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<span>Argot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anti-language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anti-language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_usage_of_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_usage_of_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional usage of term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_usage_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thieves'_cant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thieves'_cant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Thieves' cant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thieves'_cant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cant (language)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptolecte" title="Criptolecte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Criptolecte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaunersprache" title="Gaunersprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaunersprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekreta_lingvo" title="Sekreta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sekreta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زبان رمزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان رمزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptolecte" title="Cryptolecte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cryptolecte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geheimtaal" title="Geheimtaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Geheimtaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EB%A7%90" title="변말 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변말" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שפת סתרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפת סתרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E7%89%92" title="符牒 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="符牒" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjulespr%C3%A5k" title="Skjulespråk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skjulespråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ynspr%C3%A5k" title="Løynspråk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Løynspråk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_cant" title="Lenghe cant – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe cant" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criptoleto" title="Criptoleto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Criptoleto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Кант (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кант (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Latovščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latovščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikkikieli" title="Leikkikieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leikkikieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodspr%C3%A5k" title="Kodspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kodspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кант (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кант (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cant_(language)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cant_(language)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&oldid=1258994193" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argot&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Argot">Argot</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Linguistic term for jargon of a group</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cant (disambiguation)">Cant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>cant</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> or language of a group, often employed to exclude or mislead people outside the group.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be called a <b>cryptolect</b>, <b>argot</b>, <b>pseudo-language</b>, <b>anti-language</b> or <b>secret language</b>. Each term differs slightly in meaning; their uses are inconsistent. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a> defines <i>cant</i> by saying that "'Cant', in the sense in which Samuel Johnson exclaims, 'Clear your mind of cant,' means, in other words, something like that which 'people usually say without thinking, the standard thing to say, what one normally says'." In <a href="/wiki/Heideggerian_terminology#The_One_/_the_They" title="Heideggerian terminology">Heideggerian terms</a> it is what "das Man" says.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main schools of thought on the origin of the word <i>cant</i>: </p> <ul><li>In linguistics, the derivation is normally seen to be from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> word <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">caint</i></span> (older spelling <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">cainnt</i></span>), "speech, talk",<sup id="cite_ref-Queen's2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen's2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">cainnt</i></span>. It is seen to have derived amongst the <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">itinerant</a> groups of people in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, who hailed from both Irish/Scottish Gaelic and English-speaking backgrounds, ultimately developing as various <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Queen's2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen's2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the various types of cant (Scottish/Irish) are mutually unintelligible. The Irish creole variant is termed "<a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">the cant</a>". Its speakers from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a> community know it as <i>Gammon</i>, while the linguistic community identifies it as <i>shelta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Queen's2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen's2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Outside Gaelic circles, the derivation is typically seen to be from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cantāre</i></span>, 'to sing', via <a href="/wiki/Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman French">Norman French</a> <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf-Latn" style="font-size: 100%;">canter</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this derivation, the history of the word is seen to have referred to the chanting of friars initially, used disparagingly some time between the 12th<sup id="cite_ref-Collins2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, the term was applied to the singsong of beggars and eventually a criminal jargon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argot">Argot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Argot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <i>argot</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>argot</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[aʁɡo]</a></span> '<a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>') is a language used by various groups to prevent outsiders from understanding their conversations. The term <i>argot</i> is also used to refer to the informal specialized vocabulary from a particular field of study, occupation, or hobby, in which <a href="/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense">sense</a> it overlaps with <i><a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a></i>. </p><p>In his 1862 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> refers to that argot as both "the language of the dark" and "the language of misery".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known record of the term <i>argot</i> in this context was in a 1628 document. The word was probably derived from the contemporary name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">les argotiers</i></span>, given to a group of thieves at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the strictest definition, an <i>argot</i> is a proper language with its own grammatical system.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such complete secret languages are rare because the speakers usually have some public language in common, on which the argot is largely based. Such argots are <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexically</a> divergent <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">forms</a> of a particular language, with a part of its vocabulary replaced by words unknown to the larger public; <i>argot</i> used in this <a href="/wiki/Word_sense" title="Word sense">sense</a> is <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a> with <i>cant</i>. For example, <i>argot</i> in this sense is used for systems such as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Verlan" title="Verlan">verlan</a></i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bem" title="Louchébem">louchébem</a></i></span>, which retain French syntax and apply transformations only to individual words (and often only to a certain subset of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words).<sup id="cite_ref-valdman2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valdman2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such systems are examples of <i>argots</i> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">à clef</i></span>, or "coded argots".<sup id="cite_ref-valdman2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valdman2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific words can go from argot into everyday speech or the other way. For example, modern French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">loufoque</i></span> 'crazy', 'goofy', now common usage, originated in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">louchébem</i></span> transformation of Fr. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">fou</i></span> 'crazy'. </p><p>In the field of medicine, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> have been said to have their own spoken argot, cant, or slang, which incorporates commonly understood abbreviations and acronyms, frequently used technical <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialisms</a>, and much everyday professional slang (that may or may not be institutionally or geographically localized).<sup id="cite_ref-Hukill-19612_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hukill-19612-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of these colloquialisms may prove impenetrable to most lay people, few seem to be specifically designed to conceal meaning from patients (perhaps because standard medical terminology would usually suffice anyway).<sup id="cite_ref-Hukill-19612_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hukill-19612-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-language">Anti-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anti-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the <i>anti-language</i> was first defined and studied by the linguist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Halliday" title="Michael Halliday">Michael Halliday</a>, who used the term to describe the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-society" title="Anti-society">anti-society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anti-society is a small, separate community intentionally created within a larger society as an alternative to or resistance of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Podg%C3%B3recki" title="Adam Podgórecki">Adam Podgórecki</a> studied one anti-society composed of Polish prisoners; Bhaktiprasad Mallik of Sanskrit College studied another composed of criminals in Calcutta.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These societies develop anti-languages as a means to prevent outsiders from understanding their communication and as a manner of establishing a subculture that meets the needs of their alternative social structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-languages differ from <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> and jargon in that they are used solely among ostracized social groups, including prisoners,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> criminals, homosexuals,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-languages use the same basic vocabulary and grammar as their native language in an unorthodox fashion. For example, anti-languages borrow words from other languages, create unconventional compounds, or utilize new suffixes for existing words. Anti-languages may also change words using <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, reversal of sounds or letters (e.g., apple to <i>elppa</i>), or substituting their consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, anti-languages are distinct and unique and are not simply <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of existing languages. </p><p>In his essay "Anti-Language", Halliday synthesized the research of Thomas Harman, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Podg%C3%B3recki" title="Adam Podgórecki">Adam Podgórecki</a>, and Bhaktiprasad Mallik to explore anti-languages and the connection between verbal communication and the maintenance of a social structure. For this reason, the study of anti-languages is both a study of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and linguistics. Halliday's findings can be compiled as a list of nine criteria that a language must meet to be considered an anti-language: </p> <ul><li>An anti-society is a society set up within another society as a conscious alternative to it.</li> <li>Like the early records of the languages of exotic cultures, the information usually comes to us as word lists.</li> <li>The simplest form taken by an anti-language is that of new words from old: it is a language relexicalised.</li> <li>The principle is that of same grammar, different vocabulary.</li> <li>Effective communication depends on exchanging meanings that are inaccessible to the layperson.</li> <li>The anti-language is not just an optional extra; it is the fundamental element in the existence of the "second life" phenomenon.</li> <li>The most important vehicle of reality-maintenance is conversation. All who employ this same form of communication are reality-maintaining others.</li> <li>The anti-language is a vehicle of resocialisation.</li> <li>There is continuity between language and anti-language.</li></ul> <p>Examples of anti-languages include <a href="/wiki/Cockney_rhyming_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockney rhyming slang">Cockney rhyming slang</a>, <a href="/wiki/CB_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="CB slang">CB slang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verlan" title="Verlan">verlan</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Grypsera" title="Grypsera">grypsera</a></i> of Polish prisons, <a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_cant" title="Thieves' cant">thieves' cant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bangime" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangime">Bangime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-languages are sometimes created by authors and used by characters in novels. These anti-languages do not have complete lexicons, cannot be observed in use for <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">linguistic description</a>, and therefore cannot be studied in the same way a language spoken by an existing anti-society would. However, they are still used in the study of anti-languages. Roger Fowler's "Anti-Languages in Fiction" analyzes <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burgess" title="Anthony Burgess">Anthony Burgess</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_(novel)" title="A Clockwork Orange (novel)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Naked_Lunch" title="Naked Lunch">Naked Lunch</a></i> to redefine the nature of the anti-language and to describe its ideological purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>A Clockwork Orange</i> is a popular example of a novel where the main character is a teenage boy who speaks an anti-language called <a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a>. This language is often referred to as an argot, but it has been argued that it is an anti-language because of the social structure it maintains through the social class of the droogs.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated12_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated12-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_usage_of_term">Regional usage of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional usage of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parts of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>, in Ireland, <i>cant</i> mainly refers to an <a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">auction</a>, typically on <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair day</a> ("Cantmen and Cantwomen, some from as far away as Dublin, would converge on Mohill on a Fair Day, ... set up their stalls ... and immediately start auctioning off their merchandise") and secondly means talk ("very entertaining conversation was often described as 'great cant'" or "crosstalk").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolan200643_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolan200643-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Crohan1987_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Crohan1987-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Scotland, two unrelated creole languages are termed <i>cant</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></i> (a mixed language, primarily <a href="/wiki/Scots_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> influences) is spoken by lowland Roma groups. <i>Highland Traveller's Cant</i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>-based cant of the Indigenous Highland Traveller population.<sup id="cite_ref-Queen's2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen's2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cants are mutually unintelligible. </p><p>The word has also been used as a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> to coin names for modern-day jargons such as "medicant", a term used to refer to the type of language employed by members of the medical profession that is largely unintelligible to lay people.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adurgari" title="Adurgari">Adurgari</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agbirigba" title="Agbirigba">Agbirigba</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a>, from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_slang" title="Back slang">Back slang</a>, from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Bahasa G</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banja%C4%8Dki" title="Banjački">Banjački</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barallete" title="Barallete">Barallete</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargoens" title="Bargoens">Bargoens</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bron_(cant)" title="Bron (cant)">Bron</a> from <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a>, a Gaelic-based cant used by Highland Traveller community in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boontling" title="Boontling">Boontling</a> from California</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló (Chicano)</a>, from the US/Mexican border</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">Cockney Rhyming Slang</a>, from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_dos_arxinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fala dos arxinas">Fala dos arxinas</a>, from Galicia, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenya" title="Fenya">Fenya</a> from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacer%C3%ADa" title="Gacería">Gacería</a>, from Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle language</a>, from South African gay culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transposition" title="Gender transposition">Gender transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%C3%ADa" title="Germanía">Germanía</a>, from Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grypsera" title="Grypsera">Grypsera</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumu%C8%9Beasca" title="Gumuțeasca">Gumuțeasca</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaru-moji" title="Gyaru-moji">Gyaru-moji</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_Farsi" title="Hijra Farsi">Hijra Farsi</a>, from South Asia, used by the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">hijra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kothi_(gender)" title="Kothi (gender)">kothi</a></i> subcultures (traditional indigenous approximate analogues to LGBT subcultures)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a>, from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaric" title="Iyaric">Iyaric</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, used by adherents of <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanais" title="Javanais">Javanais</a>, from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejemon" title="Jejemon">Jejemon</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeringonza" title="Jeringonza">Jeringonza</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliarda" title="Kaliarda">Kaliarda</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, used by LGBT community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ginseng-harvesters%27_cant" title="Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant">Korean ginseng-harvesters' cant</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">Leet</a> (or <i>1337 speak</i>), from internet culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louch%C3%A9bem" title="Louchébem">Louchébem</a>, from France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3xoro" title="Lóxoro">Lóxoro</a>, from Peru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubunca" title="Lubunca">Lubunca</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, used by LGBT community.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_language" title="Martian language">Martian language</a>, to replace Chinese characters</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshterski" title="Meshterski">Meshterski</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migux%C3%AAs" title="Miguxês">Miguxês</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">hipster</a> subcultures of young netizens in Brazil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico" class="mw-redirect" title="Minderico">Minderico</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> or a secret language traditionally spoken by <a href="/wiki/Tailors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tailors">tailors</a> and traders in <a href="/wiki/Minde,_Portugal" title="Minde, Portugal">Minde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadsat" title="Nadsat">Nadsat</a>, a fictional argot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihali">Nihali</a>, from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Nyōbō kotoba</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a> (or Olbanian) from <a href="/wiki/Runet" title="Runet">Runet</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_Latin" title="Pig Latin">Pig Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitkern_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitkern language">Pitkernese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podan%C3%A1" title="Podaná">Podaná</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajub%C3%A1" title="Pajubá">Pajubá</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> a dialect of the gay subculture that uses African or African-sounding words as slang, heavily borrowed from the Afro-Brazilian religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a>, a general term for a diverse but unrelated group of dialects used by <a href="/wiki/Actors" class="mw-redirect" title="Actors">actors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">circus and fairground showmen</a>, gay subculture, criminal underworld (criminals, prostitutes).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotv%C3%A6lsk" title="Rotvælsk">Rotvælsk</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0atrova%C4%8Dki" title="Šatrovački">Šatrovački</a>, from the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Scots_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Language">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> used by the Lowland Romani people in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Travellers</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheng (linguistics)">Sheng</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasell" title="Spasell">Spasell</a>, from Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swardspeak" title="Swardspeak">Swardspeak</a> (or Bekimon, or Bekinese), from the Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_cant" title="Thieves' cant">Thieves' cant</a> (or peddler's French, or St Giles' Greek), from the United Kingdom</li> <li>Tōgo, from Japan (a back slang)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totoiana" title="Totoiana">Totoiana</a>, from Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsotsitaal">Tsotsitaal</a>, from South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a>, from the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verlan" title="Verlan">Verlan</a>, from France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%ADriga" title="Xíriga">Xíriga</a>, from Asturias, Spain<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari</a>, from Iran <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thieves'_cant"><span id="Thieves.27_cant"></span>Thieves' cant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thieves' cant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_cant" title="Thieves' cant">thieves' cant</a> was a feature of popular pamphlets and plays, particularly between 1590 and 1615, but continued to feature in literature through the 18th century. There are questions about how genuinely the literature reflected <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> use in the criminal underworld. A thief in 1839 claimed that the cant he had seen in print was nothing like the cant then used by gypsies, thieves, and beggars. He also said that each of these used distinct vocabularies, which overlapped, the gypsies having a cant word for everything, and the beggars using a lower style than the thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_word_(figure_of_speech)" title="Code word (figure of speech)">Code word (figure of speech)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costermonger" title="Costermonger">Costermonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibberish_(language_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibberish (language game)">Gibberish (language game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz%C4%83r_%C8%98%C4%83ineanu" title="Lazăr Șăineanu">Lazăr Șăineanu</a>, a Romanian who studied such languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">Rhyming slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">Shibboleth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McArthur2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McArthur, T. (ed.) <i>The Oxford Companion to the English Language</i> (1992) <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-214183-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-214183-X">0-19-214183-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorty2001" class="citation book cs1">Rorty, Richard (2001). <i>Redemption from Egotism: James and Proust as Spiritual Exercises</i>. The Estate of Richard Rorty. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9831-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-9831-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemption+from+Egotism%3A+James+and+Proust+as+Spiritual+Exercises&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=The+Estate+of+Richard+Rorty&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9831-8&rft.aulast=Rorty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queen's2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Queen's2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Queen's2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Queen's2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Queen's2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk, J. & Ó Baoill, D. <i>Travellers and their Language</i> (2002) <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85389-832-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85389-832-4">0-85389-832-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Collins English Dictionary 21st Century Edition</i> (2001) <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-472529-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-472529-8">0-00-472529-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz,_Robert_M." class="citation web cs1">Schwartz, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703205052/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html">"Interesting Facts about Convicts of France in the 19th Century"</a>. Mt. Holyoke University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/popcorn/convicts2.html">the original</a> on 2021-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interesting+Facts+about+Convicts+of+France+in+the+19th+Century&rft.pub=Mt.+Holyoke+University&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Fcourses%2Frschwart%2Fhist255%2Fpopcorn%2Fconvicts2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guiraud, Pierre, <i>L'Argot. Que sais-je?</i>, Paris: PUF, 1958, p. 700</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_De_Dobay_Rifelj1987" class="citation book cs1">Carol De Dobay Rifelj (1987). <i>Word and Figure: The Language of Nineteenth-Century French Poetry</i>. Ohio State University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814204221" title="Special:BookSources/9780814204221"><bdi>9780814204221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+and+Figure%3A+The+Language+of+Nineteenth-Century+French+Poetry&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780814204221&rft.au=Carol+De+Dobay+Rifelj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-valdman2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valdman2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valdman2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdman2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Valdman, Albert (May 2000). "La Langue des faubourgs et des banlieues: de l'argot au français populaire". <i>The French Review</i> (in French). <b>73</b> (6). American Association of Teachers of French: 1179–1192. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/399371">399371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+French+Review&rft.atitle=La+Langue+des+faubourgs+et+des+banlieues%3A+de+l%27argot+au+fran%C3%A7ais+populaire&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1179-1192&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F399371%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Valdman&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hukill-19612-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hukill-19612_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hukill-19612_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHukillH.Jackson1961" class="citation journal cs1">Hukill, Peter B.; H., A. L.; Jackson, James L. (1961). "The Spoken Language of Medicine: Argot, Slang, Cant". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 145–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F453853">10.2307/453853</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/453853">453853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=The+Spoken+Language+of+Medicine%3A+Argot%2C+Slang%2C+Cant&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=145-151&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F453853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F453853%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hukill&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft.au=H.%2C+A.+L.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday1976" class="citation journal cs1">Halliday, M. a. K. (1976-09-01). "Anti-Languages". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 570–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1976.78.3.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1976.78.3.02a00050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1548-1433">1548-1433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Anti-Languages&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=570-584&rft.date=1976-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1976.78.3.02a00050&rft.issn=1548-1433&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=M.+a.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2002" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Paul (2002). <i>Polari The Lost Language of Gay Men</i>. Routledge. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415261807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415261807"><bdi>978-0415261807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polari+The+Lost+Language+of+Gay+Men&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415261807&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarzycki" class="citation journal cs1">Zarzycki, Łukasz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/4122/1/Zarzycki_Crossroads_8.pdf">"Socio-lingual Phenomenon of the Anti-language of Polish and American Prison Inmates"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Crossroads</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crossroads&rft.atitle=Socio-lingual+Phenomenon+of+the+Anti-language+of+Polish+and+American+Prison+Inmates&rft.aulast=Zarzycki&rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.uwb.edu.pl%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F11320%2F4122%2F1%2FZarzycki_Crossroads_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated12-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated12_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Liberty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_81291_en.pdf">"Antilanguage and a Gentleman's Goloss: Style, Register, and Entitlement To Irony in A Clockwork Orange"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ESharp</i>: 1–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESharp&rft.atitle=Antilanguage+and+a+Gentleman%27s+Goloss%3A+Style%2C+Register%2C+and+Entitlement+To+Irony+in+A+Clockwork+Orange&rft.pages=1-27&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Liberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fmedia_81291_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Montgomery1986" class="citation cs2">Martin Montgomery (January 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju4NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA93">"Language and subcultures: Anti-language"</a>, <i>An introduction to language and society</i>, Methuen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416346305" title="Special:BookSources/9780416346305"><bdi>9780416346305</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+and+subcultures%3A+Anti-language&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+language+and+society&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1986-01&rft.isbn=9780416346305&rft.au=Martin+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJu4NAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.lancs.ac.uk/staff/paulb/polari/home.htm">Polari: The Lost Language of Gay Men</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>. <i>Department of Linguistics and English Language</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Bradley, Matthew T. (31 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/33705647/new-scientist-31-may-2014bak">"The secret ones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i>. Vol. 222, no. 2971. pp. 42–45 – via <a href="/wiki/Yumpu" title="Yumpu">Yumpu</a>. <q>... a language that hides as much as it communicates. How did this "anti-language" emerge? The slave trade may explain why the Bangande were determined to keep their own language. ...what British linguist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Halliday" title="Michael Halliday">Michael Halliday</a> calls an anti-language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+secret+ones&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=2971&rft.pages=42-45&rft.date=2014-05-31&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Matthew+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fread%2F33705647%2Fnew-scientist-31-may-2014bak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1979" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Roger (Summer 1979). "Anti-Language in Fiction". <i>Style</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 259–278. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42945250">42945250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Style&rft.atitle=Anti-Language+in+Fiction&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-278&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42945250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolan200643-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDolan200643_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDolan2006">Dolan 2006</a>, pp. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Crohan1987-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Crohan1987_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Crohan1987">O'Crohan 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/bahasa%20gaul">"bahasa gaul - KBBI VI Online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Language_Development_and_Cultivation" title="Agency for Language Development and Cultivation">Agency for Language Development and Cultivation</a></i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>. <q>informal Indonesian dialect used by certain communities or in certain areas for socializing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agency+for+Language+Development+and+Cultivation&rft.atitle=bahasa+gaul+-+KBBI+VI+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fbahasa%2520gaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Partridge, Eric (1937) <i>Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghbidi" class="citation web cs1">Baghbidi, Hassan Rezai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361415781_The_Zargari_Language_An_Endangered_European_Romani_in_Iran">"The Zargari Language: An Endangered European Romani in Iran"</a>. <i>researchgate.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=The+Zargari+Language%3A+An+Endangered+European+Romani+in+Iran&rft.aulast=Baghbidi&rft.aufirst=Hassan+Rezai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F361415781_The_Zargari_Language_An_Endangered_European_Romani_in_Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPstrusińska2013" class="citation book cs1">Pstrusińska, Jadwiga (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/864565715"><i>Secret languages of Afghanistan and their speakers</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publ. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4970-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-4970-8"><bdi>978-1-4438-4970-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864565715">864565715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+languages+of+Afghanistan+and+their+speakers.&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publ&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864565715&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-4970-8&rft.aulast=Pstrusi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Jadwiga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F864565715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ribton-Turner, C. J. 1887 Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging, London, 1887, p.245, quoting an examination taken at <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a> Gaol</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Crohan1987" class="citation book cs1">O'Crohan, Tomás (1987). <i>Island Cross-Talk: Pages from a Diary</i> (translated from Irish by Tim Enright ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192122525" title="Special:BookSources/0192122525"><bdi>0192122525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Cross-Talk%3A+Pages+from+a+Diary&rft.edition=translated+from+Irish+by+Tim+Enright&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0192122525&rft.aulast=O%27Crohan&rft.aufirst=Tom%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Terence Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RN0p1uienWMC&pg=PA43"><i>A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish Use of English</i></a> (revised ed.). Terence Patrick Dolan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0717140393" title="Special:BookSources/0717140393"><bdi>0717140393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hiberno-English%3A+The+Irish+Use+of+English&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Terence+Patrick+Dolan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0717140393&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Terence+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRN0p1uienWMC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACant+%28language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Halliday, M. A. K. (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/674418">"Anti-Languages"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i> 78 (3) pp. 570–584</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cant_(language)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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.plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cant" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cant">cant</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/argot" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:argot">argot</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cryptolect" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:cryptolect">cryptolect</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cant_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cant languages">Cant languages</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33005#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4019464-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">languages</a> lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Chinese_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Chinese is an official language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Afrikaans_or_Dutch_are_official_languages" title="List of countries and territories where Afrikaans or Dutch are official languages">Dutch/Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where English is an official language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_French_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where French is an official language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Italian_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Italian is an official language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Malay_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Malay is an official language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Persian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Romanian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Russian_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Spanish_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonyms and exonyms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_and_their_capitals_in_native_languages" title="List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages">Countries and capitals in native languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country names in various languages">Country names in various languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(A%E2%80%93C)" title="List of country names in various languages (A–C)">A–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(D%E2%80%93I)" title="List of country names in various languages (D–I)">D–I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(J%E2%80%93P)" title="List of country names in various languages (J–P)">J–P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_names_in_various_languages_(Q%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of country names in various languages (Q–Z)">Q–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Cambodia" title="Names of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Iceland" title="Names of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_for_India" title="Names for India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Indonesia" title="Names of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Japan" title="Names of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Singapore" title="Names of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Names of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">Languages of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent<br />and subregion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_America" title="Languages of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caribbean" title="Languages of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_America" title="Languages of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">Southeast Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages" title="List of official languages">Official languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_languages_by_country_and_territory" title="List of official languages by country and territory">by country and territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_recognized_official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of recognized official languages">Countries by the number of recognized official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_languages_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Number of languages by country">Number of languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">By number of native speakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_speakers_in_Europe" title="List of languages by number of speakers in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers" title="List of languages by total number of speakers">By number of total speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_censuses" title="Languages in censuses">Languages in censuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolic_languages" title="List of Mongolic languages">List of Mongolic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages" title="List of Turkic languages">List of Turkic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language-based<br /><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a><br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Arabic)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Language_Union" title="Dutch Language Union">Dutch Language Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dutch)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(English)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Union" title="Latin Union">Latin Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Romance languages)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Linguistic_Spaces" title="Three Linguistic Spaces">Three Linguistic Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_African_countries" title="Portuguese-speaking African countries">Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portuguese)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spanish)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Turkic languages)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Turkic languages)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_languages" title="Category:Lists of languages">Lists of languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Category:Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language phonologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonologies_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Phonologies</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_phonology" title="Acehnese phonology">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_phonology" title="Adyghe phonology">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_phonology" title="Afrikaans phonology">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">American Sign Language</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_phonology" title="Egyptian Arabic phonology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic_phonology" title="Hejazi Arabic phonology">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_phonology" title="Levantine Arabic phonology">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic#Phonology" title="Moroccan Arabic">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic_phonology" title="Tunisian Arabic phonology">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_phonology" title="Avestan phonology">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_phonology" title="Burmese phonology">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_phonology" title="Chukchi phonology">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_phonology" title="Cornish phonology">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsmaal-Gussenhoven_dialect_phonology" title="Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology">Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonology" title="North American English regional phonology">Regional North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">White South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English_phonology" title="Middle English phonology">Middle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_phonology" title="Estonian phonology">Estonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_phonology" title="Faroese phonology">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Parisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_phonology" title="Galician phonology">Galician</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German_phonology" title="Standard German phonology">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_phonology" title="Greenlandic phonology">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a></li> <li>Hebrew <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_phonology" title="Hindustani phonology">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_phonology" title="Ingrian phonology">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_phonology" title="Konkani phonology">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_phonology" title="Kyrgyz phonology">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_phonology" title="Latgalian phonology">Latgalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_phonology_and_orthography" title="Latin phonology and orthography">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_phonology" title="Latvian phonology">Latvian</a></li> <li>Limburgish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian_dialect_phonology" title="Maastrichtian dialect phonology">Maastrichtian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_phonology" title="Lithuanian phonology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_phonology" title="Luxembourgish phonology">Luxembourgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">M–S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_phonology" title="Malay phonology">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_phonology" title="Maldivian phonology">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_phonology" title="Māori phonology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_phonology" title="Massachusett phonology">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medumba_phonology" title="Medumba phonology">Medumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_phonology" title="Occitan phonology">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_phonology" title="Old Saxon phonology">Old Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_phonology" title="Oromo phonology">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_phonology" title="Ottawa phonology">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li>Ripuarian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_phonology" title="Colognian phonology">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerkrade_dialect_phonology" title="Kerkrade dialect phonology">Kerkrade dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_phonology" title="Sardinian phonology">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Scots" title="Phonological history of Scots">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography" title="Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_phonology" title="Serbo-Croatian phonology">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_phonology" title="Slovak phonology">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_phonology" title="Slovene phonology">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_phonology" title="Sotho phonology">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">Dialects and varieties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">T–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_phonology" title="Uyghur phonology">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_phonology" title="West Frisian phonology">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_language" title="Template talk:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_language" title="List of philosophers of language">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus" title="Cratylus">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eubulides" title="Eubulides">Eubulides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Cronus" title="Diodorus Cronus">Diodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" title="Fritz Mauthner">Mauthner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">de Saussure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bloomfield" title="Leonard Bloomfield">Bloomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf" title="Benjamin Lee Whorf">Whorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Watzlawick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_language" title="Category:Theories of language">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrast theory of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastivism" title="Contrastivism">Contrastivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventionalism" title="Conventionalism">Conventionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylism" title="Cratylism">Cratylism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" title="Direct reference theory">Direct reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatism" title="Dramatism">Dramatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_semantics" title="Dynamic semantics">Dynamic semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisitive_semantics" title="Inquisitive semantics">Inquisitive semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" title="Mediated reference theory">Mediated reference theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevance_theory" title="Relevance theory">Relevance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_externalism" title="Semantic externalism">Semantic externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Semantic holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_semantics" title="Situation semantics">Situation semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supposition_theory" title="Supposition theory">Supposition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosism" title="Symbiosism">Symbiosism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Theological noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Definite_description" title="Definite description">Definite description</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verification theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">Ambiguity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth-bearer" title="Truth-bearer">Truth-bearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use%E2%80%93mention_distinction" title="Use–mention distinction">Use–mention distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(philosophy)" title="Class (philosophy)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_resemblance" title="Family resemblance">Family resemblance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intension" title="Intension">Intension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form" title="Logical form">Logical form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalanguage" title="Metalanguage">Metalanguage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">Presupposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Principle of compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_reference" title="Sense and reference">Sense and reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_(logic)" title="Statement (logic)">Statement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_language_articles" title="Index of philosophy of language articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(n.d.)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">Port-Royal Grammar</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Arte_Combinatoria" title="De Arte Combinatoria">De Arte Combinatoria</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1666)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_Towards_a_Real_Character,_and_a_Philosophical_Language" title="An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language">An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1668)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alciphron_(book)" title="Alciphron (book)">Alciphron</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1732)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tractatus_Logico-Philosophicus" title="Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus">Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naming_and_Necessity" title="Naming and Necessity">Naming and Necessity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein_on_Rules_and_Private_Language" title="Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language">Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1988)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">School of Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantics (natural language)">Semantics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics (linguistics)">Formal semantics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" 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