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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detention_that_is_not_false_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detention_that_is_not_false_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Detention that is not false imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detention_that_is_not_false_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopkeeper's_privilege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopkeeper's_privilege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Shopkeeper's privilege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopkeeper's_privilege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rationale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Rationale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Requirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.1</span> <span>Colorado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.2</span> <span>Indiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3.3</span> <span>Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elements_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intentional_or_reckless" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intentional_or_reckless"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.1</span> <span>Intentional or reckless</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intentional_or_reckless-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complete_restraint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complete_restraint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.2</span> <span>Complete restraint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complete_restraint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.3</span> <span>Awareness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.4</span> <span>Omission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawful_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawful_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.5</span> <span>Lawful imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawful_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance_of_a_contract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_of_a_contract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.5.1</span> <span>Performance of a contract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_of_a_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1.5.2</span> <span>Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Defences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Damages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9questration_(crime)" title="Séquestration (crime) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séquestration (crime)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%B2%95_%EA%B0%90%EA%B8%88" title="불법 감금 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불법 감금" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penahanan_palsu" title="Penahanan palsu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penahanan palsu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90" title="כליאת שווא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כליאת שווא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szem%C3%A9lyi_szabads%C3%A1g_megs%C3%A9rt%C3%A9se" title="Személyi szabadság megsértése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Személyi szabadság megsértése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wederrechtelijke_vrijheidsberoving" title="Wederrechtelijke vrijheidsberoving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wederrechtelijke vrijheidsberoving" 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href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against justice</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offences_against_public_justice" title="Offences against public justice">Against public justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_delayed_is_justice_denied" title="Justice delayed is justice denied">Justice delayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_misconduct" title="Judicial misconduct">Judicial misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the public</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against animals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Crimes against the state</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Defenses to liability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_innocence" title="Actual innocence">Actual innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatism_(law)" title="Automatism (law)">Automatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_property" title="Defence of property">Defense of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminished_responsibility" title="Diminished responsibility">Diminished responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Duress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat" title="Ignorantia juris non excusat">Ignorantia juris non excusat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Infancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">Insanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(jurisprudence)" title="Justification (jurisprudence)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Might_makes_right" title="Might makes right">Might makes right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistake_(criminal_law)" title="Mistake (criminal law)">Mistake</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mistake_of_law" title="Mistake of law">of law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_is_nine-tenths_of_the_law" title="Possession is nine-tenths of the law">Possession is nine-tenths of the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provocation_(law)" title="Provocation (law)">Provocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_city" title="Sanctuary city">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">Statute of limitations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other common-law areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_defenses" title="Criminal defenses">Defenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Torts</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criminal_law" title="Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Criminal_law" title="Template talk:Criminal law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Criminal law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>False imprisonment</b> or <b>unlawful imprisonment</b> occurs when a person intentionally restricts another person's movement within any area without <a href="/wiki/Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Right">legal authority</a>, justification, or the restrained person's permission.<sup id="cite_ref-wexfp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wexfp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Actual physical restraint is not necessary for false imprisonment to occur. A false imprisonment claim may be made based upon private acts, or upon wrongful governmental <a href="/wiki/Detention_(confinement)" title="Detention (confinement)">detention</a>. For detention by the police, proof of false imprisonment provides a basis to obtain a writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, false imprisonment is both a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">Imprisonment</a></div> <p>Within the context of false imprisonment, an imprisonment occurs when a person is restrained from moving from a location or bounded area, as a result of a wrongful intentional act, such as the use of force, threat, coercion, or <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuse of authority">abuse of authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wexfp_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wexfp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detention_that_is_not_false_imprisonment">Detention that is not false imprisonment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Detention that is not false imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Not all acts of involuntary detention amount to false imprisonment. An accidental detention will not support a claim of false imprisonment since false imprisonment requires an intentional act. The law may privilege a person to detain somebody else against their will. A legally authorised detention does not constitute false imprisonment. For example, if a parent or legal guardian of a child denies the child's request to leave their house, and prevents them from doing so, this would not ordinarily constitute false imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/United_States_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States law">United States law</a>, police officers have the authority to detain individuals based on <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> that a crime has been committed and the individual was involved, or based on <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion" title="Reasonable suspicion">reasonable suspicion</a> that the individual has been, is, or is about to be engaged in a criminal activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elements">Elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To prevail under a false imprisonment claim, a plaintiff must prove: </p> <ol><li>Willful detention in a bounded area</li> <li>Without consent; and</li> <li>Without authority of lawful arrest. (Restatement of the Law, Second, Torts)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shopkeeper's_privilege"><span id="Shopkeeper.27s_privilege"></span>Shopkeeper's privilege</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shopkeeper's privilege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shopkeeper%27s_privilege" title="Shopkeeper's privilege">Shopkeeper's privilege</a></div> <p>Many jurisdictions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> recognize the common-law principle of <a href="/wiki/Shopkeeper%27s_privilege" title="Shopkeeper's privilege">shopkeeper's privilege</a>, under which a person is allowed to use reasonable force to detain a suspected shoplifter on store property for a reasonable period of time. A shopkeeper, who has cause to believe that the detainee has committed or attempted a theft of store property, is allowed to ask the suspect to demonstrate that they have not been <a href="/wiki/Shoplifting" title="Shoplifting">shoplifting</a>. The purpose of the shopkeeper's privilege is to discover if the suspect is shoplifting and, if so, whether the shoplifted item can be reclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-bidfell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidfell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shopkeeper's privilege is not as broad as police officer's privilege to arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-bidfell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bidfell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shopkeeper may only detain the suspect for a comparatively short period of time. If a shopkeeper unreasonably detains the suspect, uses excessive force to detain the suspect, or fails to notify the police within a reasonable time after detaining the suspect, then the detention may constitute false imprisonment and may result in an award of <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damages</a>. In jurisdictions without the privilege, detention must meet the jurisdiction's standards for a <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_arrest" title="Citizen's arrest">citizen's arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Rationale">Rationale</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This privilege has been justified by the very practical need for some degree of protection for shopkeepers in their dealings with suspected shoplifters. Absent such privilege, a shopkeeper would be faced with the dilemma of either allowing suspects to leave without challenge or acting upon their suspicion and risk making a <a href="/wiki/False_arrest" title="False arrest">false arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rest120a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rest120a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Requirement">Requirement</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order for a customer to be detained, the shopkeeper must:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Conduct the investigation on the store premises, or immediately near the premises.</li> <li>Have reasonable cause to believe the person detained was shoplifting.</li> <li>Use reasonable (non-excessive) force to detain the suspected individual.</li> <li>Not prolong the detention longer than a reasonable amount of time needed to gather all the facts.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Colorado">Colorado</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Enright v. Groves</i>, a woman sued a police officer for false imprisonment after being arrested for not producing her <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's license</a>. The plaintiff was in her car when she was approached by the officer for not leashing her dog; she was arrested after being asked to produce her driver's license and failing to do so. She won her claim, despite having lost the case of not leashing her dog. The court reasoned that the officer did not have proper legal authority in arresting her, because he arrested her for not producing her driver's license (which itself was legal) as opposed to the dog leash violation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Indiana">Indiana</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a Clark County, Indiana Circuit Court case, Destiny Hoffman was jailed for 154 days, during which "no hearing was conducted to determine the validity of such sanction and the defendant was not represented by counsel" according to deputy county prosecutor Michaelia Gilbert.<sup id="cite_ref-Woman_lost_in_system_serves_154_days_instead_of_48_hours;_prosecutor_filed_motion_to_get_her_out_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woman_lost_in_system_serves_154_days_instead_of_48_hours;_prosecutor_filed_motion_to_get_her_out-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An order by Judge Jerry Jacobi<sup id="cite_ref-'A_BIG_SCREW_UP:'_Woman_sentenced_to_two_days_in_Clark_County_jail_serves_five_months_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'A_BIG_SCREW_UP:'_Woman_sentenced_to_two_days_in_Clark_County_jail_serves_five_months-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Clark County Circuit Court case was supposed to be a 48-hour jail stay for Hoffman, pending drug evaluation and treatment, "until further order of the court."<sup id="cite_ref-Woman_lost_in_system_serves_154_days_instead_of_48_hours;_prosecutor_filed_motion_to_get_her_out_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woman_lost_in_system_serves_154_days_instead_of_48_hours;_prosecutor_filed_motion_to_get_her_out-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a motion by Prosecutor Gilbert, Special Judge Steve Fleece ordered Hoffman released and said Hoffman's incarceration was "a big screw up".<sup id="cite_ref-'A_BIG_SCREW_UP:'_Woman_sentenced_to_two_days_in_Clark_County_jail_serves_five_months_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'A_BIG_SCREW_UP:'_Woman_sentenced_to_two_days_in_Clark_County_jail_serves_five_months-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Louisiana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a Louisiana case in the United States, a pharmacist and his pharmacy were found liable by a trial court for false imprisonment. They stalled for time and instructed a patient to wait while simultaneously and without the patient's knowledge calling the police. The pharmacist was suspicious of the patient's prescription, which her doctor had called in previously. When the police arrived, they arrested the patient. While the patient was in jail, the police verified with her doctor that the prescription was authentic and that it was meant for her. After this incident, the patient sued the pharmacy and its employees. She received $20,000 damages. An appeals court reversed the judgment, because it believed the elements of false imprisonment were not met.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/False_imprisonment" title="Special:EditPage/False imprisonment">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This tort again falls under the umbrella term "trespass to the person" alongside "battery and assault".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of false imprisonment under UK law and legislation is the "Unlawful imposition or constraint of another's freedom of movement from a particular place."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> False imprisonment is where the defendant intentionally or recklessly, and unlawfully, restricts the claimant's freedom of movement totally.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During which there is no time limit, false imprisonment could occur for seconds and still be false imprisonment. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Any restraint of the liberty of a free man will be an imprisonment.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lord Denman CJ<sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elements_2">Elements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intentional_or_reckless">Intentional or reckless</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intentional or reckless"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of reckless imprisonment may be a janitor locking up a school for the night, knowing that someone <i>might</i> still be inside, but without bothering to check. Whereas, regarding intention, intention to imprison a person is what matters and not necessarily an intention to falsely imprison someone. For example, in <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Governor_of_Brockhill_Prison,_ex_p_Evans" title="R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans">R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brockhill_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockhill-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it did not matter if the decision to imprison the claimant was in good faith, or considered lawful, it still constituted false imprisonment. </p><p>False imprisonment does not require a literal prison, but a restriction of the claimant's freedom of movement (<i>complete restraint</i>). According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Termes_de_la_Ley" title="Termes de la Ley">Termes de la Ley</a></i>, 'imprisonment is the restraint of a man's liberty, whether it be in the open field, or in the stocks, or in the cage in the streets or in a man's own house, as well as in the common gaole'. Imprisonment does not have to involve seizure of the claimant; touching and informing him that he is under arrest are sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tagging and an imposed curfew can be false imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restriction must also be total, meaning that the claimant is restricted to an area delimited by the defendant. The larger the area, the less likely the claimant will be deemed to be imprisoned. For example, confining a person to a house would constitute the tort of false imprisonment. However, confining someone to the land mass of the USA would not. </p><p>Therefore, false imprisonment is not just about locking someone within a room, the following examples have all been found to constitute false imprisonment: </p> <ul><li>Where a defendant might position themselves in a doorway to prevent someone leaving a room, as in <i>Walker v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis</i> [2014].<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Where a defendant might threaten violence if the claimant leaves, which could thus be both false imprisonment and assault.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Where a defendant ensures someone stays in a room simply by asserting their authority, as in <i>Harnett v Bond</i> and <i>Meering v Grahame-White Aviation.</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Finally, where a claimant accedes to authority that does not necessarily mean they consent to being detained, as in <i>Warner v Riddiford</i> (1858).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Complete_restraint">Complete restraint</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Complete restraint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'Imprisonment is, as I apprehend, a total restraint of the liberty of the person, for however, short a time, and not a partial obstruction of his will, whatever inconvenience it may bring on him.'<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There must be complete restraint, therefore, if there are alternative routes that can be taken this is not false imprisonment. Such as in <i>Bird v Jones [1845]</i><sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the claimant wanted to walk over Hammersmith bridge but the defendant had cordoned off the public footpath, however, this did not constitute false imprisonment because, through using a longer route, the claimant could have still reached their destination. </p><p>Therefore, if there is a means of escape, this is not false imprisonment. There must be no reasonable means of escape and you may be <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensatory damages">compensated</a> for any damages caused in order for you to escape reasonably. However, if you have not taken a reasonable route of escape/reasonable action you will not be awarded damages.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Awareness">Awareness</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awareness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is still false imprisonment even where the claimant does not know at the time. So secretly locking someone in a room is false imprisonment. It may also be false imprisonment where a person is rendered unconscious, for example, by being punched (also a battery), or when their drink is spiked by drugs (also wilful harm or negligence), because their freedom of movement is thereby restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the case of <i>Meering v Grahame-White Aviation [1918]</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the claimant was told to stay in an office because property was going missing and if they tried to leave the office they would have been stopped. This was held to be a false imprisonment even though the claimant did not know they were being imprisoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Omission">Omission</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Omission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Can the tort of false imprisonment be committed by omission?</i> </p><p>In the majority of circumstances/generally, the answer is no, as there must be a positive act. Yet, in certain circumstances defendants may still be found liable if they are under a positive obligation to release the claimant and the claimant has the legal right to be released. In the case of <i>Prison Officer's Association v Iqbal</i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a defendant could not leave their cell due to the prison officers being on strike, it was held at [61] that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'It seems to me that the general rule that an omission or refusal to release the claimant from confinement will not amount to false imprisonment should not be overridden save in circumstances where the claimant has a legal right to be released and the defendant is under a positive obligation to release the claimant.'<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, the defendants were liable for omission under the tort of false imprisonment. </p><p>Moreover, in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Governor_of_Brockhill_Prison,_ex_p_Evans" title="R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans">R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brockhill_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brockhill-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the claimant should be released from prison and they weren't, due to a genuine mistake meaning they were held in prison for longer, this was still held to be false imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lawful_imprisonment">Lawful imprisonment</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lawful imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Performance_of_a_contract">Performance of a contract</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Performance of a contract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This can be looked at as consent, therefore, the imprisonment is not unlawful nor false imprisonment, for example, when flying, you consent to be on the plane for that duration of time through contract. The courts have said it is not unlawful to refuse to open a train door when the train is on a bridge, even though the passenger is thereby restricted inside the train.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, a master of a ship,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the pilot of a plane<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can detain people during a voyage or flight when they have a reasonable cause or grounds to believe it necessary for the safety of their other passengers. Suddenly saying "I would like to leave now" is dangerous and thus, they have no reason to let you leave, moreover, you are contractually obligated to remain onboard. Therefore, this would not constitute false imprisonment. </p><p>Additionally, when a claimant is following a work contract the employer may not be held for false imprisonment for not allowing them to leave early due to a breach of contract and potential losses that could result from them leaving. In the case of <i>Herd v Weardale Steel Coal</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the claimant was in a mine, they were working and they wanted to leave the mine. The employer refused to let them leave at that time and the court held that the employer was under no obligation to allow them to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Police">Police</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, police have the right to arrest under a warrant issued by a magistrate,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following conditions set out in <a href="/wiki/Police_and_Criminal_Evidence_Act_1984" title="Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984">PACE</a> Code G. Or without a warrant, police may make an arrest pursuant to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984:<sup id="cite_ref-PACE_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PACE-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'anyone who is about to commit, is committing or has committed an offence or is so suspected on reasonable grounds may be arrested.' Also, arrest may be lawful if the police have reason to believe that the person arrested poses an imminent risk of harm to themselves or others. Private citizens can also make an arrest for crimes being committed/that have been committed but only in relation to indictable offences ('citizen's arrest').<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a prisoner is lawfully held, it is not false imprisonment just because the conditions are unsanitary such as in the case of <i>R v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'although this may instead be found to be <a href="/wiki/Negligence" title="Negligence">negligence</a> or the tort of misfeasance in a public office.'<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example would again be the case of <i>Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis</i> [2007],<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a case concerning the alleged unlawful detention of hundreds of members of the public during the <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day#United_Kingdom" title="International Workers' Day">May Day riots of 2001</a> in London, England. The police, using the tactic of "<a href="/wiki/Kettling" title="Kettling">kettling</a>", held a large crowd in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Circus" title="Oxford Circus">Oxford Circus</a> without allowing anyone to leave. Lois Austin, a peaceful protester who had not broken the law, and Geoffrey Saxby, an innocent passer-by who was not involved in the demonstration, claimed that they were falsely imprisoned by the London <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a> and that their detention was in breach of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="European Convention of Human Rights">European Convention of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair lost their court action in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the High Court ruled that the police had not acted unlawfully. An appeal against the ruling also failed in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A ruling by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> declared that 'even in the case of an absolute right, the High Court was entitled to take the "purpose" of the deprivation of liberty into account before deciding if human rights law applied at all.'<sup id="cite_ref-lords2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lords2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defences">Defences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Defences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defences for false imprisonment include consent and performance of a contract. Moreover, the defence of illegality may also apply. If the victim was acting illegally, locking them in a room to protect oneself whilst calling the police is a legitimate defence. However, if the use of force or in this case imprisonment was unreasonable, this would not be a viable defence, as is shown in the case of <i>Revil v Newbery</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a homeowner fired a shotgun to the burglar and ended up injuring him, this was held to be an unreasonable use of force and thus, the defence of illegality was void. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damages">Damages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Damages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a></div> <p>If the false imprisonment was for a minimal amount of time, the claimant could be entitled to <a href="/wiki/Nominal_Damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominal Damages">nominal damages</a>, as this tort is actionable <i>per se</i>. In <i>Walker v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis</i> [2014]<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where someone was stopped in a doorway for a couple of seconds this was still held to be false imprisonment. Additionally, if the applicant was injured through trying to escape using reasonable methods they may be entitled to <a href="/wiki/Compensatory_damages" class="mw-redirect" title="Compensatory damages">compensatory damages</a>. When law enforcement authorities violate the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution by detaining people without sufficient reason or disregarding due process, then it undermines the country's judicial system. Such actions violate individuals' rights while gravely damaging public trust in the criminal justice process.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, if the claimant suffered an 'affront to their dignity',<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they may be awarded aggravated damages (these are very rare). For example, in the case of <i>Hook v Cunard Steamship Co Ltd</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hook_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sailor was confined to his quarters and accused of child molestation but with 'no vestige of grounds in support',<sup id="cite_ref-Hook_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was held to be false imprisonment and aggravated damages were available due to this causing humiliation and injury to the claimant's feelings.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_detention" title="Wrongful detention">Wrongful detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abduction" title="Child abduction">Child abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusations" class="mw-redirect" title="False accusations">False accusations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_arrest" title="False arrest">False arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-term_false_imprisonment_cases" title="List of long-term false imprisonment cases">List of long-term false imprisonment cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">Ransom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wexfp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wexfp_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wexfp_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/false_imprisonment">"False Imprisonment"</a>. <i>Wex</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198829270" title="Special:BookSources/9780198829270"><bdi>9780198829270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tort+Law&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780198829270&rft.aulast=Horsey&rft.aufirst=Kirsty&rft.au=Radley%2C+Erica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+imprisonment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collins v Wilcock</i> [1984] 1 WLR 1172 (Goff LJ at [1177])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timon Hughes-Davies and Nathan Tamblyn (2020). <i>Tort law</i>, 2nd ed. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138554597" title="Special:BookSources/9781138554597">9781138554597</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bird v Jones [1845] EWHC 7 QB 742</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockhill-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockhill_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockhill_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Governor of Brockhill Prison ex parte Evans</i> [1997] QB 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeakinAdamsMarkesinis2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Deakin" title="Simon Deakin">Deakin, Simon F.</a>; Adams, Zoe; <a href="/wiki/Basil_Markesinis" title="Basil Markesinis">Markesinis, Basil</a> (2019). <i>Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law</i> (8th ed.). 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London. 28 April 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040509095234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1956323.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Police+sued+over+May+Day+protest&rft.date=2002-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1956323.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+imprisonment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4374853.stm">"Pair lose protest damages claim"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. London. 23 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629115905/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/4374853.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pair+lose+protest+damages+claim&rft.date=2005-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Flondon%2F4374853.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+imprisonment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lords2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lords2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldjudgmt/jd090128/austin-1.htm">"Judgments - Austin (FC) (Appellant) & another v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Respondent) (2009)"</a>. <i>www.parliament.uk</i>. U.K. Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024959/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200809/ldjudgmt/jd090128/austin-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Judgments+-+Austin+%28FC%29+%28Appellant%29+%26+another+v+Commissioner+of+Police+of+the+Metropolis+%28Respondent%29+%282009%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200809%2Fldjudgmt%2Fjd090128%2Faustin-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalse+imprisonment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revill v Newbery</i> [1996] 2 WLR 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsulawblog.com/author/md-toslim-bhuiyan-prantik/">Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik</a> (2024). "Unlawful Detention: A Betrayal of Human Dignity and the Rule of Law." <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a> | MTB Prantik</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hook-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hook_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hook_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hook v Cunard Steamship Co Ltd [1953] 1 Lloyd's Rep 413</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=False_imprisonment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiocasefiles.com/acf_casebooks/12-prosser-wade-schwartz-torts-cases-and-materials">Prosser on Torts website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawschool.mikeshecket.com/torts/enrightvgroves.html"><i>Enright v. Groves</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694752#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4018330-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Imprisonment"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064675">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007540796605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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