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Les nouveaux conquérants" href="/media/1600-a-1700-les-nouveaux-conquerants-ch000020/"><img id="CH000020" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/0/csm_ch000020_5979ea9120.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="1600 à 1700. Les nouveaux conquérants - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les nouveaux conquérants : Hollande, Angleterre, France, Russie. Guerre de Trente Ans. Louis XIV.La prépondérance de l'Espagne et du Portugal s'achève au cours du XVIIe siècle devant les appétits commerciaux des autres grandes puissances européennes.Les Provinces-Unies calvinistes, dont l'Espagne a…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="" height="" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 1600 à 1700. Les nouveaux conquérants </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>La guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) a été longtemps considérée, mais trop étroitement, comme une guerre d' Allemagne, sur laquelle s'est greffée, à partir de 1635, une nouvelle phase de la lutte traditionnelle entre l' Espagne et la France. Commencée en Bohême par la défenestration de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Praga , caput regni – « Prague ( Praha ) capitale du royaume ». Cette devise exprime de manière heureuse la vocation de Prague, ville d'art. Par royaume, entendons l'État, sous la forme du duché, du royaume de Bohême, de la République tchécoslovaque et de la République tchèque , mais aussi la société renouvelée à travers les âges, qui a toujours garanti une place éminen..." title="Article : PRAGUE" href="/encyclopedie/prague/">Prague</a> (23 mai 1618) et terminée par la signature des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les traités de Westphalie, signés à Münster et Osnabrück, mettent fin, dans l'espace germanique, à la complexe guerre de Trente Ans qui a embrasé l'Empire puis l'Europe entière. Ils marquent un tournant historique majeur, en entérinant les échecs définitifs du projet des Habsbourg de domination universelle et du rêve de chrétienté réunifiée promu par les empereurs catholiques..." title="Article : TRAITÉS DE WESTPHALIE" href="/encyclopedie/traites-de-westphalie/">traités de Westphalie</a>, à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Ville d’Allemagne située sur l'Aa et le canal de Münster, dans le nord du Land de Rhénanie-du-Nord-Westphalie , Münster doit son origine à une station fortifiée franque du viii e siècle dont Charlemagne fit vers 792 le siège d'un évêché.. Le nom primitif de Mimigernaford ou Mimigardeford est remplacé au x e siècle par Mon[a]stere ( monasterium ). Très vite, s'y développe ..." title="Article : MÜNSTER" href="/encyclopedie/munster/">Münster</a> et à Osnabrück, le 24 octobre 1648, elle s'est déroulée sur le territoire du Saint Empire. À partir de l'intervention du roi de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Suède est restée plus longtemps que les autres pays scandinaves dépourvue d'histoire écrite. Les temps archaïques, sur lesquels la documentation se limite aux données de l'archéologie, de l'épigraphie runique et de quelques traditions plus ou moins mythiques consignées dans les pays étrangers, s'y prolongent jusqu'au milieu du xii e siècle.. Ainsi s'expliquent les incertitudes q..." title="Article : SUÈDE" href="/encyclopedie/suede/">Suède</a>, Gustave II Adolphe, des armées étrangères ont pénétré en Allemagne et pris part à la lutte. Les faits de guerre ont laissé des ruines tragiques, moins les batailles que les pillages, les incendies du plat pays, la propagation des épidémies, entraînant des pertes de vies humaines et des dévastations matérielles. Le conflit était né de l'opposition entre protestants et catholiques dans l'Empire, il s'est élargi à la mesure européenne, dans un affrontement entre les maisons d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Pays de 83 855 km 2 , l'Autriche, quoique deux fois plus vaste que la Suisse , est à peine plus peuplée (8,38 millions d'habitants en 2010) ; elle est aussi plus alpestre : les Alpes et les Préalpes couvrent près de 70 % du pays alors qu'elles n'occupent que 58 % du sol helvétique. La vigueur du relief y conditionne étroitement la vie régionale et l'économie nationale. Par cha..." title="Article : AUTRICHE" href="/encyclopedie/autriche/">Autriche</a> et de France, la première cherchant à asseoir sa prépondérance en Europe, la seconde défendant sa propre liberté et prenant dans sa clientèle les petits États d'Allemagne et d'Italie. La paix a consacré un nouvel ordre dans le Saint Empire : ordre politique, où l'Empereur ne pouvait plus prétendre à la souveraineté absolue, ordre religieux, par la reconnaissance des trois confessions chrétiennes, catholique, luthérienne, calviniste. La France et la Suède étaient garantes de la nouvelle Constitution de l'Empire : <em>Constitutio Westphalica</em>, avec les autres signataires du traité. L'historiographie contemporaine prend une vue encore plus large de l'événement ; la guerre de Trente Ans, par sa durée, son intensité, ses résultats, représente la période la plus aiguë d'une large crise qui la déborde : crise idéologique de la chrétienté, qui avait suscité deux réformes rivales, celle du « pur Évangile », celle du concile de Trente ; crise économique avec la montée des prix au <span class="pc">xvi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, les transformations des marchés, les problèmes monétaires, le déclin relatif de la Méditerranée au profit des routes atlantiques ; crise politique et sociale, avec la constitution en Europe d'États monarchiques de plus en plus centralisés (France, Espagne) et l'apparition de nouvelles sociétés (la bourgeoisie marchande des Provinces-Unies).</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yS180911_1"><i class="anchor" id="yS180911_1"></i><h2>L'occasion du conflit : sa première phase (1618-1623)</h2><p>L'occasion du conflit fut fournie par la question religieuse, et la guerre de Trente Ans a bien été, à son origine et dans son essence profonde, une guerre de religion entre une aristocratie protestante attachée à ses privilèges et une dynastie catholique résolue à soutenir la Contre-Réforme et à obtenir la conversion des sujets à la doctrine romaine, définie par le Concile. En Bohême, terre d'Empire, dont le roi était généralement élu empereur, les seigneurs protestants utraquistes (communiant sous les deux espèces) avaient obtenu de Rodolphe II en 1609 un statut (la Lettre de majesté) qui garantissait l'existence de leurs Églises et, par l'enseignement de l'Université, la diffusion de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Église chrétienne d'Occident, qui a réussi à surmonter plusieurs hérésies au Moyen Âge, a vu au cours du xvi e siècle, entre 1517 et 1570, de larges secteurs géographiques lui échapper définitivement, une opposition se créant ainsi entre l'Europe méditerranéenne, latine et romaine, et l'Europe protestante du Nord-Ouest et du Nord. Malgré le maintien de nombreux rapports entre l..." title="Article : RÉFORME" href="/encyclopedie/reforme/">Réforme</a>. Sur cette vieille terre de tradition hussite et antipapiste, l'aristocratie de langue tchèque défendait sa civilisation originale. En 1617, la Diète de Bohême n'en avait pas moins reconnu pour son futur roi l'archiduc Ferdinand de Styrie, catholique ardent et convertisseur déclaré. Les protestants allemands s'inquiétèrent d'une promotion qui semblait désigner ce prince à l'Empire. Aussi attisèrent-ils les querelles de Bohême entre les utraquistes et un groupe de seigneurs tchèques catholiques (tel le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="D'abord officier de justice subalterne sous l'Empire romain, le chancelier doit son nom aux barreaux ( cancelli ) qui, dans les cours de justice, séparaient le tribunal du public.. À l'époque mérovingienne, il est appelé référendaire. C'est un clerc qui fait fonction de scribe, et l'office peut être rempli par plusieurs titulaires. Dès l'avènement des Carolingiens , le chancelier de..." title="Article : CHANCELIER" href="/encyclopedie/chancelier/">chancelier</a> de Lobkowicz) qui cherchait à la fois à consolider l'autorité royale et à étendre les positions romaines.<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="S180911_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="TAPIÉ, Victor-Lucien"><a title="Auteur : Victor-Lucien TAPIÉ" rel="author" href="/auteurs/victor-lucien-tapie/"><strong>Victor-Lucien TAPIÉ</strong></a> : membre de l'Institut, professeur à la faculté des lettres et sciences humaines de Paris </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : TRENTE ANS GUERRE DE" href="/carte-mentale/guerre-de-trente-ans/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yS180911_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire des Temps modernes, du xve s. à 1789" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/"> Histoire des Temps modernes, du <span class="pc">xv</span><sup>e</sup> s. à 1789 </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Europe, Temps modernes" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/europe-temps-modernes/"> Europe, Temps modernes </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648)"> <a title="Classification : Guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648)" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-des-temps-modernes-du-xve-s-a-1789/europe-temps-modernes/guerre-de-trente-ans-1618-1648/"> Guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Histoire de l'Europe occidentale"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe occidentale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/"> Histoire de l'Europe occidentale </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yS180911_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="CH000020" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : 1600 à 1700. Les nouveaux conquérants" href="/media/1600-a-1700-les-nouveaux-conquerants-ch000020/"> <img id="CH000020" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/0/csm_ch000020_5979ea9120.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="1600 à 1700. Les nouveaux conquérants - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les nouveaux conquérants : Hollande, Angleterre, France, Russie. Guerre de Trente Ans. Louis XIV.La prépondérance de l'Espagne et du Portugal s'achève au cours du XVIIe siècle devant les appétits commerciaux des autres grandes puissances européennes.Les Provinces-Unies calvinistes, dont l'Espagne a…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="" height="" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> 1600 à 1700. Les nouveaux conquérants </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010909" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Allemagne, 1648" href="/media/allemagne-1648-v010909/"> <img id="V010909" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/8/csm_v010909_e29ee5db7a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne, 1648 - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Le morcellement de l'Empire germanique après les traités de Westphalie (1648)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1961" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne, 1648 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yS180911_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-du-xvie-et-du-xviie-s/#c9440"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE </span><span class="rm">(Histoire) - Allemagne du </span><span class="pc">XVI<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="rm">et du </span><span class="pc">XVII<sup class="sup">e</sup> </span><span class="rm">s.</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges LIVET</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 506 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (Histoire) - Allemagne du XVIe et du XVIIe s." href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-histoire-allemagne-du-xvie-et-du-xviie-s/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Allemagne, 1648 - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/8/csm_v010909_9cd534ccaa.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> La révolte de Bohême de 1618 peut être considérée comme le début de la guerre de Trente Ans. Mais il ne s'agit encore que de querelles entre États et princes. Le 23 mai 1618, les représentants de l'Empereur sont défenestrés à Prague, et l'aristocratie protestante se révolte contre la domination... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/alsace/#c9440"> <span class="rg">ALSACE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Françoise LÉVY-COBLENTZ</span> et <span rel="author">Raymond WOESSNER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 482 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ALSACE" href="/encyclopedie/alsace/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Alsace : carte administrative&nbsp;avant réforme - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/3/csm_at100103_934b5c976e.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Pendant la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) a été longtemps considérée, mais trop étroitement, comme une guerre d' Allemagne, sur laquelle s'est greffée, à partir de 1635, une nouvelle phase de la lutte traditionnelle entre l' Espagne et la France. Commencée en Bohême par la défenestration de Prague (23 mai 1618) et terminée par la signature des traités de Westphalie , à Münster..." title="Article : GUERRE DE TRENTE ANS" href="/encyclopedie/guerre-de-trente-ans/">guerre de Trente Ans</a> (1618-1648), l'Alsace servit de champ de bataille aux armées impériales, suédoises, weimariennes et françaises. Massacres, famines, pestes déciment plus de la moitié de la population, et c'est une Alsace misérable qu'en des clauses obscures le traité de Westphalie cède... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/autriche/#c9440"> <span class="rg">AUTRICHE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roger BAUER</span> , <span rel="author">Jean BÉRENGER</span> , <span rel="author">Annie DELOBEZ</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Christophe GAUCHON</span> , <span rel="author">Félix KREISSLER</span> et <span rel="author">Paul PASTEUR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">34 125 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">21 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AUTRICHE" href="/encyclopedie/autriche/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Autriche : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_at001404_ec3fe7cbb4.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> – La <em>phase bohême. </em>Elle concerne les pays tchèques et la Basse-Autriche et marque les débuts de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La guerre de Trente Ans (1618-1648) a été longtemps considérée, mais trop étroitement, comme une guerre d' Allemagne, sur laquelle s'est greffée, à partir de 1635, une nouvelle phase de la lutte traditionnelle entre l' Espagne et la France. Commencée en Bohême par la défenestration de Prague (23 mai 1618) et terminée par la signature des traités de Westphalie , à Münster..." title="Article : GUERRE DE TRENTE ANS" href="/encyclopedie/guerre-de-trente-ans/">guerre de Trente Ans</a>. 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