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js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Michael Brown</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43125844"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43125844/A_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF_TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A THEORETICAL FRAME ANALYZING THE LIKELIHOOD OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63383889/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43125844/A_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF_TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION">A THEORETICAL FRAME ANALYZING THE LIKELIHOOD OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The aim of this treatise is to propose an analytical framework that gives insight into where terr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The aim of this treatise is to propose an analytical framework that gives insight into where territorial expansion is most likely to happen and to give an example application. There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass.  These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-43125844-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-43125844-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054561/figure-1-below-is-diagram-depicting-the-hope-confidence"><img alt="Below is a diagram depicting the hope confidence cycle. Newly Committed populations have positive “hope confidence” held in movement towards overturning the status quo. The populational belief is that implementation of a newly chosen replacement status quo will usher in a safer, more secure and economically abundant future (as compared to the sitting status quo). Here “hope confidence” is not only attached to the want to overturn the sitting status quo but also to a conception of a replacement frame. The necessity of the newly committed having a concomitant conception of a replacement frame throws back to Prezworski’s claim (mentioned above) that sitting regimes can only lose legitimacy if there is a suitable substitute. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054562/figure-2-results-may-vary-according-to-level-analysis-may"><img alt="Results may vary according to level. Analysis may suggest a region is likely to experience expansion while the specified expanding power is deemed less likely to expand or vice versa. The more levels of the frame that indicate expansion the more likely that the advanced scenario will result in expansion. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054563/figure-3-actors-without-geopolitical-viability-iran-china"><img alt="Actors without geopolitical viability (i.e. Iran, China, Turkey, India and Arab Sunni lines), if they are part of the rational actor bell curve, have a low likelihood of undertaking programs of expansion. Actors with geopolitical viability (i.e. fundamental Islam and Russian Federation) do not have a likelihood of expansion rather than the potential of expansion, which must be determined on a case by case basis using conditional if and when statements. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054564/figure-4-likelihood-of-an-identity-shift-analysis-of"><img alt="Likelihood of an Identity Shift (Analysis of Populations being expanded upon) The current Ukrainian conflict is a function of different sectors of the population having already undergone identity shifts. Having already placed positive hope confidence in competing ideas of future societal structuring. Hope confidence has already been placed in either the Russian Federation or the EU. Therefore, the analytical point here is to determine which Ukrainian populations have placed positive hope confidence in the EU and which populations in the Russian Federation. Identifying the populations that have placed hope confidence in the Russian Federation allows deducing which populations have placed hope confidence in the EU. There are two pivot points that can be used to locate populations holding hope confidence in the Russian Federation. Many claim that primary Russian speaking populations are likely to have hope confidence in the Russian Federation. Such a view of Ukraine looks like this. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054565/figure-5-there-is-stark-difference-between-the-geography"><img alt="There is a stark difference between the geography covered by primary Russian speakers versus ethnic Russians. Populations of ethnic Russians are contained to less than 10% of the country with largest concentrations being in the far-east border regions with Russia (3 oblasts, Donetsk Luhansk, and Crimea), while concentrations of primary Russian speakers are contained in about 50% of the country (7 oblasts, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Odessa and Crimea). The difference between the two views (whether one thinks ethnic Russians or Primary Russian speakers hold hope confidence in the Russian federation) directly affects the assessed reach of Russian soft power, and, the size of the (perceived) population who wish to see the societal structure push towards the Russian Federation. Ethnicity as the pivot point relegates likely Russian expansion to the Ukrainian/Russian Federation border areas (10% of the country and 3 oblasts), while language as the pivot relegates likelihood of Russian expansion much deeper (about 50% of the country and 7 oblasts). Below it will be argued that ethnicity is the more reliable pivot point in regards to populations who have placed positive hope confidence in movement towards the Russian Federation. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054566/table-1-below-is-chart-that-tabulates-the-central-asian"><img alt="Below is a chart that tabulates the 5 Central Asian republics and their hope confidence trajectory. Populations with positive (+) hope confidence trajectory are less likely to experience an identity shift. Populations with negative hope confidence trajectory (-) are more likely to undergo an identity shift. Populations with (=) have at any particular moment a low likelihood; while at any non-particular moment (over time) have a high likelihood of an identity shift. See Annex 3 for full Kyrgyz legitimacy frame analysis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054567/table-2-theoretical-frame-analyzing-the-likelihood-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054568/table-3-below-is-chart-of-the-central-asian-republics"><img alt="Below is a chart of the Central Asian Republics concerning the above listed characteristics. For analytical purposes the Central Asian republics can be parsed into two groups: Group 1) Central Asian ideological feedback loops-Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, and, Group 2) Other Legitimization-Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.*°° We start with an analysis of the countries where an ideological feedback loop was deployed (Group 1). Followed by an analysis of republics in which other types of legitimatization were used (Group 2). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-43125844-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fe1d5f29ab04572d56bd36c2e091bfce" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63383889,"asset_id":43125844,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63383889/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43125844"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43125844"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43125844; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43125844]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43125844]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43125844; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43125844']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fe1d5f29ab04572d56bd36c2e091bfce" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43125844]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43125844,"title":"A THEORETICAL FRAME ANALYZING THE LIKELIHOOD OF TERRITORIAL EXPANSION","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The aim of this treatise is to propose an analytical framework that gives insight into where territorial expansion is most likely to happen and to give an example application. There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass. These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here. ","ai_title_tag":"Framework for Analyzing Territorial Expansion"},"translated_abstract":"The aim of this treatise is to propose an analytical framework that gives insight into where territorial expansion is most likely to happen and to give an example application. There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass. These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43125844/A_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF_TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-05-21T05:23:13.295-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":8477522,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"draft","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63383889,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63383889/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_THEORETICAL_FRAME___ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF__TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION__to_PDF20200521-14303-i1r3rw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63383889/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELI.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63383889/A_THEORETICAL_FRAME___ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF__TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION__to_PDF20200521-14303-i1r3rw-libre.pdf?1590065255=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELI.pdf\u0026Expires=1743664541\u0026Signature=MUvbWg2xVWgU9s~lxVRxHu2R7dPrlTScd6Q9u4PGL-sWR8IzppIb2mEPKCDfjzUE7YEezlNiqTIHxJ~S7RiVmVCj0jyht5S5xOb~6hjOBoKnXbkqzcg~gjYOxt1enUJHuarvH14s~bf40AsuSnvTI1U4ZXPBs4HYysp1FZVDXCp73JsVlGtf8jsXhGG5vlhbZW3ElJVZVSDtPccC-9FyWFcwqxi7kJfwiFb3QTto7vnN6p3Z7c-8YV5cnUbTaDJuMCkiFKAw8X0ItGJNUkTOpxxi9oG5yTRm0oqe0cwFjoRS2FG2VLVkMQXg2AcSA~LKbAv~VXNO~SZyUNyccSaWAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF_TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION","translated_slug":"","page_count":155,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The aim of this treatise is to propose an analytical framework that gives insight into where territorial expansion is most likely to happen and to give an example application. There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass. These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here. ","owner":{"id":8477522,"first_name":"Michael","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Brown","page_name":"MichaelBrown","domain_name":"unibo","created_at":"2014-01-21T06:07:28.742-08:00","display_name":"Michael Brown","url":"https://unibo.academia.edu/MichaelBrown"},"attachments":[{"id":63383889,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63383889/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"A_THEORETICAL_FRAME___ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF__TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION__to_PDF20200521-14303-i1r3rw.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63383889/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELI.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63383889/A_THEORETICAL_FRAME___ANALYZING_THE_LIKELIHOOD_OF__TERRITORIAL_EXPANSION__to_PDF20200521-14303-i1r3rw-libre.pdf?1590065255=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_THEORETICAL_FRAME_ANALYZING_THE_LIKELI.pdf\u0026Expires=1743664541\u0026Signature=MUvbWg2xVWgU9s~lxVRxHu2R7dPrlTScd6Q9u4PGL-sWR8IzppIb2mEPKCDfjzUE7YEezlNiqTIHxJ~S7RiVmVCj0jyht5S5xOb~6hjOBoKnXbkqzcg~gjYOxt1enUJHuarvH14s~bf40AsuSnvTI1U4ZXPBs4HYysp1FZVDXCp73JsVlGtf8jsXhGG5vlhbZW3ElJVZVSDtPccC-9FyWFcwqxi7kJfwiFb3QTto7vnN6p3Z7c-8YV5cnUbTaDJuMCkiFKAw8X0ItGJNUkTOpxxi9oG5yTRm0oqe0cwFjoRS2FG2VLVkMQXg2AcSA~LKbAv~VXNO~SZyUNyccSaWAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography"},{"id":2817,"name":"Border Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Border_Studies"},{"id":3931,"name":"Fear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fear"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_"},{"id":17615,"name":"Psychology of Hope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology_of_Hope"},{"id":18924,"name":"Central Asian History (Area Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_History_Area_Studies_"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia"},{"id":46989,"name":"Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine"},{"id":52629,"name":"Political Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Identity"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-43125844-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="7033634"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/7033634/ENGINEERING_EMPIRES"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of ENGINEERING EMPIRES" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33689619/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/7033634/ENGINEERING_EMPIRES">ENGINEERING EMPIRES</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The proposed research will explore the recurrence of, and expansion under, revitalized historical...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The proposed research will explore the recurrence of, and expansion under, revitalized historical border transcendent identities, specifically a Neo-Ottoman and Neo-Soviet identity. The proposed research will focus on Kyrgyzstan, as it sits on the crossroads of these identities and has cultural and historical ties to the original versions. It is my intention to track the evolution of shifting identities, how these shifts shape borders and have the capacity to both build and pull apart empires. This is a cross discipline endeavor into a border transcendent subject area that involves an anthropological facet in understanding why its people will either accept or reject adopting a new identity. The study functions on a political science/international relations level in that these identities will be coopted and driven by already existing government apparatuses. And, it functions on a geopolitical level, as it will assess the effect that returning to an age of empires will have on the present day Westphalian system and mindset, and also how nation states likely will adapt to an emerging new world order.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e42455e63d27bf7d0728fb118897b63b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33689619,"asset_id":7033634,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33689619/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7033634"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7033634"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7033634; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7033634]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7033634]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7033634; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7033634']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e42455e63d27bf7d0728fb118897b63b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7033634]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7033634,"title":"ENGINEERING EMPIRES","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Shifting Identities in Kyrgyzstan's Empires","grobid_abstract":"The proposed research will explore the recurrence of, and expansion under, revitalized historical border transcendent identities, specifically a Neo-Ottoman and Neo-Soviet identity. The proposed research will focus on Kyrgyzstan, as it sits on the crossroads of these identities and has cultural and historical ties to the original versions. It is my intention to track the evolution of shifting identities, how these shifts shape borders and have the capacity to both build and pull apart empires. This is a cross discipline endeavor into a border transcendent subject area that involves an anthropological facet in understanding why its people will either accept or reject adopting a new identity. The study functions on a political science/international relations level in that these identities will be coopted and driven by already existing government apparatuses. 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Thus, the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">cumulative whole split, and each of these pieces had their own trajectory and movement. Thus, the term -al-Qaeda‖ no longer means a singular whole moving together; rather the term -al-Qaeda‖ has come to mean any one of the separated AQ pieces.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="36c361eb7390d38283e0a3b07a7b2cfb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33642696,"asset_id":6976800,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33642696/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6976800"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6976800"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6976800; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6976800]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6976800]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6976800; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6976800']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "36c361eb7390d38283e0a3b07a7b2cfb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6976800]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6976800,"title":"The AQ Situation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"cumulative whole split, and each of these pieces had their own trajectory and movement. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-5821243-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5821232"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/5821232/Who_wil_rise_again"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Who wil rise again?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Who wil rise again?</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5821232"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5821232"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5821232; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-5821232-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="5791266"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/5791266/The_Illegitimacy_of_the_Freedom_Fighter_and_the_Terrorist"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Illegitimacy of the Freedom Fighter and the Terrorist" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32810502/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/5791266/The_Illegitimacy_of_the_Freedom_Fighter_and_the_Terrorist">The Illegitimacy of the Freedom Fighter and the Terrorist</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This thesis explores whether "terrorism" can be defined non-ambiguously based on objective criter...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This thesis explores whether "terrorism" can be defined non-ambiguously based on objective criteria and supplemented with a rules based labeling framework and application methodology. Furthermore, this thesis asks, if it is possible that "terrorism" can be defined, and a framework of application devised, then why is it that the international community has yet to do so? Along the way, there is a discussion about the theoretical workings of any label of deviance as well as the international system for labeling "terrorism". And, there is an exploration into Objectives Analysis and how this can help us understand whether or not the "war on terror" is making positive or negative gains towards its espoused objectives of decreasing incidences of "terrorism" while increasing global stability. This thesis then posits a definition for "terrorism" along with an application methodology. Then lastly, it applies the framework to past and present examples of groups using violence towards larger political and ideological goals.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4f28f6035e12a8ee79dfe57c13389cdc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":32810502,"asset_id":5791266,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32810502/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5791266"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5791266"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5791266; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5791266]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5791266]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5791266; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='5791266']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4f28f6035e12a8ee79dfe57c13389cdc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=5791266]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":5791266,"title":"The Illegitimacy of the Freedom Fighter and the Terrorist","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"This thesis explores whether \"terrorism\" can be defined non-ambiguously based on objective criteria and supplemented with a rules based labeling framework and application methodology. 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There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass.  These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-43125844-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-43125844-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054561/figure-1-below-is-diagram-depicting-the-hope-confidence"><img alt="Below is a diagram depicting the hope confidence cycle. Newly Committed populations have positive “hope confidence” held in movement towards overturning the status quo. The populational belief is that implementation of a newly chosen replacement status quo will usher in a safer, more secure and economically abundant future (as compared to the sitting status quo). Here “hope confidence” is not only attached to the want to overturn the sitting status quo but also to a conception of a replacement frame. The necessity of the newly committed having a concomitant conception of a replacement frame throws back to Prezworski’s claim (mentioned above) that sitting regimes can only lose legitimacy if there is a suitable substitute. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054562/figure-2-results-may-vary-according-to-level-analysis-may"><img alt="Results may vary according to level. Analysis may suggest a region is likely to experience expansion while the specified expanding power is deemed less likely to expand or vice versa. The more levels of the frame that indicate expansion the more likely that the advanced scenario will result in expansion. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054563/figure-3-actors-without-geopolitical-viability-iran-china"><img alt="Actors without geopolitical viability (i.e. Iran, China, Turkey, India and Arab Sunni lines), if they are part of the rational actor bell curve, have a low likelihood of undertaking programs of expansion. Actors with geopolitical viability (i.e. fundamental Islam and Russian Federation) do not have a likelihood of expansion rather than the potential of expansion, which must be determined on a case by case basis using conditional if and when statements. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054564/figure-4-likelihood-of-an-identity-shift-analysis-of"><img alt="Likelihood of an Identity Shift (Analysis of Populations being expanded upon) The current Ukrainian conflict is a function of different sectors of the population having already undergone identity shifts. Having already placed positive hope confidence in competing ideas of future societal structuring. Hope confidence has already been placed in either the Russian Federation or the EU. Therefore, the analytical point here is to determine which Ukrainian populations have placed positive hope confidence in the EU and which populations in the Russian Federation. Identifying the populations that have placed hope confidence in the Russian Federation allows deducing which populations have placed hope confidence in the EU. There are two pivot points that can be used to locate populations holding hope confidence in the Russian Federation. Many claim that primary Russian speaking populations are likely to have hope confidence in the Russian Federation. Such a view of Ukraine looks like this. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054565/figure-5-there-is-stark-difference-between-the-geography"><img alt="There is a stark difference between the geography covered by primary Russian speakers versus ethnic Russians. Populations of ethnic Russians are contained to less than 10% of the country with largest concentrations being in the far-east border regions with Russia (3 oblasts, Donetsk Luhansk, and Crimea), while concentrations of primary Russian speakers are contained in about 50% of the country (7 oblasts, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Odessa and Crimea). The difference between the two views (whether one thinks ethnic Russians or Primary Russian speakers hold hope confidence in the Russian federation) directly affects the assessed reach of Russian soft power, and, the size of the (perceived) population who wish to see the societal structure push towards the Russian Federation. Ethnicity as the pivot point relegates likely Russian expansion to the Ukrainian/Russian Federation border areas (10% of the country and 3 oblasts), while language as the pivot relegates likelihood of Russian expansion much deeper (about 50% of the country and 7 oblasts). Below it will be argued that ethnicity is the more reliable pivot point in regards to populations who have placed positive hope confidence in movement towards the Russian Federation. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054566/table-1-below-is-chart-that-tabulates-the-central-asian"><img alt="Below is a chart that tabulates the 5 Central Asian republics and their hope confidence trajectory. Populations with positive (+) hope confidence trajectory are less likely to experience an identity shift. Populations with negative hope confidence trajectory (-) are more likely to undergo an identity shift. Populations with (=) have at any particular moment a low likelihood; while at any non-particular moment (over time) have a high likelihood of an identity shift. See Annex 3 for full Kyrgyz legitimacy frame analysis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054567/table-2-theoretical-frame-analyzing-the-likelihood-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/63383889/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15054568/table-3-below-is-chart-of-the-central-asian-republics"><img alt="Below is a chart of the Central Asian Republics concerning the above listed characteristics. For analytical purposes the Central Asian republics can be parsed into two groups: Group 1) Central Asian ideological feedback loops-Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, and, Group 2) Other Legitimization-Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.*°° We start with an analysis of the countries where an ideological feedback loop was deployed (Group 1). Followed by an analysis of republics in which other types of legitimatization were used (Group 2). 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There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass. These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here. ","ai_title_tag":"Framework for Analyzing Territorial Expansion"},"translated_abstract":"The aim of this treatise is to propose an analytical framework that gives insight into where territorial expansion is most likely to happen and to give an example application. There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass. These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here. 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There are two distinctions that set apart the framework developed here and almost every other framework dealing with territorial expansion: 1) this framework attempts to account for both forcible and amenable expansion under a single rubric, and, 2) this framework is not concerned with explaining the specific reasons which drive an actor to expand. Rather the concern is the circumstances that make territorial expansion more or less likely to come to pass. These two differences lend to creating a framework that is much more versatile in its application and the ability to produce intelligence that is actionable in understanding the likelihood of territorial expansion, which in turn is more useful in proposing apt foreign-policy when dealing with the potential of shifting borders. This is a completely new and innovative way of looking at and understanding territorial expansion. To my knowledge there is no other framework dealing with territorial expansion in the way it is dealt with here. 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The proposed research will focus on Kyrgyzstan, as it sits on the crossroads of these identities and has cultural and historical ties to the original versions. It is my intention to track the evolution of shifting identities, how these shifts shape borders and have the capacity to both build and pull apart empires. This is a cross discipline endeavor into a border transcendent subject area that involves an anthropological facet in understanding why its people will either accept or reject adopting a new identity. The study functions on a political science/international relations level in that these identities will be coopted and driven by already existing government apparatuses. And, it functions on a geopolitical level, as it will assess the effect that returning to an age of empires will have on the present day Westphalian system and mindset, and also how nation states likely will adapt to an emerging new world order.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e42455e63d27bf7d0728fb118897b63b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33689619,"asset_id":7033634,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33689619/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="7033634"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7033634"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7033634; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7033634]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7033634]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7033634; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='7033634']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e42455e63d27bf7d0728fb118897b63b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=7033634]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":7033634,"title":"ENGINEERING EMPIRES","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Shifting Identities in Kyrgyzstan's Empires","grobid_abstract":"The proposed research will explore the recurrence of, and expansion under, revitalized historical border transcendent identities, specifically a Neo-Ottoman and Neo-Soviet identity. The proposed research will focus on Kyrgyzstan, as it sits on the crossroads of these identities and has cultural and historical ties to the original versions. It is my intention to track the evolution of shifting identities, how these shifts shape borders and have the capacity to both build and pull apart empires. This is a cross discipline endeavor into a border transcendent subject area that involves an anthropological facet in understanding why its people will either accept or reject adopting a new identity. The study functions on a political science/international relations level in that these identities will be coopted and driven by already existing government apparatuses. 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Thus, the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">cumulative whole split, and each of these pieces had their own trajectory and movement. Thus, the term -al-Qaeda‖ no longer means a singular whole moving together; rather the term -al-Qaeda‖ has come to mean any one of the separated AQ pieces.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="36c361eb7390d38283e0a3b07a7b2cfb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33642696,"asset_id":6976800,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33642696/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6976800"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6976800"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6976800; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6976800]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6976800]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6976800; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6976800']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "36c361eb7390d38283e0a3b07a7b2cfb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6976800]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6976800,"title":"The AQ Situation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"cumulative whole split, and each of these pieces had their own trajectory and movement. 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Furthermore, this thesis asks, if it is possible that "terrorism" can be defined, and a framework of application devised, then why is it that the international community has yet to do so? Along the way, there is a discussion about the theoretical workings of any label of deviance as well as the international system for labeling "terrorism". And, there is an exploration into Objectives Analysis and how this can help us understand whether or not the "war on terror" is making positive or negative gains towards its espoused objectives of decreasing incidences of "terrorism" while increasing global stability. This thesis then posits a definition for "terrorism" along with an application methodology. Then lastly, it applies the framework to past and present examples of groups using violence towards larger political and ideological goals.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4f28f6035e12a8ee79dfe57c13389cdc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":32810502,"asset_id":5791266,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32810502/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5791266"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5791266"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5791266; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5791266]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5791266]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5791266; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='5791266']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4f28f6035e12a8ee79dfe57c13389cdc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=5791266]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":5791266,"title":"The Illegitimacy of the Freedom Fighter and the Terrorist","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"This thesis explores whether \"terrorism\" can be defined non-ambiguously based on objective criteria and supplemented with a rules based labeling framework and application methodology. 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