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class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Verb" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Verb" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Verb" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the part of speech. For the physical activity program, see <a href="/wiki/VERB_(program)" title="VERB (program)">VERB (program)</a>. For English usage of verbs, see <a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a>. For the radio programme, see <a href="/wiki/The_Verb" class="mw-redirect" title="The Verb"><i>The Verb</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>verb</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> verbum</i> 'word') is <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> that generally conveys an action (<i>bring</i>, <i>read</i>, <i>walk</i>, <i>run</i>, <i>learn</i>), an occurrence (<i>happen</i>, <i>become</i>), or a state of being (<i>be</i>, <i>exist</i>, <i>stand</i>). In the usual description of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the basic form, with or without the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a> <i>to</i>, is the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>. In many <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a>, verbs are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> (modified in form) to encode <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a>. A verb may also agree with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> of some of its <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">arguments</a>, such as its <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>. In English, three tenses exist: <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, to indicate that an action is being carried out; <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, to indicate that an action has been done; <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a>, to indicate that an action will be done, expressed with the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a> <i>will</i> or <i>shall</i>. </p><p>For example: </p> <ul><li>Lucy <i>will go</i> to school. <i>(action, future)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <i>became</i> the President of the United States in 2009. <i>(occurrence, past)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Trout" title="Mike Trout">Mike Trout</a> <i>is</i> a center fielder. <i>(state of being, present)</i></li></ul> <p>Every language discovered so far makes a some form of <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>-verb distinction,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly because of the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">graph-like</a> nature of communicated meaning by humans, i.e. nouns being the "entities" and verbs being the "links" between them.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Agreement"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Agreement</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Types"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Types</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Intransitive_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Intransitive verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Transitive_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Transitive verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Ditransitive_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ditransitive verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Double_transitive_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Double transitive verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Copular_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Copular verbs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Valency"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Valency</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Impersonal_and_objective_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Impersonal and objective verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Valency_marking"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Valency marking</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Tense,_aspect,_and_modality"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Tense, aspect, and modality</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Tense"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tense</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Aspect"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Aspect</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mood_and_modality"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Mood and modality</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Voice"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Voice</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Non-finite_forms"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Non-finite forms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Verbs_in_various_languages"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Verbs in various languages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Agreement">Agreement</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Grammatical conjugation</a></div> <p>In languages where the verb is inflected, it often <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agrees</a> with its primary argument (the subject) in person, number or gender. With the exception of the verb <i>to be</i>, English shows distinctive agreements only in the third person singular, present tense form of verbs, which are marked by adding "-s" ( <i>walk<b>s</b></i>) or "-es" (<i>fish<b>es</b></i>). The rest of the persons are not distinguished in the verb (<i>I walk</i>, <i>you walk</i>, <i>they walk</i>, etc.). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> inflect verbs for <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense–aspect–mood</a> (abbreviated 'TAM'), and they agree in person and number (but not in gender, as for example in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>) with the subject. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, like many languages with <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> word order, inflects verbs for tense-aspect-mood, as well as other categories such as negation, but shows absolutely no agreement with the subject—it is a strictly <a href="/wiki/Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">dependent-marking language</a>. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, and some other languages, have <i><a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">polypersonal agreement</a></i>: the verb agrees with the subject, the direct object, and even the secondary object if present, a greater degree of <a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">head-marking</a> than is found in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">most European</a> languages. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Verbs vary by type, and each type is determined by the kinds of words that accompany it and the relationship those words have with the verb itself. Classified by the number of their valency arguments, usually four basic types are distinguished: intransitives, transitives, ditransitives and double transitive verbs. Some verbs have special grammatical uses and hence complements, such as copular verbs (i.e., <i>be</i>); the verb <i>do</i> used for <i>do</i>-support in questioning and negation; and tense or aspect auxiliaries, e.g., <i>be</i>, <i>have</i> or <i>can</i>. In addition, verbs can be non-finite (not inflected for person, number, tense, etc.), such special forms as <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerunds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morenberg_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenberg-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intransitive_verbs">Intransitive verbs</h3></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> is one that does not have a direct object. Intransitive verbs may be followed by an <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> (a word that addresses how, where, when, and how often) or end a sentence. For example: "The woman <i>spoke</i> softly." "The athlete <i>ran</i> faster than the official." "The boy <i>wept</i>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitive_verbs">Transitive verbs</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> is followed by a noun or <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a>. These noun phrases are not called predicate nouns, but are instead called direct objects because they refer to the object that is being acted upon. For example: "My friend <i>read</i> the newspaper." "The teenager <i>earned</i> a speeding ticket." </p><p>A way to identify a transitive verb is to invert the sentence, making it passive. For example: "The newspaper <i>was read</i> by my friend." "A speeding ticket <i>was earned</i> by the teenager." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ditransitive_verbs">Ditransitive verbs</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive verbs</a> (sometimes called Vg verbs after the verb <i>give</i>) precede either two noun phrases or a noun phrase and then a prepositional phrase often led by <i>to</i> or <i>for</i>. For example: "The players <i>gave</i> their teammates high fives." "The players <i>gave</i> high fives to their teammates." </p><p>When two noun phrases follow a transitive verb, the first is an indirect object, that which is receiving something, and the second is a direct object, that being acted upon. Indirect objects can be noun phrases or prepositional phrases.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_transitive_verbs">Double transitive verbs</h3></div> <p>Double transitive verbs (sometimes called Vc verbs after the verb <i>consider</i>) are followed by a noun phrase that serves as a direct object and then a second noun phrase, adjective, or <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> phrase. The second element (noun phrase, adjective, or infinitive) is called a complement, which completes a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> that would not otherwise have the same meaning. For example: "The young couple <i>considers</i> the neighbors wealthy people." "Some students <i>perceive</i> adults quite inaccurately." "Sarah <i>deemed</i> her project to be the hardest she has ever completed." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copular_verbs">Copular verbs</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular verbs</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> linking verbs) include <i>be</i>, <i>seem</i>, <i>become</i>, <i>appear</i>, <i>look</i>, and <i>remain</i>. For example: "Her daughter <i>was</i> a writing tutor." "The singers <i>were</i> very nervous." "His mother <i>looked</i> worried." "Josh <i>remained</i> a reliable friend." These verbs precede nouns or adjectives in a sentence, which become predicate nouns and predicate adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copulae are thought to 'link' the predicate adjective or noun to the subject. They can also be followed by an adverb of place, which is sometimes referred to as a predicate adverb. For example: "My house <i>is</i> down the street." </p><p>The main copular verb <i>be</i> is manifested in eight forms <i>be</i>, <i>is</i>, <i>am</i>, <i>are</i>, <i>was</i>, <i>were</i>, <i>been</i>, and <i>being</i> in English. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Valency">Valency</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency (linguistics)</a></div> <p>The number of arguments that a verb takes is called its <i>valency</i> or <i>valence</i>. Verbs can be classified according to their valency: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Avalency" title="Avalency">Avalent</a></b> (valency = 0): the verb has neither a subject nor an object. Zero valency does not occur in English; in some languages such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, weather verbs like <i>snow(s)</i> take no subject or object.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></b> (valency = 1, monovalent): the verb only has a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>. For example: "he runs", "it falls".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></b> (valency = 2, divalent): the verb has a subject and a <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a>. For example: "she eats fish", "we hunt nothing".</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></b> (valency = 3, trivalent): the verb has a subject, a direct object, and an indirect object. For example: "He gives her a flower" or "She gave John the watch."</li> <li>A few English verbs, particularly those concerned with financial transactions, take four arguments, as in "Pat<sub>1</sub> sold Chris<sub>2</sub> a lawnmower<sub>3</sub> for $20<sub>4</sub>" or "Chris<sub>1</sub> paid Pat<sub>2</sub> $20<sub>3</sub> for a lawnmower<sub>4</sub>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackendoff2002135_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackendoff2002135-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impersonal_and_objective_verbs">Impersonal and objective verbs</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Weather_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather verb">Weather verbs</a> often appear to be <a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">impersonal</a> (subjectless, or avalent) in <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, where the verb <i>llueve</i> means "It rains". In English, French and German, they require a <a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">dummy pronoun</a> and therefore formally have a valency of 1. As verbs in Spanish incorporate the subject as a TAM suffix, Spanish is not actually a null-subject language, unlike Mandarin (see above). Such verbs in Spanish also have a valency of 1. </p><p>Intransitive and transitive verbs are the most common, but the impersonal and <b><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">objective verbs</a></b> are somewhat different from the norm. In the objective, the verb takes an object but no subject; the nonreferent subject in some uses may be marked in the verb by an incorporated dummy pronoun similar to that used with the English weather verbs. Impersonal verbs in null subject languages take neither subject nor object, as is true of other verbs, but again the verb may show incorporated dummy pronouns despite the lack of subject and object phrases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valency_marking">Valency marking</h3></div> <p>Verbs are often flexible with regard to valency. In non-valency marking languages such as English, a transitive verb can often drop its object and become intransitive; or an intransitive verb can take an object and become transitive. For example, in English the verb <i>move</i> has no grammatical object in <i>he moves</i> (though in this case, the subject itself may be an implied object, also expressible explicitly as in <i>he moves himself</i>); but in <i>he moves the car</i>, the subject and object are distinct and the verb has a different valency. Some verbs in English have historically derived forms that show change of valency in some causative verbs, such as <i>fall-fell-fallen</i>:<i>fell-felled-felled</i>; <i>rise-rose-risen</i>:<i>raise-raised-raised</i>; <i>cost-cost-cost</i>:<i>cost-costed-costed</i>. </p><p>In valency marking languages, valency change is shown by inflecting the verb in order to change the valency. In <a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a> of Australia, for example, verbs distinguish valency by argument agreement suffixes and TAM endings: </p> <ul><li><b>Nui mangema</b> "He arrived earlier today" (<b>mangema</b> today past singular subject active intransitive perfective)</li> <li><b>Palai mangemanu</b> "They [dual] arrived earlier today"</li> <li><b>Thana mangemainu</b> "They [plural] arrived earlier today"</li></ul> <p><i>Verb structure:</i> <b>manga-i-[number]-TAM</b> "arrive+active+singular/dual/plural+TAM" </p> <ul><li><b>Nuidh wapi manganu</b> "He took the fish [to that place] earlier today" (<b>manganu</b> today past singular object attainative transitive perfective)</li> <li><b>Nuidh wapi mangamanu</b> "He took the two fish [to that place] earlier today"</li> <li><b>Nuidh wapi mangamainu</b> "He took the [three or more] fish [to that place] earlier today"</li></ul> <p><i>Verb structure:</i> <b>manga-Ø-[number]-TAM</b> "arrive+attainative+singular/dual/plural+TAM" </p><p>The verb stem <b>manga-</b> 'to take/come/arrive' at the destination takes the active suffix <b>-i</b> (> <b>mangai-</b>) in the intransitive form, and as a transitive verb the stem is not suffixed. The TAM ending <b>-nu</b> is the general today past attainative perfective, found with all numbers in the perfective except the singular active, where <b>-ma</b> is found. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tense,_aspect,_and_modality"><span id="Tense.2C_aspect.2C_and_modality"></span>Tense, aspect, and modality</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Grammatical tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspect (linguistics)">Aspect (linguistics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg/220px-Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="446" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 446px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg/220px-Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="446" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg/330px-Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg/440px-Conjugation_of_verb-es.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A single-word verb in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> contains information about time (past, present, future), person and number. The process of grammatically modifying a verb to express this information is called <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Depending on the language, verbs may express <i>grammatical tense</i>, <i>aspect</i>, or <i>modality</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tense">Tense</h3></div> <p>Grammatical tense<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> to convey whether the action or state is before, simultaneous with, or after some reference point. The reference point could be the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_utterance" class="mw-redirect" title="Time of utterance">time of utterance</a>, in which case the verb expresses <a href="/wiki/Absolute_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute tense">absolute tense</a>, or it could be a past, present, or future time of reference previously established in the sentence, in which case the verb expresses <a href="/wiki/Relative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative tense">relative tense</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspect">Aspect</h3></div> <p>Aspect<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expresses how the action or state occurs through time. Important examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective aspect</a>, in which the action is viewed in its entirety through completion (as in "I saw the car")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a>, in which the action is viewed as ongoing; in some languages a verb could express imperfective aspect more narrowly as: <ul><li>habitual aspect, in which the action occurs repeatedly (as in "I used to go there every day"), or</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous aspect">continuous aspect</a>, in which the action occurs without pause; continuous aspect can be further subdivided into <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">stative aspect</a>, in which the situation is a fixed, unevolving state (as in "I know French"), and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive aspect</a>, in which the situation continuously evolves (as in "I am running")</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, which combines elements of both aspect and tense and in which both a prior event and the state resulting from it are expressed (as in "he has gone there", i.e. "he went there and he is still there")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinuous_past" title="Discontinuous past">discontinuous past</a>, which combines elements of a past event and the implication that the state resulting from it was later reversed (as in "he did go there" or "he has been there", i.e. "he went there but has now come back")<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Aspect can either be <a href="/wiki/Lexical_aspect" title="Lexical aspect">lexical</a>, in which case the aspect is embedded in the verb's meaning (as in "the sun shines", where "shines" is lexically stative), or it can be grammatically expressed, as in "I am running." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mood_and_modality">Mood and modality</h3></div> <p>Modality<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expresses the speaker's attitude toward the action or state given by the verb, especially with regard to degree of necessity, obligation, or permission ("You must go", "You should go", "You may go"), determination or willingness ("I will do this no matter what"), degree of probability ("It must be raining by now", "It may be raining", "It might be raining"), or ability ("I can speak French"). All languages can express modality with <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, but some also use verbal forms as in the given examples. If the verbal expression of modality involves the use of an auxiliary verb, that auxiliary is called a <a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">modal verb</a>. If the verbal expression of modality involves inflection, we have the special case of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>; moods include the <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a> (as in "I am there"), the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> (as in "I wish I <i>were</i> there"), and the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> ("Be there!"). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Voice">Voice</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a verb expresses whether the subject of the verb is performing the action of the verb or whether the action is being performed on the subject. The two most common voices are the <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active voice</a> (as in "I saw the car") and the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> (as in "The car was seen by me" or simply "The car was seen"). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Non-finite_forms">Non-finite forms</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">Non-finite verb</a></div> <p>Most languages have a number of <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal nouns</a> that describe the action of the verb. </p><p>In the Indo-European languages, verbal adjectives are generally called <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a>. English has an <a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">active</a> participle, also called a present participle; and a <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a> participle, also called a past participle. The active participle of <i>break</i> is <i>breaking</i>, and the passive participle is <i>broken</i>. Other languages have <a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">attributive verb</a> forms with tense and aspect. This is especially common among <a href="/wiki/SOV_language" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV language">verb-final languages</a>, where attributive verb phrases act as <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs_in_various_languages">Verbs in various languages</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_verbs" title="Adyghe verbs">Adyghe verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs" title="Arabic verbs">Arabic verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_verbs" title="Ancient Greek verbs">Ancient Greek verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_verbs" title="Basque verbs">Basque verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs" title="Bulgarian verbs">Bulgarian verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese verbs">Chinese verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish verb conjugation">Finnish verb conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_verbs" title="French verbs">French verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_verbs" title="German verbs">German verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew verb conjugation">Hebrew verb conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_verbs" title="Hungarian verbs">Hungarian verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano verb">Ilokano verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish verbs">Irish verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian verbs">Italian verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Japanese godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugations">Japanese verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs" title="Korean verbs">Korean verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin verbs">Latin verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Persian verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese verb conjugation">Portuguese verb conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European verb">Proto-Indo-European verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_verbs" title="Romance verbs">Romance verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">Romanian verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_verbs" title="Sanskrit verbs">Sanskrit verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho verbs">Sesotho verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_verbs" title="Slovene verbs">Slovene verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Spanish verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_verbs" title="Tigrinya verbs">Tigrinya verbs</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Grammatical aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Grammatical mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Grammatical tense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">Grammatical voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_utterance" title="Performative utterance">Performative utterance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_rules" title="Phrase structure rules">Phrase structure rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammatical_category)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitivity (grammatical category)">Transitivity (grammatical category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb argument">Verb argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb_framing" title="Verb framing">Verb framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbification" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbification">Verbification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">Verb phrase</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Train_de_Nulle_Part" title="Le Train de Nulle Part">Le Train de Nulle Part</a></i>: A 233-page book without a single verb.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Adger2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Adger" title="David Adger">David Adger</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7SmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78"><i>Language Unlimited: The science behind our most creative power</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882809-9"><bdi>978-0-19-882809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Unlimited%3A+The+science+behind+our+most+creative+power&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882809-9&rft.au=David+Adger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7SmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaFreitasHandschuh" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Vivian S.; Freitas, André; Handschuh, Siegfried. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/L18-1542.pdf">"Building a Knowledge Graph from Natural Language Definitions for Interpretable Text Entailment Recognition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACL Anthology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003060136/https://aclanthology.org/L18-1542.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on Oct 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACL+Anthology&rft.atitle=Building+a+Knowledge+Graph+from+Natural+Language+Definitions+for+Interpretable+Text+Entailment+Recognition&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Vivian+S.&rft.au=Freitas%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Handschuh%2C+Siegfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FL18-1542.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morenberg-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morenberg_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenberg2010">Morenberg 2010</a>, pp. 6–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenberg2010">Morenberg 2010</a>, pp. 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorenberg2010">Morenberg 2010</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackendoff2002135-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackendoff2002135_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackendoff2002">Jackendoff 2002</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comrie, Bernard, <i>Tense</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dahl_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sten_Dahl" title="Östen Dahl">Östen Dahl</a>, <i>Tense and Aspect Systems</i>, Blackwell, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleischman, Suzanne, <i>The Future in Thought and Action</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comrie, Bernard, <i>Aspect</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Plungian" title="Vladimir Plungian">Plungian, Vladimir A.</a> & Johan van der Auwera (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1761770/Towards_a_typology_of_discontinuous_past_marking">"Towards a typology of discontinuous past marking"</a>. Sprachtypol. Univ. Forsch. (STUF), Berlin 59, 4, 317–349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, F. R., <i>Mood and Modality</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaiman, M. H., <i>Grammatical Voice (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics)</i>, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackendoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Jackendoff, R. (2002). <i>Foundations of Language</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Language&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jackendoff&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorenberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Morenberg, Max (2010). <i>Doing Grammar</i> (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1997-3288-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1997-3288-3"><bdi>978-0-1997-3288-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Grammar&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-1997-3288-3&rft.aulast=Morenberg&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVerb" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Goldenberg, Gideon "On Verbal Structure and the Hebrew Verb", in: idem, <i>Studies in Semitic Linguistics</i>, Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1998, pp. 148–196 [English translation; originally published in Hebrew in 1985].</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Verbs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Verbs">Verbs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/verb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/verb"><i>verb</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verbix.com">www.verbix.com</a> Verbs and verb conjugation in many languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010402021422/http://www.conjugation.com/">conjugation.com</a> English Verb Conjugation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904071804/http://www.archivium.biz/index_EN.php">Italian Verbs Coniugator and Analyzer</a> Conjugation and Analysis of Regular and Irregular Verbs, and also of Neologisms, like <i>googlare</i> for <i>to google</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902155133/http://www.molinodeideas.es/descargas/el_verbo_espaniol.pdf">El verbo en español</a> Downloadable handbook to learn the Spanish verb paradigm in an easy ruled-based method. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verb&oldid=1267797515">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verb&oldid=1267797515</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Verb&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Femke" data-user-gender="female" data-timestamp="1736190643"> <span>Last edited on 6 January 2025, at 19:10</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkwoord" title="Werkwoord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Werkwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb%C3%A2" title="Verbâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Verbâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="فعل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فعل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbu" title="Verbu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Verbu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliri" title="Parliri – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Parliri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feil" title="Feil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="فعل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فعل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruna_kria" title="Kruna kria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kruna kria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="ক্রিয়াপদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিয়াপদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-s%C3%BB" title="Tōng-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Ҡылым – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡылым" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Дзеяслоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзеяслоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Дзеяслоў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзеяслоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="क्रिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्रिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Глагол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глагол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagoli" title="Glagoli – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glagoli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Глагол – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Глагол" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveso" title="Sloveso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sloveso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiito" title="Chiito – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiito" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berf" title="Berf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Berf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachini%C5%8Bda" title="Bachiniŋda – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachiniŋda" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udsagnsord" title="Udsagnsord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udsagnsord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vearba" title="Vearba – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Vearba" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werb" title="Werb – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Werb" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegus%C3%B5na" title="Tegusõna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tegusõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ρήμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρήμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AAreb" title="Vêreb – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vêreb" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Теввал – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Теввал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbu" title="Verbu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Verbu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditz" title="Aditz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aditz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="فعل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فعل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnor%C3%B0" title="Sagnorð – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sagnorð" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbe" title="Verbe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Verbe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiidwurd" title="Tiidwurd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tiidwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breear" title="Breear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Breear" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%AComhair" title="Gnìomhair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gnìomhair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="動詞 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="動詞" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuw%C3%A0gbe" title="Nuwàgbe – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Nuwàgbe" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC_(%ED%92%88%EC%82%AC)" title="동사 (품사) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동사 (품사)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikatau" title="Aikatau – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aikatau" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Բայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="क्रिया (व्याकरण) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रिया (व्याकरण)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werb" title="Werb – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Werb" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagoli" title="Glagoli – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Glagoli" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verba" title="Verba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Verba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Мивдисæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мивдисæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenzi" title="Isenzi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isenzi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagnor%C3%B0" title="Sagnorð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sagnorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C_(%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="פועל (בלשנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פועל (בלשנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembung_kriya" title="Tembung kriya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembung kriya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laka%C9%A3" title="Lakaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lakaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6" title="ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಯಾಪದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Этим – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Этим" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ზმნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზმნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="کرٛاوُت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٛاوُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Етістік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Етістік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitenzi" title="Kitenzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitenzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8b" title="Vèb – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vèb" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAker" title="Lêker – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lêker" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Этиш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Этиш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0" title="ຄຳກຳມະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄຳກຳມະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laikvuords" title="Laikvuords – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Laikvuords" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbum_(temporale)" title="Verbum (temporale) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Verbum (temporale)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darb%C4%ABbas_v%C4%81rds" title="Darbības vārds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Darbības vārds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiksma%C5%BEodis" title="Veiksmažodis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Veiksmažodis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A8rkwaord" title="Wèrkwaord – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Wèrkwaord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelelo" title="Likelelo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Likelelo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ige_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Ige (nyelvészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ige (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Глагол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глагол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoanteny" title="Matoanteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matoanteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_(%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82)" title="ക്രിയ (വ്യാകരണം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിയ (വ്യാകരണം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6" title="क्रियापद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रियापद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90" title="კილოთა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კილოთა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_kerja" title="Kata kerja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata kerja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Глаголсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Глаголсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D2%AF%D0%B3" title="Үйл үг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үйл үг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ကြိယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြိယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werkwoord" title="Werkwoord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Werkwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waarkwoord" title="Waarkwoord – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Waarkwoord" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6" title="क्रियापद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्रियापद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="यासु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="यासु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="動詞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動詞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rbe" title="Vèrbe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vèrbe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Койыш мут – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Койыш мут" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%CA%BCl" title="Feʼl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Feʼl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਕਿਰਿਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="فعل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فعل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кадакыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кадакыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91" title="កិរិយាស័ព្ទ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កិរិយាស័ព្ទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czasownik" title="Czasownik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czasownik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ρήμαν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ρήμαν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruray_rimana" title="Ruray rimana – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruray rimana" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Часослова – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Часослова" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Глагол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глагол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Туохтуур – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туохтуур" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱱᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedwoud" title="Tiedwoud – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tiedwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folja" title="Folja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Folja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="فعل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فعل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveso" title="Sloveso – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sloveso" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagol" title="Glagol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glagol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%DA%95%DB%8E%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="کار (ڕێزمان) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کار (ڕێزمان)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Глагол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глагол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glagol" title="Glagol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glagol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbi" title="Verbi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb" title="Verb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Verb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandiwa" title="Pandiwa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pandiwa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வினைச்சொல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வினைச்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amyag" title="Amyag – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amyag" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Фигыль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фигыль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="คำกริยา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำกริยา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BB_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Феъл (дастури забон) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Феъл (дастури забон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiil" title="Fiil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fiil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D2%AF" title="Кылыг сөзү – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кылыг сөзү" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D1%94%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Дієслово – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дієслово" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="فعل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فعل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo" title="Verbo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Verbo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Động từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viebe" title="Viebe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Viebe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="動詞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="動詞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigpanhitabo" title="Tigpanhitabo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tigpanhitabo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="动词 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动词" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91" title="ווערב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80r%E1%BB%8D%CC%80_%C3%AC%E1%B9%A3e" title="Ọ̀rọ̀ ìṣe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ̀rọ̀ ìṣe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%97" title="動字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wextq%C4%B1se" title="Wextqıse – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Wextqıse" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veikruodis" title="Veikruodis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Veikruodis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="动词 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动词" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_maan" title="Boros maan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros maan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fel" title="Fel – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fel" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 January 2025, at 19:10<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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