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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assiniboine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assiniboine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Assiniboine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assiniboine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Basque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherokee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherokee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cherokee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherokee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choctaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choctaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Choctaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choctaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comanche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comanche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Comanche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comanche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Cree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meskwaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meskwaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Meskwaki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meskwaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohawk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohawk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Mohawk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohawk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscogee_(Seminole_and_Creek)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscogee_(Seminole_and_Creek)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Muscogee (Seminole and Creek)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscogee_(Seminole_and_Creek)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navajo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navajo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Navajo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navajo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_First_Twenty-Nine_and_the_creation_of_the_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_Twenty-Nine_and_the_creation_of_the_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11.1</span> <span>The First Twenty-Nine and the creation of the code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_First_Twenty-Nine_and_the_creation_of_the_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployment_and_evolution_of_the_code_and_post-war_code_talkers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployment_and_evolution_of_the_code_and_post-war_code_talkers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11.2</span> <span>Deployment and evolution of the code and post-war code talkers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deployment_and_evolution_of_the_code_and_post-war_code_talkers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Nubian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tlingit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tlingit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Tlingit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tlingit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wenzhounese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wenzhounese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Wenzhounese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wenzhounese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Post-war recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Code talker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodespreker" title="Kodespreker – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kodespreker" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%89" title="المتكلم بالمعمى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المتكلم بالمعمى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locutor_de_claus" title="Locutor de claus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Locutor de claus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Code talker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locutor_de_claves" title="Locutor de claves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Locutor de claves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodparolantoj" title="Kodparolantoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kodparolantoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_hiztunak" title="Kode hiztunak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kode hiztunak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code talker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_%ED%86%A0%EC%BB%A4" title="코드 토커 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코드 토커" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembicara_kode" title="Pembicara kode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembicara kode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Code talker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93" title="דוברי קוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוברי קוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3dbesz%C3%A9l%C5%91" title="Kódbeszélő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kódbeszélő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codespreker" title="Codespreker – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Codespreker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codepraoter" title="Codepraoter – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Codepraoter" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="コードトーカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コードトーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%C5%84scy_szyfranci" title="Indiańscy szyfranci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indiańscy szyfranci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B-%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Радисты-шифровальщики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радисты-шифровальщики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Code talker" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Радисти-шифрувальники – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радисти-шифрувальники" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_n%C3%B3i_m%E1%BA%ADt_m%C3%A3" title="Người nói mật mã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người nói mật mã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q912310#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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For the band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Codetalkers" title="The Codetalkers">the Codetalkers</a>.</span> <span>For the <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_V:_The_Phantom_Pain" title="Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain">Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain</a></i> character, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_in_the_Metal_Gear_series#Code_Talker" class="mw-redirect" title="List of characters in the Metal Gear series">list of characters in the <i>Metal Gear</i> series § Code Talker</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChoctawCoders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group of Choctaw soldiers holding American flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChoctawCoders.jpg/220px-ChoctawCoders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChoctawCoders.jpg/330px-ChoctawCoders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/ChoctawCoders.jpg/440px-ChoctawCoders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Nation">Choctaw</a> soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>code talker</b> was a person employed by the military during wartime to use a little-known language as a means of secret communication. The term is most often used for United States service members during the <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a> who used their knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American languages</a> as a basis to transmit coded messages. In particular, there were approximately 400 to 500 <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> whose primary job was to transmit secret <a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">tactical</a> messages. Code talkers transmitted messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formally or informally developed codes built upon their Indigenous languages. The code talkers improved the speed of <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> and decryption of communications in <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a> operations during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and are credited with some decisive victories. Their code was never broken. </p><p>There were two code types used during World War II. Type one codes were formally developed based on the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> peoples. They used words from their languages for each letter of the English alphabet. Messages could be encoded and decoded by using a <a href="/wiki/Simple_substitution_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple substitution cipher">simple substitution cipher</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">ciphertext</a> was the Native language word. Type two code was informal and directly translated from English into the Indigenous language. Code talkers used short, descriptive phrases if there was no corresponding word in the Indigenous language for the military word. For example, the Navajo did not have a word for <i>submarine</i>, so they translated it as <i>iron fish</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Code Talker</i> was originally coined by the United States Marine Corps and used to identify individuals who completed the special training required to qualify as Code Talkers. Their service records indicated "642 – Code Talker" as a duty assignment. Today, the term Code Talker is still strongly associated with the bilingual <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> speakers trained in the Navajo Code during World War II by the US Marine Corps to serve in all six <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_divisions" title="List of United States Marine Corps divisions">divisions of the Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Raiders" title="Marine Raiders">Marine Raiders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II">Pacific theater</a>. However, the use of Native American communicators pre-dates WWII. Early pioneers of Native American-based communications used by the US Military include the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota peoples</a> during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-LakotaWWI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LakotaWWI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the term Code Talker includes military personnel from all Native American communities who have contributed their language skills in service to the United States. </p><p>Other Native American communicators—now referred to as code talkers—were deployed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during World War II, including <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Magahern_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magahern-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a> soldiers; they served in the Pacific, North African, and European theaters.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assiniboine"><span class="anchor" id="Assiniboine_code_talkers"></span>Assiniboine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assiniboine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine language</a> served as code talkers during World War II to encrypt communications.<sup id="cite_ref-gftribune_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gftribune-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these code talkers was <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Horn_Sr." title="Gilbert Horn Sr.">Gilbert Horn Sr.</a>, who grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belknap_Indian_Reservation" title="Fort Belknap Indian Reservation">Fort Belknap Indian Reservation</a> of Montana and became a tribal judge and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-gftribune_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gftribune-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque"><span class="anchor" id="Basque_code_talkers_(disputed)"></span>Basque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1952, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euzko_Deya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euzko Deya (page does not exist)">Euzko Deya</a></i> magazine<sup id="cite_ref-Euzko_deya_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euzko_deya-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reported that sometime in May 1942, upon meeting a large number of US Marines of <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a> ancestry in a San Francisco camp, Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_D._Carranza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank D. Carranza (page does not exist)">Frank D. Carranza</a> had thought of using the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> for codes.<sup id="cite_ref-El_País_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_País-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diario_Vasco_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diario_Vasco-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Euskonews_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euskonews-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His superiors were concerned about risk, as there were known settlements of Basque people in the Pacific region, including: 35 Basque <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arrupe" title="Pedro Arrupe">Pedro Arrupe</a>; a colony of Basque <a href="/wiki/Jai_alai" title="Jai alai">jai alai</a> players in China and the Philippines; and Basque supporters of <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> in Asia. Consequently, the US Basque code talkers were not deployed in these theaters; instead, they were used initially in tests and in transmitting logistics information for Hawaii and Australia. </p><p>According to <i>Euzko Deya</i>, on August 1, 1942, Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa, and Juanana received a Basque-coded message from San Diego for Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester Nimitz</a>. The message warned Nimitz of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Apple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Apple (page does not exist)">Operation Apple</a> to remove the Japanese from the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. They also translated the start date, August 7, for <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">the attack on Guadalcanal</a>. As the war extended over the Pacific, there was a shortage of Basque speakers, and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers. </p><p>In 2017, Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a paper refuting <i>Euzko Deya</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s article.<sup id="cite_ref-El_Correo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_Correo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla, they could not find Carranza, Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa, or Juanana in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> or US Army archives. They did find a small number of US Marines with <a href="/wiki/Basque_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque surname">Basque surnames</a>, but none of them worked in transmissions. They suggest that Carranza's story was an <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> operation to raise sympathy for US intelligence among Basque nationalists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cherokee"><span class="anchor" id="Cherokee_code_talkers"></span>Cherokee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cherokee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US military's first known use of code talkers was during World War I. <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> soldiers of the US <a href="/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="30th Infantry Division (United States)">30th Infantry Division</a> fluent in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee language</a> were assigned to transmit messages while under fire during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Somme_(1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of the Somme (1918)">Second Battle of the Somme</a>. According to the Division Signal Officer, this took place in September 1918 when their unit was under British command.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choctaw"><span class="anchor" id="Choctaw_code_talkers"></span>Choctaw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Choctaw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_code_talkers" title="Choctaw code talkers">Choctaw code talkers</a></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, company commander Captain Lawrence of the US Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb having a conversation in <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a>. Upon further investigation, he found eight <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> men served in the battalion. The Choctaw men in the Army's <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="36th Infantry Division (United States)">36th Infantry Division</a> were trained to use their language in code. They helped the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> in several battles of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne Offensive">Meuse-Argonne Offensive</a>. On October 26, 1918, the code talkers were pressed into service and the "tide of battle turned within 24 hours ... and within 72 hours the Allies were on full attack."<sup id="cite_ref-choctaw_code_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choctaw_code-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comanche"><span class="anchor" id="Comanche_code_talkers"></span>Comanche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Comanche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of twelve uniformed US Army servicemen gathered around two Native American men dressed in traditional tribal clothing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg/220px-Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg/330px-Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg/440px-Comanche_Code_Talkers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Comanche code talkers of the 4th Signal Company</figcaption></figure> <p>German authorities knew about the use of code talkers during World War I. Germans sent a team of thirty <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the task proved too difficult because of the large array of Indigenous languages and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. Nonetheless, after learning of the Nazi effort, the US Army opted not to implement a large-scale code talker program in the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theater</a>. </p><p>Initially, 17 code talkers were enlisted, but three could not make the trip across the Atlantic until the unit was finally deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 14 code talkers using the <a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche language</a> took part in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> and served in the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-comanche_code_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comanche_code-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comanche soldiers of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of 250 code terms using words and phrases in their own language.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a substitution method similar to that of the <a href="#Navajo">Navajo</a>, the code talkers used descriptive words from the Comanche language for things that did not have translations. For example, the Comanche language code term for <i>tank</i> was <i>turtle</i>, <i>bomber</i> was <i>pregnant bird</i>, <i>machine gun</i> was <i>sewing machine</i>, and <i>Adolf Hitler</i> was <i>crazy white man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-army_comanche_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army_comanche-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Comanche code talkers were assigned to each regiment, and the remainder were assigned to the 4th Infantry Division headquarters. The Comanche began transmitting messages shortly after landing on <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a> on June 6, 1944. Some were wounded but none killed.<sup id="cite_ref-army_comanche_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army_comanche-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the French government awarded the Comanche code talkers the <i>Chevalier</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">National Order of Merit</a>. On November 30, 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> presented <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chibitty" title="Charles Chibitty">Charles Chibitty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Knowlton#Knowlton_Award" title="Thomas Knowlton">Knowlton Award</a>, in recognition of his outstanding intelligence work.<sup id="cite_ref-army_comanche_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-army_comanche-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cree"><span class="anchor" id="Cree_code_talkers"></span>Cree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> employed First Nations soldiers who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree language</a> as code talkers. Owing to oaths of secrecy and official classification through 1963, the role of Cree code talkers was less well-known than their US counterparts and went unacknowledged by the Canadian government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 documentary, <i>Cree Code Talkers</i>, tells the story of one such <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Métis</a> individual, <a href="/wiki/Checker_Tomkins" title="Checker Tomkins">Charles "Checker" Tomkins</a>. Tomkins died in 2003 but was interviewed shortly before his death by the Smithsonian <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a>. While he identified other Cree code talkers, "Tomkins may have been the last of his comrades to know anything of this secret operation."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungarian"><span class="anchor" id="Hungarian_code_talkers"></span>Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022 during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> is reported to be used by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Ukrainian army</a> to relay operational military information and orders to circumvent being understood by the invading <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian army</a> without the need to encrypt and decipher the messages.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine has a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Ukraine" title="Hungarians in Ukraine">Hungarian population</a> of over 150,000 people who live mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Kárpátalja (in Hungarian) or Zakarpatska Oblast (in Ukrainian) division</a> of Ukraine, adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. As Ukrainian nationals, men of enlistment age are also subject to military service, hence the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ground_Forces" title="Ukrainian Ground Forces">Ukrainian army</a> has a Hungarian-speaking capability. It is one of the most spoken and official languages of this <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Ukraine" title="Administrative divisions of Ukraine">region in present-day Ukraine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> is not an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language</a>. For this reason, it is distinct and incomprehensible for Russian speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meskwaki"><span class="anchor" id="Meskwaki_code_talkers"></span>Meskwaki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Meskwaki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A group of 27 <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a> enlisted in the US Army together in January 1941; they comprised 16 percent of Iowa's Meskwaki population. During World War II, the US Army trained eight Meskwaki men to use their native <a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox language</a> as code talkers. They were assigned to North Africa. The eight were posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> in 2013; the government gave the awards to representatives of the Meskwaki community.<sup id="cite_ref-Meskwaki_code_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meskwaki_code-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mohawk">Mohawk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mohawk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk language</a> code talkers were used during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the Pacific theater. <a href="/wiki/Levi_Oakes" title="Levi Oakes">Levi Oakes</a>, a Mohawk code talker born in Canada, was deployed to protect messages sent by Allied Forces using <i>Kanien'kéha</i>, a Mohawk sub-set language. Oakes died in May 2019; he was the last of the Mohawk code talkers.<sup id="cite_ref-Oakes_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oakes-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscogee_(Seminole_and_Creek)"><span id="Muscogee_.28Seminole_and_Creek.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Seminole_code_talkers"></span>Muscogee (Seminole and Creek)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Muscogee (Seminole and Creek)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee language</a> was used as a type two code (informal) during World War II by enlisted <a href="/wiki/Seminole_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminole people">Seminole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek people</a> in the US Army.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tony Palmer, Leslie Richard, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Harjo" title="Edmond Harjo">Edmund Harjo</a>, and Thomas MacIntosh from the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a> were recognized under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_Talkers_Recognition_Act_of_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (page does not exist)">Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last survivor of these code talkers, Edmond Harjo of the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a>, died on March 31, 2014, at the age of 96. His biography was recounted at the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the US Capitol on November 20, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-natimes_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natimes-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tworld_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tworld-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ustreasury_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ustreasury-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navajo"><span class="anchor" id="Navajo_code_talkers"></span>Navajo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Navajo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_Code_Talkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Navajo code talkers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Navajo_Code_Talkers.jpg/260px-Navajo_Code_Talkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Navajo_Code_Talkers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Navajo code talkers, Saipan, June 1944</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Philip_Johnston_(code_talker)" title="Philip Johnston (code talker)">Philip Johnston</a>, a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed the use of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo language</a> to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II. Johnston, a World War I veteran, was raised on the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo reservation</a> as the son of missionaries to the Navajo. He was able to converse in what is called "Trader's Navajo" - a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin language</a>. He was among a few non-Navajo who had enough exposure to it to understand some of its nuances. Many Navajo men enlisted shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor and eagerly contributed to the war effort. </p><p>Because Navajo has a complex <a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">grammar</a>, it is not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> with even its closest relatives within the <a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene family</a> to provide meaningful information. It was still an unwritten language at the time, and Johnston believed Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code. Its complex syntax, phonology, and numerous dialects made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. One estimate indicates that fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1942, Johnston met with the commanding general of the Amphibious Corps, Major General <a href="/wiki/Clayton_B._Vogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton B. Vogel">Clayton B. Vogel</a>, and his staff. Johnston staged simulated combat conditions, demonstrating that Navajo men could transmit and decode a three-line message in 20 seconds, compared to the 30 minutes it took the machines of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of using Navajo speakers as code talkers was accepted; Vogel recommended that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo. However, that recommendation was cut to one-platoon to use as a pilot project to develop and test the feasibility of a code. On May 4, 1942, twenty-nine Navajo men were sworn into service at an old US Army Fort converted into a BIA Boarding School: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wingate" title="Fort Wingate">Fort Wingate</a>. They were organized as Platoon 382. The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942. This first group created the Navajo code at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Camp_Pendleton" title="Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton">Camp Pendleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2fact_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2fact-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_First_Twenty-Nine_and_the_creation_of_the_code">The First Twenty-Nine and the creation of the code</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The First Twenty-Nine and the creation of the code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the key features of the Navajo Code Talkers is that they employed a coded version of their language. Other Navajos not trained in the Navajo Code could not decipher the messages being sent. </p><p>Platoon 382 was the Marine Corps' first "all-Indian, all-Navajo" Platoon. The members of this platoon would become known as <i>The First Twenty-Nine</i>. Most were recruited from near the Fort Wingate, NM, area. The youngest was William Dean Yazzie (aka Dean Wilson), who was only 15 when he was recruited. The oldest was <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nelson_Gorman" title="Carl Nelson Gorman">Carl N. Gorman</a>—who with his son, R.C. Gorman, would become an artist of great acclaim and design the Code Talkers' logo—at age 35. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Names of the First Twenty-Nine and areas of birth<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Code talker's name </th> <th>Area of birth </th> <th>Other notes to service </th></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Begay </td> <td>Toadlena, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Brown, Jr </td> <td>Chinle, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowell Damon </td> <td>Fort Defiance, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>James Dixon </td> <td>Shiprock, NM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carl Gorman </td> <td>Chinle, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Leonard </td> <td>Lukachukai, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Johnny Manuelito </td> <td>Sheep Springs, NM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>William McCabe </td> <td>Ganado, AZ </td> <td>Purple Heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>Balmer Slowtalker (aka Joe Palmer) </td> <td>Leupp, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nelson Thompson </td> <td>Leupp, AZ </td> <td>Purple Heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benjamin Cleveland </td> <td>Fort Defiance, AZ </td> <td>Purple Heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jack Nez </td> <td>Canyon del Muerto, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oscar Ilthma </td> <td>Lupton, AZ </td> <td>Purple Heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>George Dennison </td> <td>Fort Defiance, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chester Nez </td> <td>Two Wells, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Roy Begay </td> <td>Black Mountain, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cozy Brown </td> <td>Chinle, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eugene Crawford </td> <td>Tohatchi, NM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Benally </td> <td>Fort Defiance, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lloyd Oliver </td> <td>Fruitland, NM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Willie </td> <td>Shonto, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charlie Begay </td> <td>Tocito, NM </td> <td>Purple Heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wilsie Bitsie </td> <td>Rehoboth, NM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Frank Denny Pete </td> <td>Fruitland, NM </td> <td>Purple Heart </td></tr> <tr> <td>John Chee </td> <td>Tocito, NM </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Allen Dale June </td> <td>Kaibito, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harry Tsosie </td> <td>Rough Rock, AZ </td> <td>Purple Heart, KIA </td></tr> <tr> <td>David Curley </td> <td>Phoenix, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bill Yazzie (aka Dean Wilson) </td> <td>TeecNosPos, AZ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Army/Navy_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet">Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet</a> that <a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">uses agreed-upon English words to represent letters</a>. Since it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words while in combat would be too time-consuming, some <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_military_abbreviations" title="Glossary of military abbreviations">terms</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">concepts</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">tactics</a>, and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo. For example, the word for <i>shark</i> referred to a destroyer, while <i>silver oak leaf</i> indicated the rank of lieutenant colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deployment_and_evolution_of_the_code_and_post-war_code_talkers">Deployment and evolution of the code and post-war code talkers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deployment and evolution of the code and post-war code talkers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Codebook" title="Codebook">codebook</a> was developed to teach new initiates the many relevant words and concepts. The text was for classroom purposes only and was never to be taken into the field. The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training. Navajo speakers who had not been trained in the code work would have no idea what the code talkers' messages meant; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual, unrelated nouns and verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala,_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Code talker memorial with etched words: "Navajo Indian Code Talkers USMC. They used their native language skills to direct the US Marine Corps Artillery fire during WWII in the Pacific area. Japanese could not break the code. Thus, these early Americans exemplified the spirit of America's fighting men. Sponsored by: Disabled Veterans South Marion DAV#85 serving veterans and dependents." The memorial also includes the United States Marine Corps emblem." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala%2C_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg/260px-Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala%2C_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala%2C_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg/390px-Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala%2C_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala%2C_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg/520px-Code_Talkers_Monument_in_Ocala%2C_Florida_Memorial_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2516" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption>Code Talkers Monument Ocala, Florida Memorial Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The Navajo code talkers were commended for the skill, speed, and accuracy they demonstrated throughout the war. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a>, Major Howard Connor, <a href="/wiki/5th_Marine_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Marine Division">5th Marine Division</a> signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. These six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error. Connor later said, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."<sup id="cite_ref-ww2fact_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2fact-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After incidents where Navajo code talkers were mistaken for ethnic Japanese and were captured by other American soldiers, several were assigned a personal bodyguard whose principal duty was to protect them from their side. According to Bill Toledo, one of the second groups after the original 29, they had a secret secondary duty: if their charge was at risk of being captured, they were to shoot him to protect the code. Fortunately, none was ever called upon to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To ensure consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific theater, representative code talkers of each of the US Marine <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a> met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code, incorporate new terms into the system, and update their codebooks. These representatives, in turn, trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting. As the war progressed, additional code words were added and incorporated program-wide. In other instances, informal shortcuts <a href="/wiki/Code_word_(communication)" title="Code word (communication)">code words</a> were devised for a particular <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">campaign</a> and not disseminated beyond the area of operation. Examples of code words include the Navajo word for <i>buzzard</i>, <span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">jeeshóóʼ</i></span></span>, which was used for <i>bomber</i>, while the code word used for <i>submarine</i>, <span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">béésh łóóʼ</i></span></span>, meant <i>iron fish</i> in Navajo.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Nez" title="Chester Nez">Chester Nez</a>, died on June 4, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the last nine Navajo code talkers used in the military died in 2019: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_K._Newman" title="Alfred K. Newman">Alfred K. Newman</a> died on January 13, 2019, at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 10, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Fleming_Begaye_Sr." title="Fleming Begaye Sr.">Fleming Begaye Sr.</a> died at the age of 97.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Mexico State Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Pinto" title="John Pinto">John Pinto</a>, elected in 1977, died in office on May 24, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Tully Brown died in June 2019 aged 96.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Vandever Sr. died at 96 on January 31, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandoval" title="Samuel Sandoval">Samuel Sandoval</a> died on 29 July 2022, at the age of 98.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Kinsel_Sr." title="John Kinsel Sr.">John Kinsel Sr.</a> died on 18 October 2024, at the age of 107.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only two remaining members are still living as of 2024, Thomas H. Began and former Navajo chairman Peter MacDonald.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some code talkers such as Chester Nez and William Dean Yazzie (aka Dean Wilson) continued to serve in the Marine Corps through the Korean War. Rumors of the deployment of the Navajo code into the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and after have never been proven. The code remained classified until 1968. The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nubian"><span class="anchor" id="Nubian_code_talkers"></span>Nubian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nubian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1973_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Arab–Israeli War">1973 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Egypt employed <a href="/wiki/Nubian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian language">Nubian</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nubian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian people">Nubian people</a> as code talkers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tlingit"><span class="anchor" id="Tlingit_code_talkers"></span>Tlingit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tlingit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, American soldiers used their native <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a> as a code against Japanese forces. Their actions remained unknown, even after the declassification of code talkers and the publication of the Navajo code talkers. The memory of five deceased Tlingit code talkers was honored by the Alaska legislature in March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh"><span class="anchor" id="Welsh_code_talkers"></span>Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A system employing the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> was used by British forces during World War II, but not to any great extent. In 1942, the Royal Air Force developed a plan to use Welsh for secret communications, but it was never implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh was used more recently in the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> for non-vital messages.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wenzhounese"><span class="anchor" id="Wenzhou_code_talkers"></span>Wenzhounese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wenzhounese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China used <a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a>-speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cao2010_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cao2010-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhixiong2015_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhixiong2015-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_recognition">Post-war recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Post-war recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg/220px-Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg/330px-Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg/440px-Navajo_code_talker_Thomas_Begay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4674" data-file-height="2920" /></a><figcaption>Navajo code talker veteran Thomas Begay with a framed picture commemorating National Navajo Code Talkers Day</figcaption></figure> <p>The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until 1968 when their operation was declassified.<sup id="cite_ref-dp_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dp-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who also named August 14, 1982 as Navajo Code Talkers Day.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 21, 2000, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> signed Public Law 106–554, 114 Statute 2763, which awarded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> to the original 29 World War II Navajo code talkers and <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Silver_Medal" title="Congressional Silver Medal">Silver Medals</a> to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker (approximately 300). In July 2001, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> honored the code talkers by presenting the medals to four surviving original code talkers (the fifth living original code talker was unable to attend) at a ceremony held in the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Rotunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Rotunda">Capitol Rotunda</a> in Washington, DC. Gold medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Patty_Talahongva" title="Patty Talahongva">Patty Talahongva</a> directed and produced a documentary, <i>The Power of Words: Native Languages as Weapons of War</i>, for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian">Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian</a> in 2006, bringing to light the story of Hopi code talkers. In 2011, Arizona established April 23, as an annual recognition day for the Hopi code talkers.<sup id="cite_ref-Magahern_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magahern-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medal_of_Valor" title="Texas Medal of Valor">Texas Medal of Valor</a> was awarded posthumously to 18 Choctaw code talkers for their World War II service on September 17, 2007, by the Adjutant General of the State of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110–420) was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> on November 15, 2008. The act recognized every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII (except the already-awarded Navajo) with a Congressional Gold Medal. The act was designed to be distinct for each tribe, with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next-of-kin.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013, 33 tribes have been identified and been honored at a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation Hall">Emancipation Hall</a> at the US Capitol Visitor Center. One surviving code talker was present, Edmond Harjo.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 27, 2017, three Navajo code talkers, joined by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="President of the Navajo Nation">President of the Navajo Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Begaye" title="Russell Begaye">Russell Begaye</a>, appeared with President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> in an official White House ceremony. They were there to "pay tribute to the contributions of the young Native Americans recruited by the United States military to create top-secret coded messages used to communicate during World War II battles."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_code_talkers_2017_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_code_talkers_2017-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_American_Indians" title="National Congress of American Indians">National Congress of American Indians</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacqueline_Pata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacqueline Pata (page does not exist)">Jacqueline Pata</a>, noted that Native Americans have "a very high level of participation in the military and veterans' service." A statement by a Navajo Nation Council Delegate and comments by Pata and Begaye, among others, objected to Trump's remarks during the event, including his use "once again ... [of] the word <i>Pocahontas</i> in a negative way towards a political adversary Elizabeth Warren who claims 'Native American heritage'."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_code_talkers_2017_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_code_talkers_2017-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-code_talkers_2017_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-code_talkers_2017-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Congress of American Indians objected to Trump's use of the name <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>, a historical Native American figure, as a derogatory term.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Indian_Scouts" title="United States Army Indian Scouts">United States Army Indian Scouts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windtalkers" title="Windtalkers">Windtalkers</a></i>, a 2002 American war film on Navajo radio operators in World War II</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanindian.si.edu/education/codetalkers/html/chapter4.html">"Code Talking – Native Words Native Warriors"</a>. <i>americanindian.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112040555/https://americanindian.si.edu/education/codetalkers/html/chapter4.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2019<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=World+War+I%27s+Native+American+Code+Talkers&rft.aulast=Greenspan&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-war-is-native-american-code-talkers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crimereads.com/the-american-indian-code-talkers-who-helped-revolutionize-cryptography-and-win-wwii/">"The American Indian Code Talkers Who Helped Revolutionize Cryptography and Win WWII"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=444.hu&rft.atitle=K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1taljai+navaj%C3%B3k%3A+%C3%BAgy+haszn%C3%A1lja+az+ukr%C3%A1n+hadsereg+a+magyarul+besz%C3%A9l%C5%91+katon%C3%A1inak+szuperk%C3%A9pess%C3%A9g%C3%A9t%2C+mint+az+amerikaiak+a+legend%C3%A1s+k%C3%B3dbesz%C3%A9l%C5%91k+nyelvtud%C3%A1s%C3%A1t+%28Subcarpathian+Navajos%3A+the+Ukrainian+army+uses+the+superpowers+of+its+Hungarian-speaking+soldiers+in+the+same+way+that+the+Americans+use+the+language+skills+of+the+legendary+code+talkers%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F444.hu%2F2022%2F08%2F10%2Fkarpataljai-navajok-ugy-hasznalja-az-ukran-hadsereg-a-magyarul-beszelo-katonainak-szuperkepesseget-mint-az-amerikaiak-a-legendas-kodbeszelok-nyelvtudasat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=769163944273042">"Угорська мова - найкраща для шифрування на війні (Hungarian is the best for encryption in war)"</a>. <i>www.facebook.com</i> (in Hungarian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+-+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96+%28Hungarian+is+the+best+for+encryption+in+war%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fwatch%2F%3Fv%3D769163944273042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meskwaki_code-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meskwaki_code_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/07/06/codetalkers.htm">"Last Meskwaki code talker remembers"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Meskwaki+%27code+talkers%27+receive+Congressional+Gold+Medal&rft.date=2013-11-20&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.com%2F2013%2F11%2F20%2Fmeskwaki-code-talkers-receive-congressional-gold-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oakes-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oakes_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeer2019" class="citation news cs1">Deer, Jessica (May 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/louis-levi-oakes-code-talker-obituary-1.5153816">"Louis Levi Oakes, last WW II Mohawk code talker, dies at 94"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Louis+Levi+Oakes%2C+last+WW+II+Mohawk+code+talker%2C+dies+at+94&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft.aulast=Deer&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Findigenous%2Flouis-levi-oakes-code-talker-obituary-1.5153816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CO013">"Code Talkers"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190127094336/https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=CO013">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Code+Talkers&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry.php%3Fentry%3DCO013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309616895">"An Honor Long Overdue: The 2013 Congressional Gold and Silver Medal Ceremonies in Honor of Native American Code Talkers"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Native+American+Times&rft.atitle=Last+living+Seminole+Code+Talker+walks+on%2C+loved+ones+pay+respects%2C+honor+hero&rft.date=2014-04-07&rft.aulast=Attocknie&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativetimes.com%2Findex.php%2Flife%2Fpeople%2F9747-last-living-seminole-code-talker-walks-on-loved-ones-pay-respects-honor-hero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tworld-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tworld_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/local/seminole-code-talker-edmond-harjo-dies-at/article_6d65c407-10e8-56ae-ab96-aaa1b3b3a29f.html">"Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_World" title="Tulsa World">Tulsa World</a></i>. April 13, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311183910/http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/local/seminole-code-talker-edmond-harjo-dies-at/article_6d65c407-10e8-56ae-ab96-aaa1b3b3a29f.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Seminole+code+talker+Edmond+Harjo+dies+at+96&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fseminole-code-talker-edmond-harjo-dies-at%2Farticle_6d65c407-10e8-56ae-ab96-aaa1b3b3a29f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ustreasury-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ustreasury_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2013" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Dick (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Treasury-and-Mint-Join-Congress-to-Honor-Native-American-Code-Talkers-.aspx">"Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427212327/http://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Treasury-and-Mint-Join-Congress-to-Honor-Native-American-Code-Talkers-.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Treasury+and+Mint+Join+Congress+to+Honor+Native+American+Code+Talkers&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fconnect%2Fblog%2FPages%2FTreasury-and-Mint-Join-Congress-to-Honor-Native-American-Code-Talkers-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Holm" title="Tom Holm">Holm, Tom</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codetalkerswarri00holm_0"><i>Code Talkers and Warriors</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americanindian.si.edu&rft.atitle=Native+Words%2C+Native+Warriors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanindian.si.edu%2Fnk360%2Fcode-talkers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ww2fact-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ww2fact_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2fact_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers.html">"Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Historical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Historical Center">Naval Historical Center</a>. September 17, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171104121421/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/n/code-talkers.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+Code+Talkers%3A+World+War+II+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft.date=1992-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fn%2Fcode-talkers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Our Fathers, Our Grandfathers, Our Heroes The Navajo Code Talkers of World War II A Photographic Exhibit</i>. Gallup, New Mexico: Circle of Light, Navajo Educational Project. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Fathers%2C+Our+Grandfathers%2C+Our+Heroes+The+Navajo+Code+Talkers+of+World+War+II+A+Photographic+Exhibit&rft.place=Gallup%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Circle+of+Light%2C+Navajo+Educational+Project&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2014" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (June 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/us/chester-nez-dies-at-93-his-native-tongue-helped-to-win-a-war-of-words.html">"Chester Nez, 93, Dies; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805010224/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/us/chester-nez-dies-at-93-his-native-tongue-helped-to-win-a-war-of-words.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chester+Nez%2C+93%2C+Dies%3B+Navajo+Words+Washed+From+Mouth+Helped+Win+War&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F06%2F06%2Fus%2Fchester-nez-dies-at-93-his-native-tongue-helped-to-win-a-war-of-words.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurrett2009" class="citation book cs1">Durrett, Deanne (2009). <i>Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers</i>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803224568" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803224568"><bdi>978-0803224568</bdi></a>. <q>The code was designed so that even a person who spoke Navajo as his native language would not understand the coded messages. Only those who has received Code Talker training could decode the messages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsung+Heroes+of+World+War+II%3A+The+Story+of+the+Navajo+Code+Talkers&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0803224568&rft.aulast=Durrett&rft.aufirst=Deanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolidayMcPherson2013" class="citation book cs1">Holiday, Samuel; McPherson, Robert S. (2013). <i>Under the Eagle: Samuel Holiday, Navajo Code Talker</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806151014" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806151014"><bdi>978-0806151014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Eagle%3A+Samuel+Holiday%2C+Navajo+Code+Talker&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0806151014&rft.aulast=Holiday&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=McPherson%2C+Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2002" class="citation news cs1">McKay, Mary-Jayne (May 29, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-code-talkers-29-05-2002/">"The Code Talkers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Code+Talkers&rft.date=2002-05-29&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Mary-Jayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-code-talkers-29-05-2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.ucsd.edu/~crypto/Projects/MichaelMay/Navajo%20Code%20Site/Procon.html">"Navajo Code Talkers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UCSD" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSD">UCSD</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Joe+Morris+Sr.+dies+at+85%3B+Navajo+code+talker+during+World+War+II&rft.date=2011-07-24&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fla-me-joe-morris-20110722%2C0%2C3839149%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2014" class="citation news cs1">Kolb, Joseph (June 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-newmexico-navajo-idUSKBN0EF1Z920140604">"Last of Navajo 'code talkers' dies in New Mexico"</a>. reuters.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604211125/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/04/us-usa-newmexico-navajo-idUSKBN0EF1Z920140604">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Last+of+Navajo+%27code+talkers%27+dies+in+New+Mexico&rft.date=2014-06-04&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-newmexico-navajo-idUSKBN0EF1Z920140604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenson2019" class="citation web cs1">Levenson, Eric (January 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/16/us/navajo-code-talker-alfred-newman-death-trnd/index.html">"Alfred Newman, one of the last remaining Navajo Code Talkers, dies at 94"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121121901/https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/16/us/navajo-code-talker-alfred-newman-death-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Newman%2C+one+of+the+last+remaining+Navajo+Code+Talkers%2C+dies+at+94&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.aulast=Levenson&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F16%2Fus%2Fnavajo-code-talker-alfred-newman-death-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaveri2019" class="citation news cs1">Zaveri, Mihir (May 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/obituaries/fleming-begaye-sr-dead.html">"Fleming Begaye, Navajo Code Talker Honored at White House, Dies at 97"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513160747/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/obituaries/fleming-begaye-sr-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NM+Political+Report&rft.atitle=NM+mourns+long-time+state+senator%2C+John+Pinto&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmpoliticalreport.com%2F2019%2F05%2F24%2Fnm-mourns-long-time-state-senator-john-pinto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wset.com/news/nation-world/navajo-code-talker-william-tully-brown-dies-at-96-3rd-death-from-group-in-past-month">"Navajo Code Talker William Tully Brown dies at 96; 3rd death from group in past month"</a>. <i>WSET</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.org&rft.atitle=The+Warrior+Tradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fvideo%2Fthe-warrior-tradition-fkaz4h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.va.gov/22205/navajo-code-talkers-remembering-the-men-behind-the-code/">"Navajo code talkers: Remembering the men behind the code - VA News"</a>. August 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 27, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810155627/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/07/26/code.talkers/index.html?iref=allsearch">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texas+military+honors+Choctaw+code+talkers&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Kendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news8austin.com%2Fcontent%2Fyour_news%2Fdefault.asp%3FArID%3D192100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ420/pdf/PLAW-110publ420.pdf">"P.L. 110-420"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. gpo.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921191244/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-110publ420/pdf/PLAW-110publ420.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasury+and+Mint+Join+Congress+to+Honor+Native+American+Code+Talkers&rft.pub=treasury.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fconnect%2Fblog%2FPages%2FTreasury-and-Mint-Join-Congress-to-Honor-Native-American-Code-Talkers-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_code_talkers_2017-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_code_talkers_2017_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_code_talkers_2017_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (November 27, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/us/politics/trump-elizabeth-warren-pocahontas-navajo.html">"Trump Mocks Warren as 'Pocahontas' at Navajo Veterans' Event"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171127223316/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/27/us/politics/trump-elizabeth-warren-pocahontas-navajo.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trump+Mocks+Warren+as+%27Pocahontas%27+at+Navajo+Veterans%27+Event&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Julie+Hirschfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F27%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-elizabeth-warren-pocahontas-navajo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-code_talkers_2017-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-code_talkers_2017_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/electgarrick/status/935363089293238272">"Statement in response to remarks by President Trump"</a>. Window Rock, Arkansas. The Navajo Nation. November 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190521001039/https://twitter.com/electgarrick/status/935363089293238272">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Statement+in+response+to+remarks+by+President+Trump&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Felectgarrick%2Fstatus%2F935363089293238272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation_Statement_(November_27,_2017)">"Navajo Nation Statement (November 27, 2017)"</a>. November 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042347/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Navajo_Nation_Statement_(November_27,_2017)">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2017</span> – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+Nation+Statement+%28November+27%2C+2017%29&rft.date=2017-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FNavajo_Nation_Statement_%28November_27%2C_2017%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca2017" class="citation news cs1">Fonseca, Felicia (November 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/families-navajo-code-talkers-slam-122710613.html">"Families of Navajo Code Talkers Slam President Trump for 'Pocahontas' Slur"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207202500/https://news.yahoo.com/families-navajo-code-talkers-slam-122710613.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Families+of+Navajo+Code+Talkers+Slam+President+Trump+for+%27Pocahontas%27+Slur&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ffamilies-navajo-code-talkers-slam-122710613.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACode+talker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading"><span class="anchor" id="Bibliography"></span>Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aaseng, Nathan. <i>Navajo Code Talkers: America's Secret Weapon in World War II</i>. New York: Walker & Company, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802776272" title="Special:BookSources/0802776272">0802776272</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/672012184">672012184</a></li> <li>Connole, Joseph. "A Nation Whose Language You Will Not Understand: The Comanche Code Talkers of WWII". Whispering Wind Magazine, March, 2012, Vol. 40, No. 5, Issue #279. pp. 21–26</li> <li>Durrett, Deanne. <i>Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers</i>. Library of American Indian History, Facts on File, Inc., 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816036039" title="Special:BookSources/0816036039">0816036039</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38067688">38067688</a></li> <li>Gawne, Jonathan. <i>Spearheading D-Day</i>. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2908182793" title="Special:BookSources/2908182793">2908182793</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45700217">45700217</a></li> <li>Holm, Tom. <i>Code Talkers and Warriors: Native Americans and World War II</i>. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791093409" title="Special:BookSources/0791093409">0791093409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kahn_(writer)" title="David Kahn (writer)">Kahn, David</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Codebreakers" title="The Codebreakers">The Codebreakers</a>: The Story of Secret Writing</i>. 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684831309" title="Special:BookSources/0684831309">0684831309</a></li> <li>McClain, Salley. <i>Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers</i>. Tucson, Arizona: Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1887896325" title="Special:BookSources/1887896325">1887896325</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48584920">48584920</a></li> <li>Meadows, William C. <i>The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292798504" title="Special:BookSources/0292798504">0292798504</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55896749">55896749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Singh, Simon</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Code_Book:_The_Science_of_Secrecy_from_Ancient_Egypt_to_Quantum_Cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography">The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography</a></i>. 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385495325" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385495325">978-0385495325</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_talker&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Code_talkers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Code talkers">Code talkers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/LPS107919">United States. Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanindian.si.edu/nk360/code-talkers/">National Museum of the American Indian exhibition on Code Talkers, entitled Native Words/Native Wisdom</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.nau.edu/speccoll/exhibits/daysofarchives/codetalkers.html">Northern Arizona University Cline Library Special Collections Code Talkers exhibition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731201113/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CO013.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Code Talkers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://navajocodetalkers.org/">Official website of the Navajo Code talkers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.coinupdate.com/native-american-code-talkers-congressional-gold-medals-3038/">Images</a> of gold medals awarded to the participating tribes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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