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In other words, rhetoric of fairness and justice, freedom and democracy as espoused in the U.S. should not be confused with the reality of same.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jonathan Rhein"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2016-09-13","dateModified":"2016-09-13","datePublished":null,"headline":"Ideological and Racial Constructions of The War on Terror","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Critical Race Theory","Colonialism","Post-Colonialism","Ethnic and Racial Studies","Critical Race Theory and Whiteness theory","Filipino Studies","Colonial Philippines"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/28468044/Ideological_and_Racial_Constructions_of_The_War_on_Terror","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28468044%2FIdeological_and_Racial_Constructions_of_The_War_on_Terror%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28468044%2FIdeological_and_Racial_Constructions_of_The_War_on_Terror%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":48817607,"identifier":"Attachment_48817607","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":28468044,"created_at":"2016-09-13T21:39:45.149-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-15T08:55:31.753-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"The thesis of this paper will be that the United States, through its actions on the world stage as a legal, political, and economic actor, has and does typically act in a manner that could be fairly characterized as possessing significant elements of state criminality and state terrorism, under the guise of “promoting democracy and freedom” and, ironically fighting the “war on terror”; with the support of Western companies typically has and does support brutal, non-democratic regimes across the third world; and routinely defies both norms of both customary international law and treaties and agreements to which the country is a signatory to in the process. In other words, rhetoric of fairness and justice, freedom and democracy as espoused in the U.S. should not be confused with the reality of same. "},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ideological and Racial Constructions of The War on Terror","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [53390448]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":48817607,"attachmentType":"doc"}"><img alt="First page of “Ideological and Racial Constructions of The War on Terror”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48817607/mini_magick20190202-12421-1xjfefu.png?1549130621" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A-971495bd31377b9367f5ce5ca92bbc27dd8a843db989cbce3408389c670b62c0.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOC</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ideological and Racial Constructions of The War on Terror</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53390448" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JonathanRhein"><img alt="Profile image of Jonathan Rhein" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Jonathan Rhein</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The thesis of this paper will be that the United States, through its actions on the world stage as a legal, political, and economic actor, has and does typically act in a manner that could be fairly characterized as possessing significant elements of state criminality and state terrorism, under the guise of “promoting democracy and freedom” and, ironically fighting the “war on terror”; with the support of Western companies typically has and does support brutal, non-democratic regimes across the third world; and routinely defies both norms of both customary international law and treaties and agreements to which the country is a signatory to in the process. In other words, rhetoric of fairness and justice, freedom and democracy as espoused in the U.S. should not be confused with the reality of same. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":48817607,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/28468044/Ideological_and_Racial_Constructions_of_The_War_on_Terror"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":48817607,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/28468044/Ideological_and_Racial_Constructions_of_The_War_on_Terror"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="48817607" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/28468044/Ideological_and_Racial_Constructions_of_The_War_on_Terror" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="42698511" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42698511/THE_WAR_ON_TERROR_ITS_IMPACT_ON_THE_SOVEREIGNTY_OF_STATES_AND_ITS_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_HUMAN_RIGHTS_AND_CIVIL_LIBERTIES">THE WAR ON TERROR, ITS IMPACT ON THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16426867" href="https://exparch.academia.edu/HKoechler">Hans Koechler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Ecumenical Conference on Terrorism in a Globalized World, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE WAR ON TERROR, ITS IMPACT ON THE SOVEREIGNTY OF STATES, AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES","attachmentId":62910379,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42698511/THE_WAR_ON_TERROR_ITS_IMPACT_ON_THE_SOVEREIGNTY_OF_STATES_AND_ITS_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_HUMAN_RIGHTS_AND_CIVIL_LIBERTIES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42698511/THE_WAR_ON_TERROR_ITS_IMPACT_ON_THE_SOVEREIGNTY_OF_STATES_AND_ITS_IMPLICATIONS_FOR_HUMAN_RIGHTS_AND_CIVIL_LIBERTIES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="8155314" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8155314/Baxi_Upendra_The_War_on_Terror_and_the_War_of_Terror_Nomadic_Multitudes_Aggressive_Incumbents_and_the_New_International_Law_Prefactory_Remarks_on_Two_Wars_Osgoode_Hall_Law_Journal_43_1_2_2005_7_43_http_digitalcommons_osgoode_yorku_ca_ohlj_vol43_iss1_2">Baxi, Upendra. 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Many governments have suffered from terrorism in a remarkable manner. Civilians have been killed, properties destroyed, governments derailed and leaders maimed or removed, because of terrorism. Theorists, protagonists and authors have conducted researchers in terrorism and its causes. However, the results have often stirred controversy than finding solutions. Various forms of terrorism have also been identified as means of segmenting and finding solutions to dealing with terrorism. This paper critically analyses terrorism and its various forms. The nature of terrorism and how it is used to label certain governments and justifications to invade other states in the name of combating terrorism will be discussed. Focus will also be based on critical case studies of what may be termed terrorist acts, as aligned to the use of the term in its various forms.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Controversy and Biasness of terrorism 1","attachmentId":100867652,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99901115/The_Controversy_and_Biasness_of_terrorism_1","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99901115/The_Controversy_and_Biasness_of_terrorism_1"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="409376" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/409376/The_war_on_terror_as_political_violence">The 'war on terror' as political violence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="298362" href="https://lse.academia.edu/RichardSeymour">Richard Seymour</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">“While it is pardonable for the colonizer to have his little arsenals, the discovery of even a rusty weapon among the colonized is cause for immediate punishment.” Albert Memmi One of the oddities of the ‘War on Terror’ is that there remains no clear, universally agreed-upon definition of its key referent, terrorism. Notwithstanding such indeterminacy, the term operates doubly in a descriptive and prescriptive capacity. Terrorism both describes a form of (illegitimate) political violence and a primary justification for (legitimate) political violence. In the context of the ‘War on Terror’, connotations of epic and indiscriminate violence accrue to that political violence branded terrorism, while its purported opposite is held to be limited by the humane values of states united in opposition to terrorism. Violence against troops in occupied Iraq and Afghanistan, though permissible under international law, is routinely described as terrorism. The violence of the US and its allies is rationalised, while anti-occupation violence is pre-emptively pathologised, its motives ascribed to an anti-modern and illiberal reflux. The caste of Euro-American states permitted the full range of kinetic force, are opposed to a subterranean and disarticulated network of non-state actors with whom there can be no negotiations and whose means of violence are criminalised. This binary stratification of global violence advises against what Robert Vitalis refers to as the “norm against noticing” the impact of race and caste on contemporary international politics. Political violence in the ‘War on Terror’ has been coded in the tropes of (magnanimous, rational, humane) empire versus (illiberal, irrational, suspicious) ‘native fanaticism’. These tropes originate in an era in which white supremacy was the global norm, and their resuscitation reminds us that its effects remain potent.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The 'war on terror' as political violence","attachmentId":1924537,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/409376/The_war_on_terror_as_political_violence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/409376/The_war_on_terror_as_political_violence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="36849445" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36849445/An_Empire_of_Imperialistic_Exceptionalism_An_Inquiry_into_United_States_Sponsored_Terrorism_and_Human_Rights_Violations">An Empire of Imperialistic Exceptionalism: An Inquiry into United States-Sponsored Terrorism and Human Rights Violations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53497565" href="https://ui-springfield.academia.edu/TaylorLeBaron">Taylor B LeBaron</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The fear invoked by the term “terrorism” is perhaps at an all-time high. And why not, with the major news corporations seeming to open and close every newscast with events somewhere that meet the fluid definition of "terrorism"? Perhaps in American contemporary culture, the word terrorism is synonymous with the events occurring on Tuesday, September 11, 2001, when four commercial airplanes were hijacked and flown into prominent American structures. It seemed to begin with the images of planes slamming into buildings, and more recently has expanded to include vans running over people in crowded cities, individuals in explosive-laced vests wildly and indiscriminately obliterating crowds of people, and churches and school grounds forced to deal with the carnage of mass murder by mentally unstable people. However, terrorism has always existed and will continue to exist. To avoid the issue of equivocation, terrorism, as used in this paper, will be defined by Johnson's 1859 Dictionary of the English Language, that is, "government implemented by force." The vast majority of Americans are so intoxicated by their "American Exceptionalism" rhetoric that the common consensus fails to think critically and objectively in regard to America's role in terrorism. “An Empire of Imperialistic Exceptionalism” aims to dissolve the ubiquitous ignorance within the discussion of terrorism. To be ignorant of something is to literally ignore information that is readily accessible. Why was the United States "attacked" on December 7, 1941, and again on September 11, 2001? “An Empire of Imperialistic Exceptionalism” seeks to reveal the United States of America as the world's greatest sponsor and cause of "terrorism," explicitly and implicitly, and to unequivocally expose the empire that was built by terrorism. Above all, this paper has a goal of changing the course of dialogue from purely corporate rhetoric to thoughtful truth, exposing the lie that is "American Exceptionalism" and victimization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Empire of Imperialistic Exceptionalism: An Inquiry into United States-Sponsored Terrorism and Human Rights Violations","attachmentId":58707883,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36849445/An_Empire_of_Imperialistic_Exceptionalism_An_Inquiry_into_United_States_Sponsored_Terrorism_and_Human_Rights_Violations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36849445/An_Empire_of_Imperialistic_Exceptionalism_An_Inquiry_into_United_States_Sponsored_Terrorism_and_Human_Rights_Violations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="72159839" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72159839/International_terrorism_as_an_instrument_of_political_struggle_and_of_injury_to_integrational_law">International terrorism as an instrument of political struggle and of injury to integrational law</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="65998783" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PabloLessa">Pablo Lessa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Asian Journal of German and European Studies</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International Terrorism happens since old ages, when it was classified as acts against the monarch. Only in modern age, it was classified as political crime committed against the State. However, despite the occurrence since ancient times, the topic gained practice importance in the International Agenda only after the international repercussion of September 11th. At this time, many researches described the political aspect of it, disregarding the economic scenario, especially considering the State interventionism that is taken to avoid economic chaos. Indeed, the State function is also discussed in order to understand how it may keep Social Welfare. This practice instils in collective perspective the association of terrorism with specific ethnic and religious groups, indirectly supporting a nationalist mentality that tends to be exploited by populist governments. This creates a bad view over resistant movements, in which are included the Third World Countries Movements, such as TWAIL...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"International terrorism as an instrument of political struggle and of injury to integrational law","attachmentId":81200355,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72159839/International_terrorism_as_an_instrument_of_political_struggle_and_of_injury_to_integrational_law","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72159839/International_terrorism_as_an_instrument_of_political_struggle_and_of_injury_to_integrational_law"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3891903" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3891903/DOES_THE_UNITED_STATES_SPONSORED_WAR_ON_TERROR_CHALLENGE_THE_ACCEPTED_NORMS_OF_STATE_HUMAN_RIGHTS_OBLIGATIONS_UNDERMINING_PROGRESS_IN_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CUSTOMARY_LAW_AND_THE_INSTITUTIONS_ESTABLISHED_TO_PROTECT_HUMAN_RIGHTS">DOES THE UNITED STATES SPONSORED ‘WAR ON TERROR’ CHALLENGE THE ACCEPTED NORMS OF STATE HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS, UNDERMINING PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW AND THE INSTITUTIONS ESTABLISHED TO PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4742947" href="https://londonmet.academia.edu/MartinRidley">Martin Ridley</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DOES THE UNITED STATES SPONSORED ‘WAR ON TERROR’ CHALLENGE THE ACCEPTED NORMS OF STATE HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS, UNDERMINING PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMARY LAW AND THE INSTITUTIONS ESTABLISHED TO PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS?","attachmentId":31516161,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3891903/DOES_THE_UNITED_STATES_SPONSORED_WAR_ON_TERROR_CHALLENGE_THE_ACCEPTED_NORMS_OF_STATE_HUMAN_RIGHTS_OBLIGATIONS_UNDERMINING_PROGRESS_IN_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CUSTOMARY_LAW_AND_THE_INSTITUTIONS_ESTABLISHED_TO_PROTECT_HUMAN_RIGHTS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3891903/DOES_THE_UNITED_STATES_SPONSORED_WAR_ON_TERROR_CHALLENGE_THE_ACCEPTED_NORMS_OF_STATE_HUMAN_RIGHTS_OBLIGATIONS_UNDERMINING_PROGRESS_IN_THE_DEVELOPMENT_OF_INTERNATIONAL_CUSTOMARY_LAW_AND_THE_INSTITUTIONS_ESTABLISHED_TO_PROTECT_HUMAN_RIGHTS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="71016517" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71016517/State_Support_of_International_Terrorism_Legal_Political_and_Economic_Dimensions_By_John_F_Murphy_Boulder_Westview_Press_1989_Pp_121_Index">State Support of International Terrorism: Legal, Political, and Economic Dimensions. By John F. Murphy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989. Pp. 121. Index</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49582768" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BlakesleyChristopher">Christopher Blakesley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of International Law, 1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"State Support of International Terrorism: Legal, Political, and Economic Dimensions. By John F. Murphy. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989. Pp. 121. Index","attachmentId":80533087,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71016517/State_Support_of_International_Terrorism_Legal_Political_and_Economic_Dimensions_By_John_F_Murphy_Boulder_Westview_Press_1989_Pp_121_Index","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71016517/State_Support_of_International_Terrorism_Legal_Political_and_Economic_Dimensions_By_John_F_Murphy_Boulder_Westview_Press_1989_Pp_121_Index"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="10431362" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10431362/Defensive_Liberal_Wars_The_Global_War_on_Terror_and_the_Return_of_Illiberalism_in_American_Foreign_Policy_in_Revista_de_Sociologia_e_Politica_March_2015_">Defensive Liberal Wars’: The Global War on Terror and the Return of Illiberalism in American Foreign Policy?’ in Revista de Sociologia e Politica (March 2015)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1238387" href="https://pucminas.academia.edu/RashmiSingh">Rashmi Singh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper offers an analysis of the illiberal practices and discourse of the Global War on Terror (GWoT) and demonstrates how the United States of America used the liberal argument as a qualitative metric of its success and failure in the GWoT. I argue that the ‘the othering’ of Salafi Jihadists as well the full military involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq were both philosophically rooted in the liberal thinking of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, which have traditionally guided US foreign policy. More significantly, these liberal philosophies of history and international relations hold within them the seeds of illiberalism by depicting non-liberal, undemocratic societies/organisations as ‘barbaric’ – and as such prime candidates for intervention and regime change. Predicated upon this logic, the discourse of the GWoT framed Al Qaeda as a key existential threat to not only the United States but also the ‘civilised world’ in general and one which required a ‘liberal defensive war’ in response. It was the successful securitisation of Al Qaeda that essentially enabled the United States to adopt deeply illiberal policies to counter this so-called existential threat by using any means at its disposal.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Defensive Liberal Wars’: The Global War on Terror and the Return of Illiberalism in American Foreign Policy?’ in Revista de Sociologia e Politica (March 2015)","attachmentId":39304281,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10431362/Defensive_Liberal_Wars_The_Global_War_on_Terror_and_the_Return_of_Illiberalism_in_American_Foreign_Policy_in_Revista_de_Sociologia_e_Politica_March_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10431362/Defensive_Liberal_Wars_The_Global_War_on_Terror_and_the_Return_of_Illiberalism_in_American_Foreign_Policy_in_Revista_de_Sociologia_e_Politica_March_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48817607,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48817607,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_48817607" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/KyleMartin10">Kyle Martin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Tartu University Institute of Philosophy and Semiotics, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Redefining the War on Terror","attachmentId":86944055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80623765/Redefining_the_War_on_Terror","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80623765/Redefining_the_War_on_Terror"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 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href="https://www.academia.edu/1591173/_International_Law_International_Relations_and_the_War_on_Terror_">“International Law, International Relations, and the ‘War on Terror’”,</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="94235" href="https://dal.academia.edu/RubenZaiotti">Ruben Zaiotti</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“International Law, International Relations, and the ‘War on Terror’”,","attachmentId":30865656,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1591173/_International_Law_International_Relations_and_the_War_on_Terror_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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Edited by David A. Charters. Irvington-on-Hudson NY: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1991. Pp. viii, 361. Index. $49.50</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49582768" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BlakesleyChristopher">Christopher Blakesley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of International Law, 1995</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Democratic Responses to International Terrorism. Edited by David A. Charters. Irvington-on-Hudson NY: Transnational Publishers, Inc., 1991. Pp. viii, 361. 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(2009), “The role of discourse in the social construction of security and terrorism: Deconstructing the 'war on terror'.” Master Dissertation. University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="392149" href="https://essex.academia.edu/SotiriosKarampampas">Sotirios Karampampas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Karampampas, S. (2009), “The role of discourse in the social construction of security and terrorism: Deconstructing the 'war on terror'.” Master Dissertation. 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