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id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reception and evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Traffic calming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1" title="تهدئة حركة المرور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهدئة حركة المرور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zklid%C5%88ov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_dopravy" title="Zklidňování dopravy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zklidňování dopravy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiksanering" title="Trafiksanering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trafiksanering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkehrsberuhigung" title="Verkehrsberuhigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verkehrsberuhigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacificaci%C3%B3n_del_tr%C3%A1fico" title="Pacificación del tráfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pacificación del tráfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آرام‌سازی ترافیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرام‌سازی ترافیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaisement_de_la_circulation" title="Apaisement de la circulation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apaisement de la circulation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5_%EC%A0%95%EC%98%A8%ED%99%94" title="교통 정온화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교통 정온화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelambatan_lalu_lintas" title="Pelambatan lalu lintas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pelambatan lalu lintas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderazione_del_traffico" title="Moderazione del traffico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moderazione del traffico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94" title="מיתון תנועה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיתון תנועה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitarkirina_traf%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Sitarkirina trafîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sitarkirina trafîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%9D%99%E7%A9%8F%E5%8C%96" title="交通静穏化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交通静穏化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikkdemping" title="Trafikkdemping – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trafikkdemping" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uspokojenie_ruchu" title="Uspokojenie ruchu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uspokojenie ruchu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traffic calming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Успокоение трафика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Успокоение трафика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Traffic calming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="การสยบการจราจร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสยบการจราจร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83" title="Заспокоєння дорожнього руху – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заспокоєння дорожнього руху" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%A7%E9%9D%9C%E5%8C%96" title="交通寧靜化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交通寧靜化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1198538#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Slow street" redirects here. For the Slow Streets Program, see <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California#Oakland_Slow_Streets_Program" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California § Oakland Slow Streets Program</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_calming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Traffic_calming.jpg/220px-Traffic_calming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Traffic_calming.jpg/330px-Traffic_calming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Traffic_calming.jpg/440px-Traffic_calming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Two traffic calming measures on a road in England: <a href="/wiki/Speed_cushion" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed cushion">speed cushions</a> (the two reddish pads in the road) and a <a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">curb extension</a> (marked by the black posts and white stripes)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg/220px-Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg/330px-Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg/440px-Traffic-calmed_neighbourhood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Signing</a> indicating that a motorist is approaching traffic calming devices</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Traffic calming</b> uses physical design and other measures to improve safety for motorists, car drivers, <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">cyclists</a>. It has become a tool to combat speeding and other unsafe behaviours of drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims to encourage safer, more responsible driving and potentially reduce <a href="/wiki/Traffic_flow" title="Traffic flow">traffic flow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">traffic engineers</a> have many strategies for traffic calming, including <a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">narrowed roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speed_hump" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed hump">speed humps</a>. Such measures are common in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (especially Northern Europe), but less so in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Traffic calming is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> (literal translation) of the German word <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verkehrsberuhigung</i></span> – the term's first published use in English was in 1985 by Carmen Hass-Klau.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its early development in the UK in the 1930s, traffic calming was based on the idea that residential areas should be protected from through-traffic. Subsequently, it became valued for its ability to improve pedestrian safety and reduce <a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">noise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> from traffic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For much of the 20th century, streets were designed by engineers who were charged only with ensuring smooth motor vehicular traffic flow and not with fostering the other functions of streets. Traffic calming initiatives have grown to consider other design functions as well. For example, it has been shown that car traffic severely impairs the social and recreational functions of public streets. The <i><a href="/wiki/Livable_Streets" class="mw-redirect" title="Livable Streets">Livable Streets</a></i> study by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Appleyard" title="Donald Appleyard">Donald Appleyard</a> (1981)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that residents of streets with light traffic had, on average, three more friends and twice as many acquaintances as the people on streets with heavy traffic which were otherwise similar in dimensions, income, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measures">Measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traffic engineers refer to three "E's" when discussing traffic calming: <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, (community) <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and (police) <a href="/wiki/Enforcement" title="Enforcement">enforcement</a>. Because neighborhood traffic management studies have shown that residents often contribute to the perceived speeding problem within their neighborhoods, instructions on traffic calming (for example in Hass-Klau et al., 1992<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) stress that the most effective traffic calming plans entail all three components—that engineering measures alone will not produce satisfactory results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_measures">Engineering measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Engineering measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engineering measures involve physically altering the road layout or appearance to actively or passively reduce traffic speeds by one of several means: </p> <ul><li>increasing the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load" title="Cognitive load">cognitive load</a> of driving (making driving more difficult)</li> <li>increasing the chance that an obstruction in the road will slow or momentarily stop motorists (such as replacing a bus pullout with a <a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">bus bulb</a>, causing transit vehicles to stop for passenger loading and unloading in the travel lane, rather than pulling off and letting cars pass)</li> <li>increasing the chance of passenger discomfort or even physical damage to a vehicle if speed limits are not observed (such as speed humps).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Measures include <a href="/wiki/Speed_hump" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed hump">speed humps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicane" title="Chicane">chicanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">curb extensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modal_filter" title="Modal filter">modal filters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">living street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">shared space</a> type schemes. The town of <a href="/wiki/Hilden" title="Hilden">Hilden</a> in Germany has achieved a rate of 24% of trips being on two wheels, mainly via traffic calming and the use of 30 km/h or 20 mph zones.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the Netherlands had over 6000 <a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">woonerven</a> where cyclists and pedestrians have legal priority over cars and where a motorised "walking speed" limit applies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Irish</a> "traffic calming" schemes, particularly involving road narrowings, are viewed as extremely hostile and have been implicated directly in death and injury to cyclists and pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <b>visual changes</b> to roads are being made to encourage more attentive driving, reduced speed, reduced crashes, and a greater tendency to yield to pedestrians. Visual traffic calming includes <i>lane narrowings</i> (2.7–3.0 m (9–10 ft)), <i>road diets</i> (reduction in lanes), use of trees next to streets, on-street parking, and buildings placed in urban fashion close to streets. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle,_Tucson,_Arizona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle%2C_Tucson%2C_Arizona.jpg/220px-Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle%2C_Tucson%2C_Arizona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle%2C_Tucson%2C_Arizona.jpg/330px-Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle%2C_Tucson%2C_Arizona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle%2C_Tucson%2C_Arizona.jpg/440px-Dunbar_Spring_traffic_circle%2C_Tucson%2C_Arizona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Traffic calming roundabout and rainwater-harvesting infrastructure in Tucson, Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p>Physical devices include speed humps, speed cushions and speed tables, sized for the desired speed. Such measures normally slow cars to between 16 and 40 kilometres per hour (10 and 25 mph). Most devices are made of asphalt or concrete but rubber traffic calming products are emerging as an effective alternative with several advantages. </p><p>Physical traffic calming can include the following engineering measures, grouped by similarity of method:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Narrowing: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wri.org/blog/2016/12/bigger-isnt-always-better-narrow-traffic-lanes-make-cities-safer">Narrowing traffic lanes</a> makes slower speeds seem more natural to drivers and are less intrusive than other treatments that limit speed or restrict route choice. Narrowing measures include: <ul><li>Lane narrowings can be created by extending sidewalks, adding bollards or planters, or adding a bike lane or on-street parking.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">Curb extensions</a> (also called bulbouts) narrow the width of the roadway at <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a></li> <li>Chokers are curb extensions that narrow roadways to a single lane at certain points<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diets</a> remove a lane from the street. For example, allowing parking on one or both sides of a street to reduce the number of driving lanes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian refuge">Pedestrian refuges</a> or small islands in the middle of the street can help reduce lane widths.</li> <li>Converting <a href="/wiki/One-way_street" class="mw-redirect" title="One-way street">one-way streets</a> into two-way streets forces opposing traffic into close proximity, which requires more careful driving.</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg/220px-Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg/330px-Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg/440px-Construction_of_a_crosswalk_using_polymer_modified_cement_slurry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Construction of <a href="/wiki/Polymer_cement_overlay" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer cement overlay">polymer cement overlay</a> to change asphalt to brick texture and colour to indicate a high-traffic pedestrian crossing</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Vertical deflection: Raising a portion of a road surface can create discomfort for drivers travelling at high speeds. Both the height of the deflection and the steepness affect the severity of vehicle displacement. Vertical deflection measures include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed bumps">Speed bumps</a>, sometimes split or offset in the middle to avoid delaying emergency vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bumps#Speed_humps" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed bumps">Speed humps</a>, parabolic devices that are less aggressive than speed bumps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bumps#Speed_cushions" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed bumps">Speed cushions</a>, two or three small speed humps sitting in a line across the road that slow cars down but allows wider emergency vehicles to straddle them so as not to slow emergency response time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bumps#Speed_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed bumps">Speed tables</a>, long flat-topped speed humps that slow cars more gradually than humps.</li> <li>Raised <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a>, which act as speed tables, often situated at <a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">junctions</a>.</li> <li>Raised <a href="/wiki/Intersection" title="Intersection">intersections</a>, like raised pedestrian crossings, act as speed tables.</li> <li>Speed dips, sunken instead of raised (often seen as double dips in cycleways in The Netherlands).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Changing the surface material or texture (for example, the selective use of <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Decorative_concrete" title="Decorative concrete">polymer cement overlay</a>). Changes in texture may also include changes in color to highlight to drivers that they are in a pedestrian-centric zone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strips</a>, when placed perpendicular to traffic in the travel lane (rather than placed between lanes parallel to traffic) act as speed bumps as they produce unpleasant sounds and vibration when crossed at higher speeds.</li></ul></li> <li>Horizontal deflection, i.e. make the vehicle swerve slightly. These include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicane" title="Chicane">Chicanes</a>, which create a horizontal deflection that causes vehicles to slow as they would for a curve.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_refuge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedestrian refuge">Pedestrian refuges</a> again can provide horizontal deflection, as can <a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">kerb extensions</a> and chokers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabouts</a> and traffic circles provide another source of horizontal deflection especially when integrated within intersecting roads</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagonalsperre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diagonalsperre.jpg/220px-Diagonalsperre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diagonalsperre.jpg/330px-Diagonalsperre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Diagonalsperre.jpg/440px-Diagonalsperre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of an intersection divided by a median diverter</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Block or restrict access. Such traffic calming means include: <ul><li>Median diverters to prevent left turns or through movements into a residential area.</li> <li>Converting an intersection into a <a href="/wiki/Cul-de-sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cul-de-sac">cul-de-sac</a> or dead end.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Boom barrier">Boom barrier</a>, restricting through traffic to authorised vehicles only.</li> <li>Closing of streets to create <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">pedestrian zones</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Other means</li></ul> <p>Quite often residents have used a variety of homemade devices ranging from faux enforcement camera signs and even faux speed cameras and including dummy police. Some Canadian communities erect flexible <a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">bollards</a> in the middle of the street in <a href="/wiki/School_zone" title="School zone">school zones</a>. The bollards have a sign affixed indicating a 40 km/h speed limit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_strategies">Implementation strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are primarily two implementation options for the creation of traffic calming measure: capital reconstruction versus operational changes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Capital reconstruction is rebuilding a street, which may involve moving infrastructure (such as sewers, water lines, electrical equipment) and adjusting the location, size and path of the roadway. Typically, capital reconstruction involves years of planning and design, and millions of dollars of investment.</li> <li>Operational changes to a road have to do with more short-term changes that typically implement minor adjustments within the existing curbline or that do not require rebuilding the road. These treatments range from a very temporary use of safety cones or other safety-approved traffic management devices, such as flexible bollards, that test a traffic-calming initiative for a few days to longer-term operational changes that may include restriping a street, which is best to plan around any routine maintenance resurfacing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement_and_education_measures">Enforcement and education measures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enforcement and education measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enforcement and education measures for traffic calming include: </p> <ul><li>Reducing speed limits near institutions such as <a href="/wiki/School_zone" title="School zone">schools</a> and hospitals (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_activated_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle activated sign">Vehicle activated signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radar_speed_sign" title="Radar speed sign">radar speed feedback signs</a>, signs which react with a message if they detect a vehicle exceeding a pre-determined speed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_pavement_flashing-light_system" title="Embedded pavement flashing-light system">Embedded pavement flashing-light systems</a> which react to pedestrian presence at crossings to signal drivers and increase awareness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchman_camera" title="Watchman camera">Watchman</a>, traffic calming system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speed_limits">Speed limits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Speed limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">Speed limit</a></div> <p>Speed reduction has traditionally been attempted by the introduction of statutory <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limits</a>. Traffic speeds of 30 km/h (20 mph) and lower are said to be more desirable on urban roads with mixed traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Austrian city of <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, which has achieved steady growth in cycling, has applied 30 km/h limits to 75% its streets since 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zones where speeds are set at <a href="/wiki/20_mph_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="20 mph zone">30 km/h</a> (or 20 mph) are preferred by some<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speed limits which are set below <a href="/wiki/85th_percentile_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="85th percentile speed">the speed that most motorists perceive to be reasonable</a> for the given road require additional measures to improve compliance. Attempts to improve speed limit observance are usually by either education, enforcement or road engineering. "Education" can mean <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">publicity campaigns</a> or targeted road user training. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit_enforcement" title="Speed limit enforcement">Speed limit enforcement</a> techniques include: direct police action, automated systems such as <a href="/wiki/Speed_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed camera">speed cameras</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_activated_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle activated sign">vehicle activated signs</a> or traffic lights triggered by traffic exceeding a preset speed threshold. One cycling expert argues for placing direct restrictions on motor-vehicle speed and acceleration performance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An EU report on promoting walking and cycling specifies as one of its top measures comprehensive camera-based speed control using mainly movable equipment at unexpected spots.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> has an estimated 1,500 speed/red-light camera installations and has set a target for 30 km/h limits on 70% of urban roads. The UK has more than 6,000 speed cameras, which took more than <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>100 million in fines in 2006/07.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_around_the_world">Examples around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/220px--Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="312" data-mwtitle="Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm/Traffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATraffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATraffic_Calming_is_Everywhere_in_the_Netherlands.webm&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Not Just Bikes compares traffic calming in the Netherlands and Canada (2020).</figcaption></figure> <p>Traffic calming has been successfully used for decades in cities across Europe. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">living street</a> (sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Home_zone" title="Home zone">home zones</a> or by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">woonerf</a></i>, as the concept originated in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) towards the end of the 1960s, initially in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, is a street in which the needs of car drivers are secondary to the needs of other road users; traffic calming principles are integrated into their design. From the Netherlands, the concept spread rapidly to Germany, starting in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> in 1976, and had become very widespread by the early 1980s. The ideas and techniques also spread to the UK towards the end of the 1980s, and practice there was advocated by academics such as Tim Pharaoh and Carmen Hass-Klau. The guidelines published by Devon County Council (of which Tim Pharaoh was the principal author) in 1991 were particularly well received.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_(LTN)_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_%28LTN%29_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg/220px-Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_%28LTN%29_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_%28LTN%29_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg/330px-Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_%28LTN%29_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_%28LTN%29_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg/440px-Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood_%28LTN%29_trial_of_a_modal_filter_in_the_London_Borough_of_Kingston_upon_Thames.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3980" data-file-height="2654" /></a><figcaption>Modal filter as part of a trial LTN in Kingston, London</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modal_filter" title="Modal filter">Modal filter</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Low_Traffic_Neighbourhood" title="Low Traffic Neighbourhood">Low Traffic Neighbourhoods</a> incorporate traffic calming and filtered permeability. In 2020, some LTNs were introduced with emergency funding from the government,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study found that people living in LTNs in Waltham Forest became less likely to own a car and were more likely to walk or cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/School_Streets" title="School Streets">School Streets</a> are another UK scheme which involves part-time restrictions on motor vehicles during school pick up and drop off times. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg/220px-Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg/330px-Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg/440px-Road_at_Ballincar_-_geograph.org.uk_-_824383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A traffic calming gateway in <a href="/wiki/Ballincar" title="Ballincar">Ballincar</a>, marking the transition from rural road to built-up area</figcaption></figure> <p>In Ireland, traffic calming schemes have been implemented on <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland#National_primary_roads" title="Roads in Ireland">national roads</a> since 1993, typically on those with a <a href="/wiki/Hard_shoulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard shoulder">hard shoulder</a>, on the approach to towns and villages where the speed limit is reduced from 100 km/h to 50 or 60 km/h. This is done by reducing the width of the hard shoulder and the carriageway, various landscaping and installation of 'gateways' in order to reduce the driver's field of view and thus their speed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gateway marks the transition from high-speed to low-speed road and may feature a <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">pavement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle lane">cycle lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">central island</a> (where the road is sufficiently wide enough) or all three, and is accompanied with town/village entrance and speed limit signs as well as <a href="/wiki/Bollard#Traffic-island_bollards" title="Bollard">bollards</a> and a lamppost in the island. </p><p>An evaluation of 91 traffic calming schemes implemented between 1997 and 2002 showed that they were successful in reducing road collisions, the number of which decreased by 13%. The number of fatal collisions was reduced by 52%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 2017, San Francisco's Vision Zero program, which heavily features traffic calming, has reduced fatalities by 33%.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 study found that traffic calming measures in Portland, Oregon reduced excessive speeds, reduced daily traffic volume by 16% and increased home prices by 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various forms of traffic calming are used in Japanese cities, particularly in large cities like Tokyo and Yokohama. Tokyo's narrow streets force automobiles and pedestrians to be close to one another; a common traffic calming technique in Tokyo is to change the surface material and/or texture of the shoulder of narrow roads,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which helps define the boundary between cars and pedestrians, while allowing cars to use the shoulder to pass each other after yielding to pedestrians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_evaluation">Reception and evaluation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception and evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Review">Cochrane Review</a> of studies found that there is evidence to demonstrate the efficacy of traffic calming measures in reducing traffic-related injuries and may even reduce deaths. However, the review found that more evidence is needed to demonstrate its efficacy in low income countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midblock_median_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Median island with a raised mid-block pedestrian crossing"><img alt="Median island with a raised mid-block pedestrian crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Midblock_median_island.jpg/225px-Midblock_median_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Midblock_median_island.jpg/338px-Midblock_median_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Midblock_median_island.jpg/450px-Midblock_median_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Central_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Central reservation">Median</a> <a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">island</a> with a raised mid-block <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Curb extension at a mid-block pedestrian crossing"><img alt="Curb extension at a mid-block pedestrian crossing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg/225px-Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg/338px-Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg/450px-Curb_extensions_at_midblock_crosswalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Curb_extension" title="Curb extension">Curb extension</a> at a mid-block <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One-lane_chicane_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chicane on a one-lane road"><img alt="Chicane on a one-lane road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/One-lane_chicane_1.jpg/225px-One-lane_chicane_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/One-lane_chicane_1.jpg/338px-One-lane_chicane_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/One-lane_chicane_1.jpg/450px-One-lane_chicane_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chicane" title="Chicane">Chicane</a> on a one-lane road</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diverter_with_bollards.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diverter replaces a crossroads with two curves, forcing motor vehicles to turn."><img alt="A diverter replaces a crossroads with two curves, forcing motor vehicles to turn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diverter_with_bollards.jpg/188px-Diverter_with_bollards.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diverter_with_bollards.jpg/281px-Diverter_with_bollards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Diverter_with_bollards.jpg/375px-Diverter_with_bollards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A diverter replaces a crossroads with two curves, forcing motor vehicles to turn.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Directional_closure_violation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A motorist disregards a directional closure (a two-lane roadway with one terminus converted to one-way access)."><img alt="A motorist disregards a directional closure (a two-lane roadway with one terminus converted to one-way access)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Directional_closure_violation.jpg/225px-Directional_closure_violation.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Directional_closure_violation.jpg/338px-Directional_closure_violation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Directional_closure_violation.jpg/450px-Directional_closure_violation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A motorist disregards a directional closure (a two-lane roadway with one terminus converted to one-way access).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremsschwelle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A (rather wide) speed table"><img alt="A (rather wide) speed table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bremsschwelle.JPG/240px-Bremsschwelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bremsschwelle.JPG/360px-Bremsschwelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bremsschwelle.JPG/480px-Bremsschwelle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A (rather wide) speed table</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tree being used to slow down car drivers"><img alt="A tree being used to slow down car drivers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg/268px-Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg/402px-Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg/536px-Tree_in_the_middle_of_the_road%5E_Portman_Park_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1311576.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tree being used to slow down car drivers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gatso_Camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Speed camera"><img alt="Speed camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gatso_Camera.jpg/139px-Gatso_Camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gatso_Camera.jpg/209px-Gatso_Camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gatso_Camera.jpg/278px-Gatso_Camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_enforcement_camera" title="Traffic enforcement camera">Speed camera</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assured_clear_distance_ahead" title="Assured clear distance ahead">Assured clear distance ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of roads">Hierarchy of roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_emission_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Low emission zone">Low emission zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">Pedestrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_control" title="Road traffic control">Road traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable transportation">Sustainable transportation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 674. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415862875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415862875"><bdi>978-0415862875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415862875&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+calming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHass-Klau1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hass-Klau, Carmen (February 1985). "Trying to calm the motor car". <i>Town and Country Planning</i>: 51–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Town+and+Country+Planning&rft.atitle=Trying+to+calm+the+motor+car&rft.pages=51-53&rft.date=1985-02&rft.aulast=Hass-Klau&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+calming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleyard1981" class="citation book cs1">Appleyard, Donald (1981). <i>Livable Streets</i>. CA USA: University of California Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livable+Streets&rft.place=CA+USA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Berkeley&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Appleyard&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+calming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHass-Klau1992" class="citation book cs1">Hass-Klau, Carmen (1992). <i>Civilised Streets: A Guide to Traffic Calming</i>. Brighton, UK: Environmental and Transport Planning. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9519620-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9519620-0-0"><bdi>0-9519620-0-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilised+Streets%3A+A+Guide+to+Traffic+Calming&rft.place=Brighton%2C+UK&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Environmental+and+Transport+Planning&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-9519620-0-0&rft.aulast=Hass-Klau&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+calming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/pete.meg/wcc/report/Hilden.pdf">Learning from Hilden’s Successes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029100348/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/pete.meg/wcc/report/Hilden.pdf">Archived</a> 29 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rod King, <a href="/wiki/Warrington_Cycle_Campaign" title="Warrington Cycle Campaign">Warrington Cycle Campaign</a>, August 2004 (Accessed 24 January 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Home Zones briefing sheet, Robert Huxford, Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport, 135, 45-46, February 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galwaycycling.org/archive/info/narrowings.html">Road Narrowings and Pinch Points</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206130914/http://galwaycycling.org/archive/info/narrowings.html">Archived</a> 6 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An Information Sheet, Galway Cycling Campaign, February 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebikezone.org.uk/thebikezone/campaigning/pinchpoints.html">Cyclists at Road Narrowings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609174239/http://www.thebikezone.org.uk/thebikezone/campaigning/pinchpoints.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Howard Peel, The Bike Zone. (Accessed 27 January 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald_&_Halliday,_Inc" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald & Halliday, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scrcog.org/documents/TrafficCalming_ResourceGuide_Final.pdf"><i>Traffic Calming Resource Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. South Central Regional Council of Governments. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024816/http://www.scrcog.org/documents/TrafficCalming_ResourceGuide_Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traffic+Calming+Resource+Guide&rft.pub=South+Central+Regional+Council+of+Governments&rft.au=Fitzgerald+%26+Halliday%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scrcog.org%2Fdocuments%2FTrafficCalming_ResourceGuide_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+calming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecityfix.com/blog/bigger-isnt-always-better-narrow-traffic-lanes-make-cities-safer-subha-ranjan-banerjee-ben-welle/">"Bigger Isn't Always Better: Narrow Traffic Lanes Make Cities Safer | TheCityFix"</a>. <i>TheCityFix</i>. 6 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418000130/http://thecityfix.com/blog/bigger-isnt-always-better-narrow-traffic-lanes-make-cities-safer-subha-ranjan-banerjee-ben-welle/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheCityFix&rft.atitle=Bigger+Isn%27t+Always+Better%3A+Narrow+Traffic+Lanes+Make+Cities+Safer+%7C+TheCityFix&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecityfix.com%2Fblog%2Fbigger-isnt-always-better-narrow-traffic-lanes-make-cities-safer-subha-ranjan-banerjee-ben-welle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+calming" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ite.org/traffic/choker.asp">single lane choker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404221853/http://www.ite.org/traffic/choker.asp">Archived</a> 4 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ITE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hemebrew2011" class="citation news cs1">David Hemebrew (22 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviewfromthecyclepath.com/2011/11/speedbumps-on-cycle-path.html">"Speed bumps on the cycle-path"</a>. <i>A view from the cycle path</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_calming&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Traffic_calming" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnsankey.ca/calming.html">Traffic calming in an Ontario, Canada community</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://highways.dot.gov/safety/speed-management/traffic-calming-eprimer">Traffic Calming ePrimer</a> (Office of Safety, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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