CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Road - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"cb5b60ae-ff67-4262-b171-d00917320c76","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Road","wgTitle":"Road","wgCurRevisionId":1263123870,"wgRevisionId":1263123870,"wgArticleId":25897,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from December 2017","Webarchive template webcite links","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from December 2017","Roads","Infrastructure","Types of roads"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Road","wgRelevantArticleId":25897, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q34442","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg/1200px-Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="899"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg/800px-Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="599"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg/640px-Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="479"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Road - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Road rootpage-Road skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Road" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Road" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Road" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Road" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reallocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reallocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reallocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reallocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maintenance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slab_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slab_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Slab stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slab_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_sealing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_sealing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Joint sealing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_sealing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Safety considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Road conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Environmental performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Right- and left-hand traffic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-_and_left-hand_traffic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Construction costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_connectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_connectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Global connectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_connectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Road</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pad" title="Pad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82" title="طريق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طريق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretera" title="Carretera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carretera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%9A%DC%90" title="ܐܘܪܚܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܚܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape" title="Tape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jach%27a_tupu" title="Jach'a tupu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jach'a tupu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol" title="Yol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="یول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95" title="সড়ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সড়ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartak" title="Kartak – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kartak" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Lō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB" title="Юл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Юл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дарога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дарога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дарога – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дарога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95" title="सड़क – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सड़क" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinampo" title="Tinampo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinampo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%82" title="Път – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Път" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put" title="Put – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Put" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hent" title="Hent – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hent" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretera" title="Carretera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carretera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Ҫул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ҫул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozemn%C3%AD_komunikace" title="Pozemní komunikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozemní komunikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugwagwa" title="Mugwagwa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mugwagwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strada" title="Strada – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Strada" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffordd" title="Ffordd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffordd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palli" title="Palli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Palli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vej" title="Vej – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vej" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weg" title="Weg – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Weg" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fe" title="Straße – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Straße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee" title="Tee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δρόμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρόμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretera" title="Carretera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carretera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojo" title="Vojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carretera" title="Carretera – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carretera" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errepide" title="Errepide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errepide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="راه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route" title="Route – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Route" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei" title="Wei – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wei" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3thar" title="Bóthar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bóthar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathad" title="Rathad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rathad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada" title="Estrada – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97" title="માર્ગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="માર્ગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C" title="도로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Ճանապարհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճանապարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95" title="सड़क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सड़क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesta" title="Cesta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cesta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyo" title="Voyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Voyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan" title="Jalan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegur" title="Vegur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vegur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strada" title="Strada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כביש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כביש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalan" title="Dalan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dalan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ರಸ್ತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಸ್ತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="გზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Жол – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жол" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabara" title="Barabara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barabara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rout" title="Rout – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rout" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larout" title="Larout – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Larout" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AA" title="Rê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Жол – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жол" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87" title="ຫົນທາງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຫົນທາງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via" title="Via – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Via" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%C4%BC%C5%A1" title="Ceļš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ceļš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelias" title="Kelias – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kelias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeg" title="Waeg – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waeg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strada" title="Strada – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Strada" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9At_(k%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9s)" title="Út (közlekedés) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Út (közlekedés)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jh%C3%A2l%C3%A2n" title="Jhâlân – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jhâlân" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Пат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalana" title="Lalana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रस्ता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रस्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_raya" title="Jalan raya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jalan raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan" title="Jalan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jalan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B4" title="Diô – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diô" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sala" title="Sala – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weg" title="Weg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95" title="सडक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सडक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81" title="लँ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="道路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="道路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vei" title="Vei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veg" title="Veg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemin" title="Quemin – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Quemin" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota" title="Rota – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%95" title="ਸੜਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੜਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalan" title="Lalan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Lalan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%91%DA%A9" title="سڑک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سڑک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droga_(transport)" title="Droga (transport) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Droga (transport)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrada" title="Estrada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum" title="Drum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drom" title="Drom – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Drom" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91an" title="Ñan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дорога – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дорога" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дорога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Суол – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суол" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate" title="Gate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rruga" title="Rruga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rruga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata" title="Strata – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Strata" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road" title="Road – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Road" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88" title="رستو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رستو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozemn%C3%A1_komunik%C3%A1cia" title="Pozemná komunikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pozemná komunikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesta" title="Cesta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cesta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wado" title="Wado – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wado" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%95" title="ڕێگە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82" title="Пут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put" title="Put – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Put" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan" title="Jalan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jalan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie" title="Tie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4g" title="Väg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="சாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF" title="రహదారి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రహదారి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99" title="ถนน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถนน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Роҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Роҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏅᏃᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏃᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meo%27o" title="Meo'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Meo'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol" title="Yol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vak" title="Vak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Vak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Шлях (дорога) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шлях (дорога)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%91%DA%A9" title="سڑک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سڑک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roen" title="Roen – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Roen" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_giao_th%C3%B4ng" title="Đường giao thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường giao thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voye" title="Voye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Voye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karateer%C3%BC" title="Karateerü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Karateerü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="道路 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="道路" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98" title="טראקט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טראקט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF" title="路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%27s" title="Kel's – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kel's" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF" title="道路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alun_alun" title="Alun alun – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Alun alun" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34442#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Road" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Road"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Road"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Road" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Road" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&oldid=1263123870" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Road&id=1263123870&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoad"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRoad"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Road&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Road" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Roads" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34442" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Land route</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Road_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Road (disambiguation)">Road (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg/330px-Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg/495px-Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg/660px-Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5164" data-file-height="3867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bundesautobahn_73" title="Bundesautobahn 73">Bundesautobahn 73</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Slip_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Slip road">slip road</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen, in Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/230px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/345px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/460px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a> and facilities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation scheme">Irrigation schemes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Mass transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roads</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluices</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Solid waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Concepts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Asset management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_green_infrastructure" title="European green infrastructure">European green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure#Engineering" title="Infrastructure">Engineering contracts</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Maintenance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Monopoly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Replacement (upgrade)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">Taxation</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Issues and ideas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless technology</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Fields of study</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Examples</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking_station" title="Bicycle parking station">Bicycle parking station</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago" title="Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago">Chicago wastewater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">Curtiba rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="History of cycling infrastructure">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="Safety of cycling infrastructure">safety</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Danish wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">British offshore wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">Nuclear power in France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Petroleum#Jamnagar_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Petroleum">Jamnagar Refinery</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_port" title="Offshore wind port">Offshore wind port</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spanish high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">French TGV rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spanish autovias and autopistas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Power transmission in the USA</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;background:lavender;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template talk:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>road</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare" title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfare</a> for the conveyance of <a href="/wiki/Traffic" title="Traffic">traffic</a> that mostly has an <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">improved surface</a> for use by vehicles (motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Street" title="Street">streets</a>, whose primary function is to serve as public spaces, the main function of roads is transportation. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">many types of roads</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">parkways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">avenues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highways</a> (freeways, motorways, and expressways), <a href="/wiki/Tollway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollway">tollways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate">interstates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare" title="Thoroughfare">thoroughfares</a>, and local roads. </p><p>The primary features of roads include <a href="/wiki/Lane" title="Lane">lanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalks</a> (pavement), <a href="/wiki/Roadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadway">roadways</a> (carriageways), <a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">medians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">shoulders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">verges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bike_path" title="Bike path">bike paths</a> (cycle paths), and <a href="/wiki/Shared-use_path" title="Shared-use path">shared-use paths</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or some maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) defines a road as "a line of communication (travelled way) using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles running on their own wheels", which includes "bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings, interchanges, and toll roads, but not cycle paths".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Transport_Forum" title="International Transport Forum">ITF</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNECE" class="mw-redirect" title="UNECE">UNECE</a> <i>Glossary for Transport Statistics Illustrated</i> defines a road as a "Line of communication (traveled way) open to public traffic, primarily for the use of road motor vehicles, using a stabilized base other than rails or air strips. [...] Included are paved roads and other roads with a stabilized base, e.g. gravel roads. Roads also cover streets, bridges, tunnels, supporting structures, junctions, crossings and interchanges. Toll roads are also included. Excluded are dedicated cycle lanes."<sup id="cite_ref-unece.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unece.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1968 <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Vienna Convention on Road Traffic</a> defines a road as the entire surface of any way or street open to public traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a> and route.<sup id="cite_ref-difference_between_road_and_street_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-difference_between_road_and_street-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoadInfrastructureStrategicFrameworkforSouthAfrica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoadInfrastructureStrategicFrameworkforSouthAfrica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Highways in Australia</a></div> <p>Part 2, Division 1, clauses 11–13 of the National Transport Commission Regulations 2006 defines a road in Australia as 'an area that is open to or used by the public and is developed for, or has as one of its main uses, the driving or riding of motor vehicles.'<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, it defines a shoulder (typical an area of the road outside the edge line, or the curb) and a road-related area which includes green areas separating roads, areas designated for cyclists and areas generally accessible to the public for driving, riding or parking vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, the definition of a road is broad in common law<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the statutory definition includes areas the public has access to, by right or not.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beaches, publicly accessible car parks and yards (even if privately owned), river beds, road shoulders (verges), wharves and bridges are included.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the definition of a road for insurance purposes may be restricted to reduce risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom <i><a href="/wiki/The_Highway_Code" title="The Highway Code">The Highway Code</a></i> details rules for "road users", but there is some ambiguity between the terms <i>highway</i> and <i>road</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1980" title="Highways Act 1980">Highways Act 1980</a>, which covers <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, road is "any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks.<sup id="cite_ref-Direct_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Direct-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Excise_Duty" title="Vehicle Excise Duty">Vehicle Excise Duty</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Road_tax" title="Road tax">road use tax</a>, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road.<sup id="cite_ref-Direct_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Direct-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway; there is no formal definition for a highway in the relevant Act. A 1984 ruling said "the land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another legal view is that while a highway historically included <a href="/wiki/Footpath" title="Footpath">footpaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridleway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridleway">bridleways</a>, driftways, etc., it can now be used to mean those ways that allow the movement of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicles">motor vehicles</a>, and the term <i><a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (property access)">rights of way</a></i> can be used to cover the wider usage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, laws distinguish between <i>public roads</i>, which are open to public use,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>private roads</i>, which are privately controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_road_transport" title="History of road transport">History of road transport</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">Trail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appian_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/220px-Appian_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/330px-Appian_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Appian_Way.jpg/440px-Appian_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg/220px-Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg/330px-Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg/440px-Autostrada_between_Varese_and_Como.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>The Italian <i><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_dei_Laghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada dei Laghi">Autostrada dei Laghi</a></i> ("Lakes Highway"; now parts of the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A8 (Italy)">Autostrada A8</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">Autostrada A9</a>), the first <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a> ever built in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1925, the year following its inauguration.</figcaption></figure> <p>The assertion that the first pathways were the <a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">trails</a> made by animals has not been universally accepted; in many cases animals do not follow constant paths.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe that some roads originated from following animal trails.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wheathampstead_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheathampstead-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Icknield_Way" title="Icknield Way">Icknield Way</a> may exemplify this type of road origination, where human and animal both selected the same natural line.<sup id="cite_ref-Icknield_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icknield-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By about 10,000 BC human travelers used rough roads/pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy roads</a> (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Glastonbury, England">Glastonbury</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">timber track</a> causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, (tree-ring dating – <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">dendrochronology</a> – enabled very precise dating). It was claimed to be the oldest road in the world<sup id="cite_ref-Current_Archaeology_172_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Current_Archaeology_172-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway in <a href="/wiki/Plumstead" title="Plumstead">Plumstead</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I the Great">Darius I the Great</a> started an extensive road system for the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (Persia), including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a>, which was one of the finest highways of its time,<sup id="cite_ref-RoyalRoad_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalRoad-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connecting <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> (the westernmost major city of the empire) to <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. The road remained in use after Roman times. These road systems reached as far east as <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by road,<sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially considering the cost of road construction and the difference in carrying capacity between <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> and river <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>. A hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_boat" title="Horse-drawn boat">horse-drawn boat</a> in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank.<sup id="cite_ref-horseboating_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horseboating-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HorseDrawnBoats_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorseDrawnBoats-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>From about 312 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> built straight<sup id="cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovering_Roman_Technology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strong stone <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman roads</a> throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 <a href="/wiki/Roman_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman mile">Roman miles</a> of paved roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a>. The most sophisticated roads were those in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, which were paved with <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>. Tar was derived from petroleum, accessed from <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil fields</a> in the region, through the chemical process of <a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive distillation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ajram_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ajram-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Highways_Act_1555" title="Highways Act 1555">Highways Act 1555</a> in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads from government to local parishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in a poor and variable state of roads. To remedy this, the first of the <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpike trusts</a> was established around 1706, to build good roads and collect tolls from passing vehicles. Eventually there were approximately 1,100 trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,900 mi) of engineered roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a> in Carmarthenshire and <a href="/wiki/Rhayader" title="Rhayader">Rhayader</a> from 1839 to 1844 contributed to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> that led to the demise of the system in 1844,<sup id="cite_ref-Victorian_Powys_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victorian_Powys-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which coincided with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain_to_1830" title="History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830">development of the UK railway system</a>.</li> <li>In the late-19th century roading engineers began to cater for cyclists by building separate lanes alongside roadways.</li> <li>From the beginning of the 20th century, roads were increasingly built for tourism and also to create jobs. A typical example of the stimulation of tourism is the Great Dolomite Road, while the creation of the panoramic coastal road Strada Costiera between <a href="/wiki/Duino" title="Duino">Duino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcola" title="Barcola">Barcola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in 1928 was very much focused on creating jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Autostrada_dei_Laghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada dei Laghi">Autostrada dei Laghi</a></i> ("Lakes Motorway") in Italy, the first <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a> built in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connecting <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Como" title="Lake Como">Lake Como</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maggiore" title="Lake Maggiore">Lake Maggiore</a>, and now parts of the <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A8 (Italy)">A8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autostrada_A9_(Italy)" title="Autostrada A9 (Italy)">A9</a> motorways, was devised by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Puricelli" title="Piero Puricelli">Piero Puricelli</a> and was inaugurated in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motorwebmuseum-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motorway, called <i><a href="/wiki/Autostrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Autostrada">autostrada</a></i>, contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Road_Measurement_System" title="Hermes Road Measurement System">Hermes Road Measurement System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">Roadworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MortarlessPavement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MortarlessPavement.jpg/220px-MortarlessPavement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MortarlessPavement.jpg/330px-MortarlessPavement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MortarlessPavement.jpg/440px-MortarlessPavement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Layers in the construction of a mortarless pavement: A) <a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a> B) <a href="/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)" title="Subbase (pavement)">Subbase</a> C) <a href="/wiki/Base_course" title="Base course">Base course</a> D) <a href="/wiki/Paver_base" title="Paver base">Paver base</a> E) <a href="/wiki/Paver_(flooring)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paver (flooring)">Pavers</a> F) Fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></figcaption></figure><p> In <a href="/wiki/Transport_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport engineering">transport engineering</a>, <b>subgrade</b> is the native material underneath a constructed road.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG/220px-Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG/330px-Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG/440px-Motorway_construction_in_Ireland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)" title="Subbase (pavement)">Sub-base layer</a> composed of cement-based material being applied during construction of the <a href="/wiki/M8_motorway_(Ireland)" title="M8 motorway (Ireland)">M8 motorway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Motorways in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg/220px-MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg/330px-MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg/440px-MyanmarRoadConstruction2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4774" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption>Road construction in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></figcaption></figure><p><b>Road construction</b> requires the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">engineered</a> continuous right-of-way or <b>roadbed</b>, overcoming geographic obstacles and having <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grades</a> low enough to permit vehicle or <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">foot travel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> and may be required to meet standards set by law<sup id="cite_ref-MRSC_road_standards_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MRSC_road_standards-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or official guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or blasting, construction of <a href="/wiki/Embankment_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embankment (transportation)">embankments</a>, bridges and <a href="/wiki/Tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunnels">tunnels</a>, and removal of vegetation (this may involve <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>) and followed by the laying of pavement material. A variety of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">road building equipment</a> is employed in road building.<sup id="cite_ref-Caterpillar_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caterpillar-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Volvo_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volvo-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After design, <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>, legal, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a> considerations have been addressed alignment of the road is set out by a <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovering_Roman_Technology-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Radius_of_curvature_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius of curvature (mathematics)">radii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slope" title="Slope">gradient</a> are designed and staked out to best suit the natural ground levels and minimize the amount of cut and fill.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 34">: 34 </span></sup> Great care is taken to preserve reference <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(surveying)" title="Benchmark (surveying)">Benchmarks</a><sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> </p><p>Roads are designed and built for primary use by <a href="/wiki/Vehicular" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicular">vehicular</a> and pedestrian traffic. <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drainage</a> and environmental considerations are a major concern. <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> controls are constructed to prevent detrimental effects. Drainage lines are laid with <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">sealed</a> joints in the road easement with runoff <a href="/wiki/Coefficient" title="Coefficient">coefficients</a> and characteristics adequate for the <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">land zoning</a> and storm water system. Drainage systems must be capable of carrying the ultimate design flow from the upstream catchment with approval for the outfall from the appropriate authority to a <a href="/wiki/Watercourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercourse">watercourse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creek</a>, river or the sea for drainage discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–40">: 38–40 </span></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Borrow_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrow pit">borrow pit</a> (source for obtaining fill, gravel, and rock) and a water source should be located near or in reasonable distance to the road construction site. Approval from <a href="/wiki/Local_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authorities">local authorities</a> may be required to <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">draw water</a> or for working (crushing and screening) of materials for construction needs. The <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> and vegetation is removed from the borrow pit and stockpiled for subsequent <a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> of the extraction area. Side slopes in the excavation area not steeper than one vertical to two horizontal for safety reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–56">: 53–56 </span></sup> </p><p>Old road surfaces, fences, and buildings may need to be removed before construction can begin. Trees in the road construction area may be marked for retention. These protected trees should not have the topsoil within the area of the tree's drip line removed and the area should be kept clear of construction material and equipment. Compensation or replacement may be required if a protected tree is damaged. Much of the vegetation may be <a href="/wiki/Mulched" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulched">mulched</a> and put aside for use during reinstatement. The topsoil is usually stripped and stockpiled nearby for rehabilitation of newly constructed embankments along the road. Stumps and roots are removed and holes filled as required before the earthwork begins. Final rehabilitation after road construction is completed will include seeding, planting, watering and other activities to reinstate the area to be consistent with the untouched surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66–67">: 66–67 </span></sup> </p><p>Processes during earthwork include excavation, removal of material to spoil, filling, compacting, construction and trimming. If rock or other unsuitable material is discovered it is removed, moisture content is managed and replaced with standard fill compacted to meet the design requirements (generally 90–95% relative compaction). <a href="/wiki/Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">Blasting</a> is not frequently used to excavate the roadbed as the intact rock structure forms an ideal road base. When a depression must be filled to come up to the road grade the native bed is compacted after the topsoil has been removed. The fill is made by the "compacted layer method" where a layer of fill is spread then compacted to specifications, under saturated conditions. The process is repeated until the desired grade is reached.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68–69">: 68–69 </span></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">fill material</a> should be free of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organics</a>, meet minimum <a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a> (CBR) results and have a low <a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits#Plasticity_index" title="Atterberg limits">plasticity index</a>. The lower fill generally comprises sand or a sand-rich mixture with fine gravel, which acts as an inhibitor to the growth of plants or other vegetable matter. The compacted fill also serves as lower-stratum drainage. Select second fill (<a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieved</a>) should be composed of <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, decomposed <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crushed_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Crushed rock">broken rock</a> below a specified <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">particle size</a> and be free of large lumps of <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Sand clay</a> fill may also be used. The roadbed must be "proof rolled" after each layer of fill is compacted. If a <a href="/wiki/Road_roller" title="Road roller">roller</a> passes over an area without creating visible deformation or spring the section is deemed to comply.<sup id="cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70–72">: 70–72 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Geotextiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Geotextiles">geotextiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geogrids" class="mw-redirect" title="Geogrids">geogrids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">geocells</a> are frequently used in the various pavement layers to improve road quality. These materials and methods are used in low-traffic private roadways as well as public roads and highways.<sup id="cite_ref-Mainland_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mainland-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geosynthetics perform four main functions in roads: separation, reinforcement, filtration, and drainage; which increase the pavement performance, reduce construction costs and decrease maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The completed roadway is finished by paving or left with a gravel or other <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">natural</a> surface. The <a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">type of road</a> surface is dependent on economic factors and expected usage. <a href="/wiki/Road-traffic_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Road-traffic safety">Safety</a> improvements such as <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">traffic signs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crash_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Crash barrier">crash barriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">raised pavement markers</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">road surface marking</a> are installed. </p><p>According to a May 2009 report by the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_State_Highway_and_Transportation_Officials" title="American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials">American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials</a> (AASHTO) and TRIP – a national transportation research organization – driving on rough roads costs the average American motorist approximately $400 a year in extra vehicle operating costs. Drivers living in urban areas with populations more than 250,000 are paying upwards of $750 more annually because of accelerated vehicle deterioration, increased maintenance, additional <a href="/wiki/Fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel consumption">fuel consumption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tire_wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire wear">tire wear</a> caused by poor road conditions. </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">single carriageway</a> road is converted into dual carriageway by building a second separate carriageway alongside the first, it is usually referred to as <i>duplication</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>twinning</i> or <i>doubling</i>. The original carriageway is changed from two-way to become one-way, while the new carriageway is one-way in the opposite direction. In the same way as converting railway lines from <a href="/wiki/Single_track_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Single track (rail)">single track</a> to <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a>, the new carriageway is not always constructed directly alongside the existing carriageway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reallocation">Reallocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reallocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modal_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal shift">Modal shift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_reclamation" title="Street reclamation">Street reclamation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></div> <p>Roads that are intended for use by a particular mode of transport can be reallocated for another mode of transport,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. by using <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">traffic signs</a>. For instance, in the ongoing road space reallocation effort, some roads (particularly in city centers) which are intended for use by <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a> are increasingly being repurposed for <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">walking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roadworks" title="Roadworks">Roadworks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Road_surface#Surface_deterioration" title="Road surface">Road surface § Surface deterioration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baustelle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baustelle.svg/170px-Baustelle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baustelle.svg/255px-Baustelle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Baustelle.svg/340px-Baustelle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>"Road works ahead" sign, typically used in Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to environmental effects such as <a href="/wiki/Frost_heave" class="mw-redirect" title="Frost heave">frost heaves</a>, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute, however accumulated damage from vehicles also contributes.<sup id="cite_ref-frost_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frost-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the <a href="/wiki/AASHO_Road_Test" title="AASHO Road Test">AASHO Road Test</a>, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_power" title="Fourth power">fourth power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gross_axle_weight_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross axle weight rating">axle weight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical <a href="/wiki/Semi-trailer_truck" title="Semi-trailer truck">tractor-trailer</a> weighing 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pounds</a> (36.287 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) with 8,000 pounds (3.629 t) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.329 t) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.907 t) on each axle. <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Potholes</a> on roads are caused by rain damage and vehicle braking or related construction work. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG/170px-Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG/255px-Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG/340px-Making_lines_on_the_road.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Line marking</a> in rural India</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Pavements</a> are designed for an expected <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a> or <a href="/wiki/Design_life" title="Design life">design life</a>. In some parts of the United Kingdom the standard design life is 40 years for new <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> and concrete pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30-year milestones.<sup id="cite_ref-Highways_The_Location_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Highways_The_Location-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before its intended design life, the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs. Some <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> pavements are designed as <b>perpetual pavements</b> with an expected structural life in excess of 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many asphalt pavements built over 35 years ago, despite not being specifically designed as a perpetual pavement, have remained in good condition long past their design life.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Map_Future_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Map_Future-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some roads like <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wacker_Drive" title="Wacker Drive">Wacker Drive</a>, a major two-level (and at one point, three-level) roadway in the downtown area, are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Fly_Ash_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fly_Ash-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies use <a href="/wiki/Pavement_management" title="Pavement management">pavement management</a> techniques to continually monitor road conditions and schedule <a href="/wiki/Preventive_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive maintenance">preventive maintenance</a> treatments as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser/inertial <a href="/wiki/Profilometer" title="Profilometer">profilometers</a>. These measurements include road <a href="/wiki/Curvature" title="Curvature">curvature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross slope">cross slope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asperity_(material_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asperity (material science)">asperity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_roughness" title="Surface roughness">roughness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">rutting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texture_(roads)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (roads)">texture</a>. Software algorithms use this data to recommend maintenance or new construction. </p><p>Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include thin asphalt overlays, crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, <a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">micro milling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">diamond grinding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">surface treatments</a>. Thin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Thin_Surfacing_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thin_Surfacing-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older concrete pavements that develop faults can be repaired with a <a href="/wiki/Dowel_bar_retrofit" title="Dowel bar retrofit">dowel bar retrofit</a>, in which slots are cut in the pavement at each joint, and dowel bars are placed in the slots, which are then filled with concrete patching material. This can extend the life of the concrete pavement for 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Failure to maintain roads properly can create significant costs to society. A 2009 report released by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials estimated that about 50% of the roads in the US are in bad condition, with urban areas worse. The report estimates that urban drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slab_stabilization">Slab stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slab stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltration</a>. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually employed with other <a href="/wiki/Concrete_pavement_restoration" title="Concrete pavement restoration">concrete pavement restoration</a> methods including patching and diamond grinding. The technique restores support to concrete slabs by filing small voids that develop underneath the concrete slab at joints, cracks or the pavement edge. </p><p>The process consists of pumping a cementitious <a href="/wiki/Grout" title="Grout">grout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> mixture through holes drilled through the slab. The grout can fill small voids beneath the slab and/or sub-base. The grout also displaces free water and helps keep water from saturating and weakening support under the joints and slab edge after stabilization is complete. The three steps for this method after finding the voids are locating and drilling holes, grout injection and post-testing the stabilized slabs. </p><p>Slab stabilization does not correct depressions, increase the design structural capacity, stop erosion or eliminate faulting. It does, however, restore the slab support, therefore, decreasing deflections under the load. Stabilization should only be performed at joints and cracks where the loss of support exists. Visual inspection is the simplest manner to find voids. Signs that repair is needed are transverse joint faulting, corner breaks and shoulder drop off and lines at or near joints and cracks. Deflection testing is another common procedure used to locate voids. It is recommended to do this testing at night as during cooler temperatures, joints open, aggregate interlock diminishes and load deflections are at their highest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ground penetrating <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> pulses electromagnetic waves into the pavement and measures and graphically displays the reflected signal. This can reveal voids and other defects. </p><p>The epoxy/core test, detects voids by visual and mechanical methods. It consists of drilling a 25 to 50 millimeter hole through the pavement into the sub-base with a dry-bit <a href="/wiki/Roto-hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Roto-hammer">roto-hammer</a>. Next, a two-part <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxy</a> is poured into the hole – dyed for visual clarity. Once the epoxy hardens, technicians drill through the hole. If a void is present, the epoxy will stick to the core and provide physical evidence. </p><p>Common stabilization materials include <a href="/wiki/Pozzolan" title="Pozzolan">pozzolan</a>-cement grout and polyurethane. The requirements for slab stabilization are strength and the ability to flow into or expand to fill small voids. Colloidal mixing equipment is necessary to use the pozzolan-cement grouts. The contractor must place the grout using a positive-displacement injection pump or a non-pulsing progressive cavity pump. A drill is also necessary but it must produce a clean hole with no surface <a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a> or breakouts. The injection devices must include a grout packer capable of sealing the hole. The injection device must also have a return hose or a fast-control reverse switch, in case workers detect slab movement on the uplift gauge. The uplift beam helps to monitor the slab deflection and has to have sensitive dial gauges.<sup id="cite_ref-igga_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igga-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_sealing">Joint sealing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Joint sealing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also called joint and crack repair, this method's purpose is to minimize infiltration of surface water and incompressible material into the joint system. Joint sealants are also used to reduce dowel bar corrosion in concrete pavement restoration techniques. Successful resealing consists of old sealant removal, shaping and cleaning the reservoir, installing the backer rod and installing the sealant. Sawing, manual removal, plowing and cutting are methods used to remove the old sealant. Saws are used to shape the reservoir. When cleaning the reservoir, no dust, <a href="/wiki/Dirt" title="Dirt">dirt</a> or traces of old sealant should remain. Thus, it is recommended to water wash, sand-blast and then air blow to remove any sand, dirt or dust. The backer rod installation requires a double-wheeled, steel roller to insert the rod to the desired depth. After inserting the backer rod, the sealant is placed into the joint. There are various materials to choose for this method including hot pour bituminous liquid, silicone and preformed compression seals.<sup id="cite_ref-igga_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-igga-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_considerations">Safety considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safety considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road traffic safety</a></div> <p>Careful design and construction of roads can increase <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">road traffic safety</a> and reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions. </p><p>On neighborhood roads <a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">traffic calming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_barriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety barriers">safety barriers</a>, pedestrian crossings and cycle lanes can help protect pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers. </p><p>Lane markers in some countries and states are marked with <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eyes</a> or Botts dots. Botts dots are not used where it is icy in the winter, because frost and snowplows can break the glue that holds them to the road, although they can be embedded in short, shallow trenches carved in the roadway, as is done in the mountainous regions of California. </p><p>For major roads risk can be reduced by providing <a href="/wiki/Limited_access_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited access road">limited access</a> from properties and local roads, <a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade separated junctions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">median dividers</a> between opposite-direction traffic to reduce the likelihood of head-on collisions. </p><p>The placement of energy attenuation devices (e.g. guardrails, wide grassy areas, sand barrels) is also common. Some <a href="/wiki/Road_fixtures" class="mw-redirect" title="Road fixtures">road fixtures</a> such as road signs and <a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire hydrants">fire hydrants</a> are designed to collapse on impact. Light poles are designed to break at the base rather than violently stop a car that hits them. Highway authorities may also remove larger trees from the immediate vicinity of the road. During heavy rains, if the elevation of the road surface is not higher than the surrounding landscape, it may result in flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speed_limits" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed limits">Speed limits</a> can improve road traffic safety and reduce the number of <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_motor_vehicle_collisions" title="Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions">road traffic casualties</a> from <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic collisions">traffic collisions</a>. In their <i>World report on road traffic injury prevention</i> report, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a> identify speed control as one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_conditions">Road conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Road conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snowy_road_in_Tieringen,_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/220px-Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/330px-Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/440px-Snowy_road_in_Tieringen%2C_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> causing bad road conditions</figcaption></figure> <p>Road conditions are the collection of factors describing the ease of driving on a particular stretch of road, or on the roads of a particular locality, including the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">pavement surface</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">potholes</a>, road markings, and <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>. It has been reported that "[p]roblems of transportation participants and road conditions are the main factors that lead to road traffic accidents".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has further been specifically noted that "weather conditions and road conditions are interlinked as weather conditions affect the road conditions".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific aspects of road conditions can be of particular importance for particular purposes. For example, for <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous vehicles">autonomous vehicles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">self-driving cars</a>, significant road conditions can include "shadowing and lighting changes, road surface texture changes, and road markings consisting of circular reflectors, dashed lines, and solid lines".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various government agencies and private entities, including local news services, track and report on road conditions to the public so that drivers going through a particular area can be aware of hazards that may exist in that area. News agencies, in turn, rely on tips from area residents with respect to certain aspects of road conditions in their coverage area.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_performance">Environmental performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impacts_of_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impacts of roads">Environmental impacts of roads</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg/220px-Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg/440px-Aab_Pasadena_Highway_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Air pollution along Pasadena Highway in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> <p>Careful design and construction of a road can reduce any negative environmental impacts. Water management systems can be used to reduce the effect of pollutants from roads.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rainwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snowmelt" title="Snowmelt">snowmelt</a> running off of roads tends to pick up gasoline, <a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">motor oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">trash</a> and other pollutants and result in <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. Road runoff is a major source of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, lead and <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs), which are created as <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> byproducts of gasoline and other <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/De-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">De-icing</a> chemicals and sand can run off into roadsides, contaminate <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and pollute <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface waters</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Road_salt" title="Road salt">road salts</a> can be toxic to sensitive plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sand applied to icy roads can be ground up by traffic into fine particulates and contribute to air pollution. </p><p>Roads are a chief source of <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise pollution</a>. In the early 1970s, it was recognized that design of roads can be conducted to influence and minimize noise generation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barriers</a> can reduce noise pollution near built-up areas. Regulations can restrict the use of <a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">engine braking</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicle emissions">Motor vehicle emissions</a> contribute <a href="/wiki/Air_pollutant" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutant">air pollution</a>. Concentrations of air pollutants and adverse <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> health effects are greater near the road than at some distance away from the road.<sup id="cite_ref-carbonblack_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carbonblack-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Road_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Road dust">Road dust</a> kicked up by vehicles may trigger <a href="/wiki/Allergic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic">allergic</a> reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, on-road transportation greenhouse gas emissions are the largest single cause of climate change, scientists say.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right-_and_left-hand_traffic">Right- and left-hand traffic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Right- and left-hand traffic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">Right- and left-hand traffic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roadmumbaiindia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roadmumbaiindia.jpg/170px-Roadmumbaiindia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roadmumbaiindia.jpg/255px-Roadmumbaiindia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Roadmumbaiindia.jpg/340px-Roadmumbaiindia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>A city street in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai, India">Mumbai, India</a> with left-hand traffic</figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic flows on the right or on the left side of the road depending on the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Why_In_Britain_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Why_In_Britain-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries where traffic flows on the right, traffic signs are mostly on the right side of the road, <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic circle">traffic circles</a> go counter-clockwise/anti-clockwise, and pedestrians crossing a two-way road should watch out for traffic from the left first.<sup id="cite_ref-Rule_of_the_Road_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rule_of_the_Road-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In countries where traffic flows on the left, the reverse is true. </p><p>About 33% of the world by population drive on the left, and 67% keep right. By road distances, about 28% drive on the left, and 72% on the right,<sup id="cite_ref-brianlucas_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brianlucas-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though originally most traffic drove on the left worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a> is used to understand both the relationship between the transport system and the wider economy and the complex effects of the road network structure when there are multiple paths and competing modes for both personal and freight (road/rail/air/ferry) and where <a href="/wiki/Induced_demand" title="Induced demand">induced demand</a> can result in increased on decreased transport levels when road provision is increased by building new roads or decreased (for example California State Route 480). Roads are generally built and maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> using taxation although implementation may be through <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Australia_CCG_2004_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Australia_CCG_2004-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARTBA_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARTBA-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or occasionally using <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">road tolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IBTTA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBTTA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnerships">Public-private partnerships</a> are a way for communities to address the rising cost by injecting private funds into the infrastructure. There are four main ones:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>design/build</li> <li>design/build/operate/maintain</li> <li>design/build/finance/operate</li> <li>build/own/operate</li></ul> <p>Society depends heavily on efficient roads. In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a> 44% of all <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> are moved by trucks over roads and 85% of all people are transported by cars, buses or coaches on roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Road_Transport_(Europe)_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Road_Transport_(Europe)-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was also commonly used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadsteads</a>, waterways that lent themselves to use by shipping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_costs">Construction costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Construction costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the New York State Thruway Authority,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some sample per-mile costs to construct multi-lane roads in several US northeastern states were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Turnpike" title="Connecticut Turnpike">Connecticut Turnpike</a> – $3,449,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Turnpike" title="New Jersey Turnpike">New Jersey Turnpike</a> – $2,200,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a> (Delaware Extension) – $1,970,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Toll_Road" title="Indiana Toll Road">Northern Indiana Toll Road</a> – $1,790,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_State_Parkway" title="Garden State Parkway">Garden State Parkway</a> – $1,720,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a> – $1,600,000 per mile</li> <li>Thruway, New York to Pennsylvania Line – $1,547,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Turnpike" title="Ohio Turnpike">Ohio Turnpike</a> – $1,352,000 per mile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Turnpike" title="Pennsylvania Turnpike">Pennsylvania Turnpike</a> (early construction) – $736,000 per mile</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States has the largest network of roads of any country with 4,050,717 miles (6,518,997 km) as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republic of India has the second-largest road system globally with 4,689,842 kilometres (2,914,133 miles) of road (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The People's Republic of China is third with 3,583,715 kilometres (2,226,817 mi) of road (2007). The Federative Republic of Brazil has the fourth-largest road system in the world with 1,751,868 kilometres (1,088,560 mi) (2002). See <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">List of countries by road network size</a>. When looking only at <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">expressways</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Trunk_Highway_System" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trunk Highway System">National Trunk Highway System</a> (NTHS) in China has a total length of 45,000 kilometres (28,000 mi) at the end of 2006, and 60,300 km at the end of 2008, second only to the United States with 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi) in 2005. However, as of 2017, China has 130,000 km of Expressways.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_connectivity">Global connectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Global connectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG/220px-Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG/330px-Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG/440px-Hailuoto_Ice_Road_20130113_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice road</a> between <a href="/wiki/Oulunsalo" title="Oulunsalo">Oulunsalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hailuoto" title="Hailuoto">Hailuoto</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Ostrobothnia" title="North Ostrobothnia">North Ostrobothnia</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, and Australia each have an extensive road network that connects most cities. The North and South American road networks are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a>, the only interruption in the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Highway" title="Pan-American Highway">Pan-American Highway</a>. Eurasia and Africa are connected by roads on the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="European Peninsula">European Peninsula</a> is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund_Bridge" title="Øresund Bridge">Øresund Bridge</a>, and both have many connections to the mainland of Eurasia, including the bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> has very few roads and no continent-bridging network, though there are a few <a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">ice roads</a> between bases, such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Traverse" title="South Pole Traverse">South Pole Traverse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> to be connected to a continental network by road (the <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_Causeway" title="King Fahd Causeway">King Fahd Causeway</a> to Saudi Arabia). </p><p>Even well-connected road networks are controlled by many different legal jurisdictions, and laws such as <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">which side of the road to drive on</a> vary accordingly. </p><p>Many populated domestic islands are connected to the mainland by bridges. A very long example is the 113 mi (182 km) <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Highway" title="Overseas Highway">Overseas Highway</a> connecting many of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> with the continental United States. </p><p>Even on mainlands, some <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_that_are_inaccessible_by_road" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities that are inaccessible by road">settlements have no roads</a> connecting with the primary continental network, due to natural obstacles like mountains or wetlands, or high cost compared to the population served. Unpaved roads or lack of roads are more common in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, and these can become impassible in wet conditions. As of 2014, only 43% of rural Africans have access to an all-season road.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to steepness, mud, snow, or fords, roads can sometimes be passable only to <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> vehicles, those with <a href="/wiki/Snow_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow chain">snow chains</a> or <a href="/wiki/Snow_tire" title="Snow tire">snow tires</a>, or those capable of <a href="/wiki/Deep_wading" title="Deep wading">deep wading</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">amphibious operation</a>. </p><p>Most disconnected settlements have local road networks connecting ports, buildings, and other points of interest. </p><p>Where demand for travel by road vehicle to a disconnected island or mainland settlement is high, <a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">roll-on/roll-off</a> ferries are commonly available if the journey is relatively short. For long-distance trips, passengers usually travel by air and <a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">rent a car</a> upon arrival. If facilities are available, vehicles and cargo can also be shipped to many disconnected settlements by boat, or air transport at much greater expense. The island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> is connected to the European road network by <a href="/wiki/Eurotunnel_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurotunnel Shuttle">Eurotunnel Shuttle</a> – an example of a <a href="/wiki/Car_shuttle_train" title="Car shuttle train">car shuttle train</a> which is a service used in other parts of Europe to travel under mountains and over wetlands. </p><p>In polar areas, disconnected settlements are often more easily reached by <a href="/wiki/Snowmobile" title="Snowmobile">snowmobile</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dogsled" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogsled">dogsled</a> in cold weather, which can produce <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> that blocks ports, and bad weather that prevents flying. For example, resupply aircraft are only flown to <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a> October to February, and many residents of coastal Alaska have bulk cargo shipped in only during the warmer months. Permanent darkness during the winter can also make long-distance travel more dangerous in polar areas. Continental road networks do reach into these areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Highway" title="Dalton Highway">Dalton Highway</a> to the North Slope of Alaska, the <a href="/wiki/R21_highway_(Russia)" title="R21 highway (Russia)">R21 highway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> in Russia, and many roads in Scandinavia (though due to <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> water transport is sometimes faster). Large areas of Alaska, Canada, Greenland, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> are sparsely connected. For example, all 25 communities of <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> are disconnected from each other and the main North American road network.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Road transport of people and cargo by may also be obstructed by <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border controls</a> and travel restrictions. For example, travel from other parts of Asia to South Korea would require passage through the hostile country of North Korea. Moving between most countries in Africa and Eurasia would require passing through Egypt and Israel, which is a politically sensitive area. </p><p>Some places are intentionally <a href="/wiki/List_of_car-free_places" class="mw-redirect" title="List of car-free places">car-free</a>, and roads (if present) might be used by bicycles or pedestrians. </p><p>Roads are under construction to many remote places, such as the villages of the <a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Circuit" title="Annapurna Circuit">Annapurna Circuit</a>, and a road was completed in 2013 to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAdog_County" title="Mêdog County">Mêdog County</a>. Additional <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_and_transoceanic_fixed_links" title="Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links">intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links</a> have been proposed, including a <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait_crossing" title="Bering Strait crossing">Bering Strait crossing</a> that would connect Eurasia-Africa and North America, a <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait_Bridge" title="Malacca Strait Bridge">Malacca Strait Bridge</a> to the largest island of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> from Asia, and a <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar_crossing" title="Strait of Gibraltar crossing">Strait of Gibraltar crossing</a> to connect Europe and Africa directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/28px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/42px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UK_motorway_symbol.svg/56px-UK_motorway_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Roads" title="Portal:Roads">Roads portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_engineering" title="Highway engineering">Highway engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_tracking_system#Government" title="Issue tracking system">Issue tracking systems for reporting road defects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_road_network_size" title="List of countries by road network size">List of countries by road network size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_and_highways" title="List of roads and highways">List of roads and highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport" title="Road transport">Road transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ways_of_the_World-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ways_of_the_World_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLay1992" class="citation book cs1">Lay, Maxwell G (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waysofworldhisto00laym"><i>Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2691-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-2691-1</bdi></a>. <q>Ways of the world Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+the+World%3A+A+History+of+the+World%27s+Roads+and+of+the+Vehicles+that+Used+Them&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2691-1&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaysofworldhisto00laym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=4005">"Glossary of Statistical Terms"</a>. OECD. 2004-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Statistical+Terms&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D4005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unece.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unece.org_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/main/wp6/pdfdocs/glossen4.pdf">"Illustrated Glossary for Transport Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Transport Forum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Glossary+for+Transport+Statistics&rft.pub=International+Transport+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Ftrans%2Fmain%2Fwp6%2Fpdfdocs%2Fglossen4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/conventn/crt1968e.pdf">"Road Traffic Convention 1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>unece.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unece.org&rft.atitle=Road+Traffic+Convention+1968&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Ftrans%2Fconventn%2Fcrt1968e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-difference_between_road_and_street-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-difference_between_road_and_street_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/d01.html">"What is the difference between a road and a street?"</a>. <i>Word FAQ</i>. Dictionary.com (Lexico Publishing Group, LLC). 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Word+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+a+road+and+a+street%3F&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fhelp%2Ffaq%2Flanguage%2Fd01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoadInfrastructureStrategicFrameworkforSouthAfrica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoadInfrastructureStrategicFrameworkforSouthAfrica_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063243/http://www.transport.gov.za/library/docs/rifsa/infor.html">"Road Infrastructure Strategic Framework for South Africa; A Discussion Document"</a>. National Department of Transport (South Africa). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transport.gov.za/library/docs/rifsa/infor.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Infrastructure+Strategic+Framework+for+South+Africa%3B+A+Discussion+Document&rft.pub=National+Department+of+Transport+%28South+Africa%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transport.gov.za%2Flibrary%2Fdocs%2Frifsa%2Finfor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfrastructure" class="citation web cs1">Infrastructure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2016C00716/Html/Text">"National Transport Commission (Road Transport Legislation - Australian Road Rules) Regulations 2006"</a>. <i>legislation.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.au&rft.atitle=National+Transport+Commission+%28Road+Transport+Legislation+-+Australian+Road+Rules%29+Regulations+2006&rft.au=Infrastructure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.au%2FDetails%2FF2016C00716%2FHtml%2FText&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1998/0110/latest/DLM433613.html">"Land Transport Act 1998 No 110 (as at 29 October 2019), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation"</a>. <i>legislation.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Land+Transport+Act+1998+No+110+%28as+at+29+October+2019%29%2C+Public+Act+Contents+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Legislation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F1998%2F0110%2Flatest%2FDLM433613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzta.govt.nz/resources/what-is-a-road/what-is-a-road.html">"What Is a road? | NZ Transport Agency"</a>. <i>nzta.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzta.govt.nz&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+road%3F+%7C+NZ+Transport+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzta.govt.nz%2Fresources%2Fwhat-is-a-road%2Fwhat-is-a-road.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drivingtests.co.nz/roadcode-questions/car/core/whats-the-legal-definition-of-a-road/">"What is the legal definition of a road?"</a>. <i>drivingtests.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drivingtests.co.nz&rft.atitle=What+is+the+legal+definition+of+a+road%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drivingtests.co.nz%2Froadcode-questions%2Fcar%2Fcore%2Fwhats-the-legal-definition-of-a-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/the-highway-code/annex-4-the-road-user-and-the-law">"Annex 4. The road user and the law - The Highway Code - Guidance - GOV.UK"</a>. <i>www.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Annex+4.+The+road+user+and+the+law+-+The+Highway+Code+-+Guidance+-+GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fguidance%2Fthe-highway-code%2Fannex-4-the-road-user-and-the-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1984/27/section/142">"Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 – 142 General interpretation of Act"</a>. <i>Legislation</i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"road" – (a) in England and Wales, means any length of highway or of any other road to which the public has access, and includes bridges over which a road passes, and (b) in Scotland, has the same meaning as in the Roads (Scotland) Act 1984</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legislation&rft.atitle=Road+Traffic+Regulation+Act+1984+%E2%80%93+142+General+interpretation+of+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1984%2F27%2Fsection%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Direct-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Direct_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Direct_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/TravelAndTransport/Highwaycode/DG_069869">"The road user and the law"</a>. <q>Most of the provisions apply on all roads throughout Great Britain, although there are some exceptions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+road+user+and+the+law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.direct.gov.uk%2Fen%2FTravelAndTransport%2FHighwaycode%2FDG_069869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reference listed says 1984, This description is used in several rules going back to at least 1975, The law of real property; Stevens, 1975; Authors – Robert Megarry, Sir Robert Edgar Megarry, Sir William Wade</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403093123/http://www.hrothgar.co.uk/WebCases/hol/reports/07/44.htm">"Judgment – Director of Public Prosecutions v. Jones and Another (On Appeal from a Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrothgar.co.uk/WebCases/hol/reports/07/44.htm">the original</a> on 2010-04-03. <q>The land over which a public right of way exists is known as a highway; and although most highways have been made up into roads, and most easements of way exist over footpaths, the presence or absence of a made road has nothing to do with the distinction. There may be a highway over a footpath, while a well made road may be subject only to an easement of way, or may exist only for the landowner's benefit and be subject to no easement at all</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judgment+%E2%80%93+Director+of+Public+Prosecutions+v.+Jones+and+Another+%28On+Appeal+from+a+Divisional+Court+of+the+Queen%27s+Bench+Division%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrothgar.co.uk%2FWebCases%2Fhol%2Freports%2F07%2F44.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.4-5.co.uk/practiceareas/index.cfm?id=486">"Local government law – Highway law"</a>. <q>Historically, a highway comprehended any path in which members of the public had the right to pass and re-pass without let or hindrance. The term embraced footpaths, bridleways, driftways and so forth. The advent of the motor vehicle and its peculiar requirements has seen increasing distinctions between paths over which walkers and riders have a right of way and those ways that are predominantly used by motor vehicles. The former may be usefully termed "rights of way" (and are the subject of a separate entry in this web) and the latter may be termed "highways."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+government+law+%E2%80%93+Highway+law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.4-5.co.uk%2Fpracticeareas%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2017" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, M Brent. (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=ailj">"The Public Nature of Indian Reservation Roads"</a>. <i>American Indian Law Journal</i> (1): 40<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Public+Nature+of+Indian+Reservation+Roads&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=M+Brent.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1002%26context%3Dailj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David (2006). <i>Street smart : competition, entrepreneurship, and the future of roads</i>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315130330" title="Special:BookSources/9781315130330"><bdi>9781315130330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+smart+%3A+competition%2C+entrepreneurship%2C+and+the+future+of+roads&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781315130330&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenarduzzi2016" class="citation news cs1">Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/europe/the-worlds-first-motorway-piero-puricellis-masterpiece-is-the-focus-of-an-unlikely-pilgrimage-a6840816.html">"The motorway that built Italy: Piero Puricelli's masterpiece"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+motorway+that+built+Italy%3A+Piero+Puricelli%27s+masterpiece&rft.date=2016-01-30&rft.aulast=Lenarduzzi&rft.aufirst=Thea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Feurope%2Fthe-worlds-first-motorway-piero-puricellis-masterpiece-is-the-focus-of-an-unlikely-pilgrimage-a6840816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motorwebmuseum-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motorwebmuseum_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorwebmuseum.it/en/places/varese/the-milano-laghi-by-piero-puricelli-the-first-motorway-in-the-world/">"The "Milano-Laghi" by Piero Puricelli, the first motorway in the world"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Milano-Laghi%22+by+Piero+Puricelli%2C+the+first+motorway+in+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorwebmuseum.it%2Fen%2Fplaces%2Fvarese%2Fthe-milano-laghi-by-piero-puricelli-the-first-motorway-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelbingMolnärFarkasBolay2001" class="citation journal cs1">Helbing, D.; Molnär, P.; Farkas, I.J.; Bolay, K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pedsim.elte.hu/pdf/envplanb.pdf">"Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 2001, volume 28 (Self-organizing pedestrian movement)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 376. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fb2697">10.1068/b2697</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16276539">16276539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Planning+B%3A+Planning+and+Design&rft.atitle=Environment+and+Planning+B%3A+Planning+and+Design+2001%2C+volume+28+%28Self-organizing+pedestrian+movement%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=376&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fb2697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16276539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Helbing&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Moln%C3%A4r%2C+P.&rft.au=Farkas%2C+I.J.&rft.au=Bolay%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpedsim.elte.hu%2Fpdf%2Fenvplanb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheathampstead-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wheathampstead_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheathampstead.net/mh/history.htm">"Marshalls Heath Nature Reserve"</a>. <i>History</i>. wheathampstead.net. 24 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Marshalls+Heath+Nature+Reserve&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheathampstead.net%2Fmh%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Icknield-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Icknield_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icknieldwaypath.co.uk/">"The Icknield Way Path"</a>. Icknield Way Association. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Icknield+Way+Path&rft.pub=Icknield+Way+Association&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icknieldwaypath.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Noble_Wildord1994" class="citation news cs1">John Noble Wildord (1994-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html">"World's Oldest Paved Road Found in Egypt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Paved+Road+Found+in+Egypt&rft.date=1994-05-08&rft.au=John+Noble+Wildord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F05%2F08%2Fworld%2Fworld-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Current_Archaeology_172-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Current_Archaeology_172_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311003620/http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ca/issues/ca172/ca172.htm">"The Somerset Levels (the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern Europe)"</a>. <i>Current Archaeology 172</i>. Current Archaeology. February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ca/issues/ca172/ca172.htm">the original</a> on 2007-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current+Archaeology+172&rft.atitle=The+Somerset+Levels+%28the+oldest+timber+trackway+discovered+in+Northern+Europe%29&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.co.uk%2Fca%2Fissues%2Fca172%2Fca172.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Highways:_The_Location-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Highways:_The_Location_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Coleman A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ren4sWQ3jKkC&q=ancient+Egyptians+stone+paved+road++Great+Pyramid+in+about+3000+BC&pg=PA1"><i>Highways: The Location, Design, Construction & Maintenance of Road Pavements</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8"><bdi>978-0-7506-5090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highways%3A+The+Location%2C+Design%2C+Construction+%26+Maintenance+of+Road+Pavements&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5090-8&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Coleman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRen4sWQ3jKkC%26q%3Dancient%2BEgyptians%2Bstone%2Bpaved%2Broad%2B%2BGreat%2BPyramid%2Bin%2Babout%2B3000%2BBC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521135844/http://archaeology.about.com/b/2009/08/15/oldest-trackway-found-in-plumstea.htm">"Oldest Trackway found in Plumstead"</a>. Archaeology.about.com. 2009-08-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/b/2009/08/15/oldest-trackway-found-in-plumstea.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oldest+Trackway+found+in+Plumstead&rft.pub=Archaeology.about.com&rft.date=2009-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fb%2F2009%2F08%2F15%2Foldest-trackway-found-in-plumstea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-08/ucl-let081209.php">"London's earliest timber structure found during Belmarsh prison dig"</a>. Eurekalert.org. 2009-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London%27s+earliest+timber+structure+found+during+Belmarsh+prison+dig&rft.pub=Eurekalert.org&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekalert.org%2Fpub_releases%2F2009-08%2Fucl-let081209.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyalRoad-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoyalRoad_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/achaemenids/royal_road.php">"Royal Road"</a>. <i>History of Iran</i>. Iran Chamber of Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Iran&rft.atitle=Royal+Road&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fhistory%2Fachaemenids%2Froyal_road.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoederman1997" class="citation book cs1">Boederman, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA178"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Boederman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNDpPqeDjo0C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horseboating-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horseboating_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429105356/http://www.horseboating.org.uk/">"Horseboating"</a>. The Horseboating Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horseboating.org.uk/">the original</a> on 2018-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horseboating&rft.pub=The+Horseboating+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horseboating.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorseDrawnBoats-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HorseDrawnBoats_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canaljunction.com/craft/horsedrawn1.htm">"Horses and Canals 1760–1960 The people & the horses"</a>. <i>Horse Drawn Boats</i>. Canal Junction Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Horse+Drawn+Boats&rft.atitle=Horses+and+Canals+1760%E2%80%931960+The+people+%26+the+horses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canaljunction.com%2Fcraft%2Fhorsedrawn1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovering_Roman_Technology-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovering_Roman_Technology_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart-Davis2001" class="citation web cs1">Hart-Davis, Adam (2001-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/tech_02.shtml">"Roads and surveying"</a>. <i>Discovering Roman Technology</i>. BBC.CO.UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovering+Roman+Technology&rft.atitle=Roads+and+surveying&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.aulast=Hart-Davis&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fromans%2Ftech_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ajram-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ajram_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasem_Ajram1992" class="citation book cs1">Kasem Ajram (1992). <i>The Miracle of Islam Science</i> (2nd ed.). Knowledge House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911119-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911119-43-5"><bdi>978-0-911119-43-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+of+Islam+Science&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Knowledge+House+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-911119-43-5&rft.au=Kasem+Ajram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victorian_Powys-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victorian_Powys_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.powys.org.uk/school1/rhayader/rebcmenu.shtml">"The Rebecca Riots"</a>. <i>Rebecca and her daughters come to Rhayader</i>. Victorian Powys for Schools. March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rebecca+and+her+daughters+come+to+Rhayader&rft.atitle=The+Rebecca+Riots&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.powys.org.uk%2Fschool1%2Frhayader%2Frebcmenu.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor Christomannos: Die Dolomitenstraße Bozen – Cortina – Toblach. Chiari: Ed. Nordpress 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-85382-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/88-85382-37-1">88-85382-37-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberto Covaz e Annalisa Turel, La Costiera triestina - storia e misteri di una strada, Edizioni Mgs Press, Trieste, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-89219-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/88-89219-23-8">88-89219-23-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kitsap_County_Road_Standards_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709203052/http://www.kitsapgov.com/pw/pdf/Revised%20Road%20Standards.doc">"Kitsap County Road Standards 2006"</a>. Kitsap County, Washington. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kitsapgov.com/PW/pdf/Revised%20Road%20Standards.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Doc)</span> on July 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kitsap+County+Road+Standards+2006&rft.pub=Kitsap+County%2C+Washington&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitsapgov.com%2FPW%2Fpdf%2FRevised%2520Road%2520Standards.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MRSC_road_standards-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MRSC_road_standards_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185007/http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/Transpo/stand/CoRdStand.aspx">"Washington State County Road Standards"</a>. <i>Chapter 35.78 RCW requires cities and counties to adopt uniform definitions and design standards for municipal streets and roads</i>. Municipal Research & Services Center of Washington. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrsc.org/subjects/Transpo/stand/CoRdStand.aspx">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chapter+35.78+RCW+requires+cities+and+counties+to+adopt+uniform+definitions+and+design+standards+for+municipal+streets+and+roads&rft.atitle=Washington+State+County+Road+Standards&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrsc.org%2Fsubjects%2FTranspo%2Fstand%2FCoRdStand.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thelastfrontier-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thelastfrontier_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShire_of_Wyndham_East_Kimberly2006" class="citation web cs1">Shire of Wyndham East Kimberly (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710022035/http://www.thelastfrontier.com.au/Publications/06K027005-061019-Rural%20Road%20Technical%20Specification%20complete%20%283%29.pdf">"Guidelines for rural road design and construction technical specifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Australia (The Last Frontier). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelastfrontier.com.au/Publications/06K027005-061019-Rural%20Road%20Technical%20Specification%20complete%20(3).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+rural+road+design+and+construction+technical+specifications&rft.pub=Western+Australia+%28The+Last+Frontier%29&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=Shire+of+Wyndham+East+Kimberly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelastfrontier.com.au%2FPublications%2F06K027005-061019-Rural%2520Road%2520Technical%2520Specification%2520complete%2520%283%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caterpillar-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caterpillar_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cat.com/cda/layout?m=62323&x=7">"Road Building Equipment"</a>. <i>Constructing roads into forestry work areas</i>. Caterpillar. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constructing+roads+into+forestry+work+areas&rft.atitle=Road+Building+Equipment&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cat.com%2Fcda%2Flayout%3Fm%3D62323%26x%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volvo-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volvo_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027082405/http://www.volvo.com/constructionequipment/europe/en-gb/work%2Bsolutions/government/introduction.htm">"Volvo Construction Equipment (Europe)"</a>. <i>Building the cities, towns, streets, highways and bridges in your neighborhood and in communities around the globe</i>. Volvo. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volvo.com/constructionequipment/europe/en-gb/work+solutions/government/introduction.htm">the original</a> on 2006-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+the+cities%2C+towns%2C+streets%2C+highways+and+bridges+in+your+neighborhood+and+in+communities+around+the+globe&rft.atitle=Volvo+Construction+Equipment+%28Europe%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volvo.com%2Fconstructionequipment%2Feurope%2Fen-gb%2Fwork%2Bsolutions%2Fgovernment%2Fintroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mainland-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mainland_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mainlandaggregates.co.uk/gravel-driveway-construction-guide">"Gravel Driveway Construction: Step by Step Guide: How to Lay a Gravel Driveway"</a> at www.mainlandaggregates.co.uk. Retrieved 25 Jan 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koerner, R.M. (2012) Designing with geosynthetics, 6th Edition, Xlibris Corporation, US<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/glossary_abb_refer.pdf">Glossary: Princes Highway, Traralgon Bypass – Planning Assessment Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GHx1Vq3c?url=http://www.neotrucks.com/pdf/glossary_abb_refer.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-01 at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> at The State of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/highways-new-active-travel-schemes">"New active travel schemes - Wiltshire Council"</a>. <i>www.wiltshire.gov.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wiltshire.gov.uk&rft.atitle=New+active+travel+schemes+-+Wiltshire+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiltshire.gov.uk%2Fhighways-new-active-travel-schemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pubs/pdf/streets_people.pdf">"Reclaiming city streets for people"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 22 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+city+streets+for+people&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2Fstreets_people.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/milan-to-reallocate-streets-to-pedestrians-and-cyclists-in-bid-to-reduce-air-pollution-1.4234088?mode=amp">"Milan to reallocate streets to pedestrians and cyclists in bid to reduce air pollution"</a>. <i>www.irishtimes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishtimes.com&rft.atitle=Milan+to+reallocate+streets+to+pedestrians+and+cyclists+in+bid+to+reduce+air+pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmilan-to-reallocate-streets-to-pedestrians-and-cyclists-in-bid-to-reduce-air-pollution-1.4234088%3Fmode%3Damp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/11/world-cities-turn-their-streets-over-to-walkers-and-cyclists">"World cities turn their streets over to walkers and cyclists"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. April 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+cities+turn+their+streets+over+to+walkers+and+cyclists&rft.date=2020-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fapr%2F11%2Fworld-cities-turn-their-streets-over-to-walkers-and-cyclists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frost-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frost_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.KameyamaM._KatoA._KawamuraK._Himeno2002" class="citation web cs1">S.Kameyama; M. Kato; A. Kawamura; K. Himeno; A. Kasahara (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813141736/http://www.asphalt.org/Pubs/9th_conf_abst.html">"Effects of Frost Heave on the Longitudinal Profile of Asphalt Pavements in Cold Regions"</a>. <i>ISAP 9th Conference Titles & Abstracts</i>. International Society for Asphalt Pavements. 09044. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asphalt.org/Pubs/9th_conf_abst.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISAP+9th+Conference+Titles+%26+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Frost+Heave+on+the+Longitudinal+Profile+of+Asphalt+Pavements+in+Cold+Regions&rft.date=2002-08&rft.au=S.Kameyama&rft.au=M.+Kato&rft.au=A.+Kawamura&rft.au=K.+Himeno&rft.au=A.+Kasahara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asphalt.org%2FPubs%2F9th_conf_abst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Motorway_Achievement_Pg252_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_BridleJohn_Porter2002" class="citation book cs1">Ron Bridle; John Porter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Yqxyefv-VAC&q=4th+power+of+axle+weight&pg=PA252"><i>The Motorway Achievement: Frontiers of Knowledge and Practice</i></a>. Thomas Telford. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3197-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3197-5"><bdi>978-0-7277-3197-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Motorway+Achievement%3A+Frontiers+of+Knowledge+and+Practice&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-3197-5&rft.au=Ron+Bridle&rft.au=John+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Yqxyefv-VAC%26q%3D4th%2Bpower%2Bof%2Baxle%2Bweight%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Highways_The_Location-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Highways_The_Location_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Coleman A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ren4sWQ3jKkC&q=Pavements+are+designed+for+an+expected+service+life&pg=PA252"><i>Highways: The Location, Design, Construction & Maintenance of Road Pavements</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5090-8"><bdi>978-0-7506-5090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highways%3A+The+Location%2C+Design%2C+Construction+%26+Maintenance+of+Road+Pavements&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5090-8&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Coleman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRen4sWQ3jKkC%26q%3DPavements%2Bare%2Bdesigned%2Bfor%2Ban%2Bexpected%2Bservice%2Blife%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcombWillisTimm2010" class="citation book cs1">Newcomb, David E.; Willis, Richard; Timm, David H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asphaltroads.org/images/documents/Perpetual_Pavement_Synthesis.pdf"><i>Perpetual Asphalt Pavements: A Synthesis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lanham, Maryland: Asphalt Pavement Alliance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Asphalt+Pavements%3A+A+Synthesis&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Asphalt+Pavement+Alliance&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Willis%2C+Richard&rft.au=Timm%2C+David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasphaltroads.org%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2FPerpetual_Pavement_Synthesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsphalt_Pavement_Association" class="citation web cs1">Asphalt Pavement Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asphaltroads.org/perpetual-pavement/award-winners.html">"Perpetual Pavement Award Winners"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Pavement+Award+Winners&rft.au=Asphalt+Pavement+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasphaltroads.org%2Fperpetual-pavement%2Faward-winners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Map_Future-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Map_Future_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodore_R._FerragutDale_HarringtonMarcia_Brink2002" class="citation web cs1">Theodore R. Ferragut; Dale Harrington & Marcia Brink (July–August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814113422/http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/02jul/10.htm">"Road Map to the Future"</a>. United States Department of Transportation – Federal Highway Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/02jul/10.htm">the original</a> on 2007-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Road+Map+to+the+Future&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Transportation+%E2%80%93+Federal+Highway+Administration&rft.date=2002-07%2F2002-08&rft.au=Theodore+R.+Ferragut&rft.au=Dale+Harrington&rft.au=Marcia+Brink&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfhrc.gov%2Fpubrds%2F02jul%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fly_Ash-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fly_Ash_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISG_Resources,_Inc2003" class="citation web cs1">ISG Resources, Inc (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/c2p2/cases/wacker-dr.pdf">"Fly Ash Concrete Design for Chicago's 100-Year Road Structure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Case Study</i>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Case+Study&rft.atitle=Fly+Ash+Concrete+Design+for+Chicago%27s+100-Year+Road+Structure&rft.date=2003-12&rft.au=ISG+Resources%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fepaoswer%2Fosw%2Fconserve%2Fc2p2%2Fcases%2Fwacker-dr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thin_Surfacing-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thin_Surfacing_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzarowskiMaherFarringtonGolder_Associates_Ltd.2005" class="citation web cs1">Uzarowski, Ludomir; Maher, Michael; Farrington, Gary; Golder Associates Ltd. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407011631/http://www.tac-atc.ca/english/pdf/conf2005/s16/uzarowski2.pdf">"Thin Surfacing – Effective Way of Improving Road Safety within Scarce Road Maintenance Budget"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Paper for presentation at the 2005 Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada in Calgary, Alberta</i>. Transportation Association of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tac-atc.ca/english/pdf/conf2005/s16/uzarowski2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paper+for+presentation+at+the+2005+Annual+Conference+of+the+Transportation+Association+of+Canada+in+Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.atitle=Thin+Surfacing+%E2%80%93+Effective+Way+of+Improving+Road+Safety+within+Scarce+Road+Maintenance+Budget&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Uzarowski&rft.aufirst=Ludomir&rft.au=Maher%2C+Michael&rft.au=Farrington%2C+Gary&rft.au=Golder+Associates+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tac-atc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fpdf%2Fconf2005%2Fs16%2Fuzarowski2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/0137787C-4E9A-408C-A9CA-ECC02878D623/0/DowelBarsfolio_March2013.pdf">"Dowel Bars for New and Existing Concrete Pavements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington State Department of Transportation. February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dowel+Bars+for+New+and+Existing+Concrete+Pavements&rft.pub=Washington+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsdot.wa.gov%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F0137787C-4E9A-408C-A9CA-ECC02878D623%2F0%2FDowelBarsfolio_March2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-igga-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igga_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-igga_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130809234355/http://www.igga.net/File/Minnesota-State-Aid-Concrete-Pavement-Rehabilitation-CPR-Best-Practices-Manual-_2006.pdf">"State Aid Concrete Pavement Rehabilitation Best Practices Manual 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igga.net/File/Minnesota-State-Aid-Concrete-Pavement-Rehabilitation-CPR-Best-Practices-Manual-_2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Aid+Concrete+Pavement+Rehabilitation+Best+Practices+Manual+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igga.net%2FFile%2FMinnesota-State-Aid-Concrete-Pavement-Rehabilitation-CPR-Best-Practices-Manual-_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span> Minnesota DOT</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Practical guidelines for CPR of Urban Roads: A compelling need for preserving city concrete streets led to the development of a methodology for scoping repairs and the undertaking of a comprehensive concrete pavement repair program in Grand Rapids, Michigan". June 2005. <i>Better Roads</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154515/http://www.igga.net/File/Minimize-Wheel-Slap-Keep-Your-Joints-Narrow-_2004.pdf">"Minimize Wheel-Slap: Keep Your Joints Narrow"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igga.net/File/Minimize-Wheel-Slap-Keep-Your-Joints-Narrow-_2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minimize+Wheel-Slap%3A+Keep+Your+Joints+Narrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igga.net%2FFile%2FMinimize-Wheel-Slap-Keep-Your-Joints-Narrow-_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span> IGGA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">How States Preserve Concrete Pavements: CPR pays off in extra pavement life. Better Roads. August 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CPR brings dying pavement back to life: Georgia continues to be the leader in concrete pavement restoration, but as the word spreads other states are beginning to use this system to restore deteriorating pavements. April 1997, Roads & Bridges Magazine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeteler2007" class="citation book cs1">Neteler, Markus (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensourcegisgra00nete_842"><i>Open Source GIS: A GRASS GIS Approach</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/opensourcegisgra00nete_842/page/n163">149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Source+GIS%3A+A+GRASS+GIS+Approach&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Neteler&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fopensourcegisgra00nete_842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yafeng Yin, Jian Lu, Wei Wang, <i>Icctp 2011: Towards Sustainable Transportation Systems</i> (2011), p. 1807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radu Popescu-Zeletin, Karl Jonas, Idris A. Rai, <i>e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries</i> (2012), p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEEE ITSS, <i>IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium</i> (2005), p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fred Bayles, <i>Field Guide to Covering Local News</i> (2012), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdc3AQAAMAAJ&q=Drainage+systems+can+be+used+to+reduce+the+effect+of+pollutants+from+roads&pg=PA293"><i>Pittsburgh Light Rail Transit Reconstruction: Environmental Impact Statement</i></a>. The Administration. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pittsburgh+Light+Rail+Transit+Reconstruction%3A+Environmental+Impact+Statement&rft.pub=The+Administration&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcdc3AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DDrainage%2Bsystems%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bto%2Breduce%2Bthe%2Beffect%2Bof%2Bpollutants%2Bfrom%2Broads%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenportDavenport2006" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, John; Davenport, Julia L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9o7rq6WnSXEC&q=Drainage+systems+can+be+used+to+reduce+the+effect+of+pollutants+from+roads&pg=PA312"><i>The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the Environment</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4504-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4504-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4504-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecology+of+Transportation%3A+Managing+Mobility+for+the+Environment&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4504-2&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Davenport%2C+Julia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9o7rq6WnSXEC%26q%3DDrainage%2Bsystems%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bused%2Bto%2Breduce%2Bthe%2Beffect%2Bof%2Bpollutants%2Bfrom%2Broads%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonPitt2001" class="citation book cs1">Burton, G. Allen Jr.; Pitt, Robert (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519035716/http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/MainEDFS_Book.html">"2"</a>. <i>Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers</i>. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87371-924-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87371-924-7"><bdi>978-0-87371-924-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/MainEDFS_Book.html">the original</a> on 2009-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=Stormwater+Effects+Handbook%3A+A+Toolbox+for+Watershed+Managers%2C+Scientists%2C+and+Engineers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC%2FLewis+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87371-924-7&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=G.+Allen+Jr.&rft.au=Pitt%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funix.eng.ua.edu%2F~rpitt%2FPublications%2FBooksandReports%2FStormwater%2520Effects%2520Handbook%2520by%2520%2520Burton%2520and%2520Pitt%2520book%2FMainEDFS_Book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Seawell and Newland Agbenowosi (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/gwprimer/roadsalt/roadsalt.html">"Effects of Road Deicing Salts on Groundwater Systems."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521095505/http://www.cee.vt.edu/ewr/environmental/teach/gwprimer/roadsalt/roadsalt.html">Archived</a> 2009-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Department of Civil Engineering.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Minnesota (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.umn.edu/news/news-releases/2009/UR_RELEASE_MIG_5295.html">"U of M research finds most road salt is making it into the state's lakes and rivers."</a> 2009-02-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00159677">"Analysis of highway noise"</a>. <i>Water, Air, and Soil Pollution</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 387–392. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973WASP....2..387H">1973WASP....2..387H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00159677">10.1007/BF00159677</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109914430">109914430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+and+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+highway+noise&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-392&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109914430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00159677&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1973WASP....2..387H&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF00159677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carbonblack-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carbonblack_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402133440/http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/170/5/520">"Traffic-related Air Pollution near Busy Roads"</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Vol 170. pp. 520–26. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/170/5/520">the original</a> on 2009-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traffic-related+Air+Pollution+near+Busy+Roads&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine+Vol+170.+pp.+520%E2%80%9326&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrccm.atsjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F170%2F5%2F520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/11/991130062843.htm">"Road Dust – Something To Sneeze About."</a> <i>Science Daily,</i> 1999-11-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngerBondWangKoch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Unger, N.; Bond, T.C.; Wang, J.S.; Koch, D.M.; Menon, S.; Shindell, D.T.; Bauer, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816198">"Attribution of climate forcing to economic sectors"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (8): 3382–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.3382U">2010PNAS..107.3382U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0906548107">10.1073/pnas.0906548107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816198">2816198</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20133724">20133724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Attribution+of+climate+forcing+to+economic+sectors&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3382-87&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2816198%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20133724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0906548107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.3382U&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Bond%2C+T.C.&rft.au=Wang%2C+J.S.&rft.au=Koch%2C+D.M.&rft.au=Menon%2C+S.&rft.au=Shindell%2C+D.T.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2816198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Why_In_Britain-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Why_In_Britain_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2007" class="citation web cs1">Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2pass.co.uk/goodluck.htm">"Why In Britain Do We Drive On The Left?"</a>. 2Pass.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+In+Britain+Do+We+Drive+On+The+Left%3F&rft.pub=2Pass.co.uk&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2pass.co.uk%2Fgoodluck.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rule_of_the_Road-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rule_of_the_Road_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaid1986" class="citation book cs1">Kincaid, Peter (1986). <i>The Rule of the Road: An International Guide to History and Practice</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25249-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25249-5"><bdi>978-0-313-25249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+the+Road%3A+An+International+Guide+to+History+and+Practice&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25249-5&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brianlucas-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brianlucas_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2005" class="citation web cs1">Lucas, Brian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/">"Which side of the road do they drive on?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+side+of+the+road+do+they+drive+on%3F&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brianlucas.ca%2Froadside%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.pandora.be/worldstandards/driving%20on%20the%20left.htm">"Why do some countries drive on the right and others on the left ?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+do+some+countries+drive+on+the+right+and+others+on+the+left+%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.pandora.be%2Fworldstandards%2Fdriving%2520on%2520the%2520left.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Australia_CCG_2004-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Australia_CCG_2004_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.stat-usa.gov/2006" class="citation web cs1">www.stat-usa.gov/ (2006-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114181049/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126748e.html">"International Market Research Reports"</a>. <i>Australia CCG 2004 Update: Economic Trends and Outlook (E. Infrastructure )</i>. Industry Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/site/imr-ri.nsf/en/gr126748e.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia+CCG+2004+Update%3A+Economic+Trends+and+Outlook+%28E.+Infrastructure+%29&rft.atitle=International+Market+Research+Reports&rft.date=2006-02-28&rft.au=www.stat-usa.gov%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrategis.ic.gc.ca%2Fepic%2Fsite%2Fimr-ri.nsf%2Fen%2Fgr126748e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARTBA-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARTBA_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070408082904/http://www.artba.org/economics_research/current_issues/state_fed_gas_taxes.htm">"State and Federal Gasoline Taxes"</a>. <i>Maps, Reports and history of gas tax in the United States</i>. American Road & Transportation Builders Association ("ARTBA"). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artba.org/economics_research/current_issues/state_fed_gas_taxes.htm">the original</a> on 2007-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maps%2C+Reports+and+history+of+gas+tax+in+the+United+States&rft.atitle=State+and+Federal+Gasoline+Taxes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artba.org%2Feconomics_research%2Fcurrent_issues%2Fstate_fed_gas_taxes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBTTA-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBTTA_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibtta.org/">"International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association"</a>. April 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Bridge%2C+Tunnel+and+Turnpike+Association&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibtta.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardno2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cardno, Catherine (2008). "Infrastructure: New Report Examines the Potential of Public-Private Partnerships for Transportation Infrastructure". <i>Civil Engineering</i>. <b>78</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-7024">0885-7024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+Engineering&rft.atitle=Infrastructure%3A+New+Report+Examines+the+Potential+of+Public-Private+Partnerships+for+Transportation+Infrastructure&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0885-7024&rft.aulast=Cardno&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Road_Transport_(Europe)-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Road_Transport_(Europe)_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315230823/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road/index_en.htm">"Road Transport (Europe)"</a>. <i>Overview</i>. European Communities, Transportation. 2007-02-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road/index_en.htm">the original</a> on 2007-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overview&rft.atitle=Road+Transport+%28Europe%29&rft.date=2007-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftransport%2Froad%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502030241/http://www.thruway.ny.gov/about/factbook/">"Thruway Fact Book"</a>. New York State Thruway Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thruway.ny.gov/about/factbook/">the original</a> on 2011-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thruway+Fact+Book&rft.pub=New+York+State+Thruway+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thruway.ny.gov%2Fabout%2Ffactbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418081336/http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_01.html">"Research and Innovative Technology Administration Bureau of Transportation Statistics U.S. mileage table"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_01.html">the original</a> on 2008-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+and+Innovative+Technology+Administration+Bureau+of+Transportation+Statistics+U.S.+mileage+table&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bts.gov%2Fpublications%2Fnational_transportation_statistics%2Fhtml%2Ftable_01_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152629/http://164.100.47.134/intranet/NHDP.pdf">"National Highways Development Project: An Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://164.100.47.134/intranet/NHDP.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Highways+Development+Project%3A+An+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.134%2Fintranet%2FNHDP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/200612/30/eng20061230_337130.html">"People's Daily Online – China to build more highways in 2007"</a>. <i>en.people.cn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.people.cn&rft.atitle=People%27s+Daily+Online+%26ndash%3B+China+to+build+more+highways+in+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F200612%2F30%2Feng20061230_337130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701114053/http://www.chinagate.com.cn/english/45626.htm">"Expressways Being Built at Frenetic Pace"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinagate.com.cn/english/45626.htm">the original</a> on 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expressways+Being+Built+at+Frenetic+Pace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinagate.com.cn%2Fenglish%2F45626.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/Tracking_Africa’s_Progress_in_Figures.pdf"><i>Tracking Africa's Progress in Figures</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank</a>. 2014. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracking+Africa%27s+Progress+in+Figures&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=African+Development+Bank&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afdb.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuploads%2Fafdb%2FDocuments%2FPublications%2FTracking_Africa%E2%80%99s_Progress_in_Figures.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nunavuttourism.com/planning-your-trip/how-to-get-here">"How to Get Here"</a>. <i>Nunavut Tourism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Northern_Economic_Development_Agency" title="Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency">Canadian Northern Economic Development Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nunavut+Tourism&rft.atitle=How+to+Get+Here&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnunavuttourism.com%2Fplanning-your-trip%2Fhow-to-get-here&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure" title="Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">Skyway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geotechnical_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template talk:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geotechnical_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br />and<br />instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br />testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />(<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br />problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Slab_stabilization">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="/wiki/Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br />software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEEP2D" title="SEEP2D">SEEP2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STABL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STABL (page does not exist)">STABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34442#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1098511/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Straße"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057883-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roads"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85114487">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Routes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932808x">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Routes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932808x">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561692">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="silnice"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116142&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Carreteras"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525511">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ceļi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000055323&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541235905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/007959">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644058">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road&oldid=1263123870">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road&oldid=1263123870</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roads" title="Category:Roads">Roads</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_roads" title="Category:Types of roads">Types of roads</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_December_2017" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from December 2017">Accuracy disputes from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_webcite_links" title="Category:Webarchive template webcite links">Webarchive template webcite links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from December 2017">Articles with self-published sources from December 2017</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 December 2024, at 20:48<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-746fb5b8df-jpvvv","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.248","walltime":"1.498","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8874,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":313000,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9104,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":331946,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1169.661 1 -total"," 45.83% 536.040 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.69% 218.615 56 Template:Cite_web"," 14.23% 166.462 14 Template:Cite_book"," 11.52% 134.786 1 Template:Public_Infrastructure"," 8.58% 100.323 10 Template:Navbox"," 5.94% 69.420 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.72% 66.915 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.15% 60.200 8 Template:Rp"," 4.49% 52.552 8 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.700","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11155395,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-58458956bc-kzwmg","timestamp":"20241214204858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Road","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Road","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34442","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q34442","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-06T09:22:06Z","dateModified":"2024-12-14T20:48:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d1\/Erlangen_Bundesautobahn_73_Auffahrt_Luftbild-20230422-RM-165734.jpg","headline":"wide way leading from one place to another, especially one with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can use"}</script> </body> </html>