CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sex trafficking - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ab44e396-4dc6-426b-9e8d-71ccf558decf","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sex_trafficking","wgTitle":"Sex trafficking","wgCurRevisionId":1257896152,"wgRevisionId":1257896152,"wgArticleId":2101268,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from August 2021","Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2020","All articles with style issues","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases", "Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2022","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2022","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from January 2018","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from February 2022","Articles with excerpts","Sex trafficking","Human trafficking","Organized crime activity","Sex crimes","Sexual misconduct","Violence against men","Violence against women"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sex_trafficking","wgRelevantArticleId":2101268,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q21129531","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg/1200px-RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="777"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg/800px-RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg/640px-RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="414"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sex trafficking - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sex_trafficking rootpage-Sex_trafficking skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sex+trafficking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sex+trafficking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sex+trafficking" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sex+trafficking" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Global Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profile_and_modus_operandi_of_traffickers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profile_and_modus_operandi_of_traffickers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Profile and modus operandi of traffickers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Profile_and_modus_operandi_of_traffickers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Profile and modus operandi of traffickers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Profile_and_modus_operandi_of_traffickers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Profile_of_Traffickers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profile_of_Traffickers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Profile of Traffickers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profile_of_Traffickers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pimp-controlled_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pimp-controlled_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pimp-controlled trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pimp-controlled_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gang-controlled_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gang-controlled_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Gang-controlled trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gang-controlled_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grooming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grooming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Grooming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grooming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Branding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Familial_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Familial_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Familial trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Familial_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybersex_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybersex_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Cybersex trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybersex_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Forced marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profile_of_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profile_of_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Profile of victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profile_of_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_to_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_to_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consequences to victims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_to_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Global Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Public health response </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_health_response-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public health response subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_health_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Healthcare_interventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare_interventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Healthcare interventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare_interventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_tactics_to_facilitate_intervention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_tactics_to_facilitate_intervention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Control tactics to facilitate intervention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_tactics_to_facilitate_intervention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-sex_trafficking_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-sex_trafficking_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Anti-sex trafficking efforts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-sex_trafficking_efforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-sex trafficking efforts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-sex_trafficking_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_international_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_international_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 History of international legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_international_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 United Nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Council_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Council of Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_government_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_government_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Other government actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_government_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Prevention_and_Intervention_Efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Prevention_and_Intervention_Efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Prevention_and_Intervention_Efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations_(NGOs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-governmental_organizations_(NGOs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-governmental_organizations_(NGOs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_and_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_and_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Campaigns and initiatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_and_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-'End_Demand'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'End_Demand'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8.1 'End Demand' </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'End_Demand'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_males_in_the_global_fight_against_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_males_in_the_global_fight_against_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_males_in_the_global_fight_against_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminalizing_and_legalizing_prostitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminalizing_and_legalizing_prostitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminalizing_and_legalizing_prostitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_Giving_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_Giving_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 2017 Giving Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_Giving_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buying_Sex_Is_A_Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buying_Sex_Is_A_Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.12 Buying Sex Is A Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buying_Sex_Is_A_Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sex trafficking</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3" title="الاتجار بالجنس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتجار بالجنس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="যৌন উদ্দেশ্যে মানব পাচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যৌন উদ্দেশ্যে মানব পাচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sex trafficking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1fico_sexual" title="Tráfico sexual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tráfico sexual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قاچاق جنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاچاق جنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafic_sexuel" title="Trafic sexuel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trafic sexuel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Սեռական թրաֆիքինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեռական թրաֆիքինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_seks" title="Perdagangan seks – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan seks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סחר בבני אדם למטרות מין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סחר בבני אדם למטרות מין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajhuw%C3%A2l%C3%A2n_jima%27" title="Ajhuwâlân jima' – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ajhuwâlân jima'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿੰਗ ਤਸਕਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿੰਗ ਤਸਕਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1fico_sexual" title="Tráfico sexual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tráfico sexual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Секс-торговля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Секс-торговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Трговина сексом – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трговина сексом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A9%E5%8D%96" title="性贩卖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="性贩卖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21129531#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sex_trafficking" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sex_trafficking" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sex_trafficking" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&oldid=1257896152" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sex_trafficking&id=1257896152&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSex_trafficking">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSex_trafficking">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sex_trafficking&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sex_trafficking" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21129531" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trade of sexual slaves</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>. (July 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg/220px-RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg/330px-RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg/440px-RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1352" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>The business model for sex trafficking as described by Swedish anti-sex work activists</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Social issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Transgender</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">Prostitution law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Workers' rights</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_sex_work" title="Decriminalization of sex work">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/World_Charter_for_Prostitutes%27_Rights" title="World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights">World Charter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_law" title="Circumcision and law">Circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Specific offences (varies by jurisdiction)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adultery_laws" title="Adultery laws">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Anti-miscegenation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcible_touching" title="Forcible touching">Forcible touching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">U.S. law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Pimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">procuring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Public indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction_(tort)" title="Seduction (tort)">Seduction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Sodomy laws in the United States">U.S. laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sodomy" title="Female sodomy">Female sodomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">UK Section 63 (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Sex offender registration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registry" title="Sex offender registry">Sex offender registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_offender_registries_in_the_United_States" title="Sex offender registries in the United States">Sex offender registries in the United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Portals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/48px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/64px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sex trafficking is <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> for the purpose of sexual exploitation. It has been called a form of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">modern slavery</a> because of the way victims are forced into sexual acts non-consensually, in a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery-1">[1]</a> Perpetrators of the crime are called sex traffickers or <a href="/wiki/Pimps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimps">pimps</a>—people who manipulate victims to engage in various forms of commercial sex with paying customers. Sex traffickers use force, fraud, and coercion as they recruit, transport, and provide their victims as prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Sometimes victims are brought into a situation of dependency on their trafficker(s), financially or emotionally.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a> Every aspect of sex trafficking is considered a crime, from acquisition to transportation and exploitation of victims.<a href="#cite_note-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery-1">[1]</a> This includes any sexual exploitation of adults or minors, including <a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">child sex tourism</a> (CST) and domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST).<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization (ILO)</a> reported 20.9 million people were subjected to forced labor, and 22% (4.5 million) were victims of forced sexual exploitation, 300,000 of them in Developed Economies and the EU. <a href="#cite_note-OIT-4">[4]</a> The ILO reported in 2016 that of the estimated 25 million persons in forced labor, 5 million were victims of sexual exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> However, due to the covertness of sex trafficking, obtaining accurate, reliable statistics poses a challenge for researchers.<a href="#cite_note-Tiefenbrun-7">[7]</a> The global commercial profits for sexual slavery are estimated to be $99 billion, according to ILO.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 2005, the figure was given as $9 billion for the total human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Sex trafficking typically occurs in situations from which escape is both difficult and dangerous. Networks of traffickers exist in every country. Therefore, victims are often trafficked across state and country lines which causes jurisdictional concerns and make cases difficult to prosecute.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Uses">Global Uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Global Uses">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, countries adopted a definition set forth by the <a href="/wiki/Publishing_houses_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Publishing houses in the Soviet Union">United Moms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Villanova-12">[12]</a> The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, <a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children</a>, is also referred to as the Palermo Protocol. The Palermo Protocol created this definition.<a href="#cite_note-Villanova-12">[12]</a> 147 of the 192 member states of the UN ratified the Palermo Protocol when it was published in 2000;<a href="#cite_note-Villanova-12">[12]</a> as of September 2017, 171 states are parties.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Article 3 of the Palermo Protocol states the definition as:<a href="#cite_note-Palermo_Protocol_Doc-14">[14]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">(a) "Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs; (b) The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) have been used; (c) The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered "trafficking in persons" even if this does not involve any of the means set forth in subparagraph (a) of this article; (d) "Child" shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.</blockquote> Article 5 of the Palermo Protocol requires member states to criminalize trafficking based on the definition outlined in Article 3; however, many member states' domestic laws reflect a narrower definition than Article 3.<a href="#cite_note-Villanova-12">[12]</a> Although these nations claim to be obliging Article 5, their narrow laws lead to a smaller portion of people being prosecuted for sex trafficking than would otherwise be prosecuted under the wider definition.<a href="#cite_note-Villanova-12">[12]</a> The UN established various anti-trafficking tools, including a Global Report on Trafficking in Persons and an Inter-Agency Coordination Group Against Trafficking in Persons. The Global Report on Trafficking in Person provides new information based on data gathered from 155 countries. It offers first global assessment of the scope of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and what is being done to fight it. The UN General Assembly passed several resolutions on measuring to eliminate human trafficking. In 2010, the UN Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons was adopted. Various other organizations have engaged in global efforts against sex trafficking. "The UN Protocol's is the bedrock of the international initiatives against human sex trafficking."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This protocol defines certain elements of sex trafficking: "action", which describes the recruitment and transportation of victims, "means", which includes coercion, fraud, or abuse of power, and "purpose", which includes exploitation such as prostitution, forced labor or slavery, and the removal of organs. The UN requires member states to establish the trafficking of humans as a criminal offense. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> An internationally recognized definition for sex trafficking was established with the Trafficking Act of 2000. The United States passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) to clarify confusion and discrepancies in regards to the criminalizing guidelines of human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> Through this act, sex trafficking crimes were defined as "the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act".<a href="#cite_note-TVPA_Doc-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> If the victim is a child under the age of 18 no force, fraud, or coercion needs to be proven based on this legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> Susan Tiefenbrun, a professor at the Thomas Jefferson School of Law who has written extensively on human trafficking, conducted research on the victims addressed in this act and discovered that each year more than two million women throughout the world are bought and sold for sexual exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-Tiefenbrun-7">[7]</a> To clarify previous legal inconsistencies in regards to youth and trafficking, the United States took legal measures to define more varieties of exploitive situations in relation to children.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> The two terms they defined and focused on were "commercial sexual exploitation of children" and "domestic minor sex trafficking". Commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is defined as "encompassing several forms of exploitation, including pornography, prostitution, child sex tourism, and child marriage."<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> Domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) is a term that represents a subset of CSEC situations that have "the exchange of sex with a child under the age of 18, who is a United States (US) citizen or permanent resident, for a gain of cash, goods, or anything of value."<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> According to ECPAT USA, the average age of entry into street prostitution is between 12 and 14 years old. The demographic of street prostitutes range from impoverished women, children, ethnic minorities, and immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-:15-18">[18]</a> In the United States, sex traffickers often find their victims in public places. Victims are often lured with the promise of money, housing, or jobs, such as modeling work. Vulnerability to certain approaches increase when victims are young or homeless.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-21">[21]</a> Emotional and physical coercion are used to build trust between a victim and their abductor.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> This coercion often makes the relationships between trafficker and trafficked and pimp and prostitute difficult to identify.<a href="#cite_note-:8-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a> Often, victims who partake in consensual sex work are tricked into thinking they will have freedom in their work, along with a large sum of money. After the victim has agreed to the pimp's offer, they are forcibly dissuaded from leaving by forcing addictive drugs, withholding money and physical/sexual abuse. Victims are often trapped by finances and basic survival, as perpetrators will often keep money, passports, and basic necessities as insurance.<a href="#cite_note-:15-18">[18]</a> It is very common in the United States for pimps to own a business or store, especially nail salons and massage parlors. It is also very common for sex slavery businesses to be conducted near U.S. military bases.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Northern Virginia is one of the top sex trafficking hotspots in the United States. The National Human Trafficking Resource Center reported that in 2018, they received 198 reports of human trafficking from Northern Virginia. In 2017 Virginia was ranked 4th as the top ten federal court districts involving domestic sex trafficking cases where prosecutors were involved with minors.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profile_and_modus_operandi_of_traffickers">Profile and modus operandi of traffickers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Profile and modus operandi of traffickers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profile_of_Traffickers">Profile of Traffickers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Profile of Traffickers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_2">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> A 2017 analysis of 1,416 child sex traffickers arrested in the United States in the last decade found that 75.4% of traffickers were male and 24.4% were female. The average age of male traffickers was 29.2 years and the average age of female traffickers was 26.3. Of those whose race was identified, 71.7% were African American, 20.5% were Caucasian, 3.7% were Hispanic, and the remaining classified as Pacific Islander/Asian and other.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pimp-controlled_trafficking">Pimp-controlled trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pimp-controlled trafficking">edit</a>]</div> In pimp-controlled trafficking, the victim is controlled by a single trafficker, sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimp</a>. The victim can be controlled by the trafficker physically, psychologically, and/or emotionally. To obtain control over their victims, traffickers will use force and <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, as well as emotional tactics. In certain circumstances, they will even resort to various forms of violence, such as <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a> and mental and <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical abuse</a>. Traffickers sometimes use offers of marriage or modeling careers to obtain victims.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Other times they use threats, <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">brainwashing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>. <a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a> is commonly used. The trafficker will first gain the trust of the victim, through emotional manipulation.<a href="#cite_note-rapidassessment-28">[28]</a> The trafficker may express love and admiration, offer them a job or an education, or buying them a ticket to a new location.<a href="#cite_note-trafficking_and_internet-29">[29]</a> The main types of work offered are in the catering and hotel industry, in bars and clubs, modeling contracts, or <a href="/wiki/Au_pair" title="Au pair">au pair</a> work. Once the victim becomes comfortable, they may consensually request sexual acts from the victim. The victim, under the guise that they are in a relationship, may oblige. The requests may progress, and the trafficker may reference previous sexual acts in order to normalize the behavior, as well as participating in <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a>, especially when the encounter occurs over the internet. Victims may become trapped due to fears of social ramifications.<a href="#cite_note-rapidassessment-28">[28]</a> Although uncommon, there have been reports of victims being kidnapped.<a href="#cite_note-truckers-30">[30]</a> Social media has been used to groom and advertise victims.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> After the victim has joined the offender, various techniques are used to restrict the victim's access to communication with home, such as imposing physical punishment unless the victim complies with the trafficker's demands and making threats of harm and even death to the victim and their family.<a href="#cite_note-trafficking_and_internet-29">[29]</a> Victims may experience <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome" title="Stockholm syndrome">Stockholm syndrome</a>, as captors often manipulate victims into believing they are in a romantic relationship with their captor.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In India, those who traffic young girls into prostitution are often women who have been trafficked themselves. As adults they use personal relationships and trust in their villages of origin to recruit additional girls.<a href="#cite_note-Maplecroft811-33">[33]</a> Also, some <a href="/wiki/Migrant_sex_work" title="Migrant sex work">migrating prostitutes</a> can become victims of human trafficking because the women know they will be working as prostitutes; however, they are given an inaccurate description by their "boss" of the circumstances. Therefore, they consequently get exploited due to their misconception of what conditions to expect of their sex work in the new destination country.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gang-controlled_trafficking">Gang-controlled trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gang-controlled trafficking">edit</a>]</div> Gang-controlled differs from other kinds of sex trafficking as it is conducted by gang members as a group.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In general, <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">Gang</a> members are expected or forced to participate in tasks that involve illegal and violent activity. Some of these criminal behaviors may include: distributing drugs, robbery, trafficking drugs, extortion, and murder.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> Gangs may see sex trafficking as a faster way to earn money, and may believe it attracts less police attention than drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Sex trafficking serves as a more cost and time efficient way to make money, as one human trafficking victim can obtain money over the course of many years.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Gangs may partner with different gangs in the area, to work as a joint sex trafficking ring. This enables them to increase profits by trading different victims. This gives their client, also known as a john, a greater variety of options to choose from. Clients are often willing to pay a larger price for a 'type' of victim. Another reason that gangs will share victims is because this makes it more difficult for law enforcement to keep track of the victims, preventing them from making a positive identification.<a href="#cite_note-auto-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grooming">Grooming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Grooming">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)#Grooming" title="Procuring (prostitution)">Procuring (prostitution) § Grooming</a></div> 'Romeo Pimps' or 'loverboys' are individuals who actively seek for young or otherwise vulnerable individuals male or female with intent to make them fall in love. By doing so the 'loverboy' can gain leverage or control and use the individual for exploitment in the sex industry. Although this method takes time, and therefore is less commonly used, does not mean it is gone. 'Loverboys' methods are evolving due to social media. These 'loverboys' have access to vulnerable individuals' online profiles like anyone else; which allows them to gain lots of personal information and build a case and/or connection with their chosen target. The 'loverboy' has now made a connection with their victim and agrees to go on excursions and romantic getaways. Which is where the 'loverboy' makes his or her move on the victim. If they traveled the 'loverboy' takes his change and confiscates the individuals passport and/or form of identification. Which then makes the individual trapped and typically passes him or her off to the next trafficker. Gang traffickers typically select and groom their victims by establishing trust. This can happen through giving gifts, praise and attention to create a psychological and emotional connection between the victim and trafficker. It's sometimes referred to as the Romeo Method.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> It consists of different <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> techniques. A member will take the victim to a restaurant, give gifts, and take them to parties where they are provided with supplies of drugs and alcohol. They also learn their weaknesses and find vulnerabilities that can be used against them.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Megans law puts certain procedures in place to provide the community with information regarding sex offenders who live close to them in the area.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>This allows parents to be more aware of who their children are surrounded by and makes it easier to keep their children safe. This is a procedure that further prevents grooming. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branding">Branding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Branding">edit</a>]</div> Gang members often wear certain types of clothing or colors to prove their commitment or loyalty to the gang. It is also very common to represent your gang by branding your body with tattoos.<a href="#cite_note-Gang_-_Involved_Sex_Trafficking-43">[43]</a> Many victims of sex trafficking are branded as well. By forcing a tattoo onto their victim's traffickers display ownership of that person.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> These tattoos might have the name of the trafficker with symbols or words such as "loyalty", "respect". The placement of these tattoos often varies. Some of these tattoos are located around the necks, arms, hips, back, or even above the groin. Survivors are usually branded by different gangs with known human trafficking enterprises. For example, the Bloods, Folk Nation, Crips, Latin kings, Hell's Angels, or similar syndicates.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Familial_trafficking">Familial trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Familial trafficking">edit</a>]</div> In familial trafficking, the victim is controlled by family members who allow them to be sexually exploited in exchange for something of value, such as drugs or money. This is most common in trafficking of minors (e.g. a mother may allow a boyfriend to abuse a child in exchange for housing). One study found that 60% of all child victims are related to their sex trafficker.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Another study reveals that familial trafficking is most commonly headed by the mother: she was the primary trafficker in 64.5% of the cases. The father was the trafficker in 32.3% of the cases, and another family member in the remaining 3.2%.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Familial trafficking may be difficult to detect because these children often have a larger degree of freedom and may still attend school and after-school functions. These children may not understand that they are being trafficked or may not have a way out. Familial trafficking is considered by some to be the most prevalent form of human sex trafficking within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-rapidassessment-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-49">[49]</a> This form of trafficking is also extremely common outside of the United States. Many families from impoverished areas (India, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, etc.) find themselves in situations where debt or tradition calls for the selling of a loved one, most commonly female. In Thailand there is a tradition known as bhun kun, which establishes the youngest daughter as financially responsible for her parents as they grow old. Author Kara Siddharth interviewed a Thai victim who stated that she was "proud to fulfill her duty to her parents in the form of tiny payments that the brothel owner sent to her father after her trafficking debts were repaid". Many children are sold to repay debts, or to put food on the table for their family.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybersex_trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cybersex trafficking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a> involves trafficking and the <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">live streaming</a> of coerced sexual acts and/or rape on webcam.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and transferred to 'cybersex dens.'<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone with internet connection.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53">[53]</a> Perpetrators use social media networks, <a href="/wiki/Videoconferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferences">videoconferences</a>, pornographic video sharing websites, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a> sites,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-58">[58]</a> and other platforms.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This type of sex trafficking has surged since the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Age">Digital Age</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-53">[53]</a> and the development of <a href="/wiki/Online_payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Online payment">online payment</a> systems<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">cryptocurrencies</a> that hide the transactors' identities.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Millions of reports of its occurrence are sent to authorities annually.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> New laws and police procedures combating cybersex trafficking are needed in the twenty-first century.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_marriage">Forced marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Forced marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></div> A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Servile marriage is defined as a marriage involving a person being sold, transferred or inherited into that marriage.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/ECPAT" title="ECPAT">ECPAT</a>, "Child trafficking for forced marriage is simply another manifestation of trafficking and is not restricted to particular nationalities or countries".<a href="#cite_note-ecpat.org.uk-67">[67]</a> A forced marriage qualifies as a form of human trafficking in certain situations. If a woman is sent abroad, forced into the marriage and then repeatedly compelled to engage in sexual conduct with her new husband, then her experience is that of sex trafficking. If the bride is treated as a domestic servant by her new husband and/or his family, then this is a form of labor trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Approximately 140 million girls under the age of 18, which is about 39,000 a day, were forced into early marriages between 2011 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Forced marriage, which is identified by the United Nations as a "contemporary form of slavery", occurs without full consent of the man or woman, and is associated with threats by family members or the bride/groom. Forced marriage occurs not only in foreign countries but in the US as well. The service providers in the United States cannot successfully respond to forced marriage cases because they lack clarity and a true definition of what a forced marriage is.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> A complex, interconnected web of political <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a>, governmental, and societal factors contribute to sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Many scholars critique the power hierarchies based on gender, race, and class which underlie economic systems as perpetuators of victims' vulnerability to sex trafficking. Copley argues that women in underdeveloped countries are powerless due to these hierarchies of power.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Ideas of gender are thus perpetuated through globalization, leaving women vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Matusek cites masculinity as privileged with power and control in these hierarchies.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Femininity, she notes, is associated with submissive and passive qualities.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Femininity's lack of power leaves women to be used by men and consequently be seen as disposable.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> This view of women is perpetuated through the globalization of power hierarchies, which Matusek argues justifies and normalizes violence and power against women.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> This normalization of violence and power is a key player in the existence and continuation of sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Vesna Nikovic-Ristanovic also cites this normalization of violence and power as a cause of sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> Nikovic-Ristanovic analyzes the role of perceived femininity in women's vulnerability to sex trafficking, by specifically looking at the links between militarism and female sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> Nikovic-Ristanovic cites a connection between war rapes and forced prostitution and sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> The way women's bodies are used in war relate to the normalization of violence and power against women.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> Nikovic-Ristanovic argues that military presence, even in times of peace, promote ideas of gender which render women vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> These ideas concern <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_masculinity" title="Hegemonic masculinity">hegemonic masculinity</a>, which Nikovic-Ristanovic defines as the hyper sexuality of men and the submissiveness or passivity of women and girls.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> Nikovic-Ristanovic notes that the global acceptance of this definition justifies exploitation and violence against women since women are viewed as sex objects for the fulfillment of male's sexual desire.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> This Western ideal of heteronormative sexuality, Nikovic-Ristanovic argues, is also perpetuated through media and advertisements, in which women are encouraged to appear sexually attractive for men.<a href="#cite_note-:14-73">[73]</a> Kim Anh Duong argues that social narratives about women which arise from power hierarchies, coupled with women's economic realities, render women vulnerable to exploitation and sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Duong identifies the prevailing narrative of women as the disadvantaged victim.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> She cites powerlessness as the result of this narrative, which is further perpetuated by social and economic realities which result from development process which leave women dependent on men.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> This overall powerlessness, according to Duong, makes women easy targets of exploitation and violence.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Susan Tiefenbrun, like Duong, notes women's lower status of power and consequential dependence on men.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[75]</a> Tiefenbrun, unlike Duong, cites cultural norms as the cause of this vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[75]</a> She argues that cultural norms deprive women of access to and time for receiving an education or learning skills to improve employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[75]</a> This lack of education and access to employment results in women's dependence on men.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[75]</a> Tiefenbrun argues that women's dependence renders them more vulnerable to traffickers.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[75]</a> Another school of thought attributes women's migration for work in a context of strict immigration controls as the primary factor in women's vulnerability in becoming trafficked for sex. There has been an increase in women migrating within and across borders. Duong cites a demand for women migrant workers which encourages migration.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> The globalization of neoliberalism has shifted the global economy's focus to export production. Duong notes that there is a demand for women in export production because employers are able to pay them the lowest wages.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Another reason for the demand of women workers is that there is a demand for care work.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Since care work is gendered as women's work, Duong argues that women are encouraged to migrate to fill this demand.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Janie Chuang is one scholar who notes the strict border controls which leave women who migrate for work in informal labor sectors, such as for care work, with little opportunity for legal migration.<a href="#cite_note-:32-76">[76]</a> Chuang notes that women are thus more vulnerable to being taken advantage of by sex traffickers who provide opportunities for illegal migration.<a href="#cite_note-:32-76">[76]</a> Strict immigration laws are also cited by Tiefenbrun as a key factor in individuals entering sex trafficking because women will agree to <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondages</a> and sex traffickers' incentives to flee their social and economic realities.<a href="#cite_note-:7-75">[75]</a> One cause for women's migration that is widely agreed upon by scholars is the economic pressure upon women due to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> globalization. Siddharth Kara argues that globalization and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Western Capitalism</a> drive inequality and rural poverty, which are the material causes for sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery-1">[1]</a> Dong-Hoon Seol points out unequal development between countries as an effect of the globalization of neoliberalism.<a href="#cite_note-:43-77">[77]</a> He argues that the growing disparity of wealth between developed and underdeveloped countries leads to migration of women from underdeveloped countries.<a href="#cite_note-:43-77">[77]</a> Duong cites <a href="/wiki/Structural_adjustment" title="Structural adjustment">Structural adjustment</a> programs (SAPs), an aspect of development policies in the globalization of neoliberalism, as a cause for women's poverty, unemployment, and low wages which promote migration.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> SAPs affect men and women differently, she argues, because men and women experience poverty differently.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">feminization of poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Much of women's time is spent doing unpaid labor such as housework and <a href="/wiki/Care_work" title="Care work">care work</a>, leading to an overall lower income.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Duong further argues that women are placed at a greater disadvantage due to their lack of access to land and other resources.<a href="#cite_note-:23-74">[74]</a> Matusek also argues that the unequal distribution of resources and power lead to both push and pull factors of migration.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> According to Matusek, women are pushed to migrate on account of a lack of education and employment opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Other scholars focus on the demand for sex itself as a cause of sex trafficking. The pull factor comes from globalization creating a market around sex.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Matusek cites the <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> aspect of capitalism as the cause for the industrialization of sex.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> The pull factor comes from globalization creating a market around sex.<a href="#cite_note-:04-72">[72]</a> Seol also cites the globalization of the commodification aspect of capitalism as a cause of sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:43-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> In the United States anyone is permitted to contact the <a href="/wiki/Polaris_Project" title="Polaris Project">Polaris Project</a> at 1(888)-373-7888. The hotline is beneficial since providers are available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week to assist victims and provide information for those who are at risk. There are a variety of ways to help prevent trafficking. One must be aware of the indicators to identify victims: abnormal behavior, poor physical health, lack of control, and work and living conditions.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> However, these signs may only be shown through a number of people – there may be more severe, serious indicators of sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> One way to prevent sex trafficking is to become an advocate and educate others in communities and schools. <a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profile_of_victims">Profile of victims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Profile of victims">edit</a>]</div> There is no single profile for victims of human trafficking. Most are women, though it is not uncommon for males to be trafficked as well. Victims are captured then exploited all around the world, representing a diverse range of ages and backgrounds, including ethnic and socioeconomic. However, there is a set group of traits associated with a higher risk of becoming trafficked for sexual exploitation. Persons at risk include homeless and runaway youth, foreign nationals (especially those of lower socioeconomic status), and those who have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, violent trauma, neglect, poor academic success, and inadequate social skills.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Also, a study of a group of female sex workers in Canada found that 64 percent of them had been in the child welfare system as children (this includes foster and group homes).<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a> This research conducted by Kendra Nixon illustrates how children in or leaving foster care are at a higher risk of becoming a sex worker.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a> In the United States, research has illustrated how these qualities hold true for victims, even though none can be labeled as a direct cause.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> For example, more than 50 percent of domestic minor sex trafficking victims have a history of homelessness.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> Familial disruptions such as divorce or the death of a parent place minors at a higher risk of entering the industry, but home life in general influences children's risk. In a study of trafficked youth in Arizona, 20 to 40 percent of female victims identified with experiencing abuse of some form (sexual or physical) at home before entering into the industry as a sex slave.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> Of the males interviewed, a smaller proportion, 1 to 30 percent, reported former abuse in the home.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> The main motive of a woman (in some cases, an underage girl) to accept an offer from a trafficker is better financial opportunities for herself or her family. A study on the origin countries of trafficking confirms that most trafficking victims are not the poorest in their countries of origin, and sex trafficking victims are likely to be women from countries with some freedom to travel alone and some economic freedom.<a href="#cite_note-rao-82">[82]</a> There are numerous fake businesses that sound realistic that convince people to apply for the job. Some places have a reputation for holding an illegal business to attract their victims.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Children are at risk because of their vulnerable characteristics; naïve outlook, size, and tendency to be easily intimidated".<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a> The International Labor Organization estimates that of the 20.9 million people who are trafficked in the world (for all types of work) 5.5 million are children.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2016, it was estimated that approximately one million children worldwide were victims of sex trafficking. Both boys and girls may be trafficked, though girls are more frequently victims; 23% of human trafficking victims identified by a United Nations Report were girls, compared to 7% for boys. Female child trafficking victims are more likely to experience sexual exploitation: 72% and 27% incidence rates for girls and boy, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In the US, children do not need to be forced into sexual exploitation according to the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000</a> to be considered victims of sex trafficking. Under this act, a child is defined as anyone under the age of 18, however the exploitation of children under the age of 14 carries a harsher punishment, though this is rarely enforced. The Bureau of Justice Statistics states that there are 100,000 child victims of sex trafficking, but only 150 child trafficking cases were brought to court in 2011. Of these, only 81 convictions were made. Many children who are trafficked are also at higher risk of turning to prostitution, a crime that many of them face criminal charges for, even under the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_to_victims">Consequences to victims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consequences to victims">edit</a>]</div> Sex trafficked people face similar health consequences to women exploited for labor purposes, people who have experienced domestic violence, and migrant women.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-87">[87]</a> Many of the sex workers contract sexually transmitted infections (STIs).<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> In a study conducted by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, "only one of 23 trafficked women interviewed felt well-informed about sexually transmitted infections or HIV before leaving home."<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-87">[87]</a> Without knowledge about this aspect of their health, trafficked women may not take the necessary preventive steps and contract these infections and have poor health seeking behavior in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman-87">[87]</a> §  : The authors of “Helping Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Exit and Postexit Interventions” state those who have survived human trafficking have experienced malnutrition and often come out with “severe injuries”, resulting from the neglect and abuse that they’ve endured (Dell et al. 184).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> More than likely, these were never addressed while they were held captive and will take serious intervention once they are rescued or released to heal. In another systematic review done, the “studies… reported a high prevalence of physical… health problems among women who had been trafficked [such as] headache, back pain, stomach pain, and memory problems,” (Oram et al. 9).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The mental health implications range from depression to anxiety to <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) due to the abuse and violence victims face from their pimps or "johns".<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> §  : For example, authors Le and Perry, in their systemic review of “Advancing the Science on the Biophysical Effects of Human Trafficking” discuss that throughout many studies done among sexual trafficking survivors, mostly girls, “elevated burdens of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),” are revealed (175).<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Of course, this seems obvious, considering that these women are enduring constant abuse and manipulation. Looking at just post-traumatic stress disorder, which is “a mental disorder that may develop after exposure to exceptionally threatening or horrifying events,” it seems evident that these women would walk away with lasting mental health effects (Bisson et al. 1).<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Another study done through BMC Public health revealed that there was a negative relationship between the how much girls and women were exposed to SEA (sexual exploitation and abuse) and their “social status” (Gray et al. 1).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> These girls were subjected to more public shame and isolation. So, even after the fact, they continue to experience isolation, which certainly isn’t benefitting their mental health or healing. With such a mindset, many individuals develop alcohol or drug addictions and abusive habits.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> §  According to Chon in “Supporting Individuals at the Intersection of Human Trafficking and Substance Use”, traffickers would use drugs to keep their victims chained to them.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> They would give them the drugs and then manage their withdrawal symptoms to the point where the victims needed them to live. However, Chon also explains that, even those who did not endure this type of abuse, still reported using drugs and alcohol to cope with what they had gone through. §  In “Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States" the authors express that “many victims are forced to commit… illegal activities such as drug use” and that because many of these victims are having their legal documentation withheld from them, they can’t do anything about it for fear of criminal prosecution (Logan et al. 6).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> So, they become stuck in a cycle, forced into something they likely didn’t want, but now reliant on it. Many victims use these substances as a coping mechanism or escape which further promotes the rate of addiction in this population.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">[3]</a> In a 30-year longitudinal study conducted by J. Potterat et al., it was determined that the average lifespan for women engaged in prostitution in Colorado Springs was 34 years.<a href="#cite_note-Arizona-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_Impact">Global Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Global Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> Sex trafficking of women and children is the second most common type of trafficking for export in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">[95]</a> In Ghana, "connection men" or traffickers are witnessed regularly at border crossings and transport individuals via fake visas. Women are most commonly trafficked to Belgium, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, the Netherlands, Nigeria, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">[95]</a> Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States are also common destination countries for trafficked Nigerian women.<a href="#cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">[95]</a> In Uganda, the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army" title="Lord's Resistance Army">Lord's Resistance Army</a> traffics individuals to Sudan to sell them as sex slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">[95]</a> The Nigerian syndicates dominate sex trades in multiple territories. The syndicates recruit women from South Africa and send them to Europe and Asia, where they are forced into prostitution, drug smuggling, or domestic violence. Law enforcement reported that sex traffickers force drug use to persuade these unwilling women.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> Sex trafficking is a problem in North America, Central America, and South America<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> People have been <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Sex trafficking in Mexico">sex trafficked to and through Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It has been estimated that two-thirds of trafficking victims in the United States are US citizens. Most victims who are foreign-born come into the US legally, on various visas. <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">State Department</a> estimated that between 15,000 and 50,000 women and girls are trafficked each year into the United States. The <a href="/wiki/Girls_Educational_and_Mentoring_Services" title="Girls Educational and Mentoring Services">Girls Educational and Mentoring Services</a> (GEMS), an organization based in New York, claims that the majority of girls in the sex trade were abused as children. Poverty and a lack of education play major roles in the lives of many women in the sex industry. According to a report conducted by the University of Pennsylvania, anywhere from 100,000 up to 300,000 American children at any given time may be at risk of exploitation due to factors such as drug use, homelessness, or other factors connected with increased risk for commercial sexual exploitation. However, the report emphasized, "The numbers presented in these exhibits do not, therefore, reflect the actual number of cases of CSEC in the United States but, rather, what we estimate to be the number of children 'at risk' of commercial sexual exploitation." Richard J. Estes, one of the report's authors, noted that the report was based on 25 year old data, and was out of date because the world of the 1990s "was quite a different one from that in which we live today." A report from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a> says that only 1,700 kids reported having engaged in prostitution. David Finkelhor, one of the authors of that report, said "Given that running away has declined, I wouldn't put any stock in these figures as indicators of what is going on today". People of color may also have high risks of sex trafficking due to lack of documentation, fear, distrust, etc. They often have difficulties contacting authorities or others for support due to inabilities to understand the language or the laws of the area. In 2003, 1,400 minors were arrested for prostitution, 14% of whom were younger than 14 years old. A study conducted by the International Labor Union indicated that boys are at a higher risk of being trafficked into agricultural work, the drug trade, and petty crime. Girls were at a higher risk of being forced into the sex industry and domestic work. In 2004, the Department of Labor found 1,087 minors employed in situations that violated hazardous occupation standards. The same year, 5,480 children were employed violating <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">child labor laws</a>. Due to the secretive nature of trafficking, it is difficult to piece together an accurate picture of how widespread the problem is. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> The key hubs for both source transportation and destination of the sub-region of Asia include India, Japan, South Korea and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> India is a major hub for trafficked Bangladeshi and Nepali women.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In India itself, there are an estimated 3 million sex workers, 40% of whom are trafficked children, mostly girls from ethnic minorities and lower castes. In Thailand, 800,000 children under the age of 16 were involved in prostitution in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-International_Business_Times-106">[106]</a> Also, according to UNICEF and the International Labour Organization there are 40,000 child prostitutes in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-International_Business_Times-106">[106]</a> Thailand and India are in the top five countries with the highest rates of child prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-International_Business_Times-106">[106]</a> Cambodia is also a transit, source, and a destination country for trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> 36% of trafficked victims in Asia are children, while 64% are adults.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, in instances of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, 44% are sexually-related, which predominantly include offering sexually related services, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, offences, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual exploitation">exploitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:21-109">[109]</a> Sex trafficking is one of Canada's largest and fastest-growing <a href="/wiki/Criminal_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal activities">criminal activities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:24-110">[110]</a> It is also one of the world's largest criminal enterprises that generates $99 billion (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">USD</a>) in profit.<a href="#cite_note-:24-110">[110]</a> According to recent statistics from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>, one victim could generate between $168,000 and $336,000 a year for one '<a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimp</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-:24-110">[110]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Labour_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour exploitation">labour exploitation</a> in Canada is extremely rare, human trafficking involving sexual exploitation is far more common, especially in densely populated urban areas but this may be because sexual exploitation is easier to detect in urban areas under current Canadian detection resources.<a href="#cite_note-:21-109">[109]</a> Migrant workers are most commonly affected by labour exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Global Slavery Index noted in 2016 that roughly 17,000 people were experiencing modern-day slavery in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Instances of human trafficking occur, 90% of the time, in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan areas</a>, with 97% of victims being <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">female</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-113">[113]</a> The Criminal Code of Canada and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act state that human trafficking is an offence, but do not make a distinction specifically between sex trafficking or exploitation, and other forms of human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:21-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-113">[113]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Public_Safety_Canada" title="Public Safety Canada">Public Safety Canada</a>, at-risk groups of human trafficking include migrants and new <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">immigrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>Q persons, <a href="/wiki/People_with_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="People with disabilities">people with disabilities</a>, children in Welfare systems and <a href="/wiki/At-Risk_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="At-Risk Youth">At-Risk Youth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> women and girls are disproportionately more affected by sex trafficking in Canada, however, the discourse surrounding exploited Indigenous women and girls is more frequently labelled as sex work as opposed to sex trafficking, which has left many trafficked victims unaccounted for.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png/420px-Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png/630px-Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png/840px-Offences_in_Relation_to_Sexual_Services_Compared_to_Other_Types_of_Human_Trafficking_in_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Offences related to sex trafficking in Canada</figcaption></figure>Within recent years, the Canadian federal government has shifted its approach to sex trafficking away from an international perspective towards a domestic emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-:30-115">[115]</a> This also includes the government's voicing of victims and witnesses along with a greater degree of attention to sex trafficking involving minors.<a href="#cite_note-:30-115">[115]</a> On 29 July 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> invested $19 million to combat human and sex trafficking in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:26-116">[116]</a> This fund will be administered by two federal departments responsible for the implementation of the Government's five-year National Strategy to Combat Human Trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:26-116">[116]</a> This federally collaborative approach to eradicate human trafficking will support those who are impacted.<a href="#cite_note-:26-116">[116]</a> Women and Gender Equality Canada plan to distribute $14 million to this effort, and $5 million will be funded through Public Safety Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:26-116">[116]</a> These efforts are designed to empower survivors, deter trafficking altogether, protect vulnerable populations, and prosecute perpetrators in collaboration with both <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">territories and provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:25-113">[113]</a> While there are no organizations in Canada focused exclusively on ending sex trafficking in Canada, The Canadian Centre to End Human Trafficking (CCEHT) is the only nationally coordinated effort focused on ending human trafficking more broadly in a Canadian context.<a href="#cite_note-:27-117">[117]</a> The CCEHT aims to organize <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective action</a> and systemic change in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:27-117">[117]</a> The organization works with other <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofits</a>, businesses, and <a href="/wiki/Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholders</a> to establish what the best practices are, and ensure that no duplicate efforts are happening due to miscommunications between various actors.<a href="#cite_note-:27-117">[117]</a> The CCEHT also provides services for survivors of sex trafficking in helping them return to society.<a href="#cite_note-:27-117">[117]</a> Many other organizations in Canada aim to reduce sex trafficking as one of several objectives.<a href="#cite_note-:28-118">[118]</a> Initiatives exist at federal, provincial and municipal levels.<a href="#cite_note-:28-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Covenant_House_Toronto" title="Covenant House Toronto">Covenant House Toronto</a> leads a national campaign called Traffick Stop.<a href="#cite_note-:29-119">[119]</a> Traffick Stop helps people develop skills to recognize the indicators of sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:29-119">[119]</a> This campaign aims to inform Canadians about the existence of sex trafficking in Canada and its prevalence.<a href="#cite_note-:29-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></div> In general, countries who are members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are destinations for individuals to be sex trafficked whereas the Balkans and Eastern Europe are source and transit countries.<a href="#cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">[95]</a> Transit countries are picked for their geographical location. This is because the locations the traffickers pick usually have a weak border control, the distance from the destination countries, corrupt official, or the organized crime groups are in on the sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In 1997 alone as many as 175,000 young women from Russia, the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe were sold as commodities in the sex markets of the developed countries in Europe and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The European Union reported that from 2010 to 2013 30,146 individuals were identified and registered as human trafficking victims.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-122">[122]</a> Of those registered, 69 percent of the victims were sexually exploited and more than 1,000 were children.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-122">[122]</a> Although many sex trafficked individuals are from outside of Europe, two-thirds of the 30,146 victims were EU citizens.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-122">[122]</a> Despite this high proportion of domestic sex slaves, the most common ethnicities of women who are trafficked to the United Kingdom are Chinese, Brazilian, and Thai.<a href="#cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">[95]</a> Moldova is a known country in Europe for women, children and men to be subjected to sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Girls from Moldova become sex slaves starting at the age of 14. On average, they have sex with 12 to 15 men per day.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The national Bureau of Statistics in Moldova says that in 2008 there were almost 25,000 victims of trafficking. When the women from Moldova are being trafficked for sex, they are most likely to be sent to countries such as Russia, Cyprus, Turkey, and other Middle Western and Eastern European countries.<a href="#cite_note-gvnet.com-125">[125]</a> 85 percent of the victims leave their country to find a better job to support their family, but they are tricked into becoming a sex slave and are forced to become a prostitute.<a href="#cite_note-gvnet.com-125">[125]</a> The International Organization for Migration (IOM) asked victims what country they came from and 61 percent of the victims came from Moldova, 19 percent came from Romania, and the rest came from Albania, Bulgaria, Russia, and Ukraine. More than 60 percent of the victims had a secondary school education or better, and their average age was 21.<a href="#cite_note-gvnet.com-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> Iran is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor. Iranian girls between the ages of 13 and 17 are targeted by traffickers for sale abroad; younger girls may be forced into domestic service until their traffickers consider them old enough to be subjected to child sex trafficking. An increase in the transport of girls from and through Iran en route to other Gulf States for sexual exploitation has been reported from 2009 to 2015; during the reporting period, Iranian trafficking networks subjected Iranian girls to sex trafficking in brothels in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Organized criminal groups kidnap or purchase and force Iranian and immigrant children to work as beggars and street vendors in cities, including Tehran. These children, who may be as young as 3, are coerced through physical and sexual abuse and drug addiction; reportedly many are purchased for as little as $150.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Dozens of girls from Iran are brought to Pakistan to be sold as sex slaves every day.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-127">[127]</a> Most of these women have already been raped within the first 24 hours of their departure.<a href="#cite_note-Uncensored-128">[128]</a> It was also said in the Tehran newspapers that senior figures from the government have been involved in buying, selling, and abusing young women and children. Runaway girls in Iran are sought out for by the traffickers because it is incredibly easy to put them in the sex trafficking market since they have no home.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-127">[127]</a> There are about 84,000 women and girls in prostitution in Tehran. Most of them are on the streets, while others are in the 250 brothels.<a href="#cite_note-Uncensored-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> The trafficking of women into prostitution in Israel increased in the early 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> An estimate of three thousand women were being trafficked in the 1990s and early 2000s. Many of the women came from "post-Soviet states particularly Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and many more." The women ended up in brothels where they worked seven days a week and served up to 30 clients a day. The traffickers used physical violence and threats to dissuade the women from leaving, they also confined women behind locked doors and barred windows. Throughout the 1990s the Israeli authorities failed to view sex trafficking as a problem, they simply viewed it as prostitution. They failed to interfere with brothel operations. If a case was filed the trafficker would have had a plea bargain with light punishment. The women who were being trafficked on the other hand were classified as illegal alien or criminals since they entered Israel illegally, so authorities concentrated on catching the women rather than the traffickers. Usually the victims of trafficking are vulnerable because they live in poverty, or they are not educated. Trafficking affects the mental health of the victim as well as physical health. Israel has become a country of destination for women who had been trafficked from surrounding countries. In 2000, the Knesset amended the Penal Law to prohibit sex trafficking. In 2006, an Anti-Trafficking Law was enacted. In 2001, Israel was placed in U.S. State Department <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_Persons_Report" title="Trafficking in Persons Report">Trafficking in Persons Report</a> Tier 3. Between 2002 and 2011 Israel was placed in Tier 2. Since 2012 through the recent 2019 report Israel has been ranked Tier 1 (full compliance with the TVPA's minimum standards).<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_health_response">Public health response</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Public health response">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare_interventions">Healthcare interventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Healthcare interventions">edit</a>]</div> There are many <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> initiatives that are being implemented to identify victims of sex trafficking. There are few professionals that are likely to encounter victims of sex trafficking, but healthcare providers are a unique group because they are more likely to come into contact with individuals that are still in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The National Human Trafficking Resource Center provides guidelines to aid healthcare providers in identifying victims of sex trafficking. They provide general guidelines to indicate human trafficking (i.e. inconsistent/scripted history, unwillingness to answer questions about illness or injury, etc.), but also includes indicators to home in on sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In addition, this network has created a framework for sex trafficking protocols in healthcare settings once a victim is suspected or identified. The goal of the protocol is to provide those interacting with the patient step-by-step instructions on how to proceed once a potential trafficking victim has been identified.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Additionally, an initiative known as the HEAL Trafficking and Hope for Justice Protocol Toolkit is being made accessible to healthcare providers.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The goal of the toolkit is to provide a uniform medical response to trafficking. The toolkit combines known policies and procedures with tenets of trauma informed care. The toolkit is intended for the use of different healthcare providers such as community health workers, social workers, mental health counselors, nurses, and many others. A second initiative was taken on by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a>. They have started to implement new fields of data collection through <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Diseases" title="International Classification of Diseases">International Classification of Diseases</a> (ICD) to better identify and categorize cases of sex trafficking. The new fields are ICD-10-CM codes. These are further categorized into T codes and Z codes. The T codes are further subcategorized into specific diagnoses that are used to indicate suspected and confirmed cases of trafficking. In addition, Z codes are also further categorized, but will be used for examination or observation of trafficking victims for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Approximately 87.8% of trafficking victims have come in contact with a healthcare professional either during or after their time of exploitation and labor. On 26 February 2018, the Office on Trafficking in Persons (OTIP) under the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services passed the SOAR to Health and Wellness Act of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> SOAR which is an acronym which stands for Stop, Observe, Ask, and Respond is a training program which aims to properly equip professionals with the necessary resources and methods to identify victims of human trafficking. The training aids to help others recognize key indicators and characteristics of human trafficking as well as aid in key communication techniques that are effective for everyone involved. Response tactics can be key to identifying victims without causing harm and putting them in increased danger. The trainings also provide key communities with the support and resources they may need to bring attention to a crime which may be heavily impacting that area. The training can either be taken online or in person and can be personalized based the role of the professional. SOAR is available to anyone who may be interested in learning how to identify victims or situations of human trafficking in a healthcare setting. Trainings are available for social workers, medical and public health professionals, and even educators. Physicians against the trafficking of humans (PATH<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>) is a program of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Women%27s_Association" title="American Medical Women's Association">American Medical Women's Association</a> (AMWA) that was started in 2014 with efforts to encourage medical professionals including physicians, residents, and medical students to become more aware of human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The initiative was initially brought into discussion by Dr. Gayatri Devi in 2012, the president of AMWA at the time. She identified human sex trafficking as a key issue to be addressed. This discussion then progressed into forming a Human Trafficking Committee to handle the issue. PATH has since been creating content for hospitals and other medical facilities to use to educate professionals and students on the identification and advocacy for human trafficking. PATH has also been featured in many media outlets such as Politico<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> and TEDx.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> There are three main tactics social workers use to aid in the recovery of sex trafficking survivors: ecological, strengths-based, and victim-centered.<a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[143]</a> Using the ecological approach, the social worker evaluates their client's current environment and goals for reintegration into the community. By examining how justice systems, legal, and medical services impact their client, they can help them look into areas of future employment, gaining legal status, and reuniting with family. The strengths-based approach aims to create a bond of trust between the social worker and their client to build confidence as well as autonomy and leadership skills. Lastly, when using the victim-centered approach, social workers develop services and plans for the future specifically catered to their client's individual needs. These services are developed through a survivor's lens, which allows social workers to easily meet the needs of their clients. All three methods have proven to be effective in the recovery of sex trafficking survivors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_tactics_to_facilitate_intervention">Control tactics to facilitate intervention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Control tactics to facilitate intervention">edit</a>]</div> There are many control tactics used by sex traffickers to control their victims, such as threats, physical and sexual assault, confiscating legitimate travel and immigration documents, and threats against the victim's family.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The University of Minnesota Duluth published the Power and Control Wheel to help target domestic abuse intervention.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The wheel identifies eight different mechanisms of power and control used on victims including: intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, denying, blaming, and minimizing, sexual abuse, physical abuse, using privilege, economic abuse, coercion and threats. The wheel was developed to be used in counseling and education groups for victims of sex trafficking. It breaks down the tactics used against victims so the cycle of violence may become visible and stopped. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Power_and_control_wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Power_and_control_wheel.jpg/220px-Power_and_control_wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Power_and_control_wheel.jpg/330px-Power_and_control_wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Power_and_control_wheel.jpg/440px-Power_and_control_wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Abbreviated version of the Power and Control Wheel</figcaption></figure> Another mechanism used to understand control is the BITE Model created by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Hassan" title="Steven Hassan">Steven Hassan</a>. The BITE Model describes four categories of coercion used on sex trafficking victims: behavior control, information control, thought control, and emotional control.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> He says that it is essential to understand the loss of identity victims experience to help them get out or recover from sex trafficking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-sex_trafficking_efforts">Anti-sex trafficking efforts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Anti-sex trafficking efforts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_international_legislation">History of international legislation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: History of international legislation">edit</a>]</div> International pressure to address trafficking in women and children became a growing part of the social <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform movement</a> in the United States and Europe during the late nineteenth century. International legislation against the trafficking of women and children began with the conclusion of an international convention in 1901[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>], and the <a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_for_the_suppression_of_the_White_Slave_Traffic" title="International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic">International Agreement for the suppression of the White Slave Traffic</a> in 1904. (The latter was revised in 1910.) The first formal international research into the issue was funded by American philanthropist <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, through the American Bureau of Social Hygiene. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, formed in 1919, took over as the international coordinator of legislation intended to end the trafficking of women and children. An international Conference on White Slave Traffic was held in 1921, attended by the 34 countries that ratified the 1901 and 1904 conventions.<a href="#cite_note-Berkovitch-147">[147]</a> Another convention against trafficking[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] was ratified by League members in 1922, and like the 1904 international convention, this one required ratifying countries to submit annual reports on their progress in tackling the problem. Compliance with this requirement was not complete, although it gradually improved: in 1924, approximately 34 percent of the member countries submitted reports as required: this rose to 46 percent in 1929, 52 percent in 1933, and 61 percent in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1921_International_Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Women_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children">1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children</a> was sponsored by the League of Nations. In 1923, a committee from the bureau was tasked with investigating trafficking in 28 countries, interviewing approximately 5,000 informants and analyzing information over two years before issuing its final report. This was the first formal report on trafficking in women and children to be issued by an official body.<a href="#cite_note-Berkovitch-147">[147]</a> Efforts to combat sex trafficking are often linked to efforts against prostitution; however, this is often problematic in regards to legal recourse of sex trafficking victims. While prostitutes are nominally working by choice, sex trafficking victims do so under duress. Recognizing this, many states have passed legislation that allows sex trafficking victims amnesty under prostitution laws, however many fail to do so due to legal illiteracy and institutional prejudices.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> As such, sex trafficking victims often risk legal persecution when alerting authorities to their situation. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> was one of the most notable reformers during the Progressive Era, and refined the still early concepts of white slavery and sex work in her book A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil. She, among others, fought to classify all people coerced into prostitution as victims of sexual slavery, and believed that all sex work was sexual exploitation of women by more powerful men. Addams also believed that abolishing white slavery would bring more women into the suffrage movement. Alex Smolak, a physician, has studied many of the health risks faced by women in white slavery during the Progressive era. She says in her article titled "White Slavery, Whorehouse Riots, Venereal Disease, and Saving Women..."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> that "The Progressive Era was a time when society was rapidly changing, with influences stemming from urbanization, industrialization, commercialization, immigration, and civilizing morality, all interacting with one another to fuel both prostitution and the anti-prostitution movement." Along with "The U.S. White Slave act of 1910", the "International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Trade" was ratified by 13 nations, including the United States in 1904. Throughout the next 45 years the International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children was adopted by the League of Nations and the term white slavery was replaced by trafficking, the word used commonly today. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:60000girls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/60000girls.png/170px-60000girls.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/60000girls.png/255px-60000girls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/60000girls.png/340px-60000girls.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Wanted 60,000 girls to take the place of 60,000 white slaves who will die this year</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United Nations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Initiative_to_Fight_Human_Trafficking" title="United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking">United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking</a></div> The first international protocol dealing with sex slavery was the 1949 UN <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Persons_and_of_the_Exploitation_of_the_Prostitution_of_Others" title="Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others">Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and Exploitation of Prostitution of Others</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> This convention followed the abolitionist idea of sex trafficking as incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person. Serving as a model for future legislation, the 1949 UN Convention was not ratified by every country, but came into force in 1951. These early efforts led to the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, mentioned <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking#Overview_and_differentiation" title="Human trafficking">above</a>. These instruments contain the elements of the current international law on trafficking in humans. In 2011, the United Nations reported that girl victims made up two-thirds of all trafficked children. Girls constituted 15 to 20 percent of the total number of all detected victims, whereas boys comprised about 10 percent. The UN report was based on official data supplied by 132 countries.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In 2013, a resolution to create the World Day Against Trafficking in Persons was adopted by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-153">[153]</a> The first World Day against Trafficking in Persons took place 30 July 2014, and the day is now observed every 30 July.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-153">[153]</a> Current international treaties include the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Consent_to_Marriage,_Minimum_Age_for_Marriage,_and_Registration_of_Marriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage, and Registration of Marriages">Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage, and Registration of Marriages</a>, entered into force in 1964. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In the United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">Sex trafficking in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children#United_States" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children § United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_(10445204615).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_%2810445204615%29.jpg/220px-Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_%2810445204615%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_%2810445204615%29.jpg/330px-Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_%2810445204615%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_%2810445204615%29.jpg/440px-Stopping_Sex_Trafficking_in_the_United_States_%2810445204615%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Louise Slaughter testified at a Ways & Means Human Resources Subcommittee hearing on 23 October 2013. She testified in strong support of a bill she co-sponsored with Rep. Erik Paulsen (R-MN) that addressed the high rate of children in foster care being recruited into sex trafficking within the United States.</figcaption></figure> In 1910, the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Mann_Act" title="Mann Act">White Slave Traffic Act of 1910</a> (better known as the Mann Act), which made it a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> to transport women across state borders for the purpose of "prostitution or debauchery, or for any other immoral purpose". Its primary stated intent was to address prostitution, immorality, and human trafficking particularly where it was trafficking for the purposes of prostitution, but the ambiguity of "immorality" effectively criminalized <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> and banned single women from crossing state borders for morally wrong acts. In 1914, of the women arrested for crossing state borders under this act, 70 percent were charged with voluntary prostitution. Once the idea of a sex slave shifted from a white woman to an enslaved woman from countries in poverty, the US began passing immigration acts to curtail aliens from entering the country to address this issue. (The government had other unrelated motives for the new immigration policies.) Several acts such as the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act</a> of 1921 and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> reduced the number of emigrants from Europe and Asia from entering the United States. Following the increased restrictions of the 1920s (which were significantly relaxed by the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>), human trafficking was not considered a major issue until the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-candidate-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-donovan-155">[155]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sex_trafficking#Dubious" title="Talk:Sex trafficking">discuss</a>] The Commercial Sex Act<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] makes it illegal to recruit, entice, obtain, provide, move or harbor a person or to benefit from such activities knowing that the person will be caused to engage in commercial sex acts where the person is under 18 or where force, fraud or coercion exists.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Towards the end of President Clinton's administration, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Trafficking_and_Violence_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000">Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000</a> (TVPA), intended to fight human trafficking globally.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> Administration, fighting sex trafficking within the scope of TVPA became a priority, framing human trafficking and sex trafficking as modern-day slavery.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> The TVPA intends to strengthen services to victims of human trafficking and sex trafficking, increase law enforcement's ability to prosecute traffickers by incentivizing survivors to cooperate in the prosecution, increase education about human trafficking, and train law enforcement to identify human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-Tiefenbrun-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> TVPA also has a mandate to collect funds for the treatment of sex trafficking victims that provided them with shelter, food, education, and financial grants. Internationally, the TVPA set standards for other countries to follow to receive aid from the U.S. to fight human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> TVPA also establishes two stipulations an applicant can meet to receive the benefits of a <a href="/wiki/T_visa" title="T visa">T-Visa</a>. First, a trafficked victim must prove to being trafficked and second must submit to prosecution of his or her trafficker. While providing incentives for survivors of trafficking to assist in the prosecution process,<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> some scholars see these incentives as invalidating as they force the burden of proof to fall on the victim.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> An example of an alternative can be found in Connecticut, where there are safe harbor laws for minor victims of sex trafficking. These laws provide immunity to the survivors and shifts the burden of proof away from the individual.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> In general, incentivizing survivor cooperation in the prosecution process can be helpful considering the emotional manipulation and perceived romantic attachment that often stop survivors from accusing their traffickers or seeking help.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-20">[20]</a> After TPVA's initial implementation, several agencies and task forces were created. The Act has also undergone multiple revisions and authorizations. In February 2000, the Department of Justice established a Trafficking in Persons and Worker Exploitation Task Force hotline that increased the number of trafficking cases that were opened and investigated.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> In 2001, the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons was established.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> In both 2001 and 2003, new criminal statues were added to TVPA to make it easier to prosecute traffickers.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> In 2003, TPVA was amended to provide access to civil remedies to trafficking cases to reduce a survivor's reliance on the criminal justice system.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> The Act was reauthorized in 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:10-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a> The State Department publishes an annual Trafficking in Persons Report (TIP Reports), which examines the progress that the U.S. and other countries have made in destroying human trafficking businesses, arresting the traffickers, and supporting the victims.<a href="#cite_note-:20-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horning,_A._2014-161">[161]</a> On the state level, sex trafficking legislation varies in terms of definitions and approaches.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> California sex trafficking legislation offers legal protection for women so they can make choices outside the criminal justice system and pursue civil remedies.<a href="#cite_note-:8-23">[23]</a> California legislation also offers case worker privileges in sex trafficking cases.<a href="#cite_note-:8-23">[23]</a> In Connecticut, in addition to safe harbor laws for minor victims of sex trafficking, there is also an emphasis on educating employees in the hotel industry to identify sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> The logic is that since trafficking activities often happen in hotels, employees need to be able to identify and report these occurrences. There are also arguments that the hotel industry needs to be offered incentives to report sex trafficking since they benefit financially from having guests in their hotels.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> Another provision in Connecticut's sex trafficking legislation is increased punishment for purchasers of sex.<a href="#cite_note-:11-22">[22]</a> In July 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) conducted a month-long operation to detect and detain sex traffickers and recover child victims. More than 100 sex trafficking victims were successfully rescued across the United States, under the initiative called "Operation Independence Day". Besides, a total of 67 suspected traffickers were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Towards the end of 2021, President Joe Biden signed an updated plan to fight against human trafficking. It is titled The National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking (NAP).<a href="#cite_note-:03-163">[163]</a> The new version is targeted toward those in society that are most impacted by trafficking. This includes marginalized groups who disproportionately face social and economic inequalities and are thus more susceptible to being trafficked.<a href="#cite_note-:03-163">[163]</a> It is a three-year plan that entails improved protection for victims, a stronger indictment of traffickers, and other preventative measures.<a href="#cite_note-:13-164">[164]</a> The National Action Plan requires collaboration between all levels of government and agencies to effectively support anti-trafficking services and policies.<a href="#cite_note-:03-163">[163]</a> It relies on trafficking survivors' advice on what preventative measures should be taken as well as what protections and resources need to be allocated to survivors.<a href="#cite_note-:03-163">[163]</a> The plan aims to address the needs of marginalized communities by improving racial and gender disparities, improving workers' rights, and establishing safe migration.<a href="#cite_note-:13-164">[164]</a> Starting with President Obama, in 2010, every consecutive President has declared January to be the month to educate and raise awareness regarding human trafficking. January has become "National Human Trafficking Prevention Month".<a href="#cite_note-:22-165">[165]</a> During this time, efforts and progress to prevent trafficking are celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-:33-166">[166]</a> The U.S. Department of State is tasked with disseminating information regarding human trafficking internationally.<a href="#cite_note-:22-165">[165]</a> This is to continue the conversation and emphasize the importance of anti-trafficking efforts around the globe. During January, individuals are taught how they can work together to identify, prevent, and respond to trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-:33-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Europe">Council of Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Council of Europe">edit</a>]</div> Complementary protection is ensured through the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_Children_against_Sexual_Exploitation_and_Sexual_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse">Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse</a> (signed in <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a>, 25 October 2007). The Convention entered into force on 1 July 2010.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> As of November 2020, the Convention has been ratified by 47 states, with Ireland having signed but not yet ratified.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The goal of the Convention is to provide the framework for an independent and effective monitoring system that holds the member states accountable for addressing human trafficking and providing protecting to victims.<a href="#cite_note-CoE_Convention-169">[169]</a> To monitor the implementation of this act, the Council of Europe established the Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA).<a href="#cite_note-Council_of_Europe-170">[170]</a> The Convention address the structure and purpose of GRETA and holds the group accountable to publish reports evaluating the measures taken by the states who have signed the Convention.<a href="#cite_note-Council_of_Europe-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_government_actions">Other government actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other government actions">edit</a>]</div> Actions taken to combat human trafficking vary from government to government.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Some government actions include: <ul><li>introducing legislation specifically aimed at criminalizing human trafficking;</li> <li>developing co-operation between law enforcement agencies and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-government organizations</a> (NGOs) of numerous nations; and</li> <li>raising awareness of the issue.</li></ul> Raising awareness can take three forms. First, governments can raise awareness among potential victims, particularly in countries where human traffickers are active. Second, they can raise awareness amongst the police, social welfare workers and immigration officers to equip them to deal appropriately with the problem. And finally, in countries where prostitution is legal or semi-legal, they can raise awareness amongst the clients of prostitution so that they can watch for signs of human trafficking victims. Methods to raise general awareness often include television programs, documentary films, internet communications, and posters.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Prevention_and_Intervention_Efforts">Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Criticism of Prevention and Intervention Efforts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking#Criticism" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking § Criticism</a></div> Many countries have come under criticism for inaction, or ineffective action. Criticisms include the failure of governments to properly identify and protect trafficking victims, enactment of immigration policies which potentially <a href="/wiki/Re-victimize" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-victimize">re-victimize</a> trafficking victims, including by deporting them, and insufficient action in helping prevent vulnerable populations from becoming trafficking victims.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> A particular criticism has been the reluctance of some countries to tackle trafficking for purposes other than sex.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Studies of sex work and anti-sex trafficking efforts, intended to combat sex trafficking or provide support to victims, have raised concerns over the unintended effects of certain national and international policies, law enforcement strategies, and activist efforts on both sex-trafficked individuals and non-trafficked sex workers. For example, The United States' Tier 2 assessment of Japan on its 2004 TIP Report<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> encouraged the Japanese government to add additional constraints to its procedures and policies for obtaining an entertainer visa, sometimes used by migrant workers seeking employment at businesses within the sex industry.<a href="#cite_note-Salazar._2011-179">[179]</a> However, these regulations provided opportunities for some third-party facilitators of these visas to exploit migrants while also limiting migrants' ability to leave employers with poor working conditions or overly restrictive practices, such as holding their passports or limiting their ability to leave the premises of the business.<a href="#cite_note-:42-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Salazar._2011-179">[179]</a> Practices of law enforcement officers in some countries have also been criticized for incentivizing non-trafficked sex workers to declare themselves to be trafficking victims and enter aid and rehabilitation programs to avoid prison sentences for prostitution charges.<a href="#cite_note-:3-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-governmental_organizations_(NGOs)">Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> work on the issue of sex trafficking. One major NGO is the <a href="/wiki/International_Justice_Mission" title="International Justice Mission">International Justice Mission</a> (IJM). IJM is a U.S.-based non-profit human rights organization that combats human trafficking in developing countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. IJM states that it is a "human rights agency that brings rescue to victims of slavery, sexual exploitation, and other forms of violent oppression." It is a faith-based organization since its purported goal is to "restore to victims of oppression the things that God intends for them: their lives, their liberty, their dignity, the fruits of their labor."<a href="#cite_note-ahmed-182">[182]</a> The IJM receives over $900,000 from the US government.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The organization has two methods for rescuing victims: brothel raids in cooperation with local police, and "buy bust" operations in which undercover agencies pretend to purchase sex services from an underage girl. After the raid and rescue, the women are sent to rehabilitation programs run by NGOs (such as churches) or the government. There are also survivor-led organizations that provide services to victims of exploitation and trafficking including Treasures, founded by <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Dust" title="Harmony Dust">Harmony (Dust) Grillo</a> in 2003 and GEMS founded by Rachel Lloyd in 1998. There are also national <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> working on the issue of human trafficking, including sex trafficking. In Kenya, for example, <a href="/wiki/Awareness_Against_Human_Trafficking_(HAART)" title="Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)">Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)</a> works on ending all human trafficking in the country.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> HAART has also participated in the UNANIMA International Stop the Demand campaign.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> In India, J. Walter Thompson Amsterdam has opened a school called School for Justice. Here, survivors of sex trafficking are educated to become lawyers. The entire program is expected to take five to six years for each girl to complete. The women will graduate with law degrees, with a special focus on commercial sexual exploitation cases. JWT hopes that one day they may become prosecutors, or even judges, empowered to combat the criminals who once exploited and abused them.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> NGOs often have the best of intentions when combating sex-trafficking. NGOs are often funded by the West and are implemented in countries that have a very different culture. Research shows that employees of the Western NGOs are slow to adapt to the culture of the community they are providing services to. This often leads to a disconnect between the NGO and the community. Employees of NGOs hold the responsibility of relaying the narrative of sex-trafficked people. This can create a hierarchical structure that makes the voice of Western NGOs as more legitimate than the voice of the people they are serving. Thus, reinforcing the essentialized notion of third-world women as backwards and other.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Japan is a popular place for sex-trafficking. Japan has a long history with the trade of women for sex. For a good part of the country's history, sex work was legal in Japan. This makes it difficult for the government to decipher between legal sex work and illegal prostitution. This is where NGOs step in to assist the government. NGOs provide services in countries where the government policies are failing to combat a specific issue. However, in Japan it is difficult for NGOs focused on issues with women to receive local funding. This weak political support makes the work for NGOs in Japan much more difficult. Japan's lack of support for women's rights shows why the role of NGOs is so important in that country.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_and_initiatives">Campaigns and initiatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Campaigns and initiatives">edit</a>]</div> Public information campaigns are defined as a "government-directed and sponsored effort to communicate to the public or a segment of the public in order to achieve a policy result".<a href="#cite_note-:5-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In the past ten years, Spain has seen a surge of sex trafficking. In light of this crisis, social movements, organizations and government institutions have enacted policies like the Second National Plan against Sex Trafficking and Anti-Trafficking laws. Campaigns to fight against sex trafficking in Spain between 2008 and 2017 have been examined by researchers. Their research showed that many campaigns focus on the narrative of the victim as vulnerable and weak, rather than focusing on the actual crime of sex trafficking and the economic system that allows it to flourish. According to the research these narratives disempower sex trafficked people through repeated language of vulnerability and innocence. The researchers explain that the lack of information provided in these campaigns hinders their success. Campaigns will throw out huge numbers of women exploited into sex work but gives no context to the system that allows sex trafficking to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-:6-191">[191]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_Against_Traffic_in_Women" title="Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women">Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women</a> was established to combat trafficking in women on any grounds. It is an alliance of more than 100 non-governmental organizations from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Caribbean and North America.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(organization)" title="Thorn (organization)">The Demi and Ashton (DNA) Foundation</a> was created by celebrity <a href="/wiki/Humanitarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarians">humanitarians</a> <a href="/wiki/Demi_Moore" title="Demi Moore">Demi Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher" title="Ashton Kutcher">Ashton Kutcher</a> in 2009 in their efforts to fight human trafficking (specifically focusing on sex trafficking of children) in the U.S. In September 2010, the pair announced the launch of their "Real Men Don't Buy Girls" campaign to combat child sex trafficking alongside other Hollywood stars and technology companies such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, Twitter, and Facebook. "Real Men Don't Buy Girls" is based on the idea that high-profile men speaking out against child sex trafficking can help reduce the demand for young girls in the commercial sex trade. The popular TV channel <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> started a campaign to combat sex trafficking. The initiative called <a href="/wiki/MTV_EXIT" title="MTV EXIT">MTV EXIT</a> (End Exploitation and Trafficking) is a multimedia initiative produced by MTV EXIT Foundation (formerly known as the MTV Europe Foundation) to raise awareness and increase prevention of human trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Another campaign is the <a href="/wiki/A21_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="A21 Campaign">A21 Campaign</a>, Abolishing Injustice in the 21st Century, which focuses on addressing human trafficking through a holistic approach.<a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[195]</a> They provide potential victims with the education and valuable information on how to best reduce their likelihood of being trafficked through strategies that reduce their vulnerability. The organization also provides safe environments for victims and runs restoration programs in their aftercare facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[195]</a> In addition, they provide legal council and representation to victims so they can prosecute their traffickers. Another key component of the campaign is to help influence legislation to enact more comprehensive laws that place more traffickers in prison.<a href="#cite_note-:0-195">[195]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Not for Sale (organization) (page does not exist)">Not for Sale (organization)</a> Campaign works in the United States, Peru, the Netherlands, Romania, Thailand, South Africa, and India to help victims of human trafficking. In 2013 alone, they provided 4,500 services to 2,062 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a> The vast majority of victims who received assistance were from the Netherlands and the number of victims served increased by 42 percent from 2012. The campaign allocates the majority of their funds to providing victims health and nutritional care and education. Not for Sale provides a safe shelter for victims and empowers them with life skills and job training.<a href="#cite_note-:1-196">[196]</a> This helps trafficked individuals re-enter into the workforce through a dignified form of work. In the organization's 2013 Annual Impact Report, it was determined that 75 percent of the victims had been sexually exploited.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> While globalization fostered new technologies that may exacerbate sex trafficking, technology can also be used to assist law enforcement and anti-trafficking efforts. A study was done on online classified ads surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>. A number of reports have noticed increase in sex trafficking during previous years of the Super Bowl.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-198">[198]</a> For the 2011 Super Bowl held in Dallas, Texas, the Backpage website for the Dallas area experienced a 136 percent increase on the number of posts in the Adult section that Sunday. Typically, Sundays were known to be the day of the week with the lowest number of posts in the Adult section. Researchers analyzed the most salient terms in these online ads and found that most commonly used words suggested that many escorts were traveling across state lines to Dallas specifically for the Super Bowl. Also, the self-reported ages were higher than usual which conveys that an older population of sex workers were drawn to the event, but since these are self-reported the data is not reliable. Despite a lot of media hype about a supposed spike in sex trafficking surrounding the Super Bowl, academics and anti-trafficking campaigners have said this is largely a myth. They say that while the commercial sex market does grow modestly during large events, sex trafficking is a year-round problem.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Twitter was another social networking platform studied for detecting sex trafficking. Digital tools can be used to narrow the pool of sex trafficking cases, albeit imperfectly and with uncertainty.<a href="#cite_note-mark-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="'End_Demand'">'End Demand'</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 'End Demand'">edit</a>]</div> The term "End Demand" refers to anti-sex trafficking strategies that focus on the johns, the sex buyers. A common strategy is to make it a crime to buy sex, whether consensual or not. End Demand is very popular in some countries, including the United States and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-berger-202">[202]</a> In the 1990s, for example, specific media attention was paid to sex trafficking of women outside the United States. The feminist reaction to this at the time was to not just call for social services for trafficked people but also for harsher punishments for johns. Proponents of the End Demand strategy support initiatives such as <a href="/wiki/John_school" title="John school">john schools</a> to "rehabilitate" the johns, increased arrests of johns, and <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">public shaming</a> (e.g. billboards and websites that publicly name johns who were caught).<a href="#cite_note-berger-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-desiree-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> John schools were pioneered in San Francisco in 1995 and now used in many cities across the U.S. as well as other countries such as the UK and Canada. Some compare john schools programs to driver's safety courses, because first offenders can pay a fee to attend class(es) on the harms of prostitution, and upon completion, the charges against the john will be dropped. Another initiative in line with the End Demand strategy is the cross-country tour "Ignite the Road to Justice", launched by the 2011 Miss Canada, <a href="/wiki/Tara_Teng" title="Tara Teng">Tara Teng</a>. Teng's initiative circulates a petition to end the demand for commercial sex that drives prostitution and sex trafficking. End Demand efforts also include large-scale public awareness campaigns. Campaigns were started in Sweden, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Atlanta, Georgia. Massachusetts and Rhode Island also had legislative efforts that criminalized prostitution and increased end demand efforts by targeting johns.<a href="#cite_note-berger-202">[202]</a> The Atlanta campaign ran from 2006 to 2008 and was titled "Dear John". It ran ads in local media reaching out to potential johns to discourage them from buying sex. The ads mimicked a break-up letter to John. Critics of the Dear John campaign focus on the 'male demand' aspect of the campaign and find that this style of campaign reinforces gendered, racialized and sexualized assumptions about johns and trafficked women. The historical discourse in the U.S. concerning johns is racially charged. An example of this racialized nature is associated with the temptations of Thai massage parlors. Despite these objections, lawmakers have found this messaging morally compelling. The campaign was run by locals of Atlanta. Advocates for the campaign informed citizens through media that young women were the ones being arrested while the johns were not.<a href="#cite_note-:6-191">[191]</a> Contextual analysis research has shown the essentialized nature of the campaign. The Dear John campaign posters define women in terms of their relationship to sex. They also only depict white girls in the images inferring that the only victims worth caring about are young white and innocent.<a href="#cite_note-:6-191">[191]</a> There are no images of johns in the campaign posters. A plausible explanation for this would be an effort by the campaign to widen the scope of the messaging and to avoid racial stereotypes. Conversely, the racial stereotypes of trafficked girls is made clear. This excludes a majority of victims who do not identify with the image that the poster conveys. Lawmakers in Atlanta were fully behind the campaign as a statement to the public that they will not tolerate the purchasing of sex. These public statements are in stark contrast to the actual amount of funding that the city gave to organizations who provide housing and services for victims. The city did no research into the effectiveness of the campaign and therefore there is no data on its actual impact on the city. It is also important to note that the campaign ads were only in English and many people are not familiar with the Dear John reference. Lawmakers believe that the campaign was effective in bringing awareness to the issue and therefore shaped public opinion and policy.<a href="#cite_note-:6-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_of_males_in_the_global_fight_against_trafficking">Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Recognition of males in the global fight against trafficking">edit</a>]</div> The lack of conversation, advocacy, legal/social support services, and academic work around the sexual exploitation of men and boys can be traced to larger social discourses surrounding male sexuality, dominance, and behavior. Media representations of masculinity and sexual dominance contribute to the idea that men cannot be victims, especially in regards to sex-related crimes. The lack of public knowledge and attention to male victimhood and vulnerability is strongly reflected in the quality of services and strength of legal frameworks available to male victims of sex trafficking .<a href="#cite_note-:4-205">[205]</a> Experts describe the "perceived agency and resilience in young males" to be a strong force in deterring male victims from seeking the support they need, and discouraging male-inclusive anti-trafficking service and support networks from forming in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-:02-206">[206]</a> Within the spare support frameworks for male victims that do exist, the specific vulnerabilities of different populations in different areas around the world—regarding nationality and migration status, sexual orientation, drug use, socio-economic status, health status, family structure, and more—are often unaddressed, leaving crucial groups' needs unmet. The double stigma that surrounds male victims of sex trafficking, involving homosexuality and sex work more broadly—makes it incredibly difficult for male victims to come forward and seek help, or even to self-organize. Some scholars report that male victims have also faced higher rates of police violence and brutality than female victims in regards to contact with law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-:12-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminalizing_and_legalizing_prostitution">Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Criminalizing and legalizing prostitution">edit</a>]</div> Laws regarding the purchase and sale of voluntary and involuntary sex vary greatly across the developed world. Their effects on sex trafficking are difficult to discern. In the U.S, people who immigrate to the U.S. and have a role in sex trade, are criminalized on the bases of if they are voluntarily or involuntarily brought to the U.S or come to the U.S. through sex trafficking or consensual sex work/prostitution. One tactic used to identify an individual's role within sex trade is the presence of consent within the situation or context, which is used to determine if someone is a victim of sex trafficking or a prostitute. Holes do exist within this framework because the ability to identify consent is not always simple in every case. Additionally the influence of the criminalization of sex work within a country influences the way people who have a role within slave trade are handled. Those who immigrate to the U.S for sex work, if identified as a prostitute instead of a victim of sex trafficking, can have their ability to receive legal aid or future citizenship impaired. <a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Proponents of various forms of criminalization, legalization, or regulation of prostitution, may all argue their model decreases sex trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-lsr.nellco.org-209">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Netherlands" title="Prostitution in the Netherlands">Dutch model</a> of legalization and regulation and the <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Sweden" title="Prostitution in Sweden">Swedish model</a> of criminalizing purchasers and pimps but not prostitutes are often discussed. The difference of these models casts the prevention of trafficking against the rights of voluntary sex workers and purchasers. It is argued that a hybrid model of licensing sex workers and criminalizing the purchase of unlicensed sex would reduce trafficking without crushing civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-lsr.nellco.org-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_Giving_Day">2017 Giving Day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 2017 Giving Day">edit</a>]</div> Numerous international organizations have partnered to create an anti-human trafficking Giving Day to raise awareness and funds on July, 30th 2017. This is the day designated by the United Nations as the World Day against Trafficking in Persons. The Giving Day is being hosted by Charidy.com, a crowdfunding platform for non-profits.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The General Assembly in 2010, adopted the Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, encouraging Governments around the world to undergo drastic measures in order defeat human trafficking. The goal was to put the fight against human trafficking into the United Nation's programmes to strengthen positive development and security around the world. A main section of the plan is to place a United Nations Trust Fund for the women and children who fell victim of trafficking. The Trust Fund in the plan ensures to assist and protect the victims of trafficking through grants to certified NGOs. In the future, the goal is to make the victims a priority who are come were victims and had issues with migration. It also places a focus on the aid to victims who were trafficked by their perpetrator for the goal of sexual relations, organ removal, forced begging, forced criminality, and emerging exploitative reasons. The General Assembly in the year 2013, gathered a meeting to go over the world's plan of action. Numerous states also declared 30 July as the World Day against Trafficking in Persons. They came to the conclusion that day of remembrance and awareness was crucial to remember the victims, the right's they possess and their protection.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buying_Sex_Is_A_Crime">Buying Sex Is A Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Buying Sex Is A Crime">edit</a>]</div> "Buying Sex Is A Crime" is a slogan used by anti <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and abolitionist groups. The first known public use of the slogan was by thetraffickedhuman.org.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> in 2016 on a billboard campaign in metro <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FootnoteA-213">[213]</a> thetraffickedhuman.org is a coalition that works to end the exploitation of women, youth, and girls.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The slogan with the same billboard artwork was also used by buyingsexisacrime.ca in 2017 throughout Canada including <a href="/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton, Alberta">Edmonton, Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FootnoteB-215">[215]</a> The slogan was also picked up by the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton Police">Edmonton Police</a>'s own awareness initiative.<a href="#cite_note-FootnoteB-215">[215]</a> In 2018, a new campaign was launched at buyingsexisacrime.org sponsored by the Vancouver Collective Against Sexual Exploitation. The collective is a <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>, based abolitionist group of lawyers, judges, social workers, professionals, teachers, activists and advocates working to end sexual exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_especially_Women_and_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_efforts_to_prevent_human_trafficking" title="Transnational efforts to prevent human trafficking">Transnational efforts to prevent human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_sex_work" title="Migrant sex work">Migrant sex work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karayuki-san" title="Karayuki-san">Karayuki-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">Trafficking of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_laundering" title="Child laundering">Child laundering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">People smuggling</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inside_the_Business_of_Modern_Slavery_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElrod2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elrod, John (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vanlr68&div=26&id=&page=">"Filling the gap: refining sex trafficking legislation to address the problem of pimping"</a>. Vanderbilt Law Review. 68: 961 – via Hein Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Filling+the+gap%3A+refining+sex+trafficking+legislation+to+address+the+problem+of+pimping&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=961&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Elrod&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fvanlr68%26div%3D26%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/fact-sheet/resource/fshumantrafficking">"Fact Sheet: Human Trafficking"</a>. www.acf.hhs.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.acf.hhs.gov&rft.atitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Human+Trafficking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acf.hhs.gov%2Fotip%2Ffact-sheet%2Fresource%2Ffshumantrafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_Social_Welfare-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Global_Social_Welfare_3-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondMcGlone2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, Gretchen; McGlone, Mandy (22 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40609-014-0010-0">"Entry, Progression, Exit, and Service Provision for Survivors of Sex Trafficking: Implications for Effective Interventions"</a>. Global Social Welfare. 1 (4): 157–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40609-014-0010-0">10.1007/s40609-014-0010-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Social+Welfare&rft.atitle=Entry%2C+Progression%2C+Exit%2C+and+Service+Provision+for+Survivors+of+Sex+Trafficking%3A+Implications+for+Effective+Interventions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-168&rft.date=2014-03-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40609-014-0010-0&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rft.au=McGlone%2C+Mandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs40609-014-0010-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988">, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Beatriz_Alvarez,_Edward_J._Alessi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Maria Beatriz Alvarez, Edward J. Alessi (May 2012). "Human trafficking is more than sex trafficking and prostitution: implications for social work". Affilia. 27 (2): 142–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886109912443763">10.1177/0886109912443763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59404870">59404870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Affilia&rft.atitle=Human+trafficking+is+more+than+sex+trafficking+and+prostitution%3A+implications+for+social+work&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-152&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886109912443763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59404870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Maria+Beatriz+Alvarez%2C+Edward+J.+Alessi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OIT-4"><a href="#cite_ref-OIT_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_181953.pdf">"ILO 2012 Global estimate of forced labour – Executive summary"</a> (PDF). International Labour Organization. Retrieved 28 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ILO+2012+Global+estimate+of+forced+labour+%E2%80%93+Executive+summary&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---ed_norm%2F---declaration%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_181953.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Odhiambo, Agnes & Barr, Heather. (2 Aug 2019). "Opinion:Trafficking survivors are being failed the world over." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/trafficking-survivors-failed-world-190801143149035.html">Al Jazeera website</a> Retrieved 4 August 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> International Labour Organization. (19 September 2017). Press Release:40 million in modern slavery and 152 million in child labour around the world. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_574717/lang--en/index.htm">International Labour Organization website</a> Retrieved 4 August 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiefenbrun-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiefenbrun_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiefenbrun_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiefenbrun_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiefenbrun2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tiefenbrun, Susan (2002). "The Saga of Susannah A U.S. Remedy for Sex Trafficking in Women: The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000". Utah Law Review. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Susannah+A+U.S.+Remedy+for+Sex+Trafficking+in+Women%3A+The+Victims+of+Trafficking+and+Violence+Protection+Act+of+2000&rft.volume=107&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiefenbrun&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> "Human Trafficking by the Numbers". (7 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers">Human Rights First website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064607/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers">Archived</a> 7 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 2 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Daffron, Joshua W. (Dec 2011). "Combating Human Trafficking: Evolution of State Legislation and the Policies of the United Kingdom and France." Thesis, M.A. Monterey, Calif.:Department of National Security Affairs. Naval Postgraduate School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a556270.pdf">Defense Technical Information Center website</a> Retrieved 2 December 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Tiziana Luise. (2005). "Are human rights becoming burdensome for our economies? The role of slavery-like practices in the development of world economics and in the context of modern society," Rivista Internazionale Di Scienze Sociali, 113(3): 473. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kinshipunited.org/why-is-human-trafficking-so-difficult-to-stop/">"Why is Human Trafficking So Difficult to Stop?"</a>. Kinship United. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kinship+United&rft.atitle=Why+is+Human+Trafficking+So+Difficult+to+Stop%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkinshipunited.org%2Fwhy-is-human-trafficking-so-difficult-to-stop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villanova-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Villanova_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villanova_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villanova_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villanova_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Villanova_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempseyHoyleBosworth2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dempsey, Michelle Madden; Hoyle, Carolyn; Bosworth, Mary (2012). "Defining Sex Trafficking in International and Domestic Law: Mind the Gaps". Emory International Law Review. Villanova Law/Public Policy Research Paper No. 2013-3036. 26 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Defining+Sex+Trafficking+in+International+and+Domestic+Law%3A+Mind+the+Gaps&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Madden&rft.au=Hoyle%2C+Carolyn&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801195308/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en%7ctitle=UNTC%7cwork=un.org%7ctitle=UNTC%7cwork=un.org">"United Nations Treaty Collection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en%7Ctitle=UNTC%7Cwork=un.org%7Ctitle=UNTC%7Cwork=un.org">the original</a> on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXVIII-12-a%26chapter%3D18%26lang%3Den%257Ctitle%3DUNTC%257Cwork%3Dun.org%257Ctitle%3DUNTC%257Cwork%3Dun.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palermo_Protocol_Doc-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Palermo_Protocol_Doc_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations2012" class="citation web cs1">United Nations (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/19223?download=true">"Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime"</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+to+Prevent%2C+Suppress+and+Punish+Trafficking+in+Persons%2C+Especially+Women+and+Children%2C+Supplementing+The+United+Nations+Convention+Against+Transnational+Organized+Crime&rft.date=2012&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F19223%3Fdownload%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arizona-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arizona_15-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLew2012" class="citation web cs1">Lew, Candace (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165129/http://dianeandbrucehallefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/sex-trafficking-domestic-minors.pdf">"Sex Trafficking of Domestic Minors in Phoenix, Arizona: A Research Project"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dianeandbrucehallefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/sex-trafficking-domestic-minors.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sex+Trafficking+of+Domestic+Minors+in+Phoenix%2C+Arizona%3A+A+Research+Project&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Lew&rft.aufirst=Candace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdianeandbrucehallefoundation.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F07%2Fsex-trafficking-domestic-minors.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TVPA_Doc-16"><a href="#cite_ref-TVPA_Doc_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Government" class="citation web cs1">United States Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf">"Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000"</a> (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Victims+of+Trafficking+and+Violence+Protection+Act+of+2000&rft.au=United+States+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F10492.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_17-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiefenbrun2006" class="citation journal cs1">Tiefenbrun, Susan W. (2006). "Updating the Domestic and International Impact of the U.S. Victims of Trafficking Protection Act of 2000: Does Law Deter Crime?". Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 38 (2): 249–280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Updating+the+Domestic+and+International+Impact+of+the+U.S.+Victims+of+Trafficking+Protection+Act+of+2000%3A+Does+Law+Deter+Crime%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-280&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tiefenbrun&rft.aufirst=Susan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, Jacquelyn (27 September 2005). "Women in Street Prostitution: The Result of Poverty and the Brunt of Inequity". Journal of Poverty. 9 (3): 69–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ134v09n03_04">10.1300/J134v09n03_04</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1087-5549">1087-5549</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143535787">143535787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Poverty&rft.atitle=Women+in+Street+Prostitution%3A+The+Result+of+Poverty+and+the+Brunt+of+Inequity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=69-88&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143535787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1087-5549&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ134v09n03_04&rft.aulast=Monroe&rft.aufirst=Jacquelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_19-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElrod2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elrod, J (2015). "Filling the Gap: Refining Sex Trafficking Legislation to Address the Problem of Pimping". Vanderbilt Law Review. 3: 961–996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Filling+the+Gap%3A+Refining+Sex+Trafficking+Legislation+to+Address+the+Problem+of+Pimping&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=961-996&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Elrod&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbsWaltersLutnickMiller2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, D. A.; Walters, J. L.; Lutnick, A.; Miller, S; Kluckman, M (2015). "Services to Domestic Minor Victims of Sex Trafficking: Opportunities of Engagement and Support". Children and Youth Services Review. 54: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.childyouth.2015.04.003">10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.04.003</a> – via Elseiver.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Children+and+Youth+Services+Review&rft.atitle=Services+to+Domestic+Minor+Victims+of+Sex+Trafficking%3A+Opportunities+of+Engagement+and+Support&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.childyouth.2015.04.003&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Walters%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Lutnick%2C+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+S&rft.au=Kluckman%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-21"><a href="#cite_ref-:19_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneEnnettRingwalt1999" class="citation journal cs1">Greene, J M; Ennett, S T; Ringwalt, C L (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508758">"Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth"</a>. American Journal of Public Health. 89 (9): 1406–1409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.89.9.1406">10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-0036">0090-0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508758">1508758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10474560">10474560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+correlates+of+survival+sex+among+runaway+and+homeless+youth.&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1406-1409&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1508758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0090-0036&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10474560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.89.9.1406&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=J+M&rft.au=Ennett%2C+S+T&rft.au=Ringwalt%2C+C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1508758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_22-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, K. M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18060%2F4806.1195">"Highways and Byways: Following Connecticut's Path in Creating Holistic Domestic Sex Trafficking Laws in Indiana"</a>. Indiana Law Review. 51: 499–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18060%2F4806.1195">10.18060/4806.1195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Highways+and+Byways%3A+Following+Connecticut%27s+Path+in+Creating+Holistic+Domestic+Sex+Trafficking+Laws+in+Indiana&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=499-523&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18060%2F4806.1195&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18060%252F4806.1195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalieri2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cavalieri, S (2011). "Between Victim and Agent: A Third-Way Feminist Account of Trafficking for Sex Work". Indiana Law Journal. 86 (4): 1409–1458.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Between+Victim+and+Agent%3A+A+Third-Way+Feminist+Account+of+Trafficking+for+Sex+Work&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1409-1458&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cavalieri&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Sex Trafficking of Women in the United States." International Sex Trafficking of Women & Children: Understanding the Global Epidemic, by Leonard Territo, Looseleaf Law Publications, Inc., 2015, pp. 1–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrylovaShelley2023" class="citation journal cs1">Krylova, Yulia; Shelley, Louise (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/171807442">"Criminal street gangs and domestic sex trafficking in the United States: evidence from Northern Virginia"</a>. Crime, Law and Social Change. 80 (3): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-023-10088-9">10.1007/s10611-023-10088-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257201930">257201930</a> – via Political Science Complete.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Criminal+street+gangs+and+domestic+sex+trafficking+in+the+United+States%3A+evidence+from+Northern+Virginia&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10611-023-10088-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257201930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Krylova&rft.aufirst=Yulia&rft.au=Shelley%2C+Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F171807442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoe-Sepowitz2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roe-Sepowitz, Dominique (2019). "A Six-Year Analysis of Sex Traffickers of Minors: Exploring Characteristics and Sex Trafficking Patterns". Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. 29 (5): 608–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10911359.2019.1575315">10.1080/10911359.2019.1575315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150678437">150678437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Behavior+in+the+Social+Environment&rft.atitle=A+Six-Year+Analysis+of+Sex+Traffickers+of+Minors%3A+Exploring+Characteristics+and+Sex+Trafficking+Patterns&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=608-629&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10911359.2019.1575315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150678437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roe-Sepowitz&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polarisproject.org/blog/2020/08/what-we-know-about-how-child-sex-trafficking-happens/">"What We Know About How Child Sex Trafficking Happens | Polaris"</a>. polarisproject.org. 28 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=polarisproject.org&rft.atitle=What+We+Know+About+How+Child+Sex+Trafficking+Happens+%7C+Polaris&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolarisproject.org%2Fblog%2F2020%2F08%2Fwhat-we-know-about-how-child-sex-trafficking-happens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rapidassessment-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rapidassessment_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rapidassessment_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rapidassessment_28-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MS-Rapid-Assessment-22715.pdf">"Shared Hope International: Rapid Assessment"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shared+Hope+International%3A+Rapid+Assessment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharedhope.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FMS-Rapid-Assessment-22715.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trafficking_and_internet-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trafficking_and_internet_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trafficking_and_internet_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/publications/judges_journal/2013/winter/human_trafficking_and_internet_and_other_technologies_too.html">"Human Trafficking and the Internet* (*and Other Technologies, too) – Judicial Division"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Trafficking+and+the+Internet%2A+%28%2Aand+Other+Technologies%2C+too%29+%E2%80%93+Judicial+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fpublications%2Fjudges_journal%2F2013%2Fwinter%2Fhuman_trafficking_and_internet_and_other_technologies_too.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-truckers-30"><a href="#cite_ref-truckers_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/07/13/484801054/truckers-take-the-wheel-in-effort-to-halt-sex-trafficking">"Truckers Take The Wheel In Effort To Halt Sex Trafficking"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Truckers+Take+The+Wheel+In+Effort+To+Halt+Sex+Trafficking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F07%2F13%2F484801054%2Ftruckers-take-the-wheel-in-effort-to-halt-sex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rollingout.com/criminal-behavior/fbi-speaks-internet-social-media-impact-sex-trafficking-pt-3/#_">"How the internet and social media impact sex trafficking"</a>. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+internet+and+social+media+impact+sex+trafficking&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frollingout.com%2Fcriminal-behavior%2Ffbi-speaks-internet-social-media-impact-sex-trafficking-pt-3%2F%23_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker-RodriguezHill2011" class="citation web cs1">Walker-Rodriguez, Amanda; Hill, Rodney (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking">"Human Sex Trafficking"</a>. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved 7 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FBI+Law+Enforcement+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Human+Sex+Trafficking&rft.date=2011-03&rft.aulast=Walker-Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Hill%2C+Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fstats-services%2Fpublications%2Flaw-enforcement-bulletin%2Fmarch_2011%2Fhuman_sex_trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maplecroft811-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Maplecroft811_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlyson_WarhurstCressie_StrachanZahed_YousufSiobhan_Tuohy-Smith2011" class="citation web cs1">Alyson Warhurst; Cressie Strachan; Zahed Yousuf; Siobhan Tuohy-Smith (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maplecroft.com">"Trafficking A global phenomenon with an exploration of India through maps"</a> (PDF). Maplecroft. p. 51. Retrieved 25 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trafficking+A+global+phenomenon+with+an+exploration+of+India+through+maps&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Maplecroft&rft.date=2011-08&rft.au=Alyson+Warhurst&rft.au=Cressie+Strachan&rft.au=Zahed+Yousuf&rft.au=Siobhan+Tuohy-Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maplecroft.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626234542/http://www.prostitutie.nl/studie/documenten/mensenhandel/researchcasestraffick.pdf">"Research based on case studies of victims of trafficking in human beings in 3 EU Member States, i.e. Belgium, Italy and The Netherlands"</a> (PDF). Commission of the European Communities, DG Justice & Home Affairs. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prostitutie.nl/studie/documenten/mensenhandel/researchcasestraffick.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+based+on+case+studies+of+victims+of+trafficking+in+human+beings+in+3+EU+Member+States%2C+i.e.+Belgium%2C+Italy+and+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Commission+of+the+European+Communities%2C+DG+Justice+%26+Home+Affairs&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prostitutie.nl%2Fstudie%2Fdocumenten%2Fmensenhandel%2Fresearchcasestraffick.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060330014632/http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/IndoTraffickingFactSheetCauses.pdf">"Media Conference for Announcing Role of Dewi Hughes 28 May 2003"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solidaritycenter.org/files/IndoTraffickingFactSheetCauses.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 March 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Conference+for+Announcing+Role+of+Dewi+Hughes+28+May+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solidaritycenter.org%2Ffiles%2FIndoTraffickingFactSheetCauses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MS-Rapid-Assessment-22715.pdf">"Rapid Assessment on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking"</a> (PDF). Shared Hope. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shared+Hope&rft.atitle=Rapid+Assessment+on+Domestic+Minor+Sex+Trafficking&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharedhope.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FMS-Rapid-Assessment-22715.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/stats-services-publications-national-gang-report-2015.pdf/view">"National Gang Report 2015"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft.atitle=National+Gang+Report+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Ffile-repository%2Fstats-services-publications-national-gang-report-2015.pdf%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sharedhope.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/MS-Rapid-Assessment-22715.pdf">"Rapid Assessment on Domestic Sex Trafficking"</a> (PDF). Shared Hope.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shared+Hope&rft.atitle=Rapid+Assessment+on+Domestic+Sex+Trafficking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsharedhope.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FMS-Rapid-Assessment-22715.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421113113/http://www.nsvrc.org/news/news-field/15778">"Innocence Lost: Gangs and Sex Trafficking | National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC)"</a>. www.nsvrc.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsvrc.org/news/news-field/15778">the original</a> on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nsvrc.org&rft.atitle=Innocence+Lost%3A+Gangs+and+Sex+Trafficking+%7C+National+Sexual+Violence+Resource+Center+%28NSVRC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsvrc.org%2Fnews%2Fnews-field%2F15778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerodio2020" class="citation journal cs1">Merodio, Guiomar (2020). "They Are Not Romeo Pimps, They Are Traffickers: Overcoming the Socially Dominant Discourse to Prevent the Sex Trafficking of Youth". Qualitative Inquiry. 26 (8–9): 1010–1018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077800420938881">10.1177/1077800420938881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225543856">225543856</a> – via Sage Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualitative+Inquiry&rft.atitle=They+Are+Not+Romeo+Pimps%2C+They+Are+Traffickers%3A+Overcoming+the+Socially+Dominant+Discourse+to+Prevent+the+Sex+Trafficking+of+Youth&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=1010-1018&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1077800420938881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225543856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Merodio&rft.aufirst=Guiomar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer" class="citation journal cs1">Lederer, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921050130/http://www.globalcenturion.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Sold-for-Sex-The-Link-between-Street-Gangs-and-Trafficking-in-Persons-1.pdf">"Sold for Sex: The Link between Street Gangs and Trafficking in Persons"</a> (PDF). The Protection Project Journal of Human Rights and Civil Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalcenturion.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/Sold-for-Sex-The-Link-between-Street-Gangs-and-Trafficking-in-Persons-1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Protection+Project+Journal+of+Human+Rights+and+Civil+Society&rft.atitle=Sold+for+Sex%3A+The+Link+between+Street+Gangs+and+Trafficking+in+Persons&rft.aulast=Lederer&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalcenturion.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F02%2FSold-for-Sex-The-Link-between-Street-Gangs-and-Trafficking-in-Persons-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevensonCotter2005" class="citation journal cs1">Levenson, Jill S.; Cotter, Leo P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1043986204271676">"The Effects of Megan's Law on Sex Offender Reintegration"</a>. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. 21: 49–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1043986204271676">10.1177/1043986204271676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Megan%27s+Law+on+Sex+Offender+Reintegration&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=49-66&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1043986204271676&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Jill+S.&rft.au=Cotter%2C+Leo+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F1043986204271676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gang_-_Involved_Sex_Trafficking-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Gang_-_Involved_Sex_Trafficking_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131042023/https://humantraffickinghotline.org/resources/gang-involved-sex-trafficking">"Gang – Involved Sex Trafficking"</a>. National Human Trafficking Hotline. 28 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humantraffickinghotline.org/resources/gang-involved-sex-trafficking">the original</a> on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Human+Trafficking+Hotline&rft.atitle=Gang+%E2%80%93+Involved+Sex+Trafficking&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumantraffickinghotline.org%2Fresources%2Fgang-involved-sex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2014" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Jan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1383&context=crsj">"Into Hell: Gang-Prostitution of Minors"</a>. Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+and+Lee+Journal+of+Civil+Rights+and+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=Into+Hell%3A+Gang-Prostitution+of+Minors&rft.volume=20&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1383%26context%3Dcrsj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113220312/http://uwfm.org/3760/">"Helping Survivors of Sex Trafficking – United Way Fresno and Madera Counties"</a>. United Way Fresno and Madera Counties. 8 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwfm.org/3760/">the original</a> on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+Way+Fresno+and+Madera+Counties&rft.atitle=Helping+Survivors+of+Sex+Trafficking+%E2%80%93+United+Way+Fresno+and+Madera+Counties&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuwfm.org%2F3760%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnprice2021" class="citation web cs1">nprice (24 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nightowlrecon.org/uncategorized/branding-and-other-symbols-of-modern-human-trafficking/">"Branding and Other Symbols of Modern Human Trafficking"</a>. Night Owl Reconnaissance. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Night+Owl+Reconnaissance&rft.atitle=Branding+and+Other+Symbols+of+Modern+Human+Trafficking&rft.date=2021-10-24&rft.au=nprice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnightowlrecon.org%2Funcategorized%2Fbranding-and-other-symbols-of-modern-human-trafficking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2018" class="citation journal cs1">Cole, Jennifer (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10560-018-0530-z.pdf">"Service Providers' Perspectives on Sex Trafficking of Male Minors: Comparing Background and Trafficking Situations of Male and Female Victims"</a> (PDF). Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 35 (4): 423–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10560-018-0530-z">10.1007/s10560-018-0530-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148667127">148667127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+and+Adolescent+Social+Work+Journal&rft.atitle=Service+Providers%27+Perspectives+on+Sex+Trafficking+of+Male+Minors%3A+Comparing+Background+and+Trafficking+Situations+of+Male+and+Female+Victims.&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423-433&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10560-018-0530-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148667127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2Fs10560-018-0530-z.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sprang, Ginny (2018). "Familial Sex Trafficking of Minors: Trafficking Conditions, Clinical Presentation, and System Involvement". Journal of Family Violence. 33 (3): 185–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10896-018-9950-y">10.1007/s10896-018-9950-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3548896">3548896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Violence&rft.atitle=Familial+Sex+Trafficking+of+Minors%3A+Trafficking+Conditions%2C+Clinical+Presentation%2C+and+System+Involvement&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185-195&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10896-018-9950-y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3548896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sprang&rft.aufirst=Ginny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humantraffickingcenter.org/forced-marriage-united-states/">"Forced Marriage in the United States – Human Trafficking CenterHuman Trafficking Center"</a>. humantraffickingcenter.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=humantraffickingcenter.org&rft.atitle=Forced+Marriage+in+the+United+States+%E2%80%93+Human+Trafficking+CenterHuman+Trafficking+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumantraffickingcenter.org%2Fforced-marriage-united-states%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara2010" class="citation book cs1">Kara, Siddharth (2010). Sex Trafficking: An Overview. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 1–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231139618" title="Special:BookSources/9780231139618"><bdi>9780231139618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Trafficking%3A+An+Overview&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-44&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780231139618&rft.aulast=Kara&rft.aufirst=Siddharth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Brock, J. Brock, M. (Director). (2013). Red Light, Green Light [Video file]. Media Education Foundation. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html">"IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday"</a>. PR Newswire. 28 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=IJM+Seeks+to+End+Cybersex+Trafficking+of+Children+and+%23RestartFreedom+this+Cyber+Monday+and+Giving+Tuesday&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijmuk.org/our-work/cybersex-trafficking">"Cybersex Trafficking"</a>. IJM. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IJM&rft.atitle=Cybersex+Trafficking&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijmuk.org%2Four-work%2Fcybersex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/philippines-cybersex-trafficking/index.html">"Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge"</a>. CNN. 18 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Cyber-sex+trafficking%3A+A+21st+century+scourge&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-cybersex-trafficking%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/13/2006955/senator-warns-possible-surge-child-cybersex-traffic">"Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic"</a>. The Philippine Star. 13 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Senator+warns+of+possible+surge+in+child+cybersex+traffic&rft.date=2020-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2020%2F04%2F13%2F2006955%2Fsenator-warns-possible-surge-child-cybersex-traffic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaseanpost.com/article/dutertes-drug-war-and-child-cybersex-trafficking">"Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking"</a>. The ASEAN Post. 18 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+ASEAN+Post&rft.atitle=Duterte%27s+drug+war+and+child+cybersex+trafficking&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaseanpost.com%2Farticle%2Fdutertes-drug-war-and-child-cybersex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013030/https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/01/norwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den/">"Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den"</a>. Manila Bulletin. 1 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2020/05/01/norwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den/">the original</a> on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Norwegian+national%2C+partner+nabbed%3B+4+rescued+from+cybersex+den&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mb.com.ph%2F2020%2F05%2F01%2Fnorwegian-national-partner-nabbed-4-rescued-from-cybersex-den%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886">"Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking"</a>. NBC News. 30 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Cheap+tech+and+widespread+internet+access+fuel+rise+in+cybersex+trafficking&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-news%2Fcheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/11/11/1967750/senate-probe-rise-child-cybersex-trafficking">"Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking"</a>. The Philippine Star. 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Senate+to+probe+rise+in+child+cybersex+trafficking&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2F1967750%2Fsenate-probe-rise-child-cybersex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/global-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1">"Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines"</a>. Reuters. 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Global+taskforce+tackles+cybersex+child+trafficking+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-philippines-trafficking-children%2Fglobal-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-technology/webcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X">"Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers"</a>. Reuters. 17 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Webcam+slavery%3A+tech+turns+Filipino+families+into+cybersex+child+traffickers&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-philippines-trafficking-technology%2Fwebcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3008403/how-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour">"How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labour in Asia"</a>. South China Morning Post. 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+internet+fuels+sexual+exploitation+and+forced+labour+in+Asia&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Finsight-opinion%2Farticle%2F3008403%2Fhow-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sencanada.ca/en/content/sen/chamber/421/debates/194db_2018-04-18-e">"1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194"</a>. Senate of Canada. 18 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senate+of+Canada&rft.atitle=1st+Session%2C+42nd+Parliament%2C+Volume+150%2C+Issue+194&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsencanada.ca%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fsen%2Fchamber%2F421%2Fdebates%2F194db_2018-04-18-e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex">"Cybersex trafficking spreads across Southeast Asia, fuelled by internet boom. And the law lags behind"</a>. South China Morning Post. 11 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Cybersex+trafficking+spreads+across+Southeast+Asia%2C+fuelled+by+internet+boom.+And+the+law+lags+behind&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fsoutheast-asia%2Farticle%2F3026664%2Fhow-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/forcedmarriage/introduction_1.shtml">"BBC – Ethics – Forced Marriages: Introduction"</a>. bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Forced+Marriages%3A+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fethics%2Fforcedmarriage%2Fintroduction_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325170540/http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rip/21-40/rip32.html">"Forced and servile marriage in the context of human trafficking"</a>. aic.gov.au. 3 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/rip/21-40/rip32.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Forced+and+servile+marriage+in+the+context+of+human+trafficking&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aic.gov.au%2Fpublications%2Fcurrent%2520series%2Frip%2F21-40%2Frip32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecpat.org.uk-67"><a href="#cite_ref-ecpat.org.uk_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718000206/http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/forced_marriage_ecpat_uk_wise.pdf">"Child Trafficking for Forced Marriage"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecpat.org.uk/sites/default/files/forced_marriage_ecpat_uk_wise.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Trafficking+for+Forced+Marriage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecpat.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fforced_marriage_ecpat_uk_wise.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329164347/http://give.theahafoundation.org/blog-0/bid/149715/Forced-Marriage-and-the-Many-Faces-of-Human-Trafficking">"Forced Marriage and the Many Faces of Human Trafficking"</a>. theahafoundation.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://give.theahafoundation.org/blog-0/bid/149715/Forced-Marriage-and-the-Many-Faces-of-Human-Trafficking">the original</a> on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theahafoundation.org&rft.atitle=Forced+Marriage+and+the+Many+Faces+of+Human+Trafficking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgive.theahafoundation.org%2Fblog-0%2Fbid%2F149715%2FForced-Marriage-and-the-Many-Faces-of-Human-Trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/09/child-marriages-39000-every-day-more-than-140-million-girls-will-marry-between-2011-and-2020/">"Child Marriages: 39,000 Every Day – More than 140 million girls will marry between 2011 and 2020"</a>. www.un.org. 7 March 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=Child+Marriages%3A+39%2C000+Every+Day+%E2%80%93+More+than+140+million+girls+will+marry+between+2011+and+2020&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fyouthenvoy%2F2013%2F09%2Fchild-marriages-39000-every-day-more-than-140-million-girls-will-marry-between-2011-and-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecretariat.2004" class="citation book cs1">Secretariat., Commonwealth (2004). Gender and Human Rights in the Commonwealth Some Critical Issues for Action in the Decade 2005–2015. Commonwealth Secretariat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848598553" title="Special:BookSources/9781848598553"><bdi>9781848598553</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032573761">1032573761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Human+Rights+in+the+Commonwealth+Some+Critical+Issues+for+Action+in+the+Decade+2005%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1032573761&rft.isbn=9781848598553&rft.aulast=Secretariat.&rft.aufirst=Commonwealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Copley, Lauren (31 October 2014). "What does policy have to do with it? The political economy of Latino sex trafficking in the United States". Crime, Law and Social Change. 62 (5): 571–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10611-014-9542-6">10.1007/s10611-014-9542-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0925-4994">0925-4994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143668692">143668692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crime%2C+Law+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=What+does+policy+have+to+do+with+it%3F+The+political+economy+of+Latino+sex+trafficking+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=571-584&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143668692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0925-4994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10611-014-9542-6&rft.aulast=Copley&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_72-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatusek" class="citation book cs1">Matusek, Karmen Marie. Under the surface of sex trafficking : socio-economic and cultural perpetrators of gender-based violence in India. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994684683">994684683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+surface+of+sex+trafficking+%3A+socio-economic+and+cultural+perpetrators+of+gender-based+violence+in+India&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994684683&rft.aulast=Matusek&rft.aufirst=Karmen+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_73-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolic-Ristanovic2003" class="citation book cs1">Nikolic-Ristanovic, Vesna (2003). Sex Trafficking: The Impact of War, Militarism and Globalization in Eastern Europe. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor: Michigan Feminist Studies. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/688491916">688491916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Trafficking%3A+The+Impact+of+War%2C+Militarism+and+Globalization+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2C+Ann+Arbor%3A+Michigan+Feminist+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F688491916&rft.aulast=Nikolic-Ristanovic&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_74-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuong2012" class="citation journal cs1">Duong, Kim Anh (2012). "Human Trafficking in a Globalized World: Gender Aspects of the Issue and Anti-trafficking Politics". Journal of Research in Gender Studies. 2: 48–65. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1272096082">1272096082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Gender+Studies&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+in+a+Globalized+World%3A+Gender+Aspects+of+the+Issue+and+Anti-trafficking+Politics&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=48-65&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Duong&rft.aufirst=Kim+Anh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_75-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiefenbrun2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tiefenbrun, Susan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.il/Units/Trafficking/MainDocs/The%20Saga%20of%20Susannah.pdf">"The Saga of Susannah A U.S. Remedy for Sex Trafficking in Women: The Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000"</a> (PDF). Utah Law Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Utah+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Susannah+A+U.S.+Remedy+for+Sex+Trafficking+in+Women%3A+The+Victims+of+Trafficking+and+Violence+Protection+Act+of+2000&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Tiefenbrun&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.il%2FUnits%2FTrafficking%2FMainDocs%2FThe%2520Saga%2520of%2520Susannah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chuang, Janie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1323&context=ijgls">"Beyond a Snapshot: Preventing Human Trafficking in the Global Economy"</a>. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 13 (1): 137–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgls.2006.0002">10.1353/gls.2006.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1543-0367">1543-0367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Journal+of+Global+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Beyond+a+Snapshot%3A+Preventing+Human+Trafficking+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-163&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgls.2006.0002&rft.issn=1543-0367&rft.aulast=Chuang&rft.aufirst=Janie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.law.indiana.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1323%26context%3Dijgls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_77-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDong-Hoon2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dong-Hoon, Seol (January 2004). "International Sex Trafficking in Women in Korea: Its Causes, Consequences and Countermeasures". Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 10 (2): 7–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F12259276.2004.11665968">10.1080/12259276.2004.11665968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1225-9276">1225-9276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155642740">155642740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=International+Sex+Trafficking+in+Women+in+Korea%3A+Its+Causes%2C+Consequences+and+Countermeasures&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-47&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155642740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1225-9276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F12259276.2004.11665968&rft.aulast=Dong-Hoon&rft.aufirst=Seol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/recognize-signs">"Recognize the Recognize"</a>. Polaris. 12 October 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polaris&rft.atitle=Recognize+the+Recognize&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolarisproject.org%2Fhuman-trafficking%2Frecognize-signs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerassiNichols2017" class="citation book cs1">Gerassi, Lara B.; Nichols, Andrea J. (28 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enFfDgAAQBAJ&dq=sex+trafficking+prevention&pg=PP1">Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Prevention, Advocacy, and Trauma-Informed Practice</a>. Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-4975-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-4975-6"><bdi>978-0-8261-4975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Trafficking+and+Commercial+Sexual+Exploitation%3A+Prevention%2C+Advocacy%2C+and+Trauma-Informed+Practice&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-4975-6&rft.aulast=Gerassi&rft.aufirst=Lara+B.&rft.au=Nichols%2C+Andrea+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenFfDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsex%2Btrafficking%2Bprevention%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/human-trafficking-americas-schools">"Human Trafficking in America's Schools | National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments (NCSSLE)"</a>. safesupportivelearning.ed.gov. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=safesupportivelearning.ed.gov&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+in+America%27s+Schools+%7C+National+Center+on+Safe+Supportive+Learning+Environments+%28NCSSLE%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsafesupportivelearning.ed.gov%2Fhuman-trafficking-americas-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traffickingresourcecenter.org/what-human-trafficking/human-trafficking/victims">"The Victims"</a>. www.traffickingresourcecenter.org. National Human Trafficking Resource Center. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.traffickingresourcecenter.org&rft.atitle=The+Victims&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traffickingresourcecenter.org%2Fwhat-human-trafficking%2Fhuman-trafficking%2Fvictims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rao-82"><a href="#cite_ref-rao_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoPresenti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Smriti; Presenti, Christina (2012). "Understanding Human Trafficking Origin: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis". Feminist Economics. 18 (2): 231–263 [233–234]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545701.2012.680978">10.1080/13545701.2012.680978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154067551">154067551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Understanding+Human+Trafficking+Origin%3A+A+Cross-Country+Empirical+Analysis&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-263+233-234&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545701.2012.680978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154067551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Smriti&rft.au=Presenti%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/sex-trafficking">"Sex Trafficking"</a>. Polaris. 13 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polaris&rft.atitle=Sex+Trafficking&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolarisproject.org%2Fhuman-trafficking%2Fsex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Reilly2012" class="citation cs2">O’Reilly, Caroline, ed. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf">ILO Global Estimate of Forced Labour: Results and methodology</a> (PDF), Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, p. 14, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789221264125" title="Special:BookSources/9789221264125"><bdi>9789221264125</bdi></a>, retrieved 7 August 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ILO+Global+Estimate+of+Forced+Labour%3A+Results+and+methodology&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=International+Labour+Office&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789221264125&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---ed_norm%2F---declaration%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_182004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenbaum2020" class="citation journal cs1">Greenbaum, Jordan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040119-094335">"A Public Health Approach to Global Child Sex Trafficking"</a>. Annual Review of Public Health. 41: 481–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040119-094335">10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094335</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32237991">32237991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=A+Public+Health+Approach+to+Global+Child+Sex+Trafficking&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=481-497&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-publhealth-040119-094335&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32237991&rft.aulast=Greenbaum&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-publhealth-040119-094335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehlman-Orozco2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mehlman-Orozco, Kimberly (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17645%2Fsi.v3i1.56">"Safe Harbor Legislation for Juvenile Victims of Sex Trafficking: A Myopic View of Improvements in Practice"</a>. Social Inclusion. 3: 52–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17645%2Fsi.v3i1.56">10.17645/si.v3i1.56</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Inclusion&rft.atitle=Safe+Harbor+Legislation+for+Juvenile+Victims+of+Sex+Trafficking%3A+A+Myopic+View+of+Improvements+in+Practice&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=52-62&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17645%2Fsi.v3i1.56&rft.aulast=Mehlman-Orozco&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17645%252Fsi.v3i1.56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2003" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, Cathy (2003). "The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents: Findings from a European study". London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Hygiene+%26+Tropical+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+health+risks+and+consequences+of+trafficking+in+women+and+adolescents%3A+Findings+from+a+European+study&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellMaynardBornWagner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dell, Nathaniel A.; Maynard, Brandy R.; Born, Kara R.; Wagner, Elizabeth; Atkins, Bonnie; House, Whitney (8 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692553">"Helping Survivors of Human Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Exit and Postexit Interventions"</a>. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 20 (2): 183–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1524838017692553">10.1177/1524838017692553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8380">1524-8380</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29333961">29333961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41680494">41680494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trauma%2C+Violence%2C+%26+Abuse&rft.atitle=Helping+Survivors+of+Human+Trafficking%3A+A+Systematic+Review+of+Exit+and+Postexit+Interventions&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-196&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft.issn=1524-8380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41680494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29333961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1524838017692553&rft.aulast=Dell&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel+A.&rft.au=Maynard%2C+Brandy+R.&rft.au=Born%2C+Kara+R.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Atkins%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=House%2C+Whitney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F1524838017692553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOramStöcklBuszaHoward2012" class="citation journal cs1">Oram, Siân; Stöckl, Heidi; Busza, Joanna; Howard, Louise M.; Zimmerman, Cathy (29 May 2012). Jewkes, Rachel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362635">"Prevalence and Risk of Violence and the Physical, Mental, and Sexual Health Problems Associated with Human Trafficking: Systematic Review"</a>. PLOS Medicine. 9 (5): e1001224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001224">10.1371/journal.pmed.1001224</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1549-1676">1549-1676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3362635">3362635</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666182">22666182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Medicine&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+Risk+of+Violence+and+the+Physical%2C+Mental%2C+and+Sexual+Health+Problems+Associated+with+Human+Trafficking%3A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1001224&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3362635%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1549-1676&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22666182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001224&rft.aulast=Oram&rft.aufirst=Si%C3%A2n&rft.au=St%C3%B6ckl%2C+Heidi&rft.au=Busza%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Howard%2C+Louise+M.&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3362635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeHalkitis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Le, PhuongThao D.; Halkitis, Perry N. (3 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167935">"Advancing the Science on the Biopsychosocial Effects of Human Trafficking"</a>. Behavioral Medicine. 44 (3): 175–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08964289.2018.1465269">10.1080/08964289.2018.1465269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-4289">0896-4289</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6167935">6167935</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30020864">30020864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51697477">51697477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Medicine&rft.atitle=Advancing+the+Science+on+the+Biopsychosocial+Effects+of+Human+Trafficking&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-176&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6167935%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51697477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08964289.2018.1465269&rft.issn=0896-4289&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30020864&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=PhuongThao+D.&rft.au=Halkitis%2C+Perry+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6167935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBissonCosgroveLewisRoberts2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bisson, Jonathan I; Cosgrove, Sarah; Lewis, Catrin; Roberts, Neil P (26 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6161">"Post-traumatic stress disorder"</a>. BMJ. 351: h6161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.h6161">10.1136/bmj.h6161</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1833">1756-1833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4663500">4663500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26611143">26611143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Post-traumatic+stress+disorder&rft.volume=351&rft.pages=h6161&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4663500%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1756-1833&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26611143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.h6161&rft.aulast=Bisson&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+I&rft.au=Cosgrove%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Catrin&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Neil+P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.h6161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayBartelsLeeStuart2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Samantha; Bartels, Susan A.; Lee, Sabine; Stuart, Heather (18 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8684182">"A cross-sectional study of community perceptions of stigmatization amongst women affected by UN-peacekeeper perpetrated sexual exploitation and abuse"</a>. BMC Public Health. 21 (1): 2295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12889-021-12221-6">10.1186/s12889-021-12221-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2458">1471-2458</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8684182">8684182</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34922504">34922504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245264830">245264830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=A+cross-sectional+study+of+community+perceptions+of+stigmatization+amongst+women+affected+by+UN-peacekeeper+perpetrated+sexual+exploitation+and+abuse&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2295&rft.date=2021-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8684182%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245264830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12889-021-12221-6&rft.issn=1471-2458&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34922504&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.au=Bartels%2C+Susan+A.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8684182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChon2022" class="citation web cs1">Chon, Katherine (31 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/blog/2022/10/supporting-individuals-intersection-human-trafficking-and-substance-use">"Supporting Individuals at the Intersection of Human Trafficking and Substance Abuse"</a>. Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supporting+Individuals+at+the+Intersection+of+Human+Trafficking+and+Substance+Abuse&rft.date=2022-10-31&rft.aulast=Chon&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acf.hhs.gov%2Fotip%2Fblog%2F2022%2F10%2Fsupporting-individuals-intersection-human-trafficking-and-substance-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoganWalkerHunt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, T.K.; Walker, Robert; Hunt, Gretchen (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838008327262">"Understanding Human Trafficking in the United States"</a>. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 10 (1): 3–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1524838008327262">10.1177/1524838008327262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-8380">1524-8380</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056686">19056686</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22223099">22223099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trauma%2C+Violence%2C+%26+Abuse&rft.atitle=Understanding+Human+Trafficking+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2009-01&rft.issn=1524-8380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22223099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19056686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1524838008327262&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Robert&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Gretchen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F1524838008327262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gender_and_Human_Rights_in_the_Commonwealth_95-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommonwealth_Secretariat2004" class="citation book cs1">Commonwealth Secretariat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQCsswEACAAJ">Gender and Human Rights in the Commonwealth: Some critical issues for action in the decade 2005–2015</a>. Commonwealth Secretariat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848598553" title="Special:BookSources/9781848598553"><bdi>9781848598553</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Human+Rights+in+the+Commonwealth%3A+Some+critical+issues+for+action+in+the+decade+2005%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781848598553&rft.au=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgQCsswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/258860.htm">"South Africa"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2Fcountries%2F2016%2F258860.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Sheldon X.; Pacheco-McEvoy, Rodrigo & Campos, Roxanna (November 2011). "Sex trafficking in Latin America: dominant discourse, empirical paucity, and promising research". Global Crime. 13 (1): 22–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17440572.2011.632504">10.1080/17440572.2011.632504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143936721">143936721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Crime&rft.atitle=Sex+trafficking+in+Latin+America%3A+dominant+discourse%2C+empirical+paucity%2C+and+promising+research&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-41&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17440572.2011.632504&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143936721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Sheldon+X.&rft.au=Pacheco-McEvoy%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Campos%2C+Roxanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17440572.2011.632504">Abstract</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.trust.org/item/20171130050906-gcj0b/">"How a Mexican family became sex traffickers"</a>. Thomson Reuters Foundation. 30 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomson+Reuters+Foundation&rft.atitle=How+a+Mexican+family+became+sex+traffickers&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.trust.org%2Fitem%2F20171130050906-gcj0b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrillo2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Grillo, Ioan (31 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2013/07/31/the-mexican-drug-cartels-other-business-sex-trafficking/">"The Mexican Drug Cartels' Other Business: Sex Trafficking"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+Drug+Cartels%27+Other+Business%3A+Sex+Trafficking&rft.date=2013-07-31&rft.aulast=Grillo&rft.aufirst=Ioan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2013%2F07%2F31%2Fthe-mexican-drug-cartels-other-business-sex-trafficking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/05/tenancingo-mexico-sex-slave-trade-america">"Tenancingo: the small town at the dark heart of Mexico's sex-slave trade"</a>. The Guardian. 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Tenancingo%3A+the+small+town+at+the+dark+heart+of+Mexico%27s+sex-slave+trade&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fapr%2F05%2Ftenancingo-mexico-sex-slave-trade-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoplespunditdaily.com/news/politics/2019/01/07/doj-mexican-sex-trafficking-organization-smuggle-victims-southern-border/">"DOJ: Mexican Sex Trafficking Organization Uses Southern Border to Smuggle Victims"</a>. People's Pundit Daily. 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Pundit+Daily&rft.atitle=DOJ%3A+Mexican+Sex+Trafficking+Organization+Uses+Southern+Border+to+Smuggle+Victims&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplespunditdaily.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F01%2F07%2Fdoj-mexican-sex-trafficking-organization-smuggle-victims-southern-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2015/7/17/20484289/human-trafficking-survivors-find-hope-in-mexico-city#portrait-of-paty-gonzalez">"Human trafficking survivors find hope in Mexico City"</a>. Deseret News. 17 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Human+trafficking+survivors+find+hope+in+Mexico+City&rft.date=2015-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2015%2F7%2F17%2F20484289%2Fhuman-trafficking-survivors-find-hope-in-mexico-city%23portrait-of-paty-gonzalez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/11/10/americas/freedom-project-mexico-trafficking-survivor/index.html">"Human trafficking survivor: I was raped 43,200 times"</a>. CNN. 20 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Human+trafficking+survivor%3A+I+was+raped+43%2C200+times&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F10%2Famericas%2Ffreedom-project-mexico-trafficking-survivor%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="page_146" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804171639/https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/commonwealth/social-issues-migration-health/gender-and-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth_9781848598553-en#page148">Gender and Human Rights in the Commonwealth: Some critical issues for action in the decade 2005–2015</a>. Commonwealth Secretariat. 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848598553" title="Special:BookSources/9781848598553"><bdi>9781848598553</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/commonwealth/social-issues-migration-health/gender-and-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth_9781848598553-en#page148">the original</a> on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Human+Rights+in+the+Commonwealth%3A+Some+critical+issues+for+action+in+the+decade+2005%E2%80%932015&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781848598553&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fcommonwealth%2Fsocial-issues-migration-health%2Fgender-and-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth_9781848598553-en%23page148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804171639/https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/commonwealth/social-issues-migration-health/gender-and-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth_9781848598553-en#page141">"Gender and Human Rights in the Commonwealth"</a>. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/commonwealth/social-issues-migration-health/gender-and-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth_9781848598553-en#page141">the original</a> on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Human+Rights+in+the+Commonwealth&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fcommonwealth%2Fsocial-issues-migration-health%2Fgender-and-human-rights-in-the-commonwealth_9781848598553-en%23page141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Business_Times-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-International_Business_Times_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Business_Times_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-International_Business_Times_106-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIaccino2014" class="citation news cs1">Iaccino, Ludovica (6 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/top-five-countries-highest-rates-child-prostitution-1435448">"Top Five Countries with Highest Rates of Child Prostitution"</a>. International Business Times. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Top+Five+Countries+with+Highest+Rates+of+Child+Prostitution&rft.date=2014-02-06&rft.aulast=Iaccino&rft.aufirst=Ludovica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Ftop-five-countries-highest-rates-child-prostitution-1435448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827181138/https://www.sherescuehome.org/about/facts-and-statistics">"Facts and Statistics | SHE Rescue Home"</a>. www.sherescuehome.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sherescuehome.org/about/facts-and-statistics">the original</a> on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sherescuehome.org&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Statistics+%7C+SHE+Rescue+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sherescuehome.org%2Fabout%2Ffacts-and-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFjohn" class="citation web cs1">john. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiancenturyinstitute.com/society/1120-human-trafficking-and-smuggling-in-asia">"Asian Century Institute – Human trafficking and smuggling in Asia"</a>. asiancenturyinstitute.com. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiancenturyinstitute.com&rft.atitle=Asian+Century+Institute+%E2%80%93+Human+trafficking+and+smuggling+in+Asia&rft.au=john&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasiancenturyinstitute.com%2Fsociety%2F1120-human-trafficking-and-smuggling-in-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_109-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2020" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (23 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2020001/article/00006-eng.htm">"Trafficking in persons in Canada, 2018"</a>. www150.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www150.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Trafficking+in+persons+in+Canada%2C+2018&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Fn1%2Fpub%2F85-002-x%2F2020001%2Farticle%2F00006-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:24_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:24_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-trafficked-how-sex-trafficking-works-in-canada/article28700689/">"The Trafficked: How sex trafficking works in Canada"</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Trafficked%3A+How+sex+trafficking+works+in+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fthe-trafficked-how-sex-trafficking-works-in-canada%2Farticle28700689%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/">"Global Slavery Index"</a>. www.globalslaveryindex.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalslaveryindex.org&rft.atitle=Global+Slavery+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalslaveryindex.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/country-studies/canada/">"Canada | Global Slavery Index"</a>. www.globalslaveryindex.org. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.globalslaveryindex.org&rft.atitle=Canada+%7C+Global+Slavery+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalslaveryindex.org%2F2018%2Ffindings%2Fcountry-studies%2Fcanada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_113-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/cntrng-crm/hmn-trffckng/abt-hmn-trffckng-en.aspx">"About Human Trafficking"</a>. www.publicsafety.gc.ca. 7 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.publicsafety.gc.ca&rft.atitle=About+Human+Trafficking&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicsafety.gc.ca%2Fcnt%2Fcntrng-crm%2Fhmn-trffckng%2Fabt-hmn-trffckng-en.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sethi, Anupriya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/fpcfr/2007-v3-n3-fpcfr05288/1069397ar/">"Domestic Sex Trafficking of Aboriginal Girls in Canada: Issues and Implications"</a>. First Peoples Child & Family Review. 3 (3): 57–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1069397ar">10.7202/1069397ar</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1708-489X">1708-489X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Peoples+Child+%26+Family+Review&rft.atitle=Domestic+Sex+Trafficking+of+Aboriginal+Girls+in+Canada%3A+Issues+and+Implications&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-71&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1069397ar&rft.issn=1708-489X&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Anupriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Fen%2Fjournals%2Ffpcfr%2F2007-v3-n3-fpcfr05288%2F1069397ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:30-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:30_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:30_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurisinMeulen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Durisin, Elya M.; Meulen, Emily van der (21 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2020.1743604">"Sexualized Nationalism and Federal Human Trafficking Consultations: Shifting Discourses on Sex Trafficking in Canada"</a>. Journal of Human Trafficking. 7 (4): 454–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23322705.2020.1743604">10.1080/23322705.2020.1743604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2332-2705">2332-2705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218783599">218783599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Trafficking&rft.atitle=Sexualized+Nationalism+and+Federal+Human+Trafficking+Consultations%3A+Shifting+Discourses+on+Sex+Trafficking+in+Canada&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=454-475&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218783599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2332-2705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23322705.2020.1743604&rft.aulast=Durisin&rft.aufirst=Elya+M.&rft.au=Meulen%2C+Emily+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F23322705.2020.1743604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:26-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:26_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:26_116-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanada2020" class="citation web cs1">Canada, Women and Gender Equality (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/news/2020/07/government-of-canada-invests-19-million-to-reduce-human-trafficking-and-support-those-most-impacted.html">"Government of Canada invests $19 million to reduce human trafficking and support those most impacted"</a>. gcnws. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gcnws&rft.atitle=Government+of+Canada+invests+%2419+million+to+reduce+human+trafficking+and+support+those+most+impacted&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.aulast=Canada&rft.aufirst=Women+and+Gender+Equality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fwomen-gender-equality%2Fnews%2F2020%2F07%2Fgovernment-of-canada-invests-19-million-to-reduce-human-trafficking-and-support-those-most-impacted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_117-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadiancentretoendhumantrafficking.ca/">"The Canadian Centre To End Human Trafficking"</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Centre+To+End+Human+Trafficking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiancentretoendhumantrafficking.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:28-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:28_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:28_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrevention" class="citation web cs1">Prevention, Victim Services and Crime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330080022/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking/human-trafficking-training/resources/national-organizations">"Human Trafficking – National List of Organizations – Province of British Columbia"</a>. www2.gov.bc.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/human-trafficking/human-trafficking-training/resources/national-organizations">the original</a> on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.gov.bc.ca&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+%E2%80%93+National+List+of+Organizations+%E2%80%93+Province+of+British+Columbia&rft.aulast=Prevention&rft.aufirst=Victim+Services+and+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca%2Fgov%2Fcontent%2Fjustice%2Fcriminal-justice%2Fvictims-of-crime%2Fhuman-trafficking%2Fhuman-trafficking-training%2Fresources%2Fnational-organizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:29_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:29_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://covenanthousetoronto.ca/traffick-stop/">"Traffick Stop"</a>. Covenant House Toronto. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Covenant+House+Toronto&rft.atitle=Traffick+Stop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcovenanthousetoronto.ca%2Ftraffick-stop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopvaw.org/trafficking_routes#_edn6">"Trafficking Routes"</a>. www.stopvaw.org. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stopvaw.org&rft.atitle=Trafficking+Routes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopvaw.org%2Ftrafficking_routes%23_edn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Johanna Granville, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3541545/From_Russia_without_Love_The_Fourth_Wave_of_Global_Human_Trafficking">"From Russia without Love: The 'Fourth Wave' of Global Human Trafficking"</a>, Demokratizatsiya, vol. 12, no. 1 (Winter 2004): p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_122-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-29660126">"Trafficking harms 30,000 in EU – most in sex trade"</a>. BBC. BBC. 17 October 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Trafficking+harms+30%2C000+in+EU+%E2%80%93+most+in+sex+trade&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-29660126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/258823.htm">"Moldova"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Moldova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2Fcountries%2F2016%2F258823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemtsova2017" class="citation news cs1">Nemtsova, Anna (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/can-moldovas-battered-teens-be-saved-from-human-traffickers">"Can Moldova's Battered Teens Be Saved From Human Traffickers?"</a>. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Can+Moldova%27s+Battered+Teens+Be+Saved+From+Human+Traffickers%3F&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft.aulast=Nemtsova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fcan-moldovas-battered-teens-be-saved-from-human-traffickers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gvnet.com-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gvnet.com_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gvnet.com_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gvnet.com_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Moldova.htm">"Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery – Moldova"</a>. gvnet.com. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gvnet.com&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+%26+Modern-day+Slavery+%E2%80%93+Moldova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgvnet.com%2Fhumantrafficking%2FMoldova.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/258786.htm">"Iran"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt%2Fcountries%2F2016%2F258786.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm">"Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery – Iran"</a>. gvnet.com. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gvnet.com&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+%26+Modern-day+Slavery+%E2%80%93+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgvnet.com%2Fhumantrafficking%2FIran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uncensored-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uncensored_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uncensored_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUncensored2009" class="citation web cs1">Uncensored, Reporters (19 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/reporters-uncensored/irans-dark-secret-child-p_b_262222.html">"Iran's Dark Secret: Child Prostitution and Sex Slaves"</a>. Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Dark+Secret%3A+Child+Prostitution+and+Sex+Slaves&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft.aulast=Uncensored&rft.aufirst=Reporters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Freporters-uncensored%2Firans-dark-secret-child-p_b_262222.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.gov.il/En/Units/Trafficking/HumanTrafficking/Sexualexploitation/Pages/struggleprostitutiontraffickingisrael.aspx">"Combating Trafficking for Prostitution in Israel"</a>. Office of the National Anti-Trafficking Coordinator. Retrieved 31 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+National+Anti-Trafficking+Coordinator&rft.atitle=Combating+Trafficking+for+Prostitution+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov.il%2FEn%2FUnits%2FTrafficking%2FHumanTrafficking%2FSexualexploitation%2FPages%2Fstruggleprostitutiontraffickingisrael.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2/israel/">"2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Israel"</a>. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2019+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report%3A+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2%2Fisrael%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacker" class="citation web cs1">Hacker, Daphna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en-law.tau.ac.il/sites/law-english.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/Law/MinervaImages/pdfs/Hacker_TVPA_formatted(1).pdf">"Is the Trafficking Victims Protection Act a Transnational Success? Lessons from Israel's Strategic Compliance"</a> (PDF). Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv+University+Faculty+of+Law&rft.atitle=Is+the+Trafficking+Victims+Protection+Act+a+Transnational+Success%3F+Lessons+from+Israel%27s+Strategic+Compliance&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Daphna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen-law.tau.ac.il%2Fsites%2Flaw-english.tau.ac.il%2Ffiles%2Fmedia_server%2FLaw%2FMinervaImages%2Fpdfs%2FHacker_TVPA_formatted%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.il/en/Departments/Guides/prostitution?chapterIndex=4">"Trafficking for the Purposes of Prostitution and Sexual Exploitation"</a>. Israel Ministry of Justice. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Ministry+of+Justice&rft.atitle=Trafficking+for+the+Purposes+of+Prostitution+and+Sexual+Exploitation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.il%2Fen%2FDepartments%2FGuides%2Fprostitution%3FchapterIndex%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Educating Healthcare Professionals on Human Trafficking". Pediatric Emergency Care. 30 December 2014. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4392380">4392380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Emergency+Care&rft.atitle=Educating+Healthcare+Professionals+on+Human+Trafficking&rft.date=2014-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4392380%23id-name%3DPMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humantraffickinghotline.org/resources/what-look-healthcare-setting">"What to look for in a healthcare setting"</a>. National Human Trafficking Hotline. 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Human+Trafficking+Hotline&rft.atitle=What+to+look+for+in+a+healthcare+setting&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumantraffickinghotline.org%2Fresources%2Fwhat-look-healthcare-setting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humantraffickinghotline.org/resources/framework-human-trafficking-protocol-healthcare-settings">"Framework for a Human Trafficking Protocol in Healthcare settings"</a>. National Human Trafficking Hotline. 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Human+Trafficking+Hotline&rft.atitle=Framework+for+a+Human+Trafficking+Protocol+in+Healthcare+settings&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumantraffickinghotline.org%2Fresources%2Fframework-human-trafficking-protocol-healthcare-settings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healtrafficking.org/2017/06/new-heal-trafficking-and-hope-for-justices-protocol-toolkit-for-developing-a-response-to-victims-of-human-trafficking-in-health-care-settings/">"HEAL Trafficking"</a>. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HEAL+Trafficking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealtrafficking.org%2F2017%2F06%2Fnew-heal-trafficking-and-hope-for-justices-protocol-toolkit-for-developing-a-response-to-victims-of-human-trafficking-in-health-care-settings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101014443/https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/news/icd-10">"CDC Adds New Human Trafficking Data Collection Fields for Healthcare Providers"</a>. National Human Trafficking Hotline. 14 June 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/news/icd-10">the original</a> on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Human+Trafficking+Hotline&rft.atitle=CDC+Adds+New+Human+Trafficking+Data+Collection+Fields+for+Healthcare+Providers&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acf.hhs.gov%2Fotip%2Fnews%2Ficd-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/767/actions">"SOAR to Health and Wellness Act"</a>. Energy and Commerce Committee. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Commerce+Committee&rft.atitle=SOAR+to+Health+and+Wellness+Act&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F115th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F767%2Factions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115112905/https://www.doc-path.org/path">"PATH"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc-path.org/path">the original</a> on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 15 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PATH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc-path.org%2Fpath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amwa-doc.org/our-work/initiatives/human-trafficking/">"Physicians Against Trafficking of Humans"</a>. AWMA. 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AWMA&rft.atitle=Physicians+Against+Trafficking+of+Humans&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amwa-doc.org%2Four-work%2Finitiatives%2Fhuman-trafficking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2015/09/dc-conference-to-focus-on-teaching-providers-how-to-spot-trafficking-025769">"D.C. conference to focus on teaching providers how to spot trafficking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. 21 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404094009/https://www.politico.com/states/new-york/albany/story/2015/09/dc-conference-to-focus-on-teaching-providers-how-to-spot-trafficking-025769">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=D.C.+conference+to+focus+on+teaching+providers+how+to+spot+trafficking&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstates%2Fnew-york%2Falbany%2Fstory%2F2015%2F09%2Fdc-conference-to-focus-on-teaching-providers-how-to-spot-trafficking-025769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hrxhptvEOTs">TEDx</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch-ArmendarizNsonwuHeffron2014" class="citation journal cs1">Busch-Armendariz, Noël; Nsonwu, Maura Busch; Heffron, Laurie Cook (January 2014). "A kaleidoscope: The role of the social work practitioner and the strength of social work theories and practice in meeting the complex needs of people trafficked and the professionals that work with them". International Social Work. 57 (1): 7–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020872813505630">10.1177/0020872813505630</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8728">0020-8728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145455649">145455649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Work&rft.atitle=A+kaleidoscope%3A+The+role+of+the+social+work+practitioner+and+the+strength+of+social+work+theories+and+practice+in+meeting+the+complex+needs+of+people+trafficked+and+the+professionals+that+work+with+them&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145455649%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-8728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020872813505630&rft.aulast=Busch-Armendariz&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rft.au=Nsonwu%2C+Maura+Busch&rft.au=Heffron%2C+Laurie+Cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchauerWheaton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schauer, Edward J.; Wheaton, Elizabeth M. (2006). "Sex Trafficking Into the United States: A Literature Review". Criminal Justice Review. 31 (2): 146–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734016806290136">10.1177/0734016806290136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145557349">145557349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Justice+Review&rft.atitle=Sex+Trafficking+Into+the+United+States%3A+A+Literature+Review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-169&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0734016806290136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145557349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schauer&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft.au=Wheaton%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theduluthmodel.org/what-is-the-duluth-model/">"What is the Duluth Model?"</a>. Domestic Abuse Intervention Program. 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Domestic+Abuse+Intervention+Program&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Duluth+Model%3F&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theduluthmodel.org%2Fwhat-is-the-duluth-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528193723/http://old.freedomofmind.com/Services/HumanTraffickingBITE.php">"Steven Hassan's Human Trafficking BITE Model"</a>. Freedom of Mind Resource Center. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.freedomofmind.com/Services/HumanTraffickingBITE.php">the original</a> on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+of+Mind+Resource+Center&rft.atitle=Steven+Hassan%27s+Human+Trafficking+BITE+Model&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.freedomofmind.com%2FServices%2FHumanTraffickingBITE.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkovitch-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkovitch_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkovitch_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkovitch1999" class="citation book cs1">Berkovitch, Nitzka (1999). From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations. JHU Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801860287" title="Special:BookSources/9780801860287"><bdi>9780801860287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Motherhood+to+Citizenship%3A+Women%27s+Rights+and+International+Organizations&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780801860287&rft.aulast=Berkovitch&rft.aufirst=Nitzka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkovitch1999" class="citation book cs1">Berkovitch, Nitzka (1999). From Motherhood to Citizenship: Women's Rights and International Organizations. JHU Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801860287" title="Special:BookSources/9780801860287"><bdi>9780801860287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Motherhood+to+Citizenship%3A+Women%27s+Rights+and+International+Organizations&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780801860287&rft.aulast=Berkovitch&rft.aufirst=Nitzka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2014" class="citation journal cs1">Barnard, Alyssa M. (1 January 2014). ""the Second Chance They Deserve": Vacating Convictions of Sex Trafficking Victims". Columbia Law Review. 114 (6): 1463–1501. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23932264">23932264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=%22the+Second+Chance+They+Deserve%22%3A+Vacating+Convictions+of+Sex+Trafficking+Victims&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1463-1501&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23932264%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Alyssa+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolak2013" class="citation journal cs1">Smolak, A (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703872">"White slavery, whorehouse riots, venereal disease, and saving women: historical context of prostitution interventions and harm reduction in New York City during the Progressive Era"</a>. Soc Work Public Health. 28 (5): 496–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19371918.2011.592083">10.1080/19371918.2011.592083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3703872">3703872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23805804">23805804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soc+Work+Public+Health&rft.atitle=White+slavery%2C+whorehouse+riots%2C+venereal+disease%2C+and+saving+women%3A+historical+context+of+prostitution+interventions+and+harm+reduction+in+New+York+City+during+the+Progressive+Era&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=496-508&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3703872%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23805804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19371918.2011.592083&rft.aulast=Smolak&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3703872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054644/http://polis.osce.org/library/f/3655/2833/UN-USA-RPT-3655-EN-Text%20of%20the%20Convention.pdf">"Convention For The Suppression Of The Traffic In Persons And Of The Exploitation Of The Prostitution Of Others"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polis.osce.org/library/f/3655/2833/UN-USA-RPT-3655-EN-Text%20of%20the%20Convention.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+For+The+Suppression+Of+The+Traffic+In+Persons+And+Of+The+Exploitation+Of+The+Prostitution+Of+Others&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolis.osce.org%2Flibrary%2Ff%2F3655%2F2833%2FUN-USA-RPT-3655-EN-Text%2520of%2520the%2520Convention.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNODC" class="citation web cs1">UNODC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf">"Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012"</a> (PDF). United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.IV.1. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Report+on+Trafficking+in+Persons+2012&rft.pub=United+Nations+publication%2C+Sales+No.+E.13.IV.1&rft.au=UNODC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fdata-and-analysis%2Fglotip%2FTrafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msmagazine.com/news/uswirestory.asp?ID=15114">"Feminist Wire Daily Newsbriefs: U.S. and Global News Coverage"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feminist+Wire+Daily+Newsbriefs%3A+U.S.+and+Global+News+Coverage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msmagazine.com%2Fnews%2Fuswirestory.asp%3FID%3D15114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-candidate-154"><a href="#cite_ref-candidate_154-0">^</a> Candidate, Jo Doezema PhD "Loose women or lost women? The re-emergence of the myth of white slavery in contemporary discourses of trafficking in women." Gender issues 18.1 (1999): 23–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-donovan-155"><a href="#cite_ref-donovan_155-0">^</a> Donovan, Brian. White slave crusades: race, gender, and anti-vice activism, 1887–1917. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> 18 U.S.C. § 1591 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427175810/https://awasartn.org/HUMAN_TRAFFICKING.html">"Stop Sex Trafficking"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://awasartn.org/HUMAN_TRAFFICKING.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stop+Sex+Trafficking.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fawasartn.org%2FHUMAN_TRAFFICKING.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/10492.pdf">"Victims Of Trafficking And Violence Protection Act of 2000"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victims+Of+Trafficking+And+Violence+Protection+Act+of+2000.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F10492.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Soderlund, Gretchen. "Running from the rescuers: new US crusades against sex trafficking and the rhetoric of abolition." nwsa Journal 17.3 (2005): 64–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Feingold, David A. "Human trafficking." Foreign Policy (2005): 26–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horning,_A._2014-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Horning,_A._2014_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorningThomasHenningerMarcus2014" class="citation journal cs1">Horning, A.; Thomas, C.; Henninger, A. M.; Marcus, A. (2014). "The Trafficking in Persons Report: a game of risk". International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. 38 (3): 257–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01924036.2013.861355">10.1080/01924036.2013.861355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167966846">167966846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Comparative+and+Applied+Criminal+Justice&rft.atitle=The+Trafficking+in+Persons+Report%3A+a+game+of+risk&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-280&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01924036.2013.861355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167966846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Horning&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+C.&rft.au=Henninger%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Marcus%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/operation-independence-day-2019">"Operation Independence Day"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 6 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Independence+Day&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fnews%2Fstories%2Foperation-independence-day-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_163-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2021" class="citation web cs1">House, The White (3 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/03/fact-sheet-the-national-action-plan-to-combat-human-trafficking-nap/">"FACT SHEET: The National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking (NAP)"</a>. The White House. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=FACT+SHEET%3A+The+National+Action+Plan+to+Combat+Human+Trafficking+%28NAP%29&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=The+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2021%2F12%2F03%2Ffact-sheet-the-national-action-plan-to-combat-human-trafficking-nap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/release-of-the-national-action-plan-to-combat-human-trafficking/">"Release of the National Action Plan to Combat Human Trafficking"</a>. United States Department of State. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Release+of+the+National+Action+Plan+to+Combat+Human+Trafficking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Frelease-of-the-national-action-plan-to-combat-human-trafficking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/national-human-trafficking-prevention-month/">"National Human Trafficking Prevention Month"</a>. United States Department of State. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=National+Human+Trafficking+Prevention+Month&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fnational-human-trafficking-prevention-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_166-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dea.gov/human-trafficking-prevention">"Human Trafficking Prevention"</a>. www.dea.gov. Retrieved 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dea.gov&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dea.gov%2Fhuman-trafficking-prevention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=201&CM=1&CL=ENG">"Liste complète"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liste+compl%C3%A8te&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conventions.coe.int%2FTreaty%2FCommun%2FQueVoulezVous.asp%3FNT%3D201%26CM%3D1%26CL%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/201/signatures">"Full list"</a>. Treaty Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treaty+Office&rft.atitle=Full+list&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fconventions%2Ffull-list%2F-%2Fconventions%2Ftreaty%2F201%2Fsignatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoE_Convention-169"><a href="#cite_ref-CoE_Convention_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2005" class="citation book cs1">Council of Europe (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Source/PDF_Conv_197_Trafficking_Erev.pdf">Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a> (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe+Convention+on+Action+against+Trafficking+in+Human+Beings&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdghl%2Fmonitoring%2Ftrafficking%2FSource%2FPDF_Conv_197_Trafficking_Erev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Council_of_Europe-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Council_of_Europe_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Council_of_Europe_170-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe" class="citation web cs1">Council of Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/Docs/Monitoring/GRETA_en.asp#TopOfPage">"About GRETA"</a>. Council of Europe. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=About+GRETA&rft.au=Council+of+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Ft%2Fdghl%2Fmonitoring%2Ftrafficking%2FDocs%2FMonitoring%2FGRETA_en.asp%23TopOfPage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-goettingen.de/de/document/download/77423e5166dffaed5d33b58c35d504b5.pdf/119_Cho.pdf">"Cho, Seo-Young, Axel Dreher and Eric Neumayer (2011), The Spread of Anti-trafficking Policies – Evidence from a New Index, Cege Discussion Paper Series No. 119, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 13 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cho%2C+Seo-Young%2C+Axel+Dreher+and+Eric+Neumayer+%282011%29%2C+The+Spread+of+Anti-trafficking+Policies+%E2%80%93+Evidence+from+a+New+Index%2C+Cege+Discussion+Paper+Series+No.+119%2C+Georg-August-University+of+Goettingen%2C+Germany.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-goettingen.de%2Fde%2Fdocument%2Fdownload%2F77423e5166dffaed5d33b58c35d504b5.pdf%2F119_Cho.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006161444/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_tv_campaign_2002.html">"Global TV Campaign on Human Trafficking"</a>. UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/trafficking_tv_campaign_2002.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+TV+Campaign+on+Human+Trafficking&rft.pub=UN+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Ftrafficking_tv_campaign_2002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennanPlambech2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brennan, Denise; Plambech, Sine (29 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.201218101">"Editorial: Moving Forward—Life after trafficking"</a>. Anti-Trafficking Review (10). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.201218101">10.14197/atr.201218101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2287-0113">2287-0113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Trafficking+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Moving+Forward%E2%80%94Life+after+trafficking&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2018-04-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14197%2Fatr.201218101&rft.issn=2287-0113&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Plambech%2C+Sine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14197%252Fatr.201218101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYea2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yea, Sallie (27 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.20121781">"Editorial: The politics of evidence, data and research in anti-trafficking work"</a>. Anti-Trafficking Review (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.20121781">10.14197/atr.20121781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Trafficking+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+The+politics+of+evidence%2C+data+and+research+in+anti-trafficking+work&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2017-04-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14197%2Fatr.20121781&rft.aulast=Yea&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14197%252Fatr.20121781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_175-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrijasevicMai2016" class="citation journal cs1">Andrijasevic, Rutvica; Mai, Nicola (30 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.20121771">"Editorial: Trafficking (in) Representations: Understanding the recurring appeal of victimhood and slavery in neoliberal times"</a>. Anti-Trafficking Review (7). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.20121771">10.14197/atr.20121771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Trafficking+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Trafficking+%28in%29+Representations%3A+Understanding+the+recurring+appeal+of+victimhood+and+slavery+in+neoliberal+times&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2016-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14197%2Fatr.20121771&rft.aulast=Andrijasevic&rft.aufirst=Rutvica&rft.au=Mai%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14197%252Fatr.20121771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wijers, Marjan (30 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.20121544">"Purity, Victimhood and Agency: Fifteen years of the UN Trafficking Protocol"</a>. Anti-Trafficking Review (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14197%2Fatr.20121544">10.14197/atr.20121544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Trafficking+Review&rft.atitle=Purity%2C+Victimhood+and+Agency%3A+Fifteen+years+of+the+UN+Trafficking+Protocol&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14197%2Fatr.20121544&rft.aulast=Wijers&rft.aufirst=Marjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14197%252Fatr.20121544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2019" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Elizabeth (January 2019). Brokered subjects : sex, trafficking, and the politics of freedom. Chicago, IL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226573632" title="Special:BookSources/9780226573632"><bdi>9780226573632</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1022777061">1022777061</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brokered+subjects+%3A+sex%2C+trafficking%2C+and+the+politics+of+freedom&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1022777061&rft.isbn=9780226573632&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt">"Trafficking in Persons Report"</a>. www.state.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.state.gov&rft.atitle=Trafficking+in+Persons+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Ftip%2Frls%2Ftiprpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salazar._2011-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salazar._2011_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salazar._2011_179-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParreñas2011" class="citation book cs1">Parreñas, Rhacel Salazar (2011). Illicit flirtations : labor, migration, and sex trafficking in Tokyo. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804778169" title="Special:BookSources/9780804778169"><bdi>9780804778169</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/763155680">763155680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illicit+flirtations+%3A+labor%2C+migration%2C+and+sex+trafficking+in+Tokyo&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F763155680&rft.isbn=9780804778169&rft.aulast=Parre%C3%B1as&rft.aufirst=Rhacel+Salazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-180"><a href="#cite_ref-:42_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSealing.2010" class="citation book cs1">Sealing., Cheng (2010). On the move for love : migrant entertainers and the U.S. military in South Korea. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812206920" title="Special:BookSources/9780812206920"><bdi>9780812206920</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794700706">794700706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+move+for+love+%3A+migrant+entertainers+and+the+U.S.+military+in+South+Korea&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794700706&rft.isbn=9780812206920&rft.aulast=Sealing.&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-181"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoang2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoang, Kimberly Kay (11 February 2015). Dealing in desire : Asian ascendancy, Western decline, and the hidden currencies of global sex work. Oakland, California. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520960688" title="Special:BookSources/9780520960688"><bdi>9780520960688</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/899739300">899739300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+in+desire+%3A+Asian+ascendancy%2C+Western+decline%2C+and+the+hidden+currencies+of+global+sex+work&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899739300&rft.isbn=9780520960688&rft.aulast=Hoang&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmed-182"><a href="#cite_ref-ahmed_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziza_Ahmed_and_Meena_Seshu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Aziza Ahmed and <a href="/wiki/Meena_Seshu" title="Meena Seshu">Meena Seshu</a> (June 2012). ""We Have the Right Not to Be 'rescued'…"*: When Anti-Trafficking Programmes Undermine the Health and Well-Being of Sex Workers". Anti Trafficking Review. 1: 149–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti+Trafficking+Review&rft.atitle=%22We+Have+the+Right+Not+to+Be+%27rescued%27%E2%80%A6%22%2A%3A+When+Anti-Trafficking+Programmes+Undermine+the+Health+and+Well-Being+of+Sex+Workers&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=149-19&rft.date=2012-06&rft.au=Aziza+Ahmed+and+Meena+Seshu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/special/faith_based/faith_based_organizations.htm">"USAID Contracts with Faith Based Organizations"</a>. Boston.com. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID+Contracts+with+Faith+Based+Organizations&rft.pub=Boston.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial%2Ffaith_based%2Ffaith_based_organizations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haartkenya.org/">"Awareness Against Human Trafficking | HAART Kenya"</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awareness+Against+Human+Trafficking+%7C+HAART+Kenya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaartkenya.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202060049/http://www.unanima-international.org/what-we-do/campaigns/stop-the-demand">"UNANIMA International: STOP THE DEMAND"</a>. www.unanima-international.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unanima-international.org/what-we-do/campaigns/stop-the-demand">the original</a> on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unanima-international.org&rft.atitle=UNANIMA+International%3A+STOP+THE+DEMAND&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unanima-international.org%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcampaigns%2Fstop-the-demand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/jwt-is-training-former-underage-sex-workers-in-india-for-careers-in-law/">"JWT Is Training Former Underage Sex Workers in India for Careers in Law"</a>. 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JWT+Is+Training+Former+Underage+Sex+Workers+in+India+for+Careers+in+Law&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fbrand-marketing%2Fjwt-is-training-former-underage-sex-workers-in-india-for-careers-in-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_187-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kamler, Erin Michelle (2013). "Negotiating Narratives of Human Trafficking: NGOs, Communication and the Power of Culture". Journal of Intercultural Communication. 42: 73–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17475759.2012.728147">10.1080/17475759.2012.728147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143919392">143919392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Communication&rft.atitle=Negotiating+Narratives+of+Human+Trafficking%3A+NGOs%2C+Communication+and+the+Power+of+Culture&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=73-90&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17475759.2012.728147&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143919392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kamler&rft.aufirst=Erin+Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempadoo2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Kempadoo" title="Kamala Kempadoo">Kempadoo, Kamala</a> (2 January 2015). "The Modern-Day White (Wo)Man's Burden: Trends in Anti-Trafficking and Anti-Slavery Campaigns". Journal of Human Trafficking. 1 (1): 8–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23322705.2015.1006120">10.1080/23322705.2015.1006120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2332-2705">2332-2705</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154908845">154908845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Trafficking&rft.atitle=The+Modern-Day+White+%28Wo%29Man%27s+Burden%3A+Trends+in+Anti-Trafficking+and+Anti-Slavery+Campaigns&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-20&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154908845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2332-2705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F23322705.2015.1006120&rft.aulast=Kempadoo&rft.aufirst=Kamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChieMoxley2018" class="citation journal cs1">Chie, Noyori-Corbett; Moxley, David (2018). "Addressing Female Sex Trade Human Trafficking in Japan through NGO Advocacy Networks". International Social Work. 61 (6): 954–967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0020872817695383">10.1177/0020872817695383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151901398">151901398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Addressing+Female+Sex+Trade+Human+Trafficking+in+Japan+through+NGO+Advocacy+Networks&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=954-967&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0020872817695383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151901398%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chie&rft.aufirst=Noyori-Corbett&rft.au=Moxley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Majic 2017; Weiss & Tschirhart 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_191-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaiz-Echezarreta2018" class="citation journal cs1">Saiz-Echezarreta, Vanessa; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3916%2FC55-2018-03">"Advocacy of Trafficking Campaigns: A Controversy Story"</a>. Comunicar. 26 (55): 29–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3916%2FC55-2018-03">10.3916/C55-2018-03</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10272%2F14639">10272/14639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comunicar&rft.atitle=Advocacy+of+Trafficking+Campaigns%3A+A+Controversy+Story&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=29-38&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10272%2F14639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3916%2FC55-2018-03&rft.aulast=Saiz-Echezarreta&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3916%252FC55-2018-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaatw.org/">"Home – The Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW)"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+The+Global+Alliance+Against+Traffic+in+Women+%28GAATW%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaatw.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309231423/http://mtvexit.org/">"Staying Alive Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mtvexit.org/">the original</a> on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Staying+Alive+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmtvexit.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalhand.org/en/browse/global_issues/20/all/organisation/38584">"MTV EXIT Foundation (End Exploitation and Trafficking) – Corporate NGO partnerships"</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MTV+EXIT+Foundation+%28End+Exploitation+and+Trafficking%29+%E2%80%93+Corporate+NGO+partnerships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhand.org%2Fen%2Fbrowse%2Fglobal_issues%2F20%2Fall%2Forganisation%2F38584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_195-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429031655/http://www.a21.org/content/our-solution/gkr9dk?permcode=gkr9dk">"Our Solution"</a>. The A21 Campaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a21.org/content/our-solution/gkr9dk">the original</a> on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+A21+Campaign&rft.atitle=Our+Solution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a21.org%2Fcontent%2Four-solution%2Fgkr9dk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150428172821/http://notforsalecampaign.org/our-strategy/">"Our Strategy"</a>. Not for Sale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notforsalecampaign.org/our-strategy/">the original</a> on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Not+for+Sale&rft.atitle=Our+Strategy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotforsalecampaign.org%2Four-strategy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150428172824/http://notforsalecampaign.org/impact/2013-annual/">"2013 Annual Impact Report"</a>. Not for Sale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notforsalecampaign.org/impact/2013-annual/">the original</a> on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Not+for+Sale&rft.atitle=2013+Annual+Impact+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnotforsalecampaign.org%2Fimpact%2F2013-annual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsweek.com-198"><a href="#cite_ref-newsweek.com_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2011/01/30/the-superbowl-of-sex-trafficking.html">"Michelle Goldberg, "The Super Bowl of Sex Trafficking," Newsweek, January 30, 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Michelle+Goldberg%2C+%22The+Super+Bowl+of+Sex+Trafficking%2C%22+Newsweek%2C+January+30%2C+2011.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2011%2F01%2F30%2Fthe-superbowl-of-sex-trafficking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalo2018" class="citation web cs1">Malo, Sebastien (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-football-nfl-superbowl-trafficking-an/is-the-super-bowl-really-the-u-s-s-biggest-sex-trafficking-magnet-idUSKBN1FL6A1">"Is the Super Bowl really the U.S.'s biggest sex trafficking magnet?"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Is+the+Super+Bowl+really+the+U.S.%27s+biggest+sex+trafficking+magnet%3F&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft.aulast=Malo&rft.aufirst=Sebastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-football-nfl-superbowl-trafficking-an%2Fis-the-super-bowl-really-the-u-s-s-biggest-sex-trafficking-magnet-idUSKBN1FL6A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmanuella_Grinberg_and_Christina_Maxouris2019" class="citation web cs1">Emanuella Grinberg and Christina Maxouris (31 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/31/us/sex-trafficking-super-bowl-myth/index.html">"Sex trafficking and the Super Bowl: Myths and the real issues"</a>. CNN.com. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Sex+trafficking+and+the+Super+Bowl%3A+Myths+and+the+real+issues&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.au=Emanuella+Grinberg+and+Christina+Maxouris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F31%2Fus%2Fsex-trafficking-super-bowl-myth%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mark-201"><a href="#cite_ref-mark_201-0">^</a> Latonero, Mark. "Human Trafficking Online: The Role of Social Networking Sites and Online Classifieds." USC Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy. Available at SSRN 2045851 (2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berger_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_202-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger_202-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2012" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Stephanie M (2012). "No End In Sight: Why The "End Demand" Movement Is The Wrong Focus For Efforts To Eliminate Human Trafficking". Harvard Journal of Law & Gender. 35 (2): 523–570.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+%26+Gender&rft.atitle=No+End+In+Sight%3A+Why+The+%22End+Demand%22+Movement+Is+The+Wrong+Focus+For+Efforts+To+Eliminate+Human+Trafficking&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=523-570&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-desiree-203"><a href="#cite_ref-desiree_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortleyFischerWebster2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wortley, S.; Fischer, B.; Webster, C. (2002). "Vice lessons: A survey of prostitution offenders enrolled in the Toronto John School Diversion Program". Canadian Journal of Criminology. 3 (3): 227–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=Vice+lessons%3A+A+survey+of+prostitution+offenders+enrolled+in+the+Toronto+John+School+Diversion+Program&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-248&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wortley&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+B.&rft.au=Webster%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoGarcia2001" class="citation journal cs1">Monto, Martin A.; Garcia, Steve (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070911101950/http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v3n2/monto.html">"Recidivism Among the Customers of Female Street Prostitutes: Do Intervention Programs Help?"</a>. Western Criminology Review. 3 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcr.sonoma.edu/v3n2/monto.html">the original</a> on 11 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Criminology+Review&rft.atitle=Recidivism+Among+the+Customers+of+Female+Street+Prostitutes%3A+Do+Intervention+Programs+Help%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Monto&rft.aufirst=Martin+A.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwcr.sonoma.edu%2Fv3n2%2Fmonto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-205"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_205-0">^</a> Jones, Samuel Vincent (2010). The Invisible Man: The Conscious Neglect of Men and Boys in the War on Human Trafficking, Utah Law Review, No 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-206"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisGlotfeltyMiles" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Jarrett D; Glotfelty, Elliot; Miles, Glenn. ""No Other Choice": A Baseline Study on the Vulnerabilities of Males in the Sex Trade in Chiang Mai, Thailand". Dignity: A Journal on Sexual Exploitation and Violence. 2 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dignity%3A+A+Journal+on+Sexual+Exploitation+and+Violence&rft.atitle=%22No+Other+Choice%22%3A+A+Baseline+Study+on+the+Vulnerabilities+of+Males+in+the+Sex+Trade+in+Chiang+Mai%2C+Thailand&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jarrett+D&rft.au=Glotfelty%2C+Elliot&rft.au=Miles%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-207"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_207-0">^</a> Global Network of Sex Work Projects (NSWP) (2014). The Needs and Rights of Male Sex Workers, Briefing paper no 8, UK </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Hua, Julietta, and Holly Nigorizawa. "US sex trafficking, women’s human rights and the politics of representation." New Directions in Feminism and Human Rights. Routledge, 2019. 109-131. APA </li> <li id="cite_note-lsr.nellco.org-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lsr.nellco.org_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lsr.nellco.org_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeePersson2015" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Samuel; <a href="/wiki/Petra_Persson" title="Petra Persson">Persson, Petra</a> (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721174336/https://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1303&context=nyu_lewp">"Human Trafficking and Regulating Prostitution"</a>. NELLCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsr.nellco.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1303&context=nyu_lewp">the original</a> on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NELLCO&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+and+Regulating+Prostitution&rft.date=2015-11&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Persson%2C+Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsr.nellco.org%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1303%26context%3Dnyu_lewp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charidy.com/endslavery">"'End Human Trafficking Giving Day"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27End+Human+Trafficking+Giving+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charidy.com%2Fendslavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/events/humantrafficking/">"World Day against Trafficking in Persons, 30 July"</a>. www.un.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=World+Day+against+Trafficking+in+Persons%2C+30+July&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fevents%2Fhumantrafficking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091218/http://thetraffickedhuman.org/media-resources/272-media-resources">"Media Resources - thetraffickedhuman.org"</a>. thetraffickedhuman.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thetraffickedhuman.org/media-resources/272-media-resources">the original</a> on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetraffickedhuman.org&rft.atitle=Media+Resources+-+thetraffickedhuman.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthetraffickedhuman.org%2Fmedia-resources%2F272-media-resources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FootnoteA-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FootnoteA_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchforvancouver.ca/buying-sex-is-a-crime-though-youd-never-know-it-in-bc/">"Buying sex is a crime – though you'd never know it in BC | Church for Vancouver"</a>. 21 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buying+sex+is+a+crime+%E2%80%93+though+you%27d+never+know+it+in+BC+%26%23124%3B+Church+for+Vancouver&rft.date=2016-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchforvancouver.ca%2Fbuying-sex-is-a-crime-though-youd-never-know-it-in-bc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200812151656/http://thetraffickedhuman.org/about/about-us">"About Us - thetraffickedhuman.org"</a>. thetraffickedhuman.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thetraffickedhuman.org/about/about-us">the original</a> on 12 August 2020. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thetraffickedhuman.org&rft.atitle=About+Us+-+thetraffickedhuman.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthetraffickedhuman.org%2Fabout%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FootnoteB-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FootnoteB_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FootnoteB_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/billboards-campaign-sex-exploitation-edmonton-police-illegal-buy-1.4201789">"Buying sex is illegal, billboard campaign reminds Edmontonians | CBC News"</a>. CBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Buying+sex+is+illegal%2C+billboard+campaign+reminds+Edmontonians+%26%23124%3B+CBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Fbillboards-campaign-sex-exploitation-edmonton-police-illegal-buy-1.4201789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202114624/https://www.buyingsexisacrime.org/index.php/about">"About"</a>. BuyingSexIsACrime.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buyingsexisacrime.org/index.php/about">the original</a> on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BuyingSexIsACrime.org&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buyingsexisacrime.org%2Findex.php%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASex+trafficking" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humantraffickinghotline.org/">National Human Trafficking Hotline</a> (US)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polarisproject.org/">Polaris Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928011139/http://www.polarisproject.org/index.php">Archived</a> 28 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/2019-Trafficking-in-Persons-Report.pdf">2019 Trafficking in Persons Report</a> (country rankings by the U.S. Department of State)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex_trafficking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_trafficking" title="Template:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_trafficking" title="Template talk:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_trafficking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex trafficking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sex_trafficking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sex trafficking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Brunei" title="Sex trafficking in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Cambodia" title="Sex trafficking in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_East_Timor" title="Sex trafficking in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_El_Salvador" title="Sex trafficking in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Guatemala" title="Sex trafficking in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Sex trafficking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Sex trafficking in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Kazakhstan" title="Sex trafficking in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Sex trafficking in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Macau" title="Sex trafficking in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Malaysia" title="Sex trafficking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mexico" title="Sex trafficking in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Sex trafficking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_South_Korea" title="Sex trafficking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Thailand" title="Sex trafficking in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Sex trafficking in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Vietnam" title="Sex trafficking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_A21_Campaign" title="The A21 Campaign">The A21 Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_International_Missions" title="Agape International Missions">Agape International Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness_Against_Human_Trafficking_(HAART)" title="Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)">Awareness Against Human Trafficking (HAART)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dragon_Children%27s_Foundation" title="Blue Dragon Children's Foundation">Blue Dragon Children's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Heart_Campaign" title="Blue Heart Campaign">Blue Heart Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Against_Slavery" title="California Against Slavery">California Against Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Against_Trafficking_in_Women" title="Coalition Against Trafficking in Women">Coalition Against Trafficking in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Abolish_Slavery_and_Trafficking" title="Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking">Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durbar_Mahila_Samanwaya_Committee" title="Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee">Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECPAT_International" class="mw-redirect" title="ECPAT International">ECPAT International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Human_Trafficking_Now" title="End Human Trafficking Now">End Human Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus_Road" title="The Exodus Road">The Exodus Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_to_Face_Bulgaria" title="Face to Face Bulgaria">Face to Face Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Alliance_Against_Traffic_in_Women" title="Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women">Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Centurion" title="Global Centurion">Global Centurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_International" title="Hagar International">Hagar International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_for_Justice" title="Hope for Justice">Hope for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdepartmental_Working_Group_on_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons">Interdepartmental Working Group on Trafficking in Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Missing_%26_Exploited_Children" title="International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children">International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Justice_Mission" title="International Justice Mission">International Justice Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation for Migration">International Organisation for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Strada_International_Association" title="La Strada International Association">La Strada International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse:_Center_for_Human_Trafficking_Victims" title="Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims">Lighthouse: Center for Human Trafficking Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Gender_Equality_Center" title="Mongolian Gender Equality Center">Mongolian Gender Equality Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashi_(Canadian_organisation)" title="Nashi (Canadian organisation)">Nashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Not_for_Sale_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Not for Sale (organization) (page does not exist)">Not for Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvader" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvader">Nvader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis_Charitable_Trust" title="Oasis Charitable Trust">Oasis Charitable Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_to_Combat_Trafficking_in_Persons" title="Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons">Office to Combat Trafficking in Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Underground_Railroad" title="Operation Underground Railroad">Operation Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_Project" title="Polaris Project">Polaris Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerana" title="Prerana">Prerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaching_Out_Romania" title="Reaching Out Romania">Reaching Out Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlight_Children_Campaign" title="Redlight Children Campaign">Redlight Children Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_Foundation" title="Renew Foundation">Renew Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Courage" class="mw-redirect" title="Run for Courage">Run for Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Hope_International" title="Shared Hope International">Shared Hope International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Child_Trafficking_Now" title="Stop Child Trafficking Now">Stop Child Trafficking Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Traffik" title="Stop the Traffik">Stop the Traffik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorn_(organization)" title="Thorn (organization)">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truckers_Against_Trafficking" title="Truckers Against Trafficking">Truckers Against Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlikely_Heroes" title="Unlikely Heroes">Unlikely Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols and conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Persons_and_of_the_Exploitation_of_the_Prostitution_of_Others" title="Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others">Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_the_Traffic_in_Women_and_Children" title="International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children">International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Prevent,_Suppress_and_Punish_Trafficking_in_Persons,_Especially_Women_and_Children" title="Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children">Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Walk_Across_the_Sun" title="A Walk Across the Sun">A Walk Across the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_Ones_(2015_film)" title="The Chosen Ones (2015 film)">The Chosen Ones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Promises" title="Eastern Promises">Eastern Promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_(2012_film)" title="Eden (2012 film)">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_(2006_film)" title="Holly (2006 film)">Holly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Lost" title="Hope Lost">Hope Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Trafficking_(miniseries)" title="Human Trafficking (miniseries)">Human Trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jammed" title="The Jammed">The Jammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinjite:_Forbidden_Subjects" title="Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects">Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilya_4-ever" title="Lilya 4-ever">Lilya 4-ever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meena_(film)" title="Meena (film)">Meens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefarious:_Merchant_of_Souls" title="Nefarious: Merchant of Souls">Nefarious: Merchant of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_My_Life" title="Not My Life">Not My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakhi_(film)" title="Pakhi (film)">Pakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Paradise_Suite_(film)" title="The Paradise Suite (film)">The Paradise Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo:_Last_Blood" title="Rambo: Last Blood">Rambo: Last Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlight_(film)" title="Redlight (film)">Redlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dolls:_Sex_Trade" title="Russian Dolls: Sex Trade">Russian Dolls: Sex Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Me_(British_TV_series)" title="Save Me (British TV series)">Save Me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Slaves_(film)" title="Sex Slaves (film)">Sex Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Traffic" title="Sex Traffic">Sex Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_Makers" title="The Storm Makers">The Storm Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taken_(film)" title="Taken (film)">Taken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(film)" title="Trade (film)">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_of_Innocents" title="Trade of Innocents">Trade of Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafficked" title="Trafficked">Trafficked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Traffickers_(2016_TV_series)" title="The Traffickers (2016 TV series)">The Traffickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricked_(film)" title="Tricked (film)">Tricked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Have_They_Done_to_Your_Daughters%3F" title="What Have They Done to Your Daughters?">What Have They Done to Your Daughters?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Name_Is_Justine" title="Your Name Is Justine">Your Name Is Justine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Commercial sexual exploitation of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_abuse" title="Template:Sexual abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_abuse" title="Template talk:Sexual abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Bride kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_sexual_exploitation_of_children" title="Commercial sexual exploitation of children">Child exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_marriage" title="Money marriage">Money marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_proxy" title="Rape by proxy">By proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_porn" title="Revenge porn">Revenge porn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">Sexual grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education" title="Sexual harassment in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">in education in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">in the military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes of sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Laws regarding child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws regarding rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_violent_predator_laws" title="Sexually violent predator laws">Sexually violent predator laws</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_accommodation_syndrome" title="Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome">Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_allegation_of_child_sexual_abuse" title="False allegation of child sexual abuse">False allegation of child sexual abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_crime" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_crime" title="Template:Types of crime"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_crime" title="Template talk:Types of crime"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_crime" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of crime"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_crime" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: Crimes vary by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a>. Not all types are listed here.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">Infraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_offence" title="Hybrid offence">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of Justice"><img alt="Scales of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/65px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/98px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/130px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offense_against_the_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Offense against the person">Against the person</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_(crime)" title="Battery (crime)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_negligence" title="Criminal negligence">Criminal negligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li>Sex trafficking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Crime">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_law" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Crime and law">Wikinews</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&oldid=1257896152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&oldid=1257896152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_trafficking" title="Category:Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_trafficking" title="Category:Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime_activity" title="Category:Organized crime activity">Organized crime activity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_crimes" title="Category:Sex crimes">Sex crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexual_misconduct" title="Category:Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Violence_against_men" title="Category:Violence against men">Violence against men</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women" title="Category:Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2021">Use dmy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_July_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2020">Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2022">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from January 2018">Articles with disputed statements from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_February_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from February 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 04:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w24zn","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.681","walltime":"2.913","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11822,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":445535,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5335,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":783317,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2544.112 1 -total"," 55.89% 1421.967 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.46% 546.053 106 Template:Cite_web"," 19.26% 489.880 58 Template:Cite_journal"," 15.79% 401.803 3 Template:Navbox"," 14.08% 358.212 1 Template:Types_of_crime"," 13.23% 336.608 8 Template:Excerpt"," 5.04% 128.307 1 Template:Sex_and_the_law"," 4.93% 125.531 1 Template:Sidebar"," 4.60% 116.904 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.731","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7796958,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","16.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","220","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.4"],["[others]","280","16.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-pz2cs","timestamp":"20241122192705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sex trafficking","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sex_trafficking","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21129531","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21129531","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-23T17:43:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T04:15:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/RealStars_trafficking_model.jpg","headline":"trade of sexual slaves"}</script> </body> </html>