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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reception of the biblical book of Enoch by various authors</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (also known as 1 Enoch), is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Jewish">ancient Jewish</a> religious work, ascribed by tradition and internal attestation to <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a>, the great-grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nibley_Enoch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nibley_Enoch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 Enoch holds material unique to it, such as the origins of <a href="/wiki/Nephilim" title="Nephilim">supernatural demons and giants</a>, why some angels fell from heaven, details explaining why the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a> was morally necessary, and an introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">thousand-year reign of the Messiah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Enoch_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Enoch-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nibley_Enoch_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nibley_Enoch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unique material makes it possible to identify which ancient literary works adopt 1 Enoch as a source. Well known in antiquity, the book was received by various authors with respect, and sometimes considered as <a href="/wiki/Divine_inspiration" title="Divine inspiration">divinely inspired</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nibley_Enoch_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nibley_Enoch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Judaism">In Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qumran">Qumran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Qumran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> (ca 300 BC – ca 100 AD), in surviving documents of the Qumran community, Aramaic fragments of 1 Enoch have been found, attesting to an early date of authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the former chief editor of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> editorial team, <a href="/wiki/John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a>, claimed that a complete <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">scroll of 1 Enoch in Aramaic</a> exists in private hands.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philo">Philo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Philo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> (b. ca. 25 BC), in a commentary of Gen. 6:1-5 found in <i>On the Giants</i>, uses 1 Enoch's teaching of demons being spirits of the air and the issue of angels that had adulterated with women before the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midrash">Midrash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Midrash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> A <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a> uses material unique to 1 Enoch in stating that the source of women painting their faces with antimony is demonic; this information is not found elsewhere in Scripture (i.e., not in Gen 6:1-5).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British classicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As late as the eighth century A.D., <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Hurcanus" title="Eliezer ben Hurcanus">Rabbi Eliezer</a> records in a midrash: “The angels who fell from Heaven saw the daughters of Cain perambulating and displaying their secret parts, their eyes painted with antimony in the manner of harlots; and, being seduced, took wives from among them.” Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Karha" title="Joshua ben Karha">Joshua ben Karha</a>, a literalist... decided that “when these angels fell from Heaven, their strength and stature were reduced to those of mortals, and their fire changed into flesh.”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephus">Josephus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Josephus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (37 AD – 100 AD), in his <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, adopts nomenclature like that of the book of Enoch, that the "<a href="/wiki/Superhuman" title="Superhuman">mighty men</a>" of old came about from an unholy union of women and "angels" rather than "sons of God" as in Gen 6. He also discusses men being legates to their offspring before the Flood, which is also mentioned in the book of Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinical_tradition">Rabbinical tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rabbinical tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbinical</a> tradition material that is unique to 1 Enoch is used in old Jewish rabbinical interpretation of Gen. 6:1-5.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> is characterized by near silence concerning Enoch. It seems plausible that rabbinic <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemics</a> against Enochic texts and traditions might have led to the loss of these books to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Enoch plays an important role in the history of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a>: the scholar <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a> wrote, "The main subjects of the later <a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a> already occupy a central position in the older esoteric literature, best represented by the <i>Book of Enoch</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particular attention is paid to the detailed description of the throne of God included in chapter 14 of 1 Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker_Enoch2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker_Enoch2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Christianity">In Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> text was known to, and quoted favorably by many <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Fathers</a>: references can be found in <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Minucius_Felix" title="Marcus Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodianus">Commodianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacchi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacchi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 430">: 430 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Joseph B. Lumpkin, who edited a recent transliteration of the book, the Book Enoch is referenced more than one hundred times in the New Testament alone, more than the Psalms: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are over one hundred comments in the New Testament which find precedence in the book of Enoch… Of all the books quoted, paraphrased, or referred to in the Bible, the book of Enoch has influenced the writers of the Bible as few others have. Even more extensively than in the Old Testament, the writers of the New Testament were frequently influenced by… Enoch.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Until an Aramaic text of the Book of Enoch was discovered at Qumram, Cave 11, it was assumed that Enoch quoted the New Testament. Owing to the discoveries at Qumram, 1 Enoch is now known to be composed earlier than the New Testament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistle_of_Jude">Epistle of Jude</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Epistle of Jude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude 14-15</a> quotes a section of 1 Enoch 1:9 which is a midrash of Deuteronomy 33:2 as "the seventh from Adam, prophesied” (1 Enoch 1:9).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Seventh from Adam,” Enoch, identifies him as the author, Adam’s fifth great-grandson and thus Noah’s great-grandfather. Many commentators on Jude have noted that Jude uses the dative "prophesied to these" (τούτοις, toutois) and not the normal "concerning these".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is noted as "an odd use of the dative" by Richard Bauckham.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Prophesied” means that Jude is not simply quoting an historical fact, but that Enoch gave a <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>, which by definition is an utterance from God. The following verses in Jude develop further material from the named book.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistle_of_Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epistle of Barnabas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> (ca 70 AD – 132 AD) quotes Enoch as "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Scripture</a>", sometimes with the formula "it is written."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justin_Martyr">Justin Martyr</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Justin Martyr"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (110 AD – 165 AD), in his <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Apology_of_Justin_Martyr" title="Second Apology of Justin Martyr">Second Apology</a></i>, uses information unique to the Book of Enoch to establish doctrine on fallen angels and the origin of demons from angels' adultery with women.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athenagoras">Athenagoras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Athenagoras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a> (133 AD – 190 AD) in his <i>Plea for the Christians</i> uses Enoch to establish doctrine about Genesis 6:1-4, calling Enoch a prophet: "you know that we say nothing without witnesses, but state the things which have been declared by the prophets."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Irenaeus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (d. 202 AD), in <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Heresies" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Heresies">Against Heresies</a></i>, discusses the doctrine that Enoch was God's legate to fallen angels, which is unique to Enoch,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that a group of fallen angels devised methods of sorcery to adulterate with women.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clement_of_Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clement of Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (ca 150 AD – ca 215 AD) writes that both <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> and Enoch taught the same thing regarding the blessing of the faithful (Eclogue 2.1) and that the fallen angels were the source of the black arts (53.4).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertullian">Tertullian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tertullian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (155 AD – 222 AD), the first author writing in Latin, names and cites Enoch as "divinely inspired" in <i>On the Apparel of Women</i> (Book I) and names <a href="/wiki/Enoch_(ancestor_of_Noah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enoch (ancestor of Noah)">Enoch</a> as its genuine, human author. He states that its quotation in Jude 14 is an attestation in the New Testament to its authenticity, though he notes that it is "not received by some, because it is not admitted into the Jewish canon either". He writes—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But since Enoch in the same Scripture has preached likewise concerning the Lord, nothing at all must be rejected by us which pertains to us; and we read that “every Scripture suitable for edification is divinely inspired” (2 Tim 3:16). By [non-believers] it may now seem to have been rejected for that very reason, just like all the other passages which plainly tell of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In Book II, Tertullian uses Enoch to establish doctrine against the excessive ornamentation of women, attributing its origin to demons who cohabitated with them before the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Great Flood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within his <i><a href="/wiki/Apologeticus" title="Apologeticus">Apologetic</a></i>, in "On Idolatry", he uses Enoch to establish the doctrine that idolatry and astrology originated from demons<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that demons are the supernatural issue of fallen angels adulterating with women.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodianus">Commodianus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Commodianus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Commodianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodianus">Commodianus</a> (ca 240) never mentions Enoch but, in his Instructions, uses information unique to the Book of Enoch to establish doctrine on the origin of demons from angels adulterating with women and on the wicked arts they taught. Thus, he shows that heathen gods were actually the same demons.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origen">Origen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (185 AD – 254 AD), in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Principiis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Principiis">De Principiis</a></i>, quotes Enoch and notes that the church did not accept the several other books called "Enoch" as at all "divine" (<i><a href="/wiki/Against_Celsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Against Celsus">Against Celsus</a></i>). However, Enoch is missing in the quotation of a canonical list from <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i> attributed to Origen.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatolius">Anatolius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Anatolius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a> (early 3rd c AD – July 3, 283 AD) cites Enoch to interpret the ancient Jewish calendar (in a reference to Enoch, Book of Starlight).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cassiodorus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a> (ca 485 AD – ca 585 AD), quotes Jude 14 ("In these words he (Jude) verifies the prophecy") to verify Enoch's prophecy as contained in <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a>. In the same Latin translation of comments on the First Epistle of Peter attributed to Clement of Alexandria (ca.150 – 211/216), Cassiodorus also uses Enoch to establish doctrine that fallen angels are apostates from God.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syncellus">Syncellus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Syncellus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a> (d. p̄ 810 AD), who once held a position of authority under the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Tarasios_of_Constantinople" title="Tarasios of Constantinople">Tarasios of Constantinople</a>, quotes numerous excerpts of the book of Enoch in his <i>Chronography</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonical_lists">Canonical lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canonical lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Stichometry_of_Nicephorus" title="Stichometry of Nicephorus">Stichometry of Nicephorus</a>, Enoch is relegated (along with ten other texts) to a list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament apocrypha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Lost_Prophet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Lost_Prophet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barker" title="Margaret Barker">Barker, Margaret</a>. (2005) [1998]. <i>The Lost Prophet: The Book of Enoch and Its Influence on Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-905048-18-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-905048-18-1">1-905048-18-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nibley_Enoch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nibley_Enoch_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nibley_Enoch_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nibley_Enoch_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNibley1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Nibley, Hugh</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328063543/https://publications.mi.byu.edu/book/enoch-the-prophet/"><i>Enoch the Prophet</i></a>. Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875790473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875790473"><bdi>978-0875790473</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.mi.byu.edu/book/enoch-the-prophet/">the original</a> on 2019-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enoch+the+Prophet&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=Deseret+Book&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0875790473&rft.aulast=Nibley&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.mi.byu.edu%2Fbook%2Fenoch-the-prophet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Enoch-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Enoch_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Margaret. (2005) [1987]. "Chapter 1: The Book of Enoch," in <i>The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048199">978-1905048199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/judaism/books/secret-knowledge-of-dead-sea-zodiacs-1.63926">"A Review of <i>Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception</i> by Helen Jacobs (2015)"</a>. <i>The Jewish Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Zodiac+Calendars+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Their+Reception+by+Helen+Jacobs+%282015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fjudaism%2Fbooks%2Fsecret-knowledge-of-dead-sea-zodiacs-1.63926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/20/4/5">"An Interview with John Strugnell"</a></span>. <i>The BAS Library</i>. 2015-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+BAS+Library&rft.atitle=An+Interview+with+John+Strugnell&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baslibrary.org%2Fbiblical-archaeology-review%2F20%2F4%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilo" class="citation web cs1">Philo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecmarsh.com/crl/philo/book9.htm">"On the Giants"</a>. <i>ecmarsh.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecmarsh.com&rft.atitle=On+the+Giants&rft.au=Philo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecmarsh.com%2Fcrl%2Fphilo%2Fbook9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-8.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22"><i>intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-8.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-8.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-8.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves,_Robert1983" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Robert (1983). <i>Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis</i>. Greenwich House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517413663" title="Special:BookSources/0517413663"><bdi>0517413663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew+Myths%3A+The+Book+of+Genesis&rft.pub=Greenwich+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0517413663&rft.au=Graves%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517413661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517413661">978-0517413661</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-6.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22"><i>intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-6.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-6.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-6.1-pirkei-derabbi-eliezer-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-1.htm">Antiquities of the Jews</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-6.1-josephus-antiquities-of-the-jews-book-1.3.1"><i>intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-6.1-josephus-antiquities-of-the-jews-book-1.3.1</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-6.1-josephus-antiquities-of-the-jews-book-1.3.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-6.1-josephus-antiquities-of-the-jews-book-1.3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.v.ii.xxiv.html#fna_v.ii.xxiv-p3.1">"ANF02. Fathers of the Second Century: Hermas, Tatian, Athenagoras, Theophilus, and Clement of Alexandria (Entire) - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=ANF02.+Fathers+of+the+Second+Century%3A+Hermas%2C+Tatian%2C+Athenagoras%2C+Theophilus%2C+and+Clement+of+Alexandria+%28Entire%29+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf02.v.ii.xxiv.html%23fna_v.ii.xxiv-p3.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annette Yoshiko Reed, <i>Fallen Angels and the History of Judaism and Christianity</i>, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85378-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85378-8">0-521-85378-8</a>, pag 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gershom Scholem <i>Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism</i> (1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8052-1042-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8052-1042-3">0-8052-1042-3</a>, pag 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker_Enoch2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barker_Enoch2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barker, Margaret. (2005) [1987]. "Chapter 1: The Book of Enoch," in <i>The Older Testament: The Survival of Themes from the Ancient Royal Cult in Sectarian Judaism and Early Christianity</i>. London: SPCK; Sheffield Phoenix Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1905048199" title="Special:BookSources/978-1905048199">978-1905048199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sacchi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sacchi_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Sacchi, <i>Apocrifi dell'Antico Testamento 1</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-02-07606-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-02-07606-5">978-88-02-07606-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumpkin,_Joseph_B.2007" class="citation book cs1">Lumpkin, Joseph B. (18 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smile.amazon.com/Lost-Book-Enoch-Comprehensive-Transliteration-ebook/dp/B000ZK3174/ref=sr_1_3?crid=1EP16BI1TSPTG&dchild=1&keywords=the+lost+book+of+enoch+joseph+lumpkin&qid=1622518241&sprefix=Lumpkin+lost+enoch%2Caps%2C254&sr=8-3"><i>The Lost Book of Enoch: Comprehensive Transliteration of the Forgotten Book of the Bible</i></a>. Fifth Estate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Book+of+Enoch%3A+Comprehensive+Transliteration+of+the+Forgotten+Book+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Fifth+Estate&rft.date=2007-11-18&rft.au=Lumpkin%2C+Joseph+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmile.amazon.com%2FLost-Book-Enoch-Comprehensive-Transliteration-ebook%2Fdp%2FB000ZK3174%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fcrid%3D1EP16BI1TSPTG%26dchild%3D1%26keywords%3Dthe%2Blost%2Bbook%2Bof%2Benoch%2Bjoseph%2Blumpkin%26qid%3D1622518241%26sprefix%3DLumpkin%2Blost%2Benoch%252Caps%252C254%26sr%3D8-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/B-000Z-K317-4" title="Special:BookSources/B-000Z-K317-4">B-000Z-K317-4</a>. pp vi-vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickelsburg,_George_W.E.2012" class="citation book cs1">Nickelsburg, George W.E., ed. (2012-10-01). <i>1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800699109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800699109"><bdi>978-0800699109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Enoch%3A+The+Hermeneia+Translation&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0800699109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800699109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800699109">978-0800699109</a>, pp 1-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickelsburg,_George_W.E.2012" class="citation book cs1">Nickelsburg, George W.E., ed. (2012-10-01). <i>1 Enoch: The Hermeneia Translation</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800699109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800699109"><bdi>978-0800699109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1+Enoch%3A+The+Hermeneia+Translation&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2012-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0800699109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0800699109" title="Special:BookSources/978-0800699109">978-0800699109</a>, pp 19-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gene Green, Robert Yarbrough <i>Jude and 2 Peter</i> 2008 p103 "noted by Bauckham (1983: 93) as an “odd” use of the dative."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bauckham <i>Jude-2 Peter</i> 2017 p93 "The Prophecy of Enoch (Jude 14–16) Bibliography Bauckham, R. J. “A Note on a Problem in the Greek Version of I Enoch i. 9. ... Notes a This use of the dative τούτας is odd, but must bear this meaning."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumpkin,_Joseph_B.2007" class="citation book cs1">Lumpkin, Joseph B. (18 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smile.amazon.com/Lost-Book-Enoch-Comprehensive-Transliteration-ebook/dp/B000ZK3174/ref=sr_1_3?crid=1EP16BI1TSPTG&dchild=1&keywords=the+lost+book+of+enoch+joseph+lumpkin&qid=1622518241&sprefix=Lumpkin+lost+enoch%2Caps%2C254&sr=8-3"><i>The Lost Book of Enoch: Comprehensive Transliteration of the Forgotten Book of the Bible</i></a>. Fifth Estate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Book+of+Enoch%3A+Comprehensive+Transliteration+of+the+Forgotten+Book+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Fifth+Estate&rft.date=2007-11-18&rft.au=Lumpkin%2C+Joseph+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmile.amazon.com%2FLost-Book-Enoch-Comprehensive-Transliteration-ebook%2Fdp%2FB000ZK3174%2Fref%3Dsr_1_3%3Fcrid%3D1EP16BI1TSPTG%26dchild%3D1%26keywords%3Dthe%2Blost%2Bbook%2Bof%2Benoch%2Bjoseph%2Blumpkin%26qid%3D1622518241%26sprefix%3DLumpkin%2Blost%2Benoch%252Caps%252C254%26sr%3D8-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/B-000Z-K317-4" title="Special:BookSources/B-000Z-K317-4">B-000Z-K317-4</a>. Loc. 270, 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127170831/https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/enoch-prophesied/">"Enoch Prophesied"</a>. <i>Ligonier.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/enoch-prophesied/">the original</a> on 2021-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ligonier.org&rft.atitle=Enoch+Prophesied&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligonier.org%2Flearn%2Fdevotionals%2Fenoch-prophesied%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01602a.htm">"The Book of Henoch (Ethiopic)"</a>. <i>NewAdvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NewAdvent.org&rft.atitle=The+Book+of+Henoch+%28Ethiopic%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01602a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5773-enoch-books-of-ethiopic-and-slavonic">"Enoch, Book of"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Enoch%2C+Book+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F5773-enoch-books-of-ethiopic-and-slavonic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.vi.ii.iv.html">"ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=ANF01.+The+Apostolic+Fathers+with+Justin+Martyr+and+Irenaeus+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf01.vi.ii.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReception+of+the+Book+of+Enoch+in+premodernity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.viii.iii.v.html?highlight=are,called,demons#highlight">"ANF01. 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Nicephorus (ed. Dindorf), I. 787</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&oldid=1222937566">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reception_of_the_Book_of_Enoch_in_premodernity&oldid=1222937566</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Enoch" title="Category:Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textual_scholarship" title="Category:Textual scholarship">Textual scholarship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" title="Category:Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development of the Christian biblical canon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="Category:Old Testament pseudepigrapha">Old Testament pseudepigrapha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Jewish_history" title="Category:Ancient Jewish history">Ancient Jewish history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Christianity_studies" title="Category:Ancient Christianity studies">Ancient Christianity studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reception_of_works" title="Category:Reception of works">Reception of works</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_listed_invalid_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with listed invalid ISBNs">Pages with listed invalid ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 May 2024, at 21:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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