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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><p>The <b>Shakhty Trial</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ша́хтинское де́ло</span>) was the first important Soviet <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the <a href="/wiki/1922_Moscow_Trial_of_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Moscow Trial of Socialist Revolutionaries">case of the Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> in 1922. Fifty-three engineers and managers from the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Shakhty" title="Shakhty">Shakhty</a> were arrested in 1928 after being accused of conspiring to sabotage the Soviet economy with the former owners of the coal mines. The trial was conducted on May 18, 1928, in <a href="/wiki/House_of_Trade_Unions" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Trade Unions">House of Trade Unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-four of the accused received prison terms, while eleven were sentenced to death (with six being executed; the rest received <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commutations</a>). The remainder were acquitted or received suspended sentences. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg/220px-19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg/330px-19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg/440px-19280518-shakhty-trial-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="578"></a><figcaption>Defendants during the Shakhty Trial</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Trial"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Trial</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Implications"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Implications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Response_of_the_general_populace"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Response of the general populace</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Trial">Trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Trial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palchinskiy_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/220px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/220px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/330px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Palchinskiy_PA.jpg/440px-Palchinskiy_PA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Peter Palchinsky, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1928, the local <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> arrested a group of engineers, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Palchinsky" title="Peter Palchinsky">Peter Palchinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_von_Meck" title="Nikolai von Meck">Nikolai von Meck</a> and A. F. Velichko,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsyn285-286_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsyn285-286-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Shakhty" title="Shakhty">Shakhty</a>, accusing them of conspiring with former owners of coal mines, who were living abroad and barred from the Soviet Union since the Revolution, to sabotage the Soviet economy. The group was charged with a multitude of crimes, including planning the explosions in the mines, buying equipment from foreign companies that was not needed, incorrectly administering labor laws and safety protocols, and failing to properly set up new mines.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect of these arrests and interrogations was <a href="/wiki/Yefim_Yevdokimov" title="Yefim Yevdokimov">Yefim Yevdokimov</a>. Although he retired from the <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a> in 1931, he later led a secret police team within the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> itself. Among those accused in similar trials and executed was Nikolai Karlovich von Meck, Tchaikovsky's nephew by marriage, who was accused of "wrecking" the state railway system.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial marked the beginning of "<a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(Soviet_crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrecking (Soviet crime)">wrecking</a>" as a crime within the Soviet Union, as found in <a href="/wiki/Article_58_(RSFSR_Penal_Code)" title="Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)">Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:80%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>They picked this Palchinsky to be the chief defendant in a grandiose new trial. However, the [prosecutor] <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Krylenko</a>, stepping into what was for him a new field — engineering — not only knew nothing about the resistance of materials but could not even conceive of the potential resistance of souls . . . despite ten years of already sensational activity as a prosecutor. Krylenko's choice turned out to be a mistake. Palchinsky resisted every pressure the OGPU knew—and did not surrender; in fact, he died without signing any sort of nonsense at all. N. K. von Meek and A. F. Velichko were subjected to torture with him, and they, too, appear not to have given in. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsynp.285-286_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsynp.285-286-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The Shakhty trials marked the beginning of a long series of accusations against <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">class enemies</a> within the Soviet Union, and were to become a hallmark of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> the Soviet Union began to move away from the policies of the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP) introduced by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, introducing a series of <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plans</a> with an emphasis on rapid industrialization.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1920s, Soviet industry suffered from a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">industrial accidents</a> caused by the forceful execution of unrealistic <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">production plans</a> and low management skills of the politically appointed directors.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin, however, saw this as an opportunity to clean up the management of "the old specialists", professionals whose skills were critical to the industry but were not sufficiently engaged with communism politically.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1923-1925 speeches, he frequently expressed hostility to this group, and inspired public resentment against them, for example, based on their relatively high earnings. Accusing them of "sabotage" was a convenient way of replacing "the old specialists" with people with more appropriate political views.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trials constituted a shift in policy toward the intelligentsia, the "bourgeois specialists" that had previously been tolerated and protected due to their needed skills, to then be replaced by the "young proletarian communist specialist". This marked the use of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class warfare</a> to motivate changes in soviet culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a series of articles in 1928, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> used the arrests to announce that the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> were using sabotage as a method of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin mentioned later that the Shakhty arrests proved that class struggle was intensifying as the Soviet Union moved closer to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Response_of_the_general_populace">Response of the general populace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Response of the general populace" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The trial caused the worker population to turn on engineers, factory administrators and technicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The worker population already had issues with the companies they worked for due to low wages and poor working conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial contributed to their distrust and resentment towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also caused a trend of support for the government. The Soviet government used the resentment the low level workers had to gain their support of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During and after the trial there was an increase of government industrial loan bond purchases by low level workers. The trial also created a fear that Germans and revolutionaries were threatening the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German Secretary of the state Karl von Shubert felt that the Soviet Union handling of the Shakty trials was wrong. He felt Russia should have informed them of these crimes. If the crimes fit the bill then the Germans could have been deported from Russia but that wasn't the case.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D1%83c%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91._%D0%9C._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9D._%D0%9A._%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Oil painting of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_von_Meck" title="Nikolai von Meck">Nikolai von Meck</a> by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The trial resulted in eleven of the fifty-three accused engineers being sentenced to death. Thirty-four were sent to prison, four were acquitted and four were given suspended sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the death sentences were <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commuted</a> as reward for their confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Palchinsky" title="Peter Palchinsky">Peter Palchinsky</a> was executed in 1929 for his political positions, as well as Nikolai Karlovich von Meck, Tchaikovsky's nephew by marriage, who was accused of "wrecking" the state railway system.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:52_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial marked the beginning of "<a href="/wiki/Wrecking_(Soviet_crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrecking (Soviet crime)">wrecking</a>" as a crime within the Soviet Union, as found in <a href="/wiki/Article_58_(RSFSR_Penal_Code)" title="Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)">Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)</a>. </p><p>Following the Shakhty Trials came a flood of social expulsion, primarily in secondary schools. Any children who were part of an illegal social organization, such as religious groups or the Boy Scouts, would be expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of the academic basis, many universities began implementing social <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">discrimination in enrollment</a> as political and social criteria took over. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> stated that more communists should be enrolled into the universities and that control over the technical faculties and schools should be transferred over to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_National_Economy" title="Supreme Soviet of the National Economy">Vesenkha</a>. This helped lead to the creation of a new group of intelligentsia elites of "cultured and educated workers" that included later soviet leaders <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a> opposed Stalin's new policy on repression from within the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a>, but Stalin insisted that international capital was trying to "weaken our economic power by means of invisible economic intervention, not always obvious but fairly serious, organizing sabotage, planning all kinds of 'crises' in one branch of industry or another, and thus facilitating the possibility of future military intervention". He said: "We have internal enemies. We have external enemies. We cannot forget this for a moment." Bukharin and Rykov were tried and convicted of treason in 1937 in one of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Show Trials</a>, similar to the Shakhty Trial. These <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> were used as a means of presenting to the soviet people what was perceived as major threats to the Soviet Union. This played an important part in creating the cultural atmosphere leading to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"></p><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:90%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Fifty Russian and three German technicians and engineers from the coal industry were to be tried publicly on charges of counter-revolutionary sabotage and espionage... This was Revolutionary Justice... the same Revolutionary Justice that had presided over the guillotine in the <a href="/wiki/French_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="French Terror">French Terror</a>... the accused men were coming into the court pre-judged... We waited in vain for a genuine piece of impersonal and unimpeachable testimony... that did not carry the suspicion of G.P.U. extortion. The "far-reaching international intrigue" never did emerge... Only a very few [of the accused], among them two aged Jews, Rabinovich and Imineetov, retained their self-respect intact. Imineetov said, "One day another <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola</a> will arise and will write another <i><a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse" class="mw-redirect" title="J'Accuse">J'Accuse</a></i> to restore our names to honor." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLyons1937" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lyons" title="Eugene Lyons">Lyons, Eugene</a> (1937), <i>Assignment in Utopia</i>, Transaction Publishers, pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>133, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887388569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887388569"><bdi>978-0887388569</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assignment+in+Utopia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-0887388569&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dekulakization" title="Dekulakization">Dekulakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Party_Trial" title="Industrial Party Trial">Industrial Party Trial</a> of 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-Vickers_Affair" title="Metro-Vickers Affair">Metro-Vickers Affair</a> of 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_the_Executed_Engineer" title="The Ghost of the Executed Engineer">The Ghost of the Executed Engineer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Littlepage" title="Jack Littlepage">Jack Littlepage</a> (1894–1948) American mining engineer who helped the Soviet gold industry (1929–1937).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pavlovitch_Serebrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky">Alexander Pavlovitch Serebrovsky</a> (1884–1938) Soviet petroleum and mining engineer executed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Kotkin, Stephen</a> (2014). <i>Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99944-0"><bdi>978-0-713-99944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+Paradoxes+of+Power%2C+1878%E2%80%931928&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99944-0&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurt Rosenbaum, Community of Fate: German-Soviet Diplomatic Relations 1922-1928, (Syracuse University Press, 1965), p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotkin2014">Kotkin 2014</a>, pp. 702–705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsyn285-286-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsyn285-286_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a>, p. 285-286.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSolzhenitsyn (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espressostalinist.com/the-real-stalin-series/moscow-trials/">"Moscow Trials"</a>. <i>The Espresso Stalinist</i>. 2014-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Espresso+Stalinist&rft.atitle=Moscow+Trials&rft.date=2014-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespressostalinist.com%2Fthe-real-stalin-series%2Fmoscow-trials%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr I. (1973). <i>The Gulag Archipelago</i>, pp. 44–45 (1st ed.). Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-080332-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-080332-0">0-06-080332-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:52-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:52_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:52_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tchaikovsky-research.net/pages/Nikolay_von_Meck">"Nikolay von Meck - Tchaikovsky Research"</a>. <i>en.tchaikovsky-research.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.tchaikovsky-research.net&rft.atitle=Nikolay+von+Meck+-+Tchaikovsky+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tchaikovsky-research.net%2Fpages%2FNikolay_von_Meck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsynp.285-286-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolzhenitsynp.285-286_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolzhenitsynp.285-286">Solzhenitsyn & p.285-286</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSolzhenitsynp.285-286 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1974" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1974). "Cultural Revolution in Russia 1928-32". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">33–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900103">10.1177/002200947400900103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162501071">162501071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Cultural+Revolution+in+Russia+1928-32&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162501071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947400900103&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin.2008" class="citation book cs1">Martin., McCauley (2008). <i>Stalin and Stalinism</i> (Revised, third ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405874366" title="Special:BookSources/9781405874366"><bdi>9781405874366</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191898287">191898287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+Stalinism&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.edition=Revised%2C+third&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191898287&rft.isbn=9781405874366&rft.aulast=Martin.&rft.aufirst=McCauley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowl1982" class="citation book cs1">Crowl, James William (1982). <i>Angels in Stalin's paradise: Western reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937, a case study of Louis Fischer and Walter Duranty</i>. University Press of America. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819121851" title="Special:BookSources/9780819121851"><bdi>9780819121851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angels+in+Stalin%27s+paradise%3A+Western+reporters+in+Soviet+Russia%2C+1917+to+1937%2C+a+case+study+of+Louis+Fischer+and+Walter+Duranty&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780819121851&rft.aulast=Crowl&rft.aufirst=James+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1991" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Eugene (1991). <i>Assignment in Utopia</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887388569" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887388569"><bdi>978-0887388569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assignment+in+Utopia&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0887388569&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKravchenko2016" class="citation book cs1">Kravchenko, Victor (2016). <i><a href="/wiki/I_Chose_Freedom" title="I Chose Freedom">I Chose Freedom</a>: The Personal And Political Life Of A Soviet Official</i>. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786259646" title="Special:BookSources/9781786259646"><bdi>9781786259646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Chose+Freedom%3A+The+Personal+And+Political+Life+Of+A+Soviet+Official&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781786259646&rft.aulast=Kravchenko&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailes2015" class="citation book cs1">Bailes, Kendall E. (2015). <i>Technology and Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins of the Soviet Technical Intelligentsia, 1917-1941</i>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691605753" title="Special:BookSources/9780691605753"><bdi>9780691605753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+and+Society+under+Lenin+and+Stalin%3A+Origins+of+the+Soviet+Technical+Intelligentsia%2C+1917-1941&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780691605753&rft.aulast=Bailes&rft.aufirst=Kendall+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSshakhty.htm">"Shakhty Trial"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Shakhty+Trial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FRUSshakhty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spartacus-educational.com/RUSshakhty.htm">"Shakhty Trial"</a>. <i>Spartacus Educational</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spartacus+Educational&rft.atitle=Shakhty+Trial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspartacus-educational.com%2FRUSshakhty.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.2009" class="citation book cs1">E., Lenoe, Matthew (2009). <i>Closer to the Masses : Stalinist Culture, Social Revolution, and Soviet Newspapers</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674040083" title="Special:BookSources/9780674040083"><bdi>9780674040083</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/923116929">923116929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closer+to+the+Masses+%3A+Stalinist+Culture%2C+Social+Revolution%2C+and+Soviet+Newspapers.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F923116929&rft.isbn=9780674040083&rft.aulast=E.&rft.aufirst=Lenoe%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMencken,_H._L._(Henry_Louis)1968" class="citation book cs1">Mencken, H. L. (Henry Louis) (1968). <i>The American mercury (1880-1956)</i>. [Johnson Reprint Co.] <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976561071">976561071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+mercury+%281880-1956%29&rft.pub=%5BJohnson+Reprint+Co.%5D&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F976561071&rft.au=Mencken%2C+H.+L.+%28Henry+Louis%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenbaum1962" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenbaum, Kurt (July 1962). "The German Involvement in the Shakhty Trial". <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">238–</span>260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F126716">10.2307/126716</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126716">126716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+German+Involvement+in+the+Shakhty+Trial&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E260&rft.date=1962-07&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126716%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F126716&rft.aulast=Rosenbaum&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:72-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:72_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1979" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, Sheila (1979). "Stalin and the Making of a New Elite, 1928-1939". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2496711">10.2307/2496711</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2496711">2496711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197767739">197767739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin+and+the+Making+of+a+New+Elite%2C+1928-1939&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197767739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2496711%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2496711&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2005" class="citation cs2">Chase, William (2005), "Stalin as producer: the Moscow show trials and the construction of mortal threats", <i>Stalin</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">226–</span>248, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511614897.015">10.1017/cbo9780511614897.015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511614897" title="Special:BookSources/9780511614897"><bdi>9780511614897</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stalin+as+producer%3A+the+Moscow+show+trials+and+the+construction+of+mortal+threats&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511614897.015&rft.isbn=9780511614897&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShakhty+Trial" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Duranty" title="Walter Duranty">Walter Duranty</a>, <i>The Curious Lottery: And Other Tales of Russian Justice.</i> New York: Coward-McCann, 1929.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Lyons" title="Eugene Lyons">Eugene Lyons</a>, <i>Assignment in Utopia.</i> New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1937.</li> <li>Kurt Rosenbaum, "The German Involvement in the Shakhty Trial", <i>The Russian Review</i> XIII, (July,1962)</li> <li>Kurt Rosenbaum. "Community of Fate: German-Soviet Relations 1922-1928. Syracuse University Press, 1965.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Adam Ulam</a>. "Stalin The Man and His Era". New York: The Viking Press, 1973.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Shakhty_Trial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shakhty-Trial" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shakhty-Trial">Shakhty-Trial</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schachty-Prozess" title="Schachty-Prozess – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schachty-Prozess" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%A1ndalo_Shajty" title="Escándalo Shajty – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escándalo Shajty" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ca%C4%A5tia_proceso" title="Ŝaĥtia proceso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝaĥtia proceso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proc%C3%A8s_de_Chakhty" title="Procès de Chakhty – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Procès de Chakhty" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(1928)" title="Շախտիի դատավարություն (1928) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շախտիի դատավարություն (1928)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengadilan_Shakhty" title="Pengadilan Shakhty – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengadilan Shakhty" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%97%D7%98%D7%99" title="משפט שאחטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפט שאחטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proces_szachty%C5%84ski" title="Proces szachtyński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Proces szachtyński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesul_%C8%98ahti" title="Procesul Șahti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Procesul Șahti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Шахтинское дело – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шахтинское дело" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ahty-oikeudenk%C3%A4ynti" title="Šahty-oikeudenkäynti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šahty-oikeudenkäynti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaht%C4%B1_Duru%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Şahtı Duruşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şahtı Duruşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шахтинська справа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шахтинська справа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A1n_Shakhty" title="Phiên án Shakhty – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phiên án Shakhty" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%B5%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="沙赫特审判 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙赫特审判" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 20:03<span 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