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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <div class="free-toc-container"> <ul id="free-toc" class="collapse list-group shadow-sm mb-1" style="overflow: hidden"> <li class="list-group-item active"> <a class="d-block" title="LORRAINE, Géographie" href="/encyclopedie/lorraine/"> 1. Géographie </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="LORRAINE, Histoire" href="/encyclopedie/lorraine/2-histoire/"> 2. Histoire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="LORRAINE, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/lorraine/3-bibliographie/"> 3. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>LORRAINE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC020066_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC020066_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT101503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Lorraine : carte administrative avant réforme" href="/media/lorraine-carte-administrative-nbsp-avant-reforme-at101503/"><img id="AT101503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/e/csm_at101503_adca9c768e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Lorraine : carte administrative avant réforme - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de la région Lorraine avant la réforme de 2015." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Lorraine : carte administrative avant réforme </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>La région Lorraine est composée de quatre départements : Meurthe-et-Moselle, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Meuse moyenne traverse l'Ardenne, pointe occidentale du massif schisteux rhénan : tous les malheurs de son bassin viennent de là. Autrefois, elle coulait sur la couverture secondaire, alors plus étendue. Le creusement du réseau était aisé dans ces couches sédimentaires tendres. Mais, après le déblayage, quand le lit atteignit les schistes et quartzites durs sous-jacents, l'effort éro..." title="Article : MEUSE" href="/encyclopedie/meuse/">Meuse</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le plus important des affluents du Rhin et son seul grand affluent de rive gauche. Le cours de la Moselle, long de 514 kilomètres, offre un magnifique exemple d'inadaptation par rapport à la structure géologique sous-jacente. Née dans les Vosges méridionales, près du col de Bussang, elle s'écoule d'abord vers le nord - nord-ouest en direction de la Meuse, infléchit son cours à la h..." title="Article : MOSELLE" href="/encyclopedie/moselle/">Moselle</a> et Vosges, couvrant 23 540 kilomètres carrés et rassemblant 2,35 millions d’habitants en 2013. Sa capitale est <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Préfecture de la Moselle et, jusqu’en 2015, de la région administrative Lorraine, Metz est une ancienne cité épiscopale. Son agglomération a connu une forte expansion depuis sa création en 2002 puisque, en 2012, elle comprend quarante communes pour une population de 389 700 habitants. Bien que proche des grands foyers industriels de la Lorraine du Nord, Metz est demeurée une ville..." title="Article : METZ" href="/encyclopedie/metz/">Metz</a>. Depuis le 1<sup>er</sup> janvier 2016, elle est regroupée dans une grande région avec l’Alsace et la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Champagne-Ardenne était, jusqu’au 31 décembre 2015, une des vingt-deux régions administratives et politiques de la France métropolitaine. Elle a fusionné, le 1 er janvier 2016, avec l’Alsace et la Lorraine , au sein de la région Grand Est. La région était peuplée de 1 333 000 habitants en 2012 (2 p. 100 de la population de la France métropolitaine) sur 25 606 kilomètre..." title="Article : CHAMPAGNE-ARDENNE" href="/encyclopedie/champagne-ardenne/">Champagne-Ardenne</a>, qui a pour nom Grand Est. </p><p>La Lorraine, qui tire son nom de l'ancien État de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À la mort de l'empereur Lothaire I er en 855, son royaume est partagé entre ses trois fils. Le deuxième, Lothaire II, reçoit la partie septentrionale qui s'étend de la Frise au plateau de Langres et au Jura ; ce Lotharii regnum est à l'origine du nom de Lotharingie (en allemand Lothringen ). Dès le début, ce royaume fut convoité par les oncles de Lothaire II, Charles le Chauve et ..." title="Article : LOTHARINGIE" href="/encyclopedie/lotharingie/">Lotharingie</a>, est une des plus importantes régions de passage entre l'Europe du Nord (pays rhénans) et l'Europe méditerranéenne. Bien qu'elle appartienne en grande partie au bassin géologique de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un certain nombre de villes du monde ont donné naissance à des mythes ; quelques-uns ont acquis une portée universelle, en se détachant des caractères fondamentaux du pays lui-même pour exalter la Ville en tant qu'individu. Il en est ainsi de Rome et de Paris . On a maintes fois signalé cette sorte de familiarité amoureuse, avec ses éclats de haine ou d'adoration, que Paris a toujou..." title="Article : PARIS" href="/encyclopedie/paris/">Paris</a>, la Lorraine s'ouvre naturellement à l'Europe rhénane en raison de l'orientation sud-nord de son réseau hydrographique. La géographie autant que l’histoire expliquent la vocation européenne d'une terre qui pendant des siècles a constitué un enjeu entre la France et l'Allemagne.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC020066_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC020066_1"></i><h2>Géographie</h2><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="V14N0033" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Lorraine : espaces lorrains" href="/media/lorraine-espaces-lorrains-v14n0033/"><img id="V14N0033" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/2/csm_v14n0033_d1a3868be0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Lorraine : espaces lorrains - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Espaces lorrains : de la vieille industrie à l'ouverture européenne (d'après : Cartographie d'André Humbert et Colette Renard-Grandmontagne)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1742" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Lorraine : espaces lorrains </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Au début des années 1960, certains journalistes comparaient la Lorraine au Texas tant étaient fortes sa réputation industrielle et son attraction sur les hommes, venus en masse du sud et de l'est de l'Europe. Vingt ans plus tard, la presse regorgeait d'articles décrivant une région sinistrée, frappée de plein fouet par une succession de crises. L'image de la Lorraine qui s'est alors progressivement imposée était celle d'une vieille région industrielle en crise. Cependant, en ce début du III<sup>e</sup> millénaire, une autre image est modelée par les décideurs régionaux, celle d'une Lorraine au cœur de l'Europe, cherchant à se construire une nouvelle personnalité faite de dynamisme et d'ouverture.</p><p>Qu'y-a-t-il derrière ces images opposées ? La réalité du passé industriel lorrain est incontestable : nul ne peut nier l'importance du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot textile recouvre l'ensemble du monde du tissu et désigne plus particulièrement l'industrie qui s'y applique. Au pluriel, les textiles constituent une vaste famille recouvrant celle des étoffes, nom qui a pris un caractère un peu archaïque. « Étoffe », en effet, fut longtemps le terme utilisé pour désigner tous les tissus traditionnels, tant les matériaux que dans les modes de..." title="Article : TEXTILE" href="/encyclopedie/textile/">textile</a>, de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'évolution de la sidérurgie dans les cent dernières années a été marquée par un accroissement considérable de la production d'acier brut : elle est passée, entre 1900 et 1993, de 35 à 725,3 millions de tonnes après un maximum de 785,1 millions de tonnes en 1989. Le niveau de la consommation annuelle d'acier par habitant dans les pays industrialisés (par exemple, en 1981 : 463 kg ..." title="Article : SIDÉRURGIE" href="/encyclopedie/siderurgie/">sidérurgie</a>, de l'extraction houillère et même de la chimie dans l'économie régionale et nationale. Nul ne peut ignorer, non plus, la gravité de la crise sur les espaces et les hommes. Les usines ont fermé les unes après les autres, les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À Völklingen, près de Sarrebruck, commençaient à se développer dans les années 1880, sous le contrôle des maîtres de forges Röchling, des aciéries appelées à devenir la plus importante source de produits laminés de toute l'Allemagne et à prendre rang parmi les plus grandes installations du genre en Europe, et même dans le monde.. L'obsolescence de leur équipement et les plans de r..." title="Article : FRICHES INDUSTRIELLES" href="/encyclopedie/friches-industrielles/">friches industrielles</a> se sont multipliées, la population lorraine est restée quasi stable, alors que la plupart des autres régions françaises croissaient. Depuis 1975, la population lorraine est passée de 2 331 800 à 2 356 000 habitants. Néanmoins, paradoxalement, le taux de chômage régional est resté toujours très proche de la moyenne nationale : ainsi, en 2015, le taux lorrain était de 10,5 p. 100 alors que le taux national s'élevait à 10 p. 100.</p><p>La focalisation sur l'apogée industriel et sur la crise qui a suivi a occulté une réalité essentielle, à savoir que la Lorraine ne se réduit pas à ses espaces industriels. Ces derniers n'occupent, proportionnellement, que des surfaces modestes au regard de l'extension totale de la région et, de surcroît, ils sont circonscrits à des périmètres bien délimités. Hormis ces foyers industriels et le long corridor urbain central, les espaces lorrains sont avant tout ruraux.</p><p>En ce qui concerne l'image européenne de la Lorraine, on peut, certes, souligner la situation frontalière de la région, l'importance des investissements étrangers et l'intensité du trafic de transit sur l'axe nord-sud qui unit l'Europe septentrionale à l'Europe méditerranéenne. </p><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC020066_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC020066_1_0"></i><h3>Les espaces des vieilles industries lorraines</h3><p>Tous les manuels de géographie des années 1950 présentaient une carte de la Lorraine industrielle, composée de quatre grands bassins spécialisés.</p><div class="block_3" data-ucode="yC020066_1_0_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC020066_1_0_0"></i><h4>Le textile des vallées vosgiennes</h4><p>Le plus ancien de ces bassins est celui de l'industrie textile implantée essentiellement dans les vallées vosgiennes, dès le milieu du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. En 1950, à la veille de la première crise, filatures et tissages participaient respectivement pour 20 et 25 p. 100 à la production nationale des filés et des tissés de coton<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a 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l'université de Nancy </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : LORRAINE" href="/carte-mentale/lorraine/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC020066_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" 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src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/e/csm_at101503_adca9c768e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Lorraine : carte administrative&nbsp;avant réforme - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de la région Lorraine avant la réforme de 2015." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Lorraine : carte administrative avant réforme </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V14N0033" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Lorraine : espaces lorrains" href="/media/lorraine-espaces-lorrains-v14n0033/"> <img id="V14N0033" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/2/csm_v14n0033_d1a3868be0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Lorraine : espaces lorrains - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Espaces lorrains : de la vieille industrie à l'ouverture européenne (d'après : Cartographie d'André Humbert et Colette Renard-Grandmontagne)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1742" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Lorraine : espaces lorrains </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH020223" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Lorraine : la vallée sidérurgique de l'Orne" href="/media/lorraine-la-vallee-siderurgique-de-lorne-ph020223/"> <img id="PH020223" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/c/csm_ph020223_d7098c8e4c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Lorraine : la vallée sidérurgique de l'Orne - crédits : Collection A. Humbert-C. Renard-Grandmontagne" data-description="Le complexe sidérurgique de la vallée de l'Orne est un des derniers sites lorrains bien qu'il ait été, déjà, en partie démantelé. Ne subsistent que les vestiges de la batterie de hauts-fourneaux de Rombas (en bas, à droite), dont le fonctionnement a cessé définitivement en 1999. La partie active du…" data-copyright="Collection A. Humbert-C. Renard-Grandmontagne" width="751" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Lorraine : la vallée sidérurgique de l'Orne </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Collection A. Humbert-C. Renard-Grandmontagne </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/lorraine/"> Afficher les 11 médias de l'article <span class="rg">LORRAINE</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC020066_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/alsace-champagne-ardenne-lorraine-region-administrative/"> <span class="rg">GRAND EST, </span><em class="it">région administrative</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">182 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : GRAND EST, r&eacute;gion administrative" href="/encyclopedie/alsace-champagne-ardenne-lorraine-region-administrative/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Grand Est : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/5/csm_at110103_d3dcbdbe3f.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> La région Grand Est, qui s’est appelée à titre provisoire Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine, a été créée par la loi du 16 janvier 2015 – relative à la délimitation des régions, aux élections régionales et départementales et modifiant le calendrier électoral. Elle est formée des trois anciennes régions...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-medievale/#c2890"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Allemagne médiévale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre-Roger GAUSSIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 136 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (Histoire) - Allemagne m&eacute;di&eacute;vale" href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-medievale/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne, X<sup>e</sup> siècle - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/4/csm_ca040367_a642406f5a.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...Main supérieur (Bamberg) et les Conradin du Rhin moyen, qui devaient l'emporter avec Conrad, élu roi en 911. Un cinquième duché, celui de Lotharingie, ou <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La région Lorraine est composée de quatre départements : Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse , Moselle et Vosges, couvrant 23 540 kilomètres carrés et rassemblant 2,35 millions d’habitants en 2013. Sa capitale est Metz . Depuis le 1 er janvier 2016, elle est regroupée dans une grande région avec l’Alsace et la Champagne-Ardenne , qui a pour nom Grand Est.. La Lorraine, qui tire son nom ..." title="Article : LORRAINE" href="/encyclopedie/lorraine/">Lorraine</a>, ne correspondait pas à un groupe ethnique mais à une région longtemps contestée entre la <em>Francia occidentalis </em>et la <em>Francia orientalis.</em> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/question-d-alsace-lorraine/"> <span class="rg">ALSACE-LORRAINE </span><span class="pc">QUESTION D'</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> et <span rel="author">Françoise LÉVY-COBLENTZ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 685 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALSACE-LORRAINE QUESTION D'" href="/encyclopedie/question-d-alsace-lorraine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne, 1870-1871 - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/0/csm_v010920_7b5e5d891e.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> La question d'Alsace-Lorraine a hypothéqué les rapports entre la France et l' Allemagne de 1879 à 1918. Elle a pesé également sur la vie politique intérieure des deux pays, exaltant chez l'un le nationalisme, chez l'autre le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À l'origine, le pangermanisme traduit le désir de réaliser l'unité politique et culturelle de l'Allemagne et de faire saisir aux Allemands dispersés entre plusieurs États (avant 1848 la Prusse , l' Autriche et les nombreux membres de la Confédération germanique) qu'ils doivent collaborer à cette unification. Avant la création du II e Reich en 1871, le pangermanisme était synonyme d..." title="Article : PANGERMANISME" href="/encyclopedie/pangermanisme/">pangermanisme</a>.</p><p>En 1914, deux cent cinquante mille...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bar-le-duc/"> <span class="rg">BAR-LE-DUC</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André HUMBERT</span> et <span rel="author">Colette RENARD-GRANDMONTAGNE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">413 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Modeste chef-lieu de la Meuse, Bar-le-Duc, seconde ville de ce département après Verdun, ne compte guère plus de 16 638 habitants (2012). Elle souffre sans aucun doute de sa situation sur la « diagonale du vide » qui prend la France en écharpe de la frontière belge aux Corbières en passant par les...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/charles-iv-1604-1675-duc-de-lorraine-1625-1675/"> <span class="rg">CHARLES IV </span><span class="rm">(1604-1675) duc de Lorraine (1625-1675)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Marie CONSTANT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">343 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Fils de François, comte de Vaudémont, frère du duc Henri II, Charles IV devint duc lorsque son père abdiqua en 1625. Chevaleresque mais inconsistant, il fut mêlé à toutes les querelles européennes et crut habile, pour protéger son duché en pleine <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) a été longtemps considérée, mais trop étroitement, comme une guerre d' Allemagne, sur laquelle s'est greffée, à partir de 1635, une nouvelle phase de la lutte traditionnelle entre l' Espagne et la France. Commencée en Bohême par la défenestration de Prague (23 mai 1618) et terminée par la signature des traités de Westphalie , à Münster..." title="Article : GUERRE DE TRENTE ANS" href="/encyclopedie/guerre-de-trente-ans/">guerre de Trente Ans</a>, de combattre la...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/lorraine/"> Afficher les 27 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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