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For ancient Greek population groups, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">List of ancient Greek tribes</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Classical Greek" redirects here. For the culture, see <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Greek_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greek (disambiguation)">Greek (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ancient_Greek#Sourcing" title="Talk:Ancient Greek">talk page</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ancient_Greek" title="Special:EditPage/Ancient Greek">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ancient+Greek%22">"Ancient Greek"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ancient+Greek%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ancient+Greek%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ancient+Greek%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ancient+Greek%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ancient+Greek%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Ancient Greek</b> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἑλληνῐκή</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hellēnikḗ</i></span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[hellɛːnikɛ́ː]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes the forms of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">ancient world</a> from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1200 BC</span>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Dark Ages</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200–800 BC</span>), the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Epic</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800–500 BC</span>), and the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a> period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500–300 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Ancient Greek</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἑλληνική</span></span><br><i><span title="ISO 843 Greek (Ancient Greek (to 1453) language) transliteration"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hellēnikḗ</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/200px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/300px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/400px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">An inscription about the construction of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, 440/439 BC</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Ancient Greek</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=173">grc</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/grc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:grc">grc</a></code> (includes all pre-modern stages)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1242">anci1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homeric_Greece-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/320px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/480px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Homeric_Greece-en.svg/640px-Homeric_Greece-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="1253"></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient (Homeric) Greece</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beginning_Odyssey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beginning_Odyssey.svg/300px-Beginning_Odyssey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beginning_Odyssey.svg/450px-Beginning_Odyssey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Beginning_Odyssey.svg/600px-Beginning_Odyssey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="400"></a><figcaption>Beginning of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Ancient Greek was the language of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens" title="Fifth-century Athens">fifth-century Athenian</a> historians, playwrights, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophers</a>. It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been a standard subject of study in educational institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. This article primarily contains information about the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Epic</a> and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>), Ancient Greek was followed by <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, which is regarded as a separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, and its latest form approaches <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>. There were several <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">regional dialects</a> of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Related_languages"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Related languages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Differences_from_Proto-Indo-European"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Differences from Proto-Indo-European</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Phonemic_inventory"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Phonemic inventory</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Morphology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Morphology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Augment"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Augment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Reduplication"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Reduplication</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Writing_system"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writing system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sample_texts"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sample texts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Modern_use"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Modern use</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#In_education"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">In education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Modern_real-world_usage"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Modern real-world usage</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Grammar_learning"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar learning</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Classical_texts"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Classical texts</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a></div> <p>Ancient Greek was a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>, many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">literature</a>, while others are attested only in inscriptions. </p><p>There are also several historical forms. <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poems</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, and in later poems by other authors.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <p>The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of a lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a>, but its relationship to the historical dialects and the historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. </p><p>Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasions</a>—and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to the historical <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>. The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. </p><p>The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from the center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. </p><p>One standard formulation for the dialects is:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AncientGreekDialects_(Woodard)_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/330px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="555"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/330px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="330" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/495px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg/660px-AncientGreekDialects_%28Woodard%29_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Greek dialects</a> in Greece in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <b>Western</b> group:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eacd85; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Doric_proper" title="Doric Greek">Doric proper</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cea980; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Northwest_Doric" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b5ad96; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean Doric</a> (probably Northwest Doric)</div></li></ul></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <b>Central</b> group:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffee6f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ccebc5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcado-Cypriot</a></div></li></ul></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <b>Eastern</b> group:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eb85bd; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bebada; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></div></li></ul></div> <p> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/330px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/330px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="330" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/495px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg/660px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-eu.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Greek dialects</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (Southern Italy and Sicily) in the classical period. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <b>Western</b> group:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#eacd85; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Doric_proper" title="Doric Greek">Doric proper</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cea980; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Northwest_Doric" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b5ad96; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean Doric</a> (probably Northwest Doric)</div></li></ul></div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <b>Eastern</b> group:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bebada; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></div></li></ul></div> <p> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li>West Group <ul><li>Northwest Greek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Group</a> <ul><li>Aegean/Asiatic Aeolic</li> <li>Thessalian</li> <li>Boeotian</li></ul></li> <li>Ionic-Attic Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li>Euboean and colonies in Italy</li> <li>Cycladic</li> <li>Asiatic Ionic</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot Greek</a> <ul><li>Arcadian</li> <li>Cypriot</li></ul></li></ul> <p>West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West is called 'East Greek'. </p><p>Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeotian Greek">Boeotian Greek</a> had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thessalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian">Thessalian</a> likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to a lesser degree. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian Greek</a>, spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the speech of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">ancient Macedonians</a> diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Greek region of Macedonia</a> during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>, as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornblower2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornblower2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>, Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Macedonian dialect">ancient Macedonian</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Northwest Doric dialect</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Crespo2018_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crespo2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dosuna2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dosuna2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which shares isoglosses with its neighboring <a href="/wiki/Thessalian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian Greek">Thessalian dialects</a> spoken in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crespo2018_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crespo2018-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbian</a> dialect was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> from the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> are in Aeolian.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Cretan" title="Doric Greek">Cretan Doric</a>), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Laconian" title="Doric Greek">Laconian</a>, the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek#Corinthian" title="Doric Greek">Corinthian</a>). </p><p>All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. </p><p>After the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> or Common Greek developed, largely based on <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of the older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the <a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian language</a>, which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_languages">Related languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language of West and Central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, which is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brixhe_pp._165–178_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brixhe_pp._165%E2%80%93178-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_Proto-Indo-European">Differences from Proto-Indo-European</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a></div> <p>Ancient Greek differs from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>, ancient Greek words could end only in a vowel or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>r/</span>; final stops were lost, as in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γάλα</span></span> "milk", compared with <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γάλακτος</span></span> "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes,<sup id="cite_ref-Fortson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably the following: </p> <ul><li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*s</span></span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> at the beginning of a word (<a href="/wiki/Debuccalization" title="Debuccalization">debuccalization</a>): Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sex</i></span></i>, English <i>six</i>, ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἕξ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/héks/</span>.</li> <li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*s</span></span> was <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> between vowels after an intermediate step of debuccalization: Sanskrit <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:जनस्">janasas</a></i></span></i>, Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">generis</i></span></i> (where <i>s</i> > <i>r</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rhotacism_(sound_change)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotacism (sound change)">rhotacism</a>), Greek *<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">genesos</i></span> > *<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">genehos</i></span> > ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γένεος</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡéneos/</span>), Attic <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γένους</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡénoːs/</span>) "of a kind".</li> <li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*y</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (debuccalization) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/(d)z/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Fortition" title="Fortition">fortition</a>): Sanskrit <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:यद्">yas</a></i></span></i>, ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὅς</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hós/</span> "who" (relative pronoun); Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">iugum</i></span></i>, English <i>yoke</i>, ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζυγός</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zyɡós/</span>.</li> <li>PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*w</span></span>, which occurred in <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> and some non-Attic dialects, was lost: early Doric <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϝέργον</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wérɡon/</span>, English <i>work</i>, Attic Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔργον</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/érɡon/</span>.</li> <li>PIE and Mycenaean labiovelars changed to plain stops (labials, dentals, and velars) in the later Greek dialects: for instance, PIE <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*kʷ</span></span> became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> in Attic: Attic Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ποῦ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pôː/</span> "where?", Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quō</i></span></i>; Attic Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τίς</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tís/</span>, Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quis</i></span></i> "who?".</li> <li>PIE "voiced aspirated" stops <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">*bʰ dʰ ǵʰ gʰ gʷʰ</span></span> were devoiced and became the aspirated stops <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φ θ χ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span> in ancient Greek.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonemic_inventory">Phonemic inventory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a></div> <p>The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>. Ancient Greek had <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long and short vowels</a>; many <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">double</a> and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>. In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a>). Some of the stops and <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">glides</a> in diphthongs have become <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a>, and the pitch accent has changed to a <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress accent</a>. Many of the changes took place in the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. </p><p>The examples below represent Attic Greek in the 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ν</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γ</span></span><br>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>)<sup>1</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">β</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">π</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">θ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span><sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span><sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ρ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span><sup>4</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> occurred as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> that was used before velars and as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> before nasals.</dd> <dd><sup>2</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> was assimilated to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> before voiced consonants.</dd> <dd><sup>3</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> was earlier written <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Η</span></span>, but when the same letter (<a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">eta</a>) was co-opted to stand for a vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> was dropped from writing, to be restored later in the form of a diacritic, the <a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>.</dd> <dd><sup>4</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> was probably a voiceless <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">/r̥/</a></span> when word-initially and <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> (written <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ῥῥ</span></span>).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υ</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">yː</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ε ει</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ο ου</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">η</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ω</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">α</span></span><br><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span>, probably by the 4th century BC. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient Greek grammar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/220px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/220px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/330px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg/440px-AGMA_Ostrakon_Cimon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ostracon" title="Ostracon">Ostracon</a> bearing the name of <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoa_of_Attalos" title="Stoa of Attalos">Stoa of Attalos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Greek, like all of the older <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> forms. In ancient Greek, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> (including proper nouns) have five <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">cases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a>), three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">masculine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">feminine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">neuter</a>), and three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>). <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> have four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a>) and three <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voices</a> (active, middle, and <a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">passive</a>), as well as three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">persons</a> (first, second, and third) and various other forms. </p><p>Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> (generally simply called "tenses"): the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> are <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective</a> in aspect; the <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_perfect" title="Future perfect">future perfect</a> are <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augment">Augment</h3></div> <p>The indicative of past <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> adds (conceptually, at least) a prefix /e-/, called the <a href="/wiki/Augment_(Indo-European)" title="Augment (Indo-European)">augment</a>. This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the <a href="/wiki/Realis_mood" title="Realis mood">indicative</a> of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). </p><p>The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes <i>e</i> (stems beginning with <i>r</i>, however, add <i>er</i>). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: </p> <ul><li>a, ā, e, ē → ē</li> <li>i, ī → ī</li> <li>o, ō → ō</li> <li>u, ū → ū</li> <li>ai → ēi</li> <li>ei → ēi or ei</li> <li>oi → ōi</li> <li>au → ēu or au</li> <li>eu → ēu or eu</li> <li>ou → ou</li></ul> <p>Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is <i>e</i> → <i>ei</i>. The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of <i>s</i> between vowels, or that of the letter <i>w</i>, which affected the augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσ(-)βάλλω</span></span> (I attack) goes to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσ<b>έ</b>βαλoν</span></span> in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">αὐτο(-)μολῶ</span></span> goes to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><b>ηὐ</b>τομόλησα</span></span> in the aorist. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s practice, the augment is sometimes not made in <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">epic</a> poetry. </p><p>The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication">Reduplication</h3></div> <p>Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> are: </p> <ul><li>Syllabic reduplication: Most verbs beginning with a single consonant, or a cluster of a stop with a sonorant, add a syllable consisting of the initial consonant followed by <i>e</i>. An aspirated consonant, however, reduplicates in its unaspirated equivalent (see <a href="/wiki/Grassmann%27s_law" title="Grassmann's law">Grassmann's law</a>).</li> <li>Augment: Verbs beginning with a vowel, as well as those beginning with a cluster other than those indicated previously (and occasionally for a few other verbs) reduplicate in the same fashion as the augment. This remains in all forms of the perfect, not just the indicative.</li> <li>Attic reduplication: Some verbs beginning with an <i>a</i>, <i>e</i> or <i>o</i>, followed by a sonorant (or occasionally <i>d</i> or <i>g</i>), reduplicate by adding a syllable consisting of the initial vowel and following consonant, and lengthening the following vowel. Hence <i>er</i> → <i>erēr</i>, <i>an</i> → <i>anēn</i>, <i>ol</i> → <i>olōl</i>, <i>ed</i> → <i>edēd</i>. This is not specific to <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, despite its name, but it was generalized in Attic. This originally involved reduplicating a cluster consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_theory" title="Laryngeal theory">laryngeal</a> and sonorant, hence <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><i>h₃l</i> → <i>h₃leh₃l</i> → <i>olōl</i></i></span> with normal Greek development of laryngeals. (Forms with a stop were analogous.)</li></ul> <p>Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lambanō</i></span> (root <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lab</i></span>) has the perfect stem <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eilēpha</i></span> (not *<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lelēpha</i></span>) because it was originally <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">slambanō</i></span>, with perfect <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">seslēpha</i></span>, becoming <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">eilēpha</i></span> through compensatory lengthening. </p><p>Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by <i>i</i>. A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer1996p262_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer1996p262-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Greek orthography</a></div> <p>The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450 BC</span>) are in the syllabic script <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>. Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a> style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">accents and breathing marks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">interword spacing</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">mixed case</a>, but these were all introduced later. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> exemplifies the Archaic period of ancient Greek (see <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> for more details): </p> <div style="margin-left: 2em" class="poem"> <p><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος<br> οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε,<br> πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν<br> ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν<br> οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή·<br> ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε<br> Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς.</span></span> </p> </div> <p>The beginning of <a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> exemplifies <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> from the Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the <a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">Erasmian scheme</a>.) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">Ὅτι</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">[hóti</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Hóti</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">μὲν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">men</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mèn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ὑμεῖς,</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hyːmêːs</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hūmeîs,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ὦ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ɔ̂ː</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ô</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἄνδρες</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ándres</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ándres</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">Ἀθηναῖοι,</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">atʰɛːnaî̯i̯oi</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Athēnaîoi,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">πεπόνθατε</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">pepóntʰate</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pepónthate</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ὑπὸ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hypo</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hupò</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">τῶν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">tɔ̂ːn</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tôn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἐμῶν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">emɔ̂ːŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">emôn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">κατηγόρων,</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">katɛːɡórɔːn</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">katēgórōn,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">οὐκ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">oːk</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ouk</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">οἶδα·</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">oî̯da</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oîda:</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">‖</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἐγὼ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">éɡɔː</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">egṑ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">δ' οὖν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">dûːŋ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">d' oûn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">καὶ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kai̯</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kaì</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτὸς</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">au̯tos</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">autòs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ὑπ'</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hyp</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hup'</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">αὐτῶν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">au̯tɔ̂ːn</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">autōn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ὀλίγου</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">olíɡoː</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">olígou</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἐμαυτοῦ</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">emau̯tûː</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">emautoû</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἐπελαθόμην,</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">epelatʰómɛːn</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">epelathómēn,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">οὕτω</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hǔːtɔː</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoútō</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">πιθανῶς</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">pitʰanɔ̂ːs</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pithanôs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἔλεγον.</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">éleɡon</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">élegon.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">‖</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">Καίτοι</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">kaí̯toi̯</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kaítoi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἀληθές</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">alɛːtʰéz</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">alēthés</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">γε</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">ɡe</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ge</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ὡς</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">hɔːs</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hōs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">ἔπος</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">épos</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">épos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">εἰπεῖν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">eːpêːn</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eipeîn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">|</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">οὐδὲν</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">oːden</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oudèn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;">εἰρήκασιν.</p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">eːrɛ̌ːkaːsin</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eirḗkāsin.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="grc" style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p lang="grc-Latn" class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">‖]</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">Ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς, {} ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, {} πεπόνθατε {} ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, {} οὐκ οἶδα· {} ἐγὼ {δ' οὖν} καὶ αὐτὸς {} ὑπ' αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ {} ἐπελαθόμην, {} οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον. {} Καίτοι ἀληθές γε {} ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν {} οὐδὲν εἰρήκασιν. {}</p><p style="display: none;">[hóti men hyːmêːs | ɔ̂ː ándres atʰɛːnaî̯i̯oi | pepóntʰate | hypo tɔ̂ːn emɔ̂ːŋ katɛːɡórɔːn | oːk oî̯da ‖ éɡɔː dûːŋ kai̯ au̯tos | hyp au̯tɔ̂ːn olíɡoː emau̯tûː | epelatʰómɛːn | hǔːtɔː pitʰanɔ̂ːs éleɡon ‖ kaí̯toi̯ alɛːtʰéz ɡe | hɔːs épos eːpêːn | oːden eːrɛ̌ːkaːsin ‖]</p><p style="display: none;">Hóti mèn hūmeîs, {} ô ándres Athēnaîoi, {} pepónthate {} hupò tôn emôn katēgórōn, {} ouk oîda: {} egṑ {d' oûn} kaì autòs {} hup' autōn olígou emautoû {} epelathómēn, {} hoútō pithanôs élegon. {} Kaítoi alēthés ge {} hōs épos eipeîn {} oudèn eirḗkāsin. {}</p><p style="clear: left;">How you, men of Athens, are feeling under the power of my accusers, I do not know: actually, even I myself almost forgot who I was because of them, they spoke so persuasively. And yet, loosely speaking, nothing they have said is true.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_compound" title="Neoclassical compound">Neoclassical compound</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_education">In education</h3></div> <p>The study of Ancient Greek in European countries in addition to <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> occupied an important place in the syllabus from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> until the beginning of the 20th century. This was true as well in the United States, where many of the nation's Founders received a classically based education.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin was emphasized in American colleges, but Greek also was required in the Colonial and Early National eras,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the study of ancient Greece became increasingly popular in the mid-to-late Nineteenth Century, the age of American <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">philhellenism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, female intellectuals of the era designated the mastering of ancient Greek as essential in becoming a "woman of letters."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Greek is still taught as a compulsory or optional subject especially at traditional or elite schools throughout Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">public schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. It is compulsory in the <a href="/wiki/Liceo_classico" title="Liceo classico">liceo classico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, in the <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">gymnasium</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, in some classes in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, in <span title="Croatian-language text"><i lang="hr">klasična gimnazija</i></span> (grammar school – orientation: classical languages) in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, in classical studies in <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belgium#Structure" title="Education in Belgium">ASO</a> in Belgium and it is optional in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)#Humanistisches_Gymnasium_(humanities-oriented)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">humanities-oriented <i>gymnasium</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, usually as a third language after Latin and English, from the age of 14 to 18. In 2006/07, 15,000 pupils studied ancient Greek in Germany according to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a>, and 280,000 pupils studied it in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a compulsory subject alongside Latin in the humanities branch of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Baccalaureate" title="Spanish Baccalaureate">Spanish Baccalaureate</a>. Ancient Greek is taught at most major <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> worldwide, often combined with <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as part of the study of <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>. In 2010 it was offered in three primary schools in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, to boost children's language skills,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was one of seven foreign languages which primary schools could teach 2014 as part of a major drive to boost education standards.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (December 2018)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ancient Greek is taught as a compulsory subject in all <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasiums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">lyceums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 2001, an annual international competition "Exploring the Ancient Greek Language and Culture" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Διαγωνισμός στην Αρχαία Ελληνική Γλώσσα και Γραμματεία</span>) was run for upper secondary students through the Greek <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_and_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs">Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs</a>, with Greek language and cultural organisations as co-organisers.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to have ceased in 2010, having failed to gain the recognition and acceptance of teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_real-world_usage">Modern real-world usage</h3></div> <p>Modern authors rarely write in ancient Greek, though <a href="/wiki/Jan_K%C5%99esadlo" title="Jan Křesadlo">Jan Křesadlo</a> wrote some poetry and prose in the language, and <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asterix#Translations" title="Asterix">some volumes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asterix" title="Asterix">Asterix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Alix" title="The Adventures of Alix">The Adventures of Alix</a></i> have been translated into ancient Greek. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ὀνόματα Kεχιασμένα</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Onomata_Kechiasmena" class="mw-redirect" title="Onomata Kechiasmena">Onomata Kechiasmena</a></i>) is the first magazine of crosswords and puzzles in ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first issue appeared in April 2015 as an annex to <i><a href="/wiki/Hebdomada_Aenigmatum" title="Hebdomada Aenigmatum">Hebdomada Aenigmatum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs" title="Alfred Rahlfs">Alfred Rahlfs</a> included a preface, a short history of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> text, and other <a href="/wiki/Front_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Front matter">front matter</a> translated into ancient Greek in his 1935 edition of the Septuagint; Robert Hanhart also included the introductory remarks to the 2006 revised Rahlfs–Hanhart edition in the language as well.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akropolis World News reports weekly a summary of the most important news in ancient Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-akropolis_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akropolis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Greek is also used by organizations and individuals, mainly Greek, who wish to denote their respect, admiration or preference for the use of this language. This use is sometimes considered graphical, nationalistic or humorous. In any case, the fact that modern Greeks can still wholly or partly understand texts written in non-archaic forms of ancient Greek shows the affinity of the modern Greek language to its ancestral predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-akropolis_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akropolis-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Greek is often used in the coinage of modern technical terms in the European languages: see <a href="/wiki/English_words_of_Greek_origin" title="English words of Greek origin">English words of Greek origin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinized</a> forms of ancient Greek roots are used in many of the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> and in scientific terminology. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a> – Varieties of Ancient Greek in classical antiquity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient Greek grammar</a> – Grammar of the Ancient Greek language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">Ancient Greek accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> – Script used to write the Greek language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a> – Marks added to letters in Greek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> – Indo-European language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a> – Branch of Indo-European language family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a> – Former prestige form of the Modern Greek language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> – Dialect of Greek in the ancient world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" title="List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a> – Landing page for looking up Greek and Latin word roots in the English language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">List of Greek phrases</a> (mostly ancient Greek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> – Medieval stage of the Greek language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> – Dialects and varieties of the Greek language spoken in the modern era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> – Earliest attested form of the Greek language, from the 16th to the 12th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek language</a> – Last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Varieties of Modern Greek</a> – Dialects and differences between the written standard and spoken speech</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> is imprecisely attested and somewhat reconstructive due to its being written in an ill-fitting syllabary (<a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDalby2015" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (28 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA230"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-0214-5"><bdi>978-1-4081-0214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+definitive+reference+to+more+than+400+languages&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dHNCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalli2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Ralli" title="Angela Ralli">Ralli, Angela</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2012_num_90_3_8269">"Greek"</a>. <i>Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire</i>. <b>90</b> (3): 964. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frbph.2012.8269">10.3406/rbph.2012.8269</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930054647/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2012_num_90_3_8269">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+belge+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Greek&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=964&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frbph.2012.8269&rft.aulast=Ralli&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frbph_0035-0818_2012_num_90_3_8269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoseSchenker2015" class="citation book cs1">Hose, Martin; Schenker, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgBSCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA445"><i>A Companion to Greek Literature</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118885956" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118885956"><bdi>978-1118885956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1118885956&rft.aulast=Hose&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Schenker%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgBSCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonRuijgh2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Newton, Brian E.; Ruijgh, Cornelis Judd (13 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-language#ref74651">"Greek Language"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520201202/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greek-language#ref74651">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rft.au=Ruijgh%2C+Cornelis+Judd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGreek-language%23ref74651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodard_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger D. Woodard (2008), "Greek dialects", in: <i>The Ancient Languages of Europe</i>, ed. R. D. Woodard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber1997" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, Douglas E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzlnqb_64SYC"><i>A Companion to the Greek Lyric Poets</i></a>. Brill. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09944-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09944-1"><bdi>90-04-09944-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Greek+Lyric+Poets&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-09944-1&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzlnqb_64SYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelton2017" class="citation journal cs1">Skelton, Christina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christinaskelton.com/files/CA3601_04_Skelton.pdf">"Greek-Anatolian Language Contact and the Settlement of Pamphylia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>36</b> (1): 104–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fca.2017.36.1.104">10.1525/ca.2017.36.1.104</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417143016/https://www.christinaskelton.com/files/CA3601_04_Skelton.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Greek-Anatolian+Language+Contact+and+the+Settlement+of+Pamphylia&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=104-129&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fca.2017.36.1.104&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christinaskelton.com%2Ffiles%2FCA3601_04_Skelton.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornblower2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hornblower2002_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower2002" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". <i>The Greek World, 479–323 BC</i> (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9"><bdi>0-415-16326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedon%2C+Thessaly+and+Boiotia&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World%2C+479%E2%80%93323+BC&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-16326-9&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2018_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2018" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). <i>Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea</i>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 299–324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427041016/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+in+the+Ancient+Macedonian+Dialect%3A+Consolidation+and+New+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=299-324&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespo2018-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2018_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2018_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo2018" class="citation book cs1">Crespo, Emilio (2018). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). <i>Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea</i>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Softening+of+Obstruent+Consonants+in+the+Macedonian+Dialect&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Crespo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosuna2012-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dosuna2012_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosuna2012" class="citation book cs1">Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). <i>Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture</i>. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7779-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7779-52-6"><bdi>978-960-7779-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Macedonian+as+a+Greek+dialect%3A+A+critical+survey+on+recent+work+%28Greek%2C+English%2C+French%2C+German+text%29&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia%3A+Language%2C+History%2C+Culture&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Centre+for+Greek+Language&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-960-7779-52-6&rft.aulast=Dosuna&rft.aufirst=J.+M%C3%A9ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1997" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwiAQAAIAAJ"><i>Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics</i></a>. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Studies%3A+Further+studies+on+various+topics&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=A.M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mwiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2012" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSOpAgAAQBAJ"><i>Alexander the Great: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-64003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-64003-2"><bdi>978-1-136-64003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-64003-2&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSOpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Margaret (2001). <i>The Sappho Companion</i>. London: Vintage. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-973861-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-973861-9"><bdi>978-0-09-973861-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sappho+Companion&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-09-973861-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brixhe_pp._165–178-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brixhe_pp._165%E2%80%93178_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brixhe, Cl. "Le Phrygien". In Fr. Bader (ed.), <i>Langues indo-européennes</i>, pp. 165–178, Paris: CNRS Editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrixhe2008" class="citation book cs1">Brixhe, Claude (2008). "Phrygian". In Woodard, Roger D (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood"><i>The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00wood/page/n91">69</a>–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5"><bdi>978-0-521-68496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrygian&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.pages=69-80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68496-5&rft.aulast=Brixhe&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span> "Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek." (p. 72).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObrador-Cursach2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i> (in Russian). <b>17</b> (3–4): 243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407">10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:215769896">215769896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=On+the+place+of+Phrygian+among+the+Indo-European+languages&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=243&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2Fjlr-2019-173-407&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A215769896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Obrador-Cursach&rft.aufirst=Bartomeu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.31826%252Fjlr-2019-173-407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span> "With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Clackson. <i>Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin W. Fortson. <i>Indo-European Language and Culture</i>. Blackwell, 2004, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry M. Hoenigswald, "Greek", <i>The Indo-European Languages</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Giacalone_Ramat" title="Anna Giacalone Ramat">Anna Giacalone Ramat</a> and Paolo Ramat (Routledge, 1998 pp. 228–260), p. 228.<br><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/greek.shtml">Languages across Europe: Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114002806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/greek.shtml">Archived</a> 14 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fortson_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe"><i>Indo-European language and culture: an introduction</i></a></span>. Malden, Mass: Blackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indoeuropeanlang00ivbe/page/n241">226</a>–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405103152" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405103152"><bdi>978-1405103152</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54529041">54529041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+language+and+culture%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass&rft.pages=226-231&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54529041&rft.isbn=978-1405103152&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findoeuropeanlang00ivbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer1996p262-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer1996p262_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Robert_Palmer" title="Leonard Robert Palmer">Palmer, Leonard</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greeklanguage00palm_715"><i>The Greek Language</i></a></span>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greeklanguage00palm_715/page/n273">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2844-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2844-3"><bdi>978-0-8061-2844-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Language&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2844-3&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreeklanguage00palm_715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thirty-six of the eighty-nine men who signed the Declaration of Independence and attended the Constitutional Convention went to a colonial college, all of which offered only the classical curricula. Richard M. Gummere, <b>The American Colonial Mind and the Classical Tradition</b>, p.66 (1963). Admission to Harvard, for example, required that the applicant: "Can readily make and speak or write true Latin prose and has skill in making verse, and is competently grounded in the Greek language so as to be able to construe and grammatically to resolve ordinary Greek, as in the Greek Testament, Isocrates, and the minor poets." Meyer Reinhold, <b>Classica Americana: The Greek and Roman Heritage in the United States</b>, p.27 (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard's curriculum was patterned after those of Oxford and Cambridge, and the curricula of other Colonial colleges followed Harvard's. Lawrence A. Cremin, <b>American Education: The Colonial Experience, 1607–1783</b>, pp. 128–129 (1970), and Frederick Rudolph, <b>Curriculum: A History of the American Undergraduate Course of Study Since 1636</b>, pp. 31–32 (1978)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caroline Winterer, <b>The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Cultural Life, 1780–1910</b>, pp.3–4 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yopie Prins, <b>Ladies' Greek: Victorian Translations of Tragedy</b>, pp. 5–6 (2017). See also Timothy Kearley, <b>Roman Law, Classical Education, and Limits on Classical Participation in America into the Twentieth-Century</b>, pp. 54–55, 97–98 (2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/statistiche/numeri_2007.pdf">"Ministry publication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.edscuola.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918205944/http://www.edscuola.it/archivio/statistiche/numeri_2007.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.edscuola.it&rft.atitle=Ministry+publication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edscuola.it%2Farchivio%2Fstatistiche%2Fnumeri_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7917191/Ancient-Greek-to-be-taught-in-state-schools.html">"Ancient Greek 'to be taught in state schools'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 30 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7917191/Ancient-Greek-to-be-taught-in-state-schools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek+%27to+be+taught+in+state+schools%27&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Feducationnews%2F7917191%2FAncient-Greek-to-be-taught-in-state-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6052410">"Now look, Latin's fine, but Greek might be even Beta"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100803150329/http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6052410">Archived</a> 3 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, TES Editorial, 2010 – TSL Education Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9683536/More-primary-schools-to-offer-Latin-and-ancient-Greek.html">More primary schools to offer Latin and ancient Greek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613215822/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9683536/More-primary-schools-to-offer-Latin-and-ancient-Greek.html">Archived</a> 13 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Telegraph, 26 November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fa3.gr/phys_educ_2/33-orologio-programma-Gymnasiou.htm">"Ωρολόγιο Πρόγραμμα των μαθημάτων των Α, Β, Γ τάξεων του Hμερησίου Γυμνασίου"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601042556/http://www.fa3.gr/phys_educ_2/33-orologio-programma-Gymnasiou.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%91%2C+%CE%92%2C+%CE%93+%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%89%CE%BD+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+H%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fa3.gr%2Fphys_educ_2%2F33-orologio-programma-Gymnasiou.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.klimaka.gr/leitoyrgia-sxoleivn/lykeio/755-wrologio-programma-genika-lykeia.html">"ΩΡΟΛΟΓΙΟ ΠΡΟΓΡΑΜΜΑ ΓΕΝΙΚΟΥ ΛΥΚΕΙΟΥ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930054651/https://edu.klimaka.gr/sxoleia/lykeio">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A9%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%99%CE%9F+%CE%A0%CE%A1%CE%9F%CE%93%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%9C%CE%9C%CE%91+%CE%93%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%9F%CE%A5+%CE%9B%CE%A5%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%99%CE%9F%CE%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.klimaka.gr%2Fleitoyrgia-sxoleivn%2Flykeio%2F755-wrologio-programma-genika-lykeia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/periodic_report/Greece_StatAnnex_OwnFormat_EN_2012_0.pdf">"Annex to 2012 Greek statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. 2012. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070029/https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/periodic_report/Greece_StatAnnex_OwnFormat_EN_2012_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annex+to+2012+Greek+statistics&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.unesco.org%2Fcreativity%2Fsites%2Fcreativity%2Ffiles%2Fperiodic_report%2FGreece_StatAnnex_OwnFormat_EN_2012_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><i>Proceedings of the 2nd Pan-hellenic Congress for the Promotion of Innovation in Education</i>. Vol. II. 2016. p. 548.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2nd+Pan-hellenic+Congress+for+the+Promotion+of+Innovation+in+Education&rft.pages=548&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Areios Potēr kai ē tu philosophu lithos</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a> 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-826-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-826-X">1-58234-826-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asterix-obelix.nl/index.php?page=manylanguages%2Flanguages.inc&lng=ae">"Asterix speaks Attic (classical Greek) – Greece (ancient)"</a>. <i>Asterix around the World – the many Languages of Asterix</i>. 22 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930144814/http://www.asterix-obelix.nl/index.php?page=manylanguages%2Flanguages.inc&lng=ae">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asterix+around+the+World+%E2%80%93+the+many+Languages+of+Asterix&rft.atitle=Asterix+speaks+Attic+%28classical+Greek%29+%E2%80%93+Greece+%28ancient%29&rft.date=2011-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asterix-obelix.nl%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dmanylanguages%252Flanguages.inc%26lng%3Dae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/nazionale/news-dettaglio/4581488">"Enigmistica: nasce prima rivista in greco antico 2015"</a>. 4 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728232034/https://www.repubblica.it/ultimora/24ore/nazionale/news-dettaglio/4581488">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Enigmistica%3A+nasce+prima+rivista+in+greco+antico+2015&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.repubblica.it%2Fultimora%2F24ore%2Fnazionale%2Fnews-dettaglio%2F4581488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahlfs, Alfred, and Hanhart, Robert (eds.), <i>Septuaginta, editio altera</i> (<a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft" title="Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft">Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft</a>, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akropolis-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-akropolis_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-akropolis_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922003312/http://www.akwn.net/">"Akropolis World News"</a>. <i>www.akwn.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akwn.net/">the original</a> on 22 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.akwn.net&rft.atitle=Akropolis+World+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akwn.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li>Adams, Matthew. "The Introduction of Greek into English Schools." <i>Greece and Rome</i> 61.1: 102–13, 2014. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43297490">43297490</a>.</li> <li>Allan, Rutger J. "Changing the Topic: Topic Position in Ancient Greek Word Order." <i>Mnemosyne: Bibliotheca Classica Batava</i> 67.2: 181–213, 2014.</li> <li><i>Athenaze: An Introduction to Ancient Greek</i> (Oxford University Press). [A series of textbooks on Ancient Greek published for school use.]</li> <li>Bakker, Egbert J., ed. <i>A Companion to the Ancient Greek Language.</i> Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</li> <li>Beekes, Robert S. P. <i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek.</i> Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chantraine" title="Pierre Chantraine">Chantraine, Pierre</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Dictionnaire-Etymologique-Grec">Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque</a></i>, new and updated edn., edited by Jean Taillardat, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Masson" title="Olivier Masson">Olivier Masson</a>, & Jean-Louis Perpillou. 3 vols. Paris: Klincksieck, 2009 (1st edn. 1968–1980).</li> <li>Christidis, Anastasios-Phoibos, ed. <i>A History of Ancient Greek: from the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._E._Easterling" title="P. E. Easterling">Easterling, P.</a> and Handley, C. <i>Greek Scripts: An Illustrated Introduction</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Hellenic_Studies" title="Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies">Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies</a>, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902984-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-902984-17-9">0-902984-17-9</a></li> <li>Fortson, Benjamin W. <i>Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction.</i> 2d ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</li> <li>Hansen, Hardy and Quinn, Gerald M. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Greek.html?id=T9Gi7jYCxegC"><i>Greek: An Intensive Course</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a></li> <li>Horrocks, Geoffrey. <i>Greek: A History of the Language and its Speakers.</i> 2d ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</li> <li>Janko, Richard. "The Origins and Evolution of the Epic Diction." In <i>The Iliad: A Commentary. Vol. 4, Books 13–16.</i> Edited by Richard Janko, 8–19. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992.</li> <li>Jeffery, Lilian Hamilton. <i>The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: Revised Edition with a Supplement by A. W. Johnston.</i> Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1990.</li> <li>Morpurgo Davies, Anna, and Yves Duhoux, eds. <i>A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World.</i> Vol. 1. Louvain, Belgium: Peeters, 2008.</li> <li>Swiggers, Pierre and Alfons Wouters. "Description of the Constituent Elements of the (Greek) Language." In <i>Brill's Companion to Ancient Greek Scholarship.</i> Edited by Franco Montanari and Stephanos Matthaios, 757–797. Leiden : Brill, 2015.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/grc/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/grc/Κυρία Δέλτος">Ancient Greek test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Category:Ancient Greek"> Ancient Greek repository</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>, the free library</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Ancient Greek, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Ancient Greek language"><i><b>Ancient Greek language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="el" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="s:el:Κύρια Σελίδα/Αρχαία">Texts in Ancient Greek</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br> <b>Ancient Greek</b> <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Greek&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Greek">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Ancient+Greek&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/grkol">Classical Greek Online</a> by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320124722/http://www.tododiccionarios.com/rosetta/griego.html">Online Greek resources</a> – Dictionaries, grammar, virtual libraries, fonts, etc.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpheios.net">Alpheios</a> – Combines LSJ, Autenrieth, Smyth's grammar and inflection tables in a browser add-on for use on any web site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100%5Cier%5Cgrk&limit=-1">Ancient Greek basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Ancient_Greek_Swadesh_list">Ancient Greek Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh list appendix</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Greek Language"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Greek_Language">"Greek Language" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slavonicpro.ru/polytonicEn.html">Slavonic</a> – online editor for Ancient Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-grc.html">glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammars online</a>, an online collection of videos on various Ancient Indo-European languages, including Ancient Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community-courses.memrise.com/community/courses/english/ancient-greek/">Community courses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Memrise" title="Memrise">Memrise</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_learning">Grammar learning</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.home.nl/petjoeprietveld/muomgram/grammar/">A more extensive grammar of the Ancient Greek language written by J. Rietveld</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107054921/http://members.home.nl/petjoeprietveld/muomgram/grammar/">Archived</a> 7 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033451/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/Greek.htm">Recitation of classics books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_PersInfo.html">Perseus Greek dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greek-language.com">Greek-Language.com</a> – Information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-language.asp">Free Lessons in Ancient Greek, Bilingual Libraries, Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greekgrammar.wikidot.com">A critical survey of websites devoted to Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html">Ancient Greek Tutorials</a> – Berkeley Language Center of the University of California</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daedalus.umkc.edu/FirstGreekBook/index.html">A Digital Tutorial For Ancient Greek Based on White's First Greek Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntgreek.net/">New Testament Greek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922003312/http://www.akwn.net/">Acropolis World News</a> – A summary of the latest world news in Ancient Greek, Juan Coderch, University of St Andrews</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_texts">Classical texts</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html">Perseus – Greek and Roman Materials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/en/texts1en.htm">Ancient Greek Texts</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&oldid=1258725376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&oldid=1258725376</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Citation bot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732174076"> <span>Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:27</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altgriechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإغريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإغريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_antigo" title="Griego antigo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Griego antigo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Հին Յունարէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հին Յունարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_ancian" title="Grec ancian – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Grec ancian" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegu_antiguu" title="Griegu antiguu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Griegu antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_yunan_dili" title="Qədim yunan dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim yunan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قدیم یونان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم یونان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="প্রাচীন গ্রিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন গ্রিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытнагрэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanoy_na_Griyego" title="Suanoy na Griyego – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Suanoy na Griyego" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогръцки език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старогръцки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidgriachisch" title="Oidgriachisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oidgriachisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Starogrčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henc%27hresianeg" title="Henc'hresianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henc'hresianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grec antic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Авалхи грек чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи грек чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%99e%C4%8Dtina" title="Starořečtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starořečtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Roeg_(iaith)" title="Hen Roeg (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hen Roeg (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldgr%C3%A6sk" title="Oldgræsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldgræsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ليونانية لقديمة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليونانية لقديمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altgriechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanakreeka_keel" title="Vanakreeka keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanakreeka keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία ελληνική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία ελληνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_antiguo" title="Griego antiguo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griego antiguo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva_greka_lingvo" title="Antikva greka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikva greka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_greziera" title="Antzinako greziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako greziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونانی باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونانی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_Greek_bhasa" title="Purana Greek bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Purana Greek bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_ancien" title="Grec ancien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grec ancien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-Ghr%C3%A9igis" title="An tSean-Ghréigis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Ghréigis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_grega_antiga" title="Lingua grega antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Шира яний мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шира яний мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="고대 그리스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հին հունարեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին հունարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starogrčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taga-ugma_a_Griego" title="Taga-ugma a Griego – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taga-ugma a Griego" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco_ancian" title="Greco ancian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Greco ancian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forngr%C3%ADska" title="Forngríska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forngríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua greca antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="יוונית עתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונית עתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C9%9Bk%C9%A9_k%C9%A9b%C9%A9n%CA%8A%CA%8A_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ძველი ბერძნული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი ბერძნული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ежелгі грек тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі грек тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Важ эллин кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ эллин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8k_ansyen" title="Grèk ansyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grèk ansyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewnaniya_kevn" title="Yewnaniya kevn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yewnaniya kevn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Graeca_antiqua" title="Lingua Graeca antiqua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Graeca antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengrie%C4%B7u_valoda" title="Sengrieķu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sengrieķu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algriichesch" title="Algriichesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Algriichesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дегь грек чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дегь грек чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_graik%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senovės graikų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės graikų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_grega_antiga" title="Lengua grega antiga – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aajdgrieks" title="Aajdgrieks – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aajdgrieks" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_greca_antiga" title="Lengua greca antiga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua greca antiga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_nyelv" title="Ógörög nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ógörög nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогрчки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старогрчки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_grika_taloha" title="Fiteny grika taloha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny grika taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Griega_antika" title="Lingwa Griega antika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Griega antika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Kariki_t%C5%AB%C4%81rangi" title="Reo Kariki tūārangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Kariki tūārangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჯვეში ბერძენული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში ბერძენული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="لغه يونانى قديم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه يونانى قديم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_H%C4%AD-l%C3%A9-n%C3%A0%CC%A4-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Эртний Грек хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний Грек хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD" title="ရှေးဟောင်းဂရိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးဟောင်းဂရိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudgrieks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="प्राचीन युनानी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राचीन युनानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="古代ギリシア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ширажелтойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ширажелтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelgresk" title="Gammelgresk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelgresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9geais_antique" title="Grégeais antique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Grégeais antique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c_ancian" title="Grèc ancian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grèc ancian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Акрет грек йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Акрет грек йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_tili" title="Qadimgi yunon tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi yunon tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پرانی یونانی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانی یونانی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%93%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="زړه يوناني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زړه يوناني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grech_antich" title="Grech antich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grech antich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooltgreeksche_Spraak" title="Ooltgreeksche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ooltgreeksche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_starogrecki" title="Język starogrecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język starogrecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_grega_antiga" title="Língua grega antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83_veche" title="Limba greacă veche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba greacă veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_Ilinika" title="Ñawpa Ilinika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa Ilinika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Давньогрецькый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Давньогрецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнегреческий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнегреческий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Былыргы гириэк тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы гириэк тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auncient_Greek" title="Auncient Greek – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auncient Greek" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greqishtja_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Greqishtja e lashtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Greqishtja e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua greca antica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A" title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient Greek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C3%A9%C4%8Dtina" title="Starogréčtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Starogréčtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="زمانی یۆنانیی کۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی یۆنانیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогрчки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старогрчки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Starogrčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaiskreikka" title="Muinaiskreikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaiskreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_grekiska" title="Klassisk grekiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klassisk grekiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Sinaunang_Griyego" title="Wikang Sinaunang Griyego – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Sinaunang Griyego" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்க மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்க மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_greche_andiche" title="Lènga greche andiche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga greche andiche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Борынгы юнан теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы юнан теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="ภาษากรีกโบราณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากรีกโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Забони юнонии бостон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони юнонии бостон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek%C3%A7e" title="Grekçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grekçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Вашкала грек кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вашкала грек кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньогрецька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قدیم یونانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم یونانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_grega_antiga" title="Łéngua grega antiga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amui%C5%BEgrekan_kel%27" title="Amuižgrekan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amuižgrekan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE_grek" title="Vî grek – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vî grek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="古希臘語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古希臘語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oudgrieks" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古希腊语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אוראלט גריכיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלט גריכיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="古希臘文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古希臘文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greki" title="Greki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Greki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希腊语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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