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skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Longwave</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">  (Redirected from <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long-wave&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-wave">Long-wave</a>)</span></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Radio transmission using wavelengths above 1000 m</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwave_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Longwave (disambiguation)">Longwave (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg/220px-Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg/330px-Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/84/Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg/440px-Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1488"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harumphy.radio_dial.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Tuning dial on 1946 <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynatron_Radio" title="Dynatron Radio">Dynatron Merlin</a> T.69 console radio receiver, showing LW wavelengths between 800 and 2000 metres (375–150 kHz)</div></div></div> <p>In radio, <b>longwave</b>, <b>long wave</b> or <b>long-wave</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Graf-p23_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graf-p23-1">[1]</a></sup> and commonly abbreviated <b>LW</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-2">[2]</a></sup> refers to parts of the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> with <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> longer than what was originally called the medium-wave broadcasting band. The term is historic, dating from the early 20th century, when the radio spectrum was considered to consist of longwave (LW), <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium-wave</a> (MW), and <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_wave_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Short wave radio">short-wave</a> (SW) radio bands. Most modern radio systems and devices use wavelengths which would then have been considered 'ultra-short'. </p><p>In contemporary usage, the term <i>longwave</i> is not defined precisely, and its intended meaning varies. It may be used for radio wavelengths longer than 1,000 m<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-2">[2]</a></sup> i.e. frequencies<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 1]</a></sup> up to 300 <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kilohertz</a> (kHz),<sup id="cite_ref-CambridgeDictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CambridgeDictionary-4">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graf-p437_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graf-p437-5">[4]</a></sup> including the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union's</a> (ITU's) <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">low frequency</a> (LF, 30–300 kHz) and <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">very low frequency</a> (VLF, 3–30 kHz) bands. Sometimes the upper limit is taken to be higher than 300 kHz, but not above the start of the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> broadcast band at 520 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-lwca_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwca-6">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, Africa, and large parts of Asia (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telecommunication Union region">International Telecommunication Union Region 1</a>), where a range of frequencies between 148.5 and 283.5 <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> is used for <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> in addition to the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium-wave</a> band, the term <i>longwave</i> usually refers specifically to this broadcasting band, which falls wholly within the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">low frequency</a> band of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz). The "Longwave Club of America" (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) is interested in "frequencies below the AM broadcast band"<sup id="cite_ref-lwca_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwca-6">[5]</a></sup> (i.e., all frequencies below 520 kHz). </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Propagation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Propagation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Non-broadcast_use"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-broadcast use</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Non-directional_beacons"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Non-directional beacons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Time_signals"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Time signals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Submarine_communication"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Submarine communication</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#LowFER"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">LowFER</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Historic"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Historic</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Broadcasting"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Broadcasting</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Carrier_frequencies"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Carrier frequencies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Long-distance_reception"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Long-distance reception</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#List_of_long-wave_broadcasting_transmitters"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">List of long-wave broadcasting transmitters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Propagation">Propagation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Propagation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Because of their long <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> in this frequency range can <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffract</a> over obstacles like mountain ranges and travel beyond the horizon, following the contour of the Earth. This mode of propagation, called <i><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_wave" title="Ground wave">ground wave</a></i>, is the main mode in the longwave band.<sup id="cite_ref-Seybold_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seybold-8">[7]</a></sup> The attenuation of signal strength with distance by absorption in the ground is lower than at higher frequencies, and falls with frequency. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">Low frequency</a> ground waves can be received up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) from the transmitting antenna. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">Very low frequency</a> waves below 30 kHz can be used to communicate at transcontinental distances, and can penetrate saltwater to depths of hundreds of feet, and is used by the military to <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_with_submarines" title="Communication with submarines">communicate with submerged submarines</a>. </p><p>Low frequency waves can also occasionally travel long distances by reflecting from the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> (the actual mechanism is one of <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>), although this method, called <i><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">skywave</a></i> or "skip" propagation, is not as common as at higher frequencies. Reflection occurs at the ionospheric <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennelly%E2%80%93Heaviside_layer" title="Kennelly–Heaviside layer">E layer</a> or <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="F Region">F layers</a>. Skywave signals can be detected at distances exceeding 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the transmitting antenna.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-broadcast_use">Non-broadcast use</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non-broadcast use">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Non-directional_beacons">Non-directional beacons</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Non-directional beacons">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">Non-directional beacon</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">Non-directional beacons</a> transmit continuously for the benefit of <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_direction_finder" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio direction finder">radio direction finders</a> in marine and aeronautical navigation. They identify themselves by a <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callsign" class="mw-redirect" title="Callsign">callsign</a> in <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. They can occupy any frequency in the range 190–1750 kHz. In North America, they occupy 190–535 kHz. In ITU Region 1 the lower limit is 280 kHz. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Time_signals">Time signals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Time signals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>There are institutional broadcast stations in the range that transmit coded time signals to radio clocks. For example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a> in <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States, on 60 kHz, 70 kW <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">ERP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a> in <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, on 77.5 kHz, 50 kW</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a> in Japan, on 40 & 60 kHz, 50 kW</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a> 66.66 kHz in <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taldom_transmitter" title="Taldom transmitter">Taldom transmitter</a>, Russia, 10 kW</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPC_(time_signal)" title="BPC (time signal)">BPC</a> in <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu" title="Shangqiu">Shangqiu</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, 68.5 kHz, 90 kW</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_from_NPL" class="mw-redirect" title="Time from NPL">MSF</a> time and 60 kHz frequency standard transmitted from <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthorn_radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthorn radio station">Anthorn</a> in the UK, 17 kW ERP.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">ALS162</a> from <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allouis" title="Allouis">Allouis</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, on 162 kHz, 800 kW</li></ul> <p><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio-controlled clocks</a> receive their time calibration signals with built-in long-wave receivers. They use long-wave, rather than <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">short-wave</a> or <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">medium-wave</a>, because long-wave signals from the transmitter to the receiver always travel along the same direct path across the surface of the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, so the time delay correction for the signal travel time from the transmitting station to the receiver is always the same for any one receiving location. </p><p>Longwaves travel by <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwave">groundwaves</a> that hug the surface of the earth, unlike <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwaves</a> and <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwaves</a>. Those higher-frequency signals do not follow the surface of the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> beyond a few kilometers, but can travel as <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">skywaves</a>, ‘<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">bouncing</a>’ off different layers of the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> at different times of day. These different <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">propagation</a> paths can make the time lag different for every signal received. The delay between when the long-wave signal was sent from the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a> (when the coded time was correct) and when the signal is received by the clock (when the coded time is slightly late) depends on the overland distance between the clock and the transmitter and the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light#In_a_medium" title="Speed of light">speed of light through the air</a>, which is also very nearly constant. Since the time lag is essentially the same, a single constant shift forward from the time coded in the signal can compensate for all long-wave signals received at any one location from the same time signal station. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Submarine_communication">Submarine communication</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Submarine communication">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The militaries of the United Kingdom, Russian Federation, United States, Germany, India and Sweden use frequencies below 50 kHz to communicate with submerged <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="LowFER">LowFER</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: LowFER">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Licensed operators in the U.S. may transmit on the newly-allocated <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2200-meter_band" title="2200-meter band">2200 m band</a> from 135.7–137.8 kHz at maximum equivalent power radiated from the antenna of 1 watt (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_isotropic_radiated_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective isotropic radiated power">EIRP</a>); most nations in Europe already have adopted the new band, along with many others worldwide. </p><p>In North America during the 1970s, the frequencies 167, 179, and 191 kHz were assigned to the short-lived <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Emergency_Radio_of_the_United_States" title="Public Emergency Radio of the United States">Public Emergency Radio of the United States</a>. </p><p>Nowadays, in the United States, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_15" class="mw-redirect" title="Part 15">Part 15</a> of FCC regulations allow unlicensed use of the 160–190 kHz band a transmitter / amplifier output power to the antenna of at most 1 watt, with an antenna at most 15 meters (49 feet) high; this is called <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LowFER" title="LowFER">Low Frequency Experimental Radio</a> (LowFER). The 190–435 kHz band is used for <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">navigational beacons</a>. </p><p>Frequencies from 472–479 kHz are available to licensed amateurs as the new <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/630-meter_band" title="630-meter band">630 m band</a>, part of the now-defunct <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_kHz" title="500 kHz">maritime band</a>, but this is often considered a <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> sub-band. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Historic">Historic</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Swedish station SAQ, located at the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varberg_Radio_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Varberg Radio Station">Varberg Radio Station</a> facility in Grimeton, is the last remaining operational <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexanderson_alternator" title="Alexanderson alternator">Alexanderson alternator</a> long-wave transmitter. Although the station ended regular service in 1996, it has been maintained as a <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, and makes at least two demonstration transmissions yearly, on 17.2 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Broadcasting">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Longwave is used for broadcasting only within ITU Region 1. The long-wave broadcasters are located in western, northern, central, and southeastern Europe, the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">former Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. </p><p>Typically, a larger geographic area can be covered by a long-wave broadcast transmitter compared to a <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-wave">medium-wave</a> one. This is because ground-wave propagation suffers less <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a> due to <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_conductivity" title="Ground conductivity">ground conductivity</a> at lower frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Carrier_frequencies">Carrier frequencies</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Carrier frequencies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>With the adoption of the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Frequency_Plan_of_1975" title="Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975">Geneva Frequency Plan of 1975</a>, long-wave carrier frequencies are exact multiples of 9 kHz; ranging from 153 to 279 kHz. One exception was a French-language station, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_1" title="Europe 1">Europe 1</a> in Germany, which retained its prior channel spacing until the long-wave service was terminated in 2019. Other exceptions are all Mongolian transmitters, which are 2 kHz above the internationally recognized channels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the 1970s, some long-wave stations in northern and eastern Europe and the Soviet Union operated on frequencies as high as 433 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> </p><p>Some radio broadcasters, for instance <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droitwich_transmitting_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Droitwich transmitting station">Droitwich transmitting station</a> in the UK, derive their carrier frequencies from an <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a>, allowing their use as <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_standard" title="Frequency standard">frequency standards</a>. Droitwich also broadcasts a low bit-rate data channel, using narrow-shift phase-shift keying of the carrier, for <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_teleswitch" title="Radio teleswitch">Radio Teleswitch Services</a>. </p><p>In 2014 and 2015 Russia closed all of its LW broadcast transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Long-distance_reception">Long-distance reception</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Long-distance reception">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Because long-wave signals can travel very long distances, some <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_amateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio amateur">radio amateurs</a> and <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_listening" title="Shortwave listening">shortwave listeners</a> engage in an activity called <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXing" title="DXing">DXing</a>. DXers attempt to listen in to far away transmissions, and they will often send a reception report to the sending station to let them know where they were heard. After receiving a report, the sending station may mail the listener a <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSL_card" title="QSL card">QSL card</a> to acknowledge this reception. </p><p>Reception of long-wave signals at distances in excess of 17,000 kilometres (11,000 mi) have been verified.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="List_of_long-wave_broadcasting_transmitters">List of long-wave broadcasting transmitters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of long-wave broadcasting transmitters">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longwave_radio_broadcasters" title="List of longwave radio broadcasters">List of longwave radio broadcasters</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:7508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Height_diagram1.gif" class="image" title="Height diagram of the antenna towers and antenna masts of long-wave broadcasting stations"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Height_diagram1.gif/7500px-Height_diagram1.gif" decoding="async" width="7500" height="450" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Height_diagram1.gif/11250px-Height_diagram1.gif 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Height_diagram1.gif 2x" data-file-width="12500" data-file-height="750"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Height_diagram1.gif" title="File:Height diagram1.gif"> </a></div>Height diagram of the antenna towers and antenna masts of long-wave broadcasting stations</div></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1093669538">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22"/></span><span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">Low frequency</a></b>: for other uses (military, commercial and amateur) of this part of the radio spectrum (30–300 kHz)</li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></b>: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">Very low frequency</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">Shortwave</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_wave" title="Ground wave">Ground wave</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywave" title="Skywave">Skywave</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> broadcasting</b>: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Light_Programme" title="BBC Light Programme">BBC Light Programme</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a>, Office de <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française">Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_radio_mast" title="Warsaw radio mast">Warsaw radio mast</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a>,</li> <li><b>Shipping</b>: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Global navigation satellite system">Global navigation satellite system</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">Navigation</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Forecast" title="Shipping Forecast">Shipping Forecast</a></li> <li><b>Lists</b>: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_wave_articles" title="Index of wave articles">Index of wave articles</a></li> <li><b>Other</b>: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_kilometre" class="mw-redirect" title="1 kilometre">1 kilometre</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-safe" title="Fail-safe">Fail-safe</a>, <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGU-20" title="WGU-20">WGU-20</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wave length and frequency are inversely related, with lower frequencies corresponding to longer wavelengths; 300 kHz corresponds to 1,000 m.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"/><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Graf-p23-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graf-p23_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGraf1999" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Rudolf F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AYEKAQAAQBAJ&q=longwave"><i>Modern Dictionary of Electronics, 7th Ed</i></a>. US: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnes">Newnes</a>. p. 23. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750698667" title="Special:BookSources/0750698667"><bdi>0750698667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Dictionary+of+Electronics%2C+7th+Ed.&rft.place=US&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0750698667&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYEKAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlongwave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/long-wave">"long wave"</a>. <i>Macmillan Online Dictionary</i>. Macmillan Publishers Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20160811005154/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/long-wave">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Macmillan+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=long+wave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Flong-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeDictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeDictionary_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/long-wave">"long wave"</a>. <i>Cambridge Online Dictionary</i>. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20160820044538/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/long-wave">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span> – via Cambridge.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=long+wave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flong-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graf-p437-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graf-p437_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFGraf1999" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Rudolf F. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://books.google.com/books?id=uah1PkxWeKYC&q=longwave++%221000+meters&pg=PA437"><i>Modern Dictionary of Electronics</i></a> (7th ed.). <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Newnes">Newnes</a>. p. 437. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0750698667" title="Special:BookSources/0750698667"><bdi>0750698667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Dictionary+of+Electronics&rft.pages=437&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0750698667&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duah1PkxWeKYC%26q%3Dlongwave%2B%2B%25221000%2Bmeters%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwca-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lwca_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lwca_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.lwca.org/about_lwca.html">"About LWCA"</a>. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave_Club_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Longwave Club of America (page does not exist)">Longwave Club of America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20160627211810/http://lwca.org/about_lwca.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+LWCA&rft.pub=Longwave+Club+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lwca.org%2Fabout_lwca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBarun_Roy2009" class="citation book cs1">Barun Roy (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://books.google.com/books?id=up7rxtHN_2oC&pg=PT21"><i>Enter The World of Mass Media</i></a>. Pustak Mahal. p. 21. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-1080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-1080-1"><bdi>978-81-223-1080-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enter+The+World+of+Mass+Media&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=978-81-223-1080-1&rft.au=Barun+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dup7rxtHN_2oC%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seybold-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seybold_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFSeybold2005" class="citation book cs1">Seybold, John S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://books.google.com/books?id=4LtmjGNwOPIC&q=cross+polarization+discrimination&pg=PA57"><i>Introduction to RF Propagation</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 55–58. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471743682" title="Special:BookSources/0471743682"><bdi>0471743682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+RF+Propagation&rft.pages=55-58&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0471743682&rft.aulast=Seybold&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LtmjGNwOPIC%26q%3Dcross%2Bpolarization%2Bdiscrimination%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Melia,_G3NYK" class="citation journal cs1">Alan Melia, G3NYK. "Understanding LF Propagation". <i>Radcom</i>. Bedford, UK: <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Society_of_Great_Britain" title="Radio Society of Great Britain">Radio Society of Great Britain</a>. <b>85</b> (9): 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radcom&rft.atitle=Understanding+LF+Propagation&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=32&rft.au=Alan+Melia%2C+G3NYK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://alexander.n.se/in-english/saq-transmission">SAQ Transmission.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150407073704/http://alexander.n.se/in-english/saq-transmission">Archived</a> 7 April 2015 at Wikiwix Radiostation Grimeton SAQ. Retrieved 5 April 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.368-9-200702-I/en"><i>Ground-wave propagation curves for frequencies between 10 kHz and 30 MHz.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20120824233616/http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-P.368-9-200702-I/en">Archived</a> 24 August 2012 at the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ITU-R Recommendation P.368-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guide to Broadcasting Stations</i> (17th ed.). <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth</a>. 1973. p. 18. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-592-00081-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-592-00081-8"><bdi>0-592-00081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Broadcasting+Stations&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=17th&rft.pub=Butterworth&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-592-00081-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-25683656">"Russia says 'So long, long-wave'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 7 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20170223232422/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-25683656">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span> – via www.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+says+%27So+long%2C+long-wave%27&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fblogs-news-from-elsewhere-25683656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.classaxe.com/dx/ndb/rww/stats#top">http://www.classaxe.com/dx/ndb/rww/stats#top</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20160216221734/http://www.classaxe.com/dx/ndb/rww/stats">Archived</a> 16 February 2016 at the <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longwave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Tomislav Stimac, "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.vlf.it/frequency/bands.html">Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)</a></i>". IK1QFK Home Page.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.mwcircle.org/">The Medium Wave Circle</a> – The premier club for MW/LW enthusiasts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20070422221857/http://www.mwcircle.org/freemag.htm">Medium Wave News</a> – Published regularly since 1954</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.emwg.info/">Euro-African Medium Wave Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.lwca.org/">Longwave Club of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.drmradio.dk/">How to receive DRM from Kalundborg longwave station</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20130510123728/http://www.magnet-ferritantennen.de/assets/plugindata/poola/funkamateur012006.pdf">Reception of long wave and very long wave with ferrite antennas 5–50 kHz</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFKlawitter,_G.Oexner,_M.Herold,_K.2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klawitter, G.; Oexner, M.; Herold, K. (2000). "8.2 Langwellenrundfunk". <i>Langwelle und Längstwelle</i> (in German). Meckenheim: Siebel Verlag GmbH. pp. 116–131. <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89632-043-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-89632-043-2"><bdi>3-89632-043-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.2+Langwellenrundfunk&rft.btitle=Langwelle+und+L%C3%A4ngstwelle&rft.place=Meckenheim&rft.pages=116-131&rft.pub=Siebel+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=3-89632-043-2&rft.au=Klawitter%2C+G.&rft.au=Oexner%2C+M.&rft.au=Herold%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974"/><cite id="CITEREFBusch2001" class="citation web cs1">Busch, Heinrich (14 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.seefunknetz.de/lz127.htm">"Luftschiff Graf Zeppelin LZ127"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Luftschiff+Graf+Zeppelin+LZ127&rft.date=2001-11-14&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seefunknetz.de%2Flz127.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongwave" class="Z3988"></span> (German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/http://www.mediumwaveradio.com/longwave.php">European and Asian Longwave Stations – Medium Wave Radio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://web.archive.org/web/20100902152011/http://www.mwlist.org/mwlist_quick_and_easy.php?area=1&kHz=153">List of long- and mediumwave transmitters with GoogleMap-Links to transmission sites</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Audio_broadcasting" title="Template talk:Audio broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Audio_broadcasting&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analog_and_digital_audio_broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog</a> and <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terrestrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">modulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">COFDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LW</a> (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">MW</a> (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">SW</a> (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a> (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_I" title="Band I">low</a> / <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_II" title="Band II">mid</a> / <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_III" title="Band III">high</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a> (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAM-D" title="CAM-D">CAM-D</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB/DAB+</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">DRM/DRM+</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMeXtra" title="FMeXtra">FMeXtra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio" title="HD Radio">HD Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China_Digital_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Digital Radio (page does not exist)">CDR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2 Lite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency allocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Digital_Radio" title="Astra Digital Radio">ADR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB-S</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVB-SH" title="DVB-SH">DVB-SH</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-DMB" title="S-DMB">S-DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETSI_Satellite_Digital_Radio" title="ETSI Satellite Digital Radio">SDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial radio</a> providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM" title="Sirius XM">Sirius XM</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius_XM_Canada" title="Sirius XM Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">Codecs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Definition_Coding" title="High-Definition Coding">HDC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">Subcarrier</a> signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation_signalling_system" title="Amplitude modulation signalling system">AMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectBand" title="DirectBand">DirectBand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program-associated_data" title="Program-associated data">PAD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">RDS/RBDS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary_communications_authority" title="Subsidiary communications authority">SCA/SCMO</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Radio_Channel" title="Data Radio Channel">DARC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (audio)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">Audio data compression</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_processing" title="Audio signal processing">Audio signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> formats)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_stereo#Belar_System" title="AM stereo">Belar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-QUAM" title="C-QUAM">C-QUAM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_stereo#Harris_System" title="AM stereo">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_stereo#Kahn-Hazeltine" title="AM stereo">Kahn-Hazeltine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_stereo#Magnavox_System" title="AM stereo">Magnavox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical (emission)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_expanded_band" title="AM expanded band">AM expanded band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcast_band" title="FM broadcast band">FM broadcast band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">Multipath propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_relay_station" title="Shortwave relay station">Shortwave relay station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">History of radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22"/> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_radio_systems" title="Comparison of radio systems">Comparison of radio systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_spectrum_(ITU)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radio_spectrum" title="Template:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_spectrum" title="Template talk:Radio spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Radio_spectrum&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_spectrum_(ITU)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">Radio spectrum</a> (ITU)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></b> <br/> 3 Hz/100 Mm <br/> 30 Hz/10 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></b> <br/> 30 Hz/10 Mm <br/> 300 Hz/1 Mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></b> <br/> 300 Hz/1 Mm <br/> 3 kHz/100 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></b> <br/> 3 kHz/100 km <br/> 30 kHz/10 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></b> <br/> 30 kHz/10 km <br/> 300 kHz/1 km </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></b> <br/> 300 kHz/1 km <br/> 3 MHz/100 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></b> <br/> 3 MHz/100 m <br/> 30 MHz/10 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></b> <br/> 30 MHz/10 m <br/> 300 MHz/1 m </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></b> <br/> 300 MHz/1 m <br/> 3 GHz/100 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></b> <br/> 3 GHz/100 mm <br/> 30 GHz/10 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></b> <br/> 30 GHz/10 mm <br/> 300 GHz/1 mm </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <p><b><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremendously_high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremendously high frequency">THF</a></b> <br/> 300 GHz/1 mm <br/> 3 THz/0.1 mm </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="noviewer" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22"/> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Template talk:Electromagnetic spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Electromagnetic_spectrum&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electromagnetic_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;font-weight:bold;"><div id="*_Gamma_rays_*_X-rays_*_Ultraviolet_*_Visible_*_Infrared_*_Microwave_*_Radiocenter&#124;500px←_higher_frequencies_longer_wavelengths_→"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio</a><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg" class="image"><img alt="Frequency vs. wave length.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/500px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="65" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/750px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg/1000px-Frequency_vs._wave_length.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="104"/></a></div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i><span style="font-size: 120%;">←</span> higher <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a><span class="nowrap">       </span>longer <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> <span style="font-size: 120%;">→</span></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">Gamma rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Very-high-energy gamma ray">Very-high-energy gamma ray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_gamma_ray" title="Ultra-high-energy gamma ray">Ultra-high-energy gamma ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft X-ray">soft X-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard X-ray">hard X-ray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">Extreme ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum ultraviolet">Vacuum ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman-alpha">Lyman-alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Far ultraviolet">FUV</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle ultraviolet">MUV</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Near ultraviolet">NUV</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet B">UVB</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet A">UVA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible (optical)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">NIR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared" title="Infrared">SWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared" title="Infrared">MWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared#Regions_within_the_infrared" title="Infrared">LWIR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">FIR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_band" title="W band">W band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_band" title="V band">V band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_band" title="Q band">Q band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band" title="Ka band">K<sub>a</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_band_(IEEE)" title="K band (IEEE)">K band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_band_(IEEE)" title="C band (IEEE)">C band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band" title="L band">L band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">THF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_frequency" title="Medium frequency">MF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_frequency" title="Low frequency">LF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_low_frequency" title="Very low frequency">VLF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_low_frequency" title="Ultra low frequency">ULF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_low_frequency" title="Super low frequency">SLF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremely_low_frequency" title="Extremely low frequency">ELF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lavender;"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelength</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">Shortwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">Medium wave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longwave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_revolution" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Telecom-icon.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/65px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="65" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/98px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/130px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blake_(telephone)" title="Francis Blake (telephone)">Francis Blake (telephone)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kahn" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/>media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transmission_circuit" title="Data transmission circuit">data transmission circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/>and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcasting" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Telecommunications in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/28px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/42px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/56px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220804072043im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Radio_listening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Radio_listening" title="Template:Radio listening"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Radio_listening" title="Template talk:Radio listening"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Radio_listening&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Radio_listening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Radio listening</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_listener&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadcast listener (page does not exist)">Broadcast listener</a> (BCL) <b>·</b> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXer" class="mw-redirect" title="DXer">DXer</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave_listening" title="Shortwave listening">Shortwave listening</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Listening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longwave_radio_broadcasters" title="List of longwave radio broadcasters">List of longwave radio broadcasters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">Mediumwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_mediumwave_radio_broadcasters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of mediumwave radio broadcasters (page does not exist)">List of mediumwave radio broadcasters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220804072043/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">Shortwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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