no%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fholberg-prize%2F2019-holberg-prize-and-nils-klim-prize-laureates-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2019" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/arts/paul-gilroy-holberg-prize.html">"Paul Gilroy, Scholar of the Black Atlantic, Wins Holberg Prize"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Gilroy%2C+Scholar+of+the+Black+Atlantic%2C+Wins+Holberg+Prize&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F14%2Farts%2Fpaul-gilroy-holberg-prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CV_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CV_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uu.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/GW/GW_Centre_Humanities/Vrede%20van%20Utrecht%20Leerstoel/CV%20Paul%20Gilroy.pdf">Paul Gilroy Curriculum Vitae.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141212000134/http://www.uu.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/GW/GW_Centre_Humanities/Vrede%20van%20Utrecht%20Leerstoel/CV%20Paul%20Gilroy.pdf">Archived</a> 12 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2001" class="citation news cs1">Fraser, Peter D. (18 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/apr/18/guardianobituaries.books">"Obituary | Beryl Gilroy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary+%7C+Beryl+Gilroy&rft.date=2001-04-18&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2001%2Fapr%2F18%2Fguardianobituaries.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0lbXGoH70YC&pg=PA19"><i>Paul Gilroy</i></a>. Routledge Critical Thinkers. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58397-8"><bdi>978-0-415-58397-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Gilroy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Routledge+Critical+Thinkers&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58397-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0lbXGoH70YC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnsHopkins-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JohnsHopkins_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorr2012" class="citation book cs1">Corr, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5NzBfVLWCcC&dq=%22Paul+gilroy%22&pg=PA240">"Gilroy, Paul"</a>. In Groden, Michael; Kreiswirth, Martin; <a href="/wiki/Imre_Szeman" title="Imre Szeman">Szeman, Imre</a> (eds.). <i>Contemporary Literary and Cultural Theory: The Johns Hopkins Guide</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 240–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0639-8"><bdi>978-1-4214-0639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gilroy%2C+Paul&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Literary+and+Cultural+Theory%3A+The+Johns+Hopkins+Guide&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=240-44&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0639-8&rft.aulast=Corr&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5NzBfVLWCcC%26dq%3D%2522Paul%2Bgilroy%2522%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2006" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Richard J. (2006). <i>Fifty Key Literary Theorists</i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33847-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33847-9"><bdi>978-0-415-33847-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Key+Literary+Theorists&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33847-9&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/shine-a-light/meeting-stuart-hall/">"Meeting Stuart Hall"</a>: Reflections on cultural theorist Stuart Hall. By <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ahmed" title="Sara Ahmed">Sara Ahmed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gargi_Bhattacharyya" title="Gargi Bhattacharyya">Gargi Bhattacharyya</a>, Yasmin Gunaratnam, Vera Jocelyn, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Noxolo" title="Patricia Noxolo">Patricia Noxolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Parmar" title="Pratibha Parmar">Pratibha Parmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Phoenix" title="Ann Phoenix">Ann Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Puwar" title="Nirmal Puwar">Nirmal Puwar</a>, Suzanne Scafe. Curated by Yasmin Gunaratnam for <a href="/wiki/Media_Diversified" title="Media Diversified">Media Diversified</a>, <i>openDemocracy</i>, 20 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v32.n31/story8.html">"Paul Gilroy is designated as the Charlotte Marion Saden Professor"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407160644/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v32.n31/story8.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Yale Bulletin & Calendar</i>, Volume 32, Number 31, 4 June 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/english/people/academic/gilroy.aspx">"Academic Staff: Professor Paul Gilroy"</a>, King's College London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbhe.com/news_views/63_citationrankings.html">"JBHE's Annual Citation Rankings of Black Scholars in the Social Sciences and the Humanities"</a>. <i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i>. Stroudsberg, Pennsylvania: BRUCON Publishing. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Blacks+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=JBHE%27s+Annual+Citation+Rankings+of+Black+Scholars+in+the+Social+Sciences+and+the+Humanities&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbhe.com%2Fnews_views%2F63_citationrankings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gold.ac.uk/honorary-graduates/g-n/">"Honorary degrees of the University of London, conferred at Goldsmiths' College"</a>, Goldsmiths University of London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://events.ulg.ac.be/ra2016/dhc/paul-gilroy-2/">"Paul Gilroy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401192800/http://events.ulg.ac.be/ra2016/dhc/paul-gilroy-2/">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Université de Liège.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTremlett2017" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Tremlett, Rose (18 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/newsandevents/pressrelease/id/40885">"University of Sussex graduation brings record numbers to Brighton"</a> (Press release). Brighton, England: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Sussex+graduation+brings+record+numbers+to+Brighton&rft.place=Brighton%2C+England&rft.pub=University+of+Sussex&rft.date=2017-07-18&rft.aulast=Tremlett&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Fnewsandevents%2Fpressrelease%2Fid%2F40885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanities.ku.dk/calendar/2019/november/welcome-to-zhang-xihua-and-paul-gilroy/">"Welcome to Zhang Xihua and Paul Gilroy"</a> (Press release). Copenhagen, Denmark: Faculty of Humanities, University of Copenhagen. 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Zhang+Xihua+and+Paul+Gilroy&rft.place=Copenhagen%2C+Denmark&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Humanities%2C+University+of+Copenhagen&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.ku.dk%2Fcalendar%2F2019%2Fnovember%2Fwelcome-to-zhang-xihua-and-paul-gilroy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uu.nl/faculty/humanities/nl/centreforthehumanities/nieuws/Pages/ProfPaulGilroyfirstTreatyofUtrechtVisitingProfessor.aspx">"Prof. Paul Gilroy first Treaty of Utrecht Visiting Professor"</a> (Press release). Utreccht, Netherlands: Centre for the Humanities, Utrecht University. 27 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Paul+Gilroy+first+Treaty+of+Utrecht+Visiting+Professor&rft.place=Utreccht%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Centre+for+the+Humanities%2C+Utrecht+University&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.nl%2Ffaculty%2Fhumanities%2Fnl%2Fcentreforthehumanities%2Fnieuws%2FPages%2FProfPaulGilroyfirstTreatyofUtrechtVisitingProfessor.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sussex.ac.uk/fiftyyears/events/50thfellowships">"50th Fellowships"</a>. <i>www.sussex.ac.uk</i>. Brighton, England: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sussex.ac.uk&rft.atitle=50th+Fellowships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sussex.ac.uk%2Ffiftyyears%2Fevents%2F50thfellowships&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElse2014" class="citation news cs1">Else, Holly (18 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/british-academy-announces-42-new-fellows/2014585.article">"British Academy announces 42 new fellows"</a>. <i>The Times Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=British+Academy+announces+42+new+fellows&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbritish-academy-announces-42-new-fellows%2F2014585.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsliterature.org/fellow/paul-gilroy/">"Paul Gilroy"</a>. <i>The Royal Society of Literature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society+of+Literature&rft.atitle=Paul+Gilroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsliterature.org%2Ffellow%2Fpaul-gilroy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britac.ac.uk/news/british-academy-president-and-fellows-elected-american-academy-arts-sciences">"British Academy President and Fellows elected to American Academy of Arts & Sciences"</a>. British Academy. 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Academy+President+and+Fellows+elected+to+American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.pub=British+Academy&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fbritish-academy-president-and-fellows-elected-american-academy-arts-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCL2020" class="citation web cs1">UCL (11 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/mar/ucl-centre-renamed-memory-transatlantic-abolitionist">"UCL centre renamed in memory of transatlantic abolitionist"</a>. <i>UCL News</i>. University College London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCL+News&rft.atitle=UCL+centre+renamed+in+memory+of+transatlantic+abolitionist&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft.au=UCL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2020%2Fmar%2Fucl-centre-renamed-memory-transatlantic-abolitionist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chivallon239-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chivallon239_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chivallon239_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChivallon2002" class="citation journal cs1">Chivallon, Christine (Winter 2002). "Beyond Gilroy's Black Atlantic: The Experience of the <a href="/wiki/African_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="African Diaspora">African Diaspora</a>". <i>Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>: 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diaspora%3A+A+Journal+of+Transnational+Studies&rft.atitle=Beyond+Gilroy%27s+Black+Atlantic%3A+The+Experience+of+the+African+Diaspora&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=359&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Chivallon&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1996" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Natasha (Winter 1996). 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Bloomington, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indiana_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Indiana Press">University of Indiana Press</a>: 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+in+African+Literatures&rft.atitle=Black+Atlantic%3A+Black+America&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braziel_2006,_pp49-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braziel_2006,_pp49_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braziel_2006,_pp49_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazielMannur2006" class="citation book cs1">Braziel, Jana Evans; Mannur, Anita (2006). <i>Theorizing Diaspora</i>. 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S. (2017). <i>Atlantic Black</i>. Melbourne, Victoria: Transit Lounge. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9954098-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9954098-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9954098-2-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/980586261">980586261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Black&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Transit+Lounge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F980586261&rft.isbn=978-0-9954098-2-8&rft.aulast=Patri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriques2008" class="citation journal cs1">Henriques, Julian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.gold.ac.uk/4259/1/HenriquesSonicDiaspora%2A%2A.pdf">"Sonic Diaspora, Vibrations, and Rhythm: Thinking Through the Sounding of the Jamaican Dancehall Session"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African and Black Diaspora</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 215–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17528630802224163">10.1080/17528630802224163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14966354">14966354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+and+Black+Diaspora&rft.atitle=Sonic+Diaspora%2C+Vibrations%2C+and+Rhythm%3A+Thinking+Through+the+Sounding+of+the+Jamaican+Dancehall+Session&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-236&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17528630802224163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14966354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Henriques&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.gold.ac.uk%2F4259%2F1%2FHenriquesSonicDiaspora%252A%252A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2019" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer (14 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/14/arts/paul-gilroy-holberg-prize.html">"Paul Gilroy, Scholar of the Black Atlantic, Wins Holberg Prize"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Paul+Gilroy%2C+Scholar+of+the+Black+Atlantic%2C+Wins+Holberg+Prize&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F14%2Farts%2Fpaul-gilroy-holberg-prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/assets/pdf/fellows-and-honorary-fellows-march-2022.pdf">https://www.kcl.ac.uk/about/assets/pdf/fellows-and-honorary-fellows-march-2022.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Ffellows-and-honorary-fellows-march-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanities.ku.dk/calendar/2019/november/welcome-to-zhang-xihua-and-paul-gilroy/">"Welcome to Zhang Xihua and Paul Gilroy"</a>. 7 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Zhang+Xihua+and+Paul+Gilroy&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.ku.dk%2Fcalendar%2F2019%2Fnovember%2Fwelcome-to-zhang-xihua-and-paul-gilroy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2023-06-21-honorary-degrees-awarded-encaenia-2023">"Honorary degrees awarded at Encaenia 2023 | University of Oxford"</a>. 21 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+degrees+awarded+at+Encaenia+2023+%26%23124%3B+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2023-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2023-06-21-honorary-degrees-awarded-encaenia-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McNeil, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/thinking-while-black/9781978830875">Thinking While Black: Translating the Politics and Popular Culture of a Rebel Generation</a>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2023.</li> <li>Nishikawa, Kinohi. "Paul Gilroy", in <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ostrom" title="Hans Ostrom">Hans Ostrom</a> and J. David Macey, Jr (eds), <i>The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature</i>. 5 vols. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. 630–32.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gilroy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paul Gilroy - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20020611225131/http://sun3.lib.uci.edu/~scctr/Wellek/gilroy/index.html">Bibliography</a>. Compiled by Eddie Yeghiayan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/bungatuffie">Paul Gilroy on Twitter</a></li> <li>Lecture on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dreamofsafety.blogspot.com/2011/08/paul-gilroy-speaks-on-riots-august-2011.html">"Paul Gilroy speaks on the riots, August 2011, Tottenham, North London"</a>. <i>The dream of safety</i>, 16 August 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/paul-gilroy/">Paul Gilroy</a> on <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821183538/http://www.transitionmagazine.com/articles/shelby.htm">"Cosmopolitanism, Blackness, and Utopia – a conversation with Paul Gilroy"</a>. Interview by Prof. <a href="/wiki/Tommie_Shelby" title="Tommie Shelby">Tommie Shelby</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Transition_Magazine" title="Transition Magazine">Transition Magazine</a></i> (2007)</li> <li>Interview: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2007/05/07/paul-gilroy-in-conversation/"><i>Paul Gilroy in Conversation </i></a>(2007); Video: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darkmatter101.org/site/2007/10/02/contemporary-racisms-david-theo-goldberg-and-paul-gilroy/">"Contemporary Racisms: David Theo Goldberg and Paul Gilroy"</a> (2007), <i>darkmatter Journal</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackatlantic.com/">The Black Atlantic website</a></li> <li><i>The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbhe.com/news_views/63_citationrankings.html">citation rankings.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=34841288">"Capturing Black Britain in Photos"</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, February 26, 2008. Gilroy discusses his photographic history of Black Britain.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Coombes" class="citation podcast cs1">Sam Coombes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soundcloud.com/chssedinburgh/insoluble-ambivalence?in=chssedinburgh/sets/diasporic-trajectories">"Insoluble Ambivalence(s): the Inside/Outside Position [<i>sic</i>] of Black Postcolonial communities as Articulated in the Work of Paul Gilroy and Edouard Glissant"</a> (Podcast). The University of Edinburgh: Soundcloud<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insoluble+Ambivalence%28s%29%3A+the+Inside%2FOutside+Position%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+of+Black+Postcolonial+communities+as+Articulated+in+the+Work+of+Paul+Gilroy+and+Edouard+Glissant&rft.place=The+University+of+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Soundcloud&rft.au=Sam+Coombes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoundcloud.com%2Fchssedinburgh%2Finsoluble-ambivalence%3Fin%3Dchssedinburgh%2Fsets%2Fdiasporic-trajectories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Gilroy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08chbpf">"Professor Paul Gilroy"</a>, interview by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Dodd_(broadcaster)" title="Philip Dodd (broadcaster)">Philip Dodd</a> the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a> programme <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Thinking" title="Free Thinking">Free Thinking</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Holberg_Prize" title="Holberg Prize">Holberg Prize</a> </b><br />2019 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Murayama" title="Milton Murayama">Milton Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Troupe" title="Quincy Troupe">Quincy Troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolfo_Anaya" title="Rudolfo Anaya">Rudolfo Anaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_(poet)" title="Alta (poet)">Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Chong_Lau" title="Alan Chong Lau">Alan Chong Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bienvenido_N._Santos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bienvenido N. Santos">Bienvenido N. Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Adam" title="Helen Adam">Helen Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lionel Mitchell (page does not exist)">Lionel Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholasa_Mohr" title="Nicholasa Mohr">Nicholasa Mohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blue_Cloud" title="Peter Blue Cloud">Peter Blue Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kelly_(poet)" title="Robert Kelly (poet)">Robert Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_Drachler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose Drachler (page does not exist)">Rose Drachler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Cade_Bambara" title="Toni Cade Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Young" title="Al Young">Al Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Niatum" title="Duane Niatum">Duane Niatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._L._Mayo" title="E. L. Mayo">E. L. Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Obenzinger" title="Hilton Obenzinger">Hilton Obenzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Him_Mark_Lai" title="Him Mark Lai">Him Mark Lai</a> / <a href="/wiki/Genny_Lim" title="Genny Lim">Genny Lim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Yung" title="Judy Yung">Judy Yung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Rothenberg" title="Jerome Rothenberg">Jerome Rothenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Thomas" title="Joyce Carol Thomas">Joyce Carol Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leroy_Quintana" title="Leroy Quintana">Leroy Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Dee_Cervantes" title="Lorna Dee Cervantes">Lorna Dee Cervantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Phillip_Tanaka" title="Ronald Phillip Tanaka">Ronald Phillip Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Banks" title="Russell Banks">Russell Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tato_Laviera" title="Tato Laviera">Tato Laviera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Christian" title="Barbara Christian">Barbara Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilia_Liang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilia Liang (page does not exist)">Cecilia Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelina_Vigil-Pi%C3%B1%C3%B3n" title="Evangelina Vigil-Piñón">Evangelina Vigil-Piñón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Rohmer" title="Harriet Rohmer">Harriet Rohmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tarahata_Hagedorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn">Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Kogawa" title="Joy Kogawa">Joy Kogawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Grahn" title="Judy Grahn">Judy Grahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Candelaria" title="Nash Candelaria">Nash Candelaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Peter Guralnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Tuama" title="Seán Ó Tuama">Seán Ó Tuama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Brown_(writer)" title="Cecil Brown (writer)">Cecil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Snyder" title="Gary Snyder">Gary Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Schwartz_(writer_and_editor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Schwartz (writer and editor)">Howard Schwartz</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Podwal" title="Mark Podwal">Mark Podwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamu_Amiri_Baraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamu Amiri Baraka">Imamu Amiri Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Col%C3%B3n" title="Jesús Colón">Jesús Colón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruchac" title="Joseph Bruchac">Joseph Bruchac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kenny" title="Maurice Kenny">Maurice Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mei-mei_Berssenbrugge" title="Mei-mei Berssenbrugge">Mei-mei Berssenbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min%C3%A9_Okubo" title="Miné Okubo">Miné Okubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paule_Marshall" title="Paule Marshall">Paule Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthanne_Lum_McCunn" title="Ruthanne Lum McCunn">Ruthanne Lum McCunn</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=You-shan_Tang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="You-shan Tang (page does not exist)">You-shan Tang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Lai-shan_Yeung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellen Lai-shan Yeung (page does not exist)">Ellen Lai-shan Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McGrath_(poet)" title="Thomas McGrath (poet)">Thomas McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkatesh_Kulkarni" title="Venkatesh Kulkarni">Venkatesh Kulkarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William J. Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Jackson" title="Angela Jackson">Angela Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Genthe" title="Arnold Genthe">Arnold Genthe</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kuo_Wei_Tchen" title="John Kuo Wei Tchen">John Kuo Wei Tchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_J._McElroy" title="Colleen J. McElroy">Colleen J. McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Soto" title="Gary Soto">Gary Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Irons" title="Peter Irons">Peter Irons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiho_Soga" title="Keiho Soga">Keiho Soga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taisanboku_Mori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taisanboku Mori (page does not exist)">Taisanboku Mori</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sojin_Takei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sojin Takei (page does not exist)">Sojin Takei</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muin_Ozaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muin Ozaki (page does not exist)">Muin Ozaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Owen" title="Maureen Owen">Maureen Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sarton" title="May Sarton">May Sarton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Edward Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Jones_(teacher)" title="Ron Jones (teacher)">Ron Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros" title="Sandra Cisneros">Sandra Cisneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sanchez" title="Sonia Sanchez">Sonia Sanchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Vinograd" title="Julia Vinograd">Julia Vinograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Oandasan" title="William Oandasan">William Oandasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lee_Walters" title="Anna Lee Walters">Anna Lee Walters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Barolini" title="Helen Barolini">Helen Barolini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeff_Hannusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeff Hannusch (page does not exist)">Jeff Hannusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Algar%C3%ADn" title="Miguel Algarín">Miguel Algarín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Borovsky" title="Natasha Borovsky">Natasha Borovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Federman" title="Raymond Federman">Raymond Federman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Howe" title="Susan Howe">Susan Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Winch" title="Terence Winch">Terence Winch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshio_Mori" title="Toshio Mori">Toshio Mori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(poet)" title="Ai (poet)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Castillo" title="Ana Castillo">Ana Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyn_Zarco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyn Zarco (page does not exist)">Cyn Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_McGuire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel McGuire (page does not exist)">Daniel McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bryant" title="Dorothy Bryant">Dorothy Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etheridge_Knight" title="Etheridge Knight">Etheridge Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Giddins" title="Gary Giddins">Gary Giddins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pekar" title="Harvey Pekar">Harvey Pekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Welch_(writer)" title="James Welch (writer)">James Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wieners" title="John Wieners">John Wieners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Felipe_Herrera" title="Juan Felipe Herrera">Juan Felipe Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Chiavola_Birnbaum" title="Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum">Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mayo_(poet)" title="Michael Mayo (poet)">Michael Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Poinsette Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Stokes_Brown" title="Cynthia Stokes Brown">Cynthia Stokes Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McMillan" title="Terry McMillan">Terry McMillan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Blakely" title="Allison Blakely">Allison Blakely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Olson" title="Charles Olson">Charles Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Bates (civil rights activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Sanders" title="Ed Sanders">Edward Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Vizenor" title="Gerald Vizenor">Gerald Vizenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Santiago_Baca" title="Jimmy Santiago Baca">Jimmy Santiago Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesho_Y._Scott" title="Kesho Y. Scott">Kesho Y. Scott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Muhanji" title="Cherry Muhanji">Cherry Muhanji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyirba_High&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyirba High (page does not exist)">Egyirba High</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marlon_K._Hom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marlon K. Hom (page does not exist)">Marlon K. Hom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hoff" title="Benjamin Hoff">Benjamin Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Sukenick" title="Ronald Sukenick">Ronald Sukenick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_La_Puma" title="Salvatore La Puma">Salvatore La Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Tek_Lum" title="Wing Tek Lum">Wing Tek Lum</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tek_Lum_Lum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tek Lum Lum (page does not exist)">Tek Lum Lum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma_Luz_Villanueva" title="Alma Luz Villanueva">Alma Luz Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askia_M._Tour%C3%A9" title="Askia M. Touré">Askia M. Touré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Lau" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Lau">Carolyn Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Elliott" title="Emory Elliott">Emory Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chin" title="Frank Chin">Frank Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._California_Cooper" title="J. California Cooper">J. California Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Stone_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer Stone (writer) (page does not exist)">Jennifer Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Gattuso_Hendin" title="Josephine Gattuso Hendin">Josephine Gattuso Hendin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Scalapino" title="Leslie Scalapino">Leslie Scalapino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Tanikawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuntaro Tanikawa">Shuntaro Tanikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fanning" title="Charles Fanning">Charles Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Minoru_Hohri" class="mw-redirect" title="William Minoru Hohri">William Minoru Hohri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Kennedy" title="Adrienne Kennedy">Adrienne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grizzuti_Harrison" title="Barbara Grizzuti Harrison">Barbara Grizzuti Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniela_Gioseffi" title="Daniela Gioseffi">Daniela Gioseffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woody" title="Elizabeth Woody">Elizabeth Woody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualing_Nieh_Engle" title="Hualing Nieh Engle">Hualing Nieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabari_Njeri" title="Itabari Njeri">Itabari Njeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Freeman" title="James M. Freeman">James M. Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Walter" title="John C. Walter">John C. Walter</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Norton_(author)" title="John Norton (author)">John Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="José Emilio González">José Emilio González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kan" title="Sergei Kan">Sergei Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_A._Thompson" title="Lloyd A. Thompson">Lloyd A. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernal" title="Martin Bernal">Martin Bernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_T._Clinton" title="Michelle T. Clinton">Michelle T. Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sesshu_Foster" title="Sesshu Foster">Sesshu Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Gunn_Allen" title="Paula Gunn Allen">Paula Gunn Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayumi_Tsutakawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayumi Tsutakawa (page does not exist)">Mayumi Tsutakawa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margarita_Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margarita Donnelly (page does not exist)">Margarita Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Murgu%C3%ADa" title="Alejandro Murguía">Alejandro Murguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_M._Wright" title="Bruce M. Wright">Bruce Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Trujillo" title="Charley Trujillo">Charley Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Melhem" title="D. H. Melhem">D. H. Melhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Keenan" title="Deborah Keenan">Deborah Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hagedorn" title="Jessica Hagedorn">Jessica Hagedorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Wideman" title="John Edgar Wideman">John Edgar Wideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Tei_Yamashita" title="Karen Tei Yamashita">Karen Tei Yamashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Berlin" title="Lucia Berlin">Lucia Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Crow_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Crow Dog">Mary Crow Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridel_Le_Sueur" title="Meridel Le Sueur">Meridel Le Sueur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mill_Hunk_Herald_Collective&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mill Hunk Herald Collective (page does not exist)">Mill Hunk Herald Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Marks_Dauenhauer" title="Nora Marks Dauenhauer">Nora Marks Dauenhauer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dauenhauer" title="Richard Dauenhauer">Richard Dauenhauer</a></li> <li>R. Baxter Miller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Centolella" title="Thomas Centolella">Thomas Centolella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%27Lelia_Bundles" title="A'Lelia Bundles">A'Lelia Perry Bundles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Alire_S%C3%A1enz" title="Benjamin Alire Sáenz">Benjamin Alire Sáenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_J._Haraway" class="mw-redirect" title="Donna J. Haraway">Donna J. Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Burciaga" title="José Antonio Burciaga">José Antonio Burciaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Gilyard" title="Keith Gilyard">Keith Gilyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Thompson" title="Lucy Thompson">Lucy Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Field" title="Norma Field">Norma Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bacho" title="Peter Bacho">Peter Bacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kalifornsky" title="Peter Kalifornsky">Peter Kalifornsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Andrews" title="Raymond Andrews">Raymond Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Scofield" title="Sandra Scofield">Sandra Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Hamanaka" title="Sheila Hamanaka">Sheila Hamanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlyn_Klinkenborg" title="Verlyn Klinkenborg">Verlyn Klinkenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Branch" title="William B. Branch">William B. Branch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amiri_Baraka" title="Amiri Baraka">Amiri Baraka</a> / <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asake_Bomani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asake Bomani (page does not exist)">Asake Bomani</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvie_Rooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvie Rooks (page does not exist)">Belvie Rooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Mogil" title="Christopher Mogil">Christopher Mogil</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Woodrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Woodrow (page does not exist)">Peter Woodrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Giardina" title="Denise Giardina">Denise Giardina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Glancy" title="Diane Glancy">Diane Glancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Redmond" title="Eugene B. Redmond">Eugene B. Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_X._Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Francisco X. Alarcón">Francisco X. Alarcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beatty" title="Jack Beatty">Jack Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leroy_V._Quintana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leroy V. Quintana (page does not exist)">Leroy V. Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Peter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katherine Peter (page does not exist)">Katherine Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka_Rosca" title="Ninotchka Rosca">Ninotchka Rosca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giose_Rimanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giose Rimanelli (page does not exist)">Giose Rimanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drooker" title="Eric Drooker">Eric Drooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graciela_Lim%C3%B3n" title="Graciela Limón">Graciela Limón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_J._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory J. Reed (page does not exist)">Gregory J. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Campbell_Hale" title="Janet Campbell Hale">Janet Campbell Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Nelson" title="Jill Nelson">Jill Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawson_Fusao_Inada" title="Lawson Fusao Inada">Lawson Fusao Inada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Blackman" title="Nicole Blackman">Nicole Blackman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Takaki" title="Ronald Takaki">Ronald Takaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rose_L._Glickman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rose L. Glickman (page does not exist)">Rose L. Glickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tino_Villanueva" title="Tino Villanueva">Tino Villanueva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_L._Kroll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia L. Kroll (page does not exist)">Virginia L. Kroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rodriguez_(novelist)" title="Abraham Rodriguez (novelist)">Abraham Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Boyd" title="Herb Boyd">Herb Boyd</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Allen" title="Robert L. Allen">Robert L. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Chavez" class="mw-redirect" title="Denise Chavez">Denise Chavez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton_(journalist)" title="John Egerton (journalist)">John Egerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(activist)" title="John Ross (activist)">John Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Avena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Avena (page does not exist)">Thomas Avena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Raymond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Raymond (page does not exist)">Linda Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li-Young_Lee" title="Li-Young Lee">Li-Young Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_De_Marco_Torgovnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna De Marco Torgovnick (page does not exist)">Marianna De Marco Torgovnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marnie_Mueller" title="Marnie Mueller">Marnie Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Quinn_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Quinn (author) (page does not exist)">Peter Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Martz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Martz (page does not exist)">Sandra Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Henry_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon Henry Jr.">Gordon Henry Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Rose" title="Tricia Rose">Tricia Rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_Nesaule" title="Agate Nesaule">Agate Nesaule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sze" title="Arthur Sze">Arthur Sze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang-Rae_Lee" title="Chang-Rae Lee">Chang-Rae Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitra_Banerjee_Divakaruni" title="Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni">Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.J._Miller_Laino" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Miller Laino">E.J. Miller Laino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_C._Loury" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn C. Loury">Glenn C. Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Loewen" title="James W. Loewen">James W. Loewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sacco" title="Joe Sacco">Joe Sacco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiko_Hahn" title="Kimiko Hahn">Kimiko Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Espinosa" title="Maria Espinosa">Maria Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Viscusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Viscusi (page does not exist)">Robert Viscusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Alexie" title="Sherman Alexie">Sherman Alexie</a></li> <li>Ron Sakolsky / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Weihan_Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Weihan Ho">Fred Weihan Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephanie_Cowell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephanie Cowell (page does not exist)">Stephanie Cowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alurista" title="Alurista">Alurista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Bell" title="Derrick Bell">Derrick Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Barresi" title="Dorothy Barresi">Dorothy Barresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_G%C3%B3mez-Pe%C3%B1a" title="Guillermo Gómez-Peña">Guillermo Gómez-Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Owens" title="Louis Owens">Louis Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Espada" title="Martín Espada">Martín Espada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montserrat_Fontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montserrat Fontes (page does not exist)">Montserrat Fontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Ignatiev" title="Noel Ignatiev">Noel Ignatiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Geok-lin_Lim" title="Shirley Geok-lin Lim">Shirley Geok-lin Lim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sunaina_Maira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sunaina Maira (page does not exist)">Sunaina Maira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulani_Davis" title="Thulani Davis">Thulani Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_De_Haven" title="Tom De Haven">Tom De Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Banks_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Banks (author) (page does not exist)">William M. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brenda_Knight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brenda Knight (page does not exist)">Brenda Knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Adelle_Hedge_Coke" class="mw-redirect" title="Allison Adelle Hedge Coke">Allison Adelle Hedge Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Y._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela Y. Davis">Angela Y. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Marie_Osbey" title="Brenda Marie Osbey">Brenda Marie Osbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Barnes_(writer)" title="Jim Barnes (writer)">Jim Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Williams" title="John A. Williams">John A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Rawles" title="Nancy Rawles">Nancy Rawles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Okja_Keller" title="Nora Okja Keller">Nora Okja Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Benitez" title="Sandra Benitez">Sandra Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scott_DeVeaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scott DeVeaux (page does not exist)">Scott DeVeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(poet)" title="Thomas Lynch (poet)">Thomas Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Linzer" title="Anna Linzer">Anna Linzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Ward_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Ward (author) (page does not exist)">Brian Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Donald_Two-Rivers" title="E. Donald Two-Rivers">E. Donald Two-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwidge_Danticat" title="Edwidge Danticat">Edwidge Danticat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Roche" title="Judith Roche">Judith Roche</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meg_McHutchison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meg McHutchison (page does not exist)">Meg McHutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gioia_Timpanelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gioia Timpanelli (page does not exist)">Gioia Timpanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Naylor" title="Gloria Naylor">Gloria Naylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Houston" title="James D. Houston">James D. Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Lipka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Lipka (page does not exist)">Jerry Lipka</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_V._Mohatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald V. Mohatt (page does not exist)">Gerald V. Mohatt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciulistet_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciulistet Group (page does not exist)">Ciulistet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Ellis" title="Trey Ellis">Trey Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Novakovich" title="Josip Novakovich">Josip Novakovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauro Flores">Lauro Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alberto_Urrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís Alberto Urrea">Luís Alberto Urrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_George" title="Nelson George">Nelson George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speer_Morgan" title="Speer Morgan">Speer Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gach" title="Gary Gach">Gary Gach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiori_Santiago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiori Santiago (page does not exist)">Chiori Santiago</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lowry" title="Judith Lowry">Judith Lowry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329624#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329624#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329624#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/136315623">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88001094">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12413684k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12413684k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01083340">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gilroy, Paul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV118321">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020717420&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4774357">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p126883327">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90608612">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000280627&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202267608">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628389105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/387753">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007399300505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518158006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14203080">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03909964?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033251681">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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