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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Vrste_pisama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vrste_pisama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vrste pisama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vrste_pisama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Povijest</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Izum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Izum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materijali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materijali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Materijali</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materijali-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Materijali</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Materijali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amerike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amerike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Amerike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amerike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Azija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mezopotamija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mezopotamija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mezopotamija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mezopotamija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pismo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 136 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skryfstelsel" title="Skryfstelsel – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skryfstelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%93%E1%88%88%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%95%E1%8D%88%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዓለም ጽሕፈቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="نظام كتابة – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام كتابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سيستم كتابه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيستم كتابه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escritura" title="Sistema d'escritura – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хъвавул система – avarski" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Хъвавул система" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – ajmarski" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C" title="یازی سیستمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یازی سیستمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B1%D0%B0)" title="Яҙма (Әлифба) – baškirski" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҙма (Әлифба)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ta_s%C4%97stema" title="Rašta sėstema – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rašta sėstema" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_nin_panurat" title="Sistema nin panurat – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sistema nin panurat" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пісьменства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьменства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="लिखाई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लिखाई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistim_Tulisan" title="Sistim Tulisan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sistim Tulisan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখন পদ্ধতি – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিখন পদ্ধতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doare-skriva%C3%B1" title="Doare-skrivañ – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Doare-skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(jezik)" title="Pismo (jezik) – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pismo (jezik)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_d%27escriptura" title="Sistema d'escriptura – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema d'escriptura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Йоза – čečenski" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоза" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_sa_pagsulat" title="Sistema sa pagsulat – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sistema sa pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیستمی نووسین – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی نووسین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo" title="Písmo – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Písmo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çырулăх – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çырулăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_ysgrifennu" title="System ysgrifennu – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="System ysgrifennu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%AA_nu%C5%9Ft%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Sistemê nuştışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemê nuştışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Σύστημα γραφής – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύστημα γραφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skribsistemo" title="Skribsistemo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skribsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escritura" title="Sistema de escritura – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de escritura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiri_(keeleteadus)" title="Kiri (keeleteadus) – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiri (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazkera_sistema" title="Idazkera sistema – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idazkera sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_(%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="خط (نوشتار) – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط (نوشتار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjoitusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjoitusjärjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skraft" title="Skraft – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skraft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrift" title="Skrift – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corys_screeuee" title="Corys screeuee – manski" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Corys screeuee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91" title="כתב – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhaai" title="Likhaai – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Likhaai" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8m_ekriti" title="Sistèm ekriti – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sistèm ekriti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Գիր – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoro_ide_ihe" title="Usoro ide ihe – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Usoro ide ihe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ti_panagsurat" title="Sistema ti panagsurat – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sistema ti panagsurat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Йоазув – ingušetski" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Йоазув" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrifletur" title="Skrifletur – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrifletur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_scrittura" title="Sistema di scrittura – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di scrittura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამწერლობა – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამწერლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Жазу – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жазу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="문자 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Джазма – karachay-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джазма" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachay-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergala_niv%C3%AEs%C3%AA" title="Pergala nivîsê – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pergala nivîsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreyth_skrifa" title="Kevreyth skrifa – kornski" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kevreyth skrifa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_scripturae" title="Systema scripturae – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Systema scripturae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%ABft" title="Schrëft – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schrëft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemes_de_scrive" title="Sistemes de scrive – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sistemes de scrive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjrifsysteem" title="Sjrifsysteem – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjrifsysteem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scritura" title="Scritura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Scritura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_scritura" title="Sistema de scritura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sistema de scritura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1to_sistema" title="Rašto sistema – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rašto sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roksts_(raksteiba)" title="Roksts (raksteiba) – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Roksts (raksteiba)" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakst%C4%ABba" title="Rakstība – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="ലിപി – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിപി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ – manipurski" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯕꯗ ꯆꯪꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="लिपी – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिपी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_tulisan" title="Sistem tulisan – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem tulisan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="خط – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خط" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – donjonjemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="donjonjemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="लिपि – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrift" title="Schrift – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manni%C3%A9the_d%27%C3%AAcrithe" title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Manniéthe d'êcrithe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_bee_%C3%A1l%CA%BC%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Saad bee álʼíní – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Saad bee álʼíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_d%27escritura" title="Sistèma d'escritura – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma d'escritura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjutussistiemu" title="Kirjutussistiemu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjutussistiemu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80" title="ਲਿਪੀ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Sistème d'écriture – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sistème d'écriture" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_pisma" title="System pisma – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System pisma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="لپی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لپی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="ليک – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ليک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_escrita" title="Sistema de escrita – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de escrita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqa" title="Qillqa – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_scriere" title="Sistem de scriere – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de scriere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Письменность – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Письменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="लिपयः – sanskrtski" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लिपयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writin_seestem" title="Writin seestem – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Writin seestem" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="لکت سرشتو – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لکت سرشتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismo_(znakovi)" title="Pismo (znakovi) – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pismo (znakovi)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8" title="අක්ෂර ක්‍රම – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අක්ෂර ක්‍රම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Writing system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADsmo_(jazykoveda)" title="Písmo (jazykoveda) – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Písmo (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisava" title="Pisava – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pisava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_i_shkrimit" title="Sistemi i shkrimit – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi i shkrimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Писмо – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писмо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara" title="Aksara – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aksara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skriftsystem" title="Skriftsystem – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skriftsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maandishi" title="Maandishi – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maandishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="எழுத்து முறை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்து முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF" title="ಲಿಪಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಿಪಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Хат (навиштор) – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хат (навиштор)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบการเขียน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการเขียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_ng_pagsulat" title="Sistema ng pagsulat – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sistema ng pagsulat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1_sistemi" title="Yazı sistemi – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazı sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Язу системасы – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Язу системасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Писемність – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Писемність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="نظام تحریر – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظام تحریر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yozuv" title="Yozuv – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yozuv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_ch%E1%BB%AF_vi%E1%BA%BFt" title="Hệ chữ viết – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ chữ viết" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_hin_panurat" title="Sistema hin panurat – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sistema hin panurat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90" title="ჭარალუა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭარალუა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שריפט – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שריפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihsaw" title="Cihsaw – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cihsaw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-j%C4%AB_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-jī hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8192#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pismo" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pismo"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pismo"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Pismo" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Pismo" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&oldid=7028527" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Pismo&id=7028527&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPismo"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPismo"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pismo"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pismo&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Writing_systems" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8192" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-WPOneK" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Wikiprojekt_10000" title="Ova je stranica stvorena ili dopunjena u okviru WikiProjekta 10000. Kliknite ovdje za više informacija."><img alt="Ova je stranica stvorena ili dopunjena u okviru WikiProjekta 10000. Kliknite ovdje za više informacija." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/10k_icon_for_10000_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have.svg/20px-10k_icon_for_10000_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/10k_icon_for_10000_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have.svg/30px-10k_icon_for_10000_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/10k_icon_for_10000_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have.svg/40px-10k_icon_for_10000_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Preusmjereno s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo_(grafija)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pismo (grafija)">Pismo (grafija)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><div class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/20px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/30px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/40px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></span></span> <i>Ovo je glavno značenje pojma <b>Pismo</b>. Za druga značenja pogledajte <a href="/wiki/Pismo_(razdvojba)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pismo (razdvojba)">Pismo (razdvojba)</a>.</i></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png/300px-WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png/450px-WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png/600px-WritingSystemsoftheWorld.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Pisma u svijetu danas <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#99cccc;color:#99cccc;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica">latinica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet">alfabetsko</a>)</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#ccccff;color:#ccccff;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%86irilica" title="Ćirilica">ćirilica</a> (alfabetsko)</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#9a06fe;color:#9a06fe;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Obilje%C5%BEajno_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obilježajno pismo (stranica ne postoji)">obilježajno pismo</a>)</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#3166ce;color:#3166ce;">██</span> ostali alfabeti</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#99ff99;color:#99ff99;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/Arapsko_pismo" title="Arapsko pismo">arapsko pismo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd%C5%BEad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdžad (stranica ne postoji)">abdžadsko</a>)</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#389738;color:#389738;">██</span> Ostala abdžadska</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#ee940a;color:#ee940a;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugidsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abugidsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">abugidsko</a>)</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#ffcc01;color:#ffcc01;">██</span> Ostala abugidska</p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#ff4e4d;color:#ff4e4d;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/Slogovno_pismo" title="Slogovno pismo">slogovno pismo</a></p> <p style="margin:0px;font-size:100%"><span style="border:1px solid none;background-color:#ffff65;color:#ffff65;">██</span> <a href="/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo">kinesko pismo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Logogramsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logogramsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">logografsko</a>)</p></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pismo</b> je vrsta strukturiranog sustava vizualnih <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbola</a> koji služi za zapisivanje <a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezika</a>. </p><p>Svi sustavi pisanja zahtijevaju: </p> <ul><li>skup osnovnih elemenata ili <a href="/wiki/Simbol" title="Simbol">simbola</a>, koji se nazivaju <i>znakovi</i> ili <a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem">grafemi</a>, a zajednički <i>pismo</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>skup pravila koje razumije i dijeli određena zajednica za dodjeljivanje značenja osnovnim elementima;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezik" title="Jezik">jezik</a> čije su konstrukcije predstavljene tim pismom;</li> <li>neki način fizičkog predstavljanja simbola na trajnom ili polutrajnom mediju.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vrste_pisama">Vrste pisama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Vrste pisama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vrste pisama"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najstarija prava pisma bila su primarno <a href="/wiki/Logogram" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Logogram">logografska</a>, zasnovana na <a href="/wiki/Piktogram" title="Piktogram">piktogramima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideogramima</a>. Za razliku od pretežito mnemoničkih i ideografskih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prapismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prapismo (stranica ne postoji)">prapisama</a>, prava pisma predstavljaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezi%C4%8Dni_iskaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezični iskaz (stranica ne postoji)">jezične iskaze</a> koje bilo koji drugi govornik može rekonstruirati bez većih odstupanja. To podrazumijeva i bilježenje gramatičkih morfema, koji su uvelike nepostojeći kod prapisama. </p><p>Većina pisama se može ugrubo podijeliti na tri skupine: <b>logografska</b>, <b>slogovna</b>, i <b>alfabetska</b> (ili <b>segmentalna</b>); međutim, sva se tri ponekad nađu u jednom sustavu pisanja u različitim udjelima, što često otežava kategorizaciju pisama. </p><p>Danas najprihvaćeniju tipološku podjelu osmislio je lingvist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_T._Daniels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter T. Daniels (stranica ne postoji)">Peter T. Daniels</a>, a pisma je svrstao u 6 skupina:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="prettytable"> <tbody><tr> <th>vrsta pisma</th> <th>što znak predstavlja</th> <th>primjer </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logografsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logografsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">logografsko</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinesko_pismo" title="Kinesko pismo">kinesko pismo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Slogovno_pismo" title="Slogovno pismo">slogovno</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slog" title="Slog">slog</a></td> <td>japanske <a href="/wiki/Kana_(pismo)" title="Kana (pismo)">kane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabet">alfabet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> (suglasnik ili samoglasnik)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latinica" title="Latinica">latinica</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abugidsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abugidsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">abugidsko</a></td> <td>fonem (suglasnik + samoglasnik)</td> <td>indijski <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">devanagari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abd%C5%BEad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdžad (stranica ne postoji)">abdžad</a></td> <td>fonem (suglasnik)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arapsko_pismo" title="Arapsko pismo">arapsko pismo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obilje%C5%BEajno_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obilježajno pismo (stranica ne postoji)">obilježajno</a></td> <td>fonetsko obilježje</td> <td>korejski <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/146px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/219px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/291px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Glinena bula i žetoni iz <a href="/wiki/Suza_(Iran)" title="Suza (Iran)">Suze</a>, 4000. – 3100. pr. Kr.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lascaux_04_(with_circle).jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Datoteka:Lascaux_04_(with_circle).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lascaux_04_%28with_circle%29.jpg/220px-Lascaux_04_%28with_circle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lascaux_04_%28with_circle%29.jpg/330px-Lascaux_04_%28with_circle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lascaux_04_%28with_circle%29.jpg/440px-Lascaux_04_%28with_circle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Slika iz <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascauxa</a>; smatra se da su zaokružene oznake predstavljale <a href="/wiki/Lunarni_kalendar" title="Lunarni kalendar">lunarne mjesece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CAJ2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAJ2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Escritura_maya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Escritura_maya.jpg/220px-Escritura_maya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Escritura_maya.jpg/330px-Escritura_maya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Escritura_maya.jpg/440px-Escritura_maya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3929" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majansko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majansko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">Majansko pismo</a> uklesano u kamen</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_(end).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg/234px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg/351px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg/468px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Pismo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongorongo (stranica ne postoji)">rongorongo</a>, ploča B, poznata i kao <i>Arukukurega</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Smatra se da su se neki notacijski znakovi, crtani uz slike životinja, pojavili već u <a href="/wiki/Gornji_paleolitik" title="Gornji paleolitik">gornjem paleolitiku</a> <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europe</a> oko 35 000 godina pr. Kr., te da su upravo ti znakovi predstavljali rani oblik pisma. Nekoliko je simbola korišteno zajedno kako bi se izrazile informacije o sezonskom ponašanju lovljenih životinja.<sup id="cite_ref-CAJ_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAJ-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porijeklom pisma se, međutim, češće smatra lončarska faza neolitika ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasni_neolitik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasni neolitik (stranica ne postoji)">kasni neolitik</a>, kada su predpismeni glineni žetoni bili upotrebljavani za zapisivanje količine stoke i dobara. Ti su se žetoni utiskivali u površinu okruglih glinenih <a href="/wiki/Bula" title="Bula">bula</a>, koje su služile i kao spremnici za žetone. S vremenom su bule i žetone zamijenile glinene pločice na koje su se znakovi zapisivali stilusom. Pravo je pismo prvi puta zapaženo u nalazima iz <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruka</a>, s kraja 4. tisućljeća pr. Kr., a nedugo potom i u drugim predjelima <a href="/wiki/Bliski_istok" title="Bliski istok">Bliskog istoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prva je priča o otkriću pisma zapisana u Mezopotamiji, a bila je to epska pjesma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enmerkar_i_gospodar_Aratte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enmerkar i gospodar Aratte (stranica ne postoji)">Enmerkar i gospodar Aratte</a> iz oko 1800. godine pr. Kr., u kojoj gospodar Kulabe unosi riječi u površinu glinene ploče: »Dotad nikad ne bi polaganja riječi na glinu.«<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidospMAgAAQBAJpgPA45_45]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidospMAgAAQBAJpgPA45_45]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoudreau2004.71_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoudreau2004.71-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Znanstvenici razlikuju prapovijest i povijest ranog pisma,<sup id="cite_ref-Shotwell1922_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shotwell1922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no dolaze do nesuglasica oko toga kada prapovijest prelazi u povijest i prapismo postaje »pravo pismo«. Definicija je uvelike subjektivna.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pismo je, u općem smislu, metoda bilježenja informacija sastavljena od <a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem">grafema</a>, koji pak mogu biti sačinjeni od <a href="/wiki/Glif" title="Glif">glifova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nastanku pisma na nekom području obično slijedi nekoliko stoljeća fragmentiranih zapisa. Povjesničari često određuju povijesnost kulture prema pojavi cjelovitih, koherentnih tekstova na pismu kulture.<sup id="cite_ref-Shotwell1922_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shotwell1922-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izum">Izum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Izum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izum"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dugo se vjerovalo da je pismo izumljeno u samo jednoj civilizaciji. Ta je teorija nazvana »monogeneza«. Znanstvenici su bili uvjereni da sva pisma potječu iz <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumera</a>, te da su se odande proširila preko cijeloga svijeta putem <a href="/wiki/Kulturna_difuzija" title="Kulturna difuzija">kulturne difuzije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prema toj teoriji, koncept predstavljanja jezika pisanim oznakama (iako bez pojedinačnosti o sustavu tih oznaka) prenosio se preko trgovaca koji su putovali do različitih regija svijeta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.24_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U međuvremenu su, međutim, otkrivena pisma drevne <a href="/wiki/Mezoamerika" title="Mezoamerika">Mezoamerike</a>, daleko od izvora pisma na Bliskom istoku, čime je dokazano da je pismo izumljeno više puta. Danas se smatra da se pismo vjerojatno izumilo neovisno u barem četiri drevne civilizacije: <a href="/wiki/Mezopotamija" title="Mezopotamija">Mezopotamiji</a> (između 3400. i 3100. g. pr. Kr.), <a href="/wiki/Drevni_Egipat" title="Drevni Egipat">Egiptu</a> (oko 3250. g. pr. Kr.),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Kine#Drevna_Kina" title="Povijest Kine">Kini</a> (1200. g. pr. Kr.)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i nizinama Mezoamerike (prije 500. g. pr. Kr.).<sup id="cite_ref-FaganBeck1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaganBeck1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Za Egipat se nekoć smatralo da je pismo preuzeo od <a href="/wiki/Sumerani" title="Sumerani">Sumerana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no više učenjaka<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines2004._18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines2004.-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tvrdi da se »najraniji tvrdi dokazi pisma iz Egipta od mezopotamijskog razlikuju u strukturi i stilu te su se stoga morali razviti neovisno jedno o drugome. Mogućnost „difuzije poticaja” iz Mezopotamije postoji, ali utjecaj nije mogao biti veći od pukog prijenosa ideje.«<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Po pitanju Kine, vjeruje se da su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zapisi_na_oklopima_kornja%C4%8Da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zapisi na oklopima kornjača (stranica ne postoji)">drevni kineski znakovi</a> nezavisni izum zbog manjka dokaza za kontakt drevne Kine i pismenih civilizacija Bliskog istoka,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kao i zbog jasnih razlika u mezopotamijskom i kineskom pristupu logografiji i prikazu glasova.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Konsenzus jest da se pravo pismo u Kini razvilo tijekom <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Shang" title="Dinastija Shang">dinastije Shang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ipak, oko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harappsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harappsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">harappskog pisma</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilizacija_doline_Inda" title="Civilizacija doline Inda">civilizacije doline Inda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongorongo (stranica ne postoji)">rongorongo</a> pisma <a href="/wiki/Uskr%C5%A1nji_otok" title="Uskršnji otok">Uskršnjeg otoka</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vin%C4%8Danski_simboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinčanski simboli (stranica ne postoji)">vinčanskih simbola</a> (iz oko 5500. g. pr. Kr.) se i dalje vode rasprave. Niti jedno od tri pisma nije dešifrirano, zbog čega je nepoznato predstavljaju li autentična pisma, prapisma ili nešto potpuno drugo. </p><p>Arhaično sumersko pismo i egipatski hijeroglifi obično se smatraju najranijim pravim pismima. Oba su pisma nastala na temelju zasebnih prapismenih sustava simbola između 3400. i 3100. godine pr. Kr., a najraniji cjeloviti tekstovi na oba pisma napisani su oko 2600. godine pr. Kr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praelamsko_pismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praelamsko pismo (stranica ne postoji)">Praelamsko</a> je pismo datirano u isto okvirno razdoblje.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materijali">Materijali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Materijali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Materijali"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ne postoje čvrste tvrdnje o materijalima koji su najčešće bili upotrebljavani za zapisivanje ranih pisama. U svim je razdobljima praksa bila urezivati pismo u kamen, <a href="/wiki/Kovine" title="Kovine">metal</a> ili koji drugi čvrsti materijal s ciljem osiguravanja trajnosti zapisa. Metali, poput tiskanih <a href="/wiki/Kovanica" title="Kovanica">kovanica</a>, spominju se kao materijal za zapisivanje, a uključuju <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mjed" title="Mjed">mjed</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlato</a>. Spominje se i gravura pečata u draguljima.<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock1885_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock1885-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amerike">Amerike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Amerike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Amerike"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osim gravure teksta u kamen, u <a href="/wiki/Amerika" title="Amerika">Amerikama</a> se koristio papir od kore stabala zvan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amate (stranica ne postoji)">amate</a>. Iako nije poznato kada je i gdje proizvodnja amatea započela,<sup id="cite_ref-chicontepec_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicontepec-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> najstariji poznati primjerak datira u 75. godinu, a pronađen je u <a href="/wiki/Meksiko" title="Meksiko">Meksičkoj</a> državi <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> i načinjen od vlakna stabla <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ficus_aurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ficus aurea (stranica ne postoji)">Ficus aurea</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azija">Azija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Azija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Azija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bhagavata_Purana_(Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord)_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/248px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/372px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/496px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Zapis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhagavata_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhagavata Purana (stranica ne postoji)">Bhagavate Purane</a> na palminim listovima, 16. st., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengal (stranica ne postoji)">Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Na <a href="/wiki/Indijski_potkontinent" title="Indijski potkontinent">Indijskom potkontinentu</a> i u <a href="/wiki/Jugoisto%C4%8Dna_Azija" title="Jugoistočna Azija">Jugoistočnoj Aziji</a> za zapisivanje su se od oko 5. st. pr. Kr. koristili listovi <a href="/wiki/Palmovke" title="Palmovke">palme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Točnije, u kockasto odrezane i sušene listove palme znakovi su se urezivali oštrim pisaljkama. Nakon urezivanja, na površinu je nanesena boja, koja je zatim obrisana kako bi ostala samo u urezima na listu. Svaki bi list tipično imao rupu, probušenu kako bi se kroz nju provuklo uže te kako bi se listove vezalo zajedno kao svojevrsnu knjigu. Palmini listovi proizvedeni na taj način imali su vijek od oko 600 godina prije nego su započeli zaprimati štetu od <a href="/wiki/Vlaga" title="Vlaga">vlage</a>, kukaca, <a href="/wiki/Plijesan" title="Plijesan">plijesni</a> ili krhkosti, zbog čega se dokument morao prepisati na novi set listova.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs.org_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.org-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najstariji su palmini listovi pronađeni u hladnijim podnebljima: <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Srednja_Azija" title="Srednja Azija">središnjoj Aziji</a>, gdje su pronađeni rukopisi iz prvog stoljeća.<sup id="cite_ref-aghosheia_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aghosheia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/220px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/330px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/440px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Knjiga <a href="/wiki/Umije%C4%87e_ratovanja" title="Umijeće ratovanja">Umijeće ratovanja</a> napravljena od bambusovih štapića, 18. st.</figcaption></figure> <p>U Kini se najraniji zapisi punih rečenica pronalaze na kostima <a href="/wiki/Kornja%C4%8De" title="Kornjače">kornjače</a> korištenima u obredne svrhe iz razdoblja 1200. – 1050. godine pr. Kr.,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> u koje su bila urezivana pitanja za proroka. Kasnije se pismo ranijeg 1. st. pr. Kr. urezivalo u <a href="/wiki/Bronca" title="Bronca">broncu</a> i drvo. Za većinu se zapisa od ranog razdoblja vjerojatno koristilo <a href="/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus">bambus</a> i <a href="/wiki/Svila" title="Svila">svilu</a>, no zbog podložnosti tih materijala šteti nije sigurno koliko su se koristili, kao ni koliko dugo.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Najranija uporaba <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bambusovi_%C5%A1tapi%C4%87i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bambusovi štapići (stranica ne postoji)">štapića od bambusa</a> za zapisivanje u Kini datira u 5. st. pr. Kr., <a href="/wiki/Razdoblje_zara%C4%87enih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Razdoblje zaraćenih država">Razdoblje zaraćenih država</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Štapići su bili široki tek dovoljno za zapis znakova u stupac, a za duže su se tekstove štapići vezali <a href="/wiki/Konoplja" title="Konoplja">konopljom</a>, svilom ili <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal)">kožom</a> kako bi se načinila svojevrsna knjiga imena <i>jiǎncè</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik">kin</a>. 簡冊) ili <i>jiǎndú</i> (kin. 简牍).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oko 105. godine, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Lun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cai Lun (stranica ne postoji)">Cai Lun</a> je osmislio način proizvodnje <a href="/wiki/Papir" title="Papir">papira</a> od kore <a href="/wiki/Murva" title="Murva">murve</a>, recikliranih ribarskih mreža, konoplje, bambusa i sličnih materijala koji uključuje natapanje, mljevenje i sušenje smjese. Tako dobiven papir bio je značajno jeftiniji i lakši za proizvesti od svile<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> te se proširio na druge dijelove svijeta uz unaprjeđenje procesa proizvodnje.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slična je kineskom papiru tkanina zvana <a href="/wiki/Tapa" title="Tapa">tapa</a>, korištena pretežito u Aziji i <a href="/wiki/Oceanija" title="Oceanija">Oceaniji</a>, gdje se počela praviti oko 4000. g. pr. Kr., ali i u Amerikama (od oko 2100. g. pr. Kr.) te <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Africi</a>. Unutarnja kora murve, <a href="/wiki/Smokva" title="Smokva">smokve</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Kruhovac_(biljna_vrsta)" title="Kruhovac (biljna vrsta)">kruhovca</a>, razdvojena od vanjske, udarala se drvenim maljem kako bi bila tanja. Zbog toga što se lako razgrađuje u podnebljima u kojima je proizvođena, ne postoji mnogo ranijih ostataka, ali osim zapisivanja (obično imena<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) služi i drugim svrhama, poput pravljenja odjeće.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mezopotamija">Mezopotamija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Mezopotamija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mezopotamija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg/220px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg/330px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg/440px-Sales_contract_Shuruppak_Louvre_AO3766.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Ugovor o prodaji polja i kuće, klinasto pismo na glinenoj pločici, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0urupak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šurupak (stranica ne postoji)">Šurupak</a>, oko 2600. pr. Kr.</figcaption></figure> <p>U Mezopotamiji su čest materijal za zapisivanje bile pločice, vjerojatno izvorno <a href="/wiki/Kaldeja" title="Kaldeja">kaldejska</a> praksa, i svitci, izvorno egipatska dosjetka. Kaldejske pločice bile su maleni komadi gline oblikovani u svojevrstan oblik jastuka, gusto ispunjeni znakovima klinastog pisma. Nakon pečenja gline, površina im se prekrila drugim slojem gline na koji bi se ponovno ispisao sadržaj kako bi se osiguralo očuvanje teksta u slučaju uništenja. Slični su tome bili šuplji <a href="/wiki/Valjak" title="Valjak">valjci</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Prizma" title="Prizma">prizme</a> sa 6 ili 8 strana, oblikovani od fine <a href="/wiki/Terakota" title="Terakota">terakote</a>, ponekad glazirani, na kojima su znakovi ocrtani malenim stilusom, kod nekih primjeraka toliko sitno da je za iščitavanje potrebno povećalo.<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock1885_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock1885-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U Egiptu je glavni materijal bilo znatno drugačiji. Na spomenicima se nalaze prikazi drvenih pločica, no najčešće se upotrebljavao <a href="/wiki/Papirus" title="Papirus">papirus</a>, već oko 3000. g. pr. Kr.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trska od koje se pravio, pronađena uglavnom u Donjem Egiptu, bila je poprilično ekonomična za pisanje. Srž joj je bila izvađena i rastavljena vrlo tankim alatom na tanke trake od kojih se sačinjena. Zatim se poravnavala pritiskom, a trake su se lijepile, dok se još traka postavljalo na njih pod pravim kutom kako bi se omogućila proizvodnja svitka proizvoljne duljine. Tim se izumom, čini se, proširila praksa pisanja u Egiptu.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kako je papirus zbog velike potražnje i eksporta u druge dijelove svijeta postao preskup, započela je uporaba drugih materijala, među kojima je i koža, pronađena u nekoliko grobnica.<sup id="cite_ref-McClintock1885_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClintock1885-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pergament" title="Pergament">Pergamenti</a>, pravljeni od ovčje kože nakon uklanjanja vune za tkanje odjeće, katkad su bili jeftiniji od papirusa, koje se moralo uvoziti u Egipat. Izumom papira od <a href="/wiki/Drvenja%C4%8Da" title="Drvenjača">drvenjače</a>, korištenog i danas, cijena materijala za pisanje počela je opadati. U suvremenom je dobu prioritet stavljen na ojačavanje spoja vlakna, pri čemu se razmatraju čvrstoća suhog i mokrog papira.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulmas, Florian. 2003. <i>Writing systems. An introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. pg. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.4_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels i Bright 1996.</a>, str. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAJ2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CAJ2_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaconKhatiriPalmerFreeth2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Bennett; Khatiri, Azadeh; Palmer, James; Freeth, Tony; Pettitt, Paul; Kentridge, Robert. 5. siječnja 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774322000415">An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar</a>. <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/an-upper-palaeolithic-protowriting-system-and-phenological-calendar/6F2AD8A705888F2226FE857840B4FE19">1–19</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774322000415">10.1017/S0959774322000415</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Upper+Palaeolithic+Proto-writing+System+and+Phenological+Calendar&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774322000415&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rft.au=Khatiri%2C+Azadeh&rft.au=Palmer%2C+James&rft.au=Freeth%2C+Tony&rft.au=Pettitt%2C+Paul&rft.au=Kentridge%2C+Robert&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0959774322000415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAJ-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CAJ_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBaconKhatiriPalmerFreeth2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Bennett; Khatiri, Azadeh; Palmer, James; Freeth, Tony; Pettitt, Paul; Kentridge, Robert. 5. siječnja 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774322000415">An Upper Palaeolithic Proto-writing System and Phenological Calendar</a>. <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/an-upper-palaeolithic-protowriting-system-and-phenological-calendar/6F2AD8A705888F2226FE857840B4FE19">1–19</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Slobodno dostupno"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774322000415">10.1017/S0959774322000415</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Upper+Palaeolithic+Proto-writing+System+and+Phenological+Calendar&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2023-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774322000415&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rft.au=Khatiri%2C+Azadeh&rft.au=Palmer%2C+James&rft.au=Freeth%2C+Tony&rft.au=Pettitt%2C+Paul&rft.au=Kentridge%2C+Robert&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0959774322000415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1">Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. 1971. <i>The Ancient Near East</i>. New York. str. 25. <q>Beginning in the pottery-phase of the Neolithic, clay tokens are widely attested as a system of counting and identifying specific amounts of specified livestock or commodities. The tokens, enclosed in clay envelopes after being impressed on their rounded surface, were gradually replaced by impressions on flat or plano-convex tablets, and these in turn by more or less conventionalized pictures of the tokens incised on the clay with a reed stylus. That final step completed the transition to full writing, and with it the consequent ability to record contemporary events for posterity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidospMAgAAQBAJpgPA45_45]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidospMAgAAQBAJpgPA45_45]_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels i Bright 1996.</a>, str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45">45</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoudreau2004.71-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoudreau2004.71_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoudreau2004">Boudreau 2004.</a>, str. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shotwell1922-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Shotwell1922_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shotwell1922_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFShotwell1922" class="citation book cs1">Shotwell, James Thomson. 1922. <i>An Introduction to the History of History: Records of civilization, sources and studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. New York. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+History%3A+Records+of+civilization%2C+sources+and+studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Shotwell&rft.aufirst=James+Thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFSmail2008" class="citation book cs1">Smail, Daniel Lord. 2008. <i>On Deep History and the Brain: An Ahmanson foundation book in the humanities</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. Berkeley. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Deep+History+and+the+Brain%3A+An+Ahmanson+foundation+book+in+the+humanities&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Smail&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBrickerAndrews1992" class="citation book cs1">Bricker, Victoria Reifler; Andrews, Patricia A. 1992. <i>Epigraphy: Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, v. 5</i>. University of Texas Press. Austin. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphy%3A+Supplement+to+the+Handbook+of+Middle+American+Indians%2C+v.+5.&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Victoria+Reifler&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Patricia+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonTorrance2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, David R.; Torrance, Nancy. 16. veljače 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TyOC9nqEokC&pg=PA59"><i>The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy</i></a> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780521862202" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780521862202"><bdi>9780521862202</bdi></a> Prenosi Google Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Literacy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft.isbn=9780521862202&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=Torrance%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TyOC9nqEokC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.24-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright1996.24_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDanielsBright1996">Daniels i Bright 1996.</a>, str. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFRegulski2016" class="citation journal cs1">Regulski, Ilona. 2. svibnja 2016. The Origins and Early Development of Writing in Egypt. <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935413.013.61">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-993541-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-993541-3"><bdi>978-0-19-993541-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Early+Development+of+Writing+in+Egypt&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935413.013.61&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993541-3&rft.aulast=Regulski&rft.aufirst=Ilona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWengrow2011" class="citation book cs1">Wengrow, David. 2011. Teeter, Emily (ur.). <i>The Invention of Writing in Egypt</i>. <i>Before the Pyramids: Origin of Egyptian Civilization</i>. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. str. 99–103</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Writing+in+Egypt&rft.pages=99-103&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute%2C+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wengrow&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBoltz1994" class="citation book cs1">Boltz, William. 1994. <i>The origin and early development of the Chinese writing system</i>. American Oriental Society. str. 31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+and+early+development+of+the+Chinese+writing+system&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Boltz&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaganBeck1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FaganBeck1996_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFFaganBeckMichaelsScarre1996" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian M.; Beck, Charlotte; Michaels, George; Scarre, Chris; Silberman, Neil Asher, ur. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ystMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA762">Writing: Introduction</a>. <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology</i>. Oxford University Press. str. 762. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195076189.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195076189.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-19-507618-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-19-507618-9"><bdi>978-0-19-507618-9</bdi></a> Prenosi Google Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing%3A+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Archaeology&rft.pages=762&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195076189.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507618-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DystMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/definition/hieroglyphics/">Hieroglyphics</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. rujna 2023.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Hieroglyphics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fdefinition%2Fhieroglyphics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaines2004.-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaines2004._18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaines2004">Baines 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, G. 1998. <i>Umm el-Qaab I. Das prädynastische Königsgrab U-j und seine frühen Schriftzeugnisse</i> [<i>Umm el-Qaab I. The predynastic royal tomb U-j and its early written evidence</i>] (<span style="color:#555;">njemački</span>). Philip von Zabern. Mainz, Germany. </cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Umm+el-Qaab+I.+Das+pr%C3%A4dynastische+K%C3%B6nigsgrab+U-j+und+seine+fr%C3%BChen+Schriftzeugnisse&rft.place=Mainz%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Philip+von+Zabern&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2010" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Christopher. 2010. Visible language: the earliest writing systems. <i>Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond</i>. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Chicago. str. 15–25</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visible+language%3A+the+earliest+writing+systems&rft.btitle=Visible+Language%3A+Inventions+of+Writing+in+the+Ancient+Middle+East+and+Beyond&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=15-25&rft.pub=The+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFKeightleyBarnard1983" class="citation book cs1">Keightley, David N.; Barnard, Noel. Siječanj 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4-vdP2aZWhUC&pg=PA415"><i>The Origins of Chinese civilization</i></a>. University of California Press. str. 415–416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780520042292" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780520042292"><bdi>9780520042292</bdi></a> Prenosi Google Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.pages=415-416&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983-01&rft.isbn=9780520042292&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft.au=Barnard%2C+Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4-vdP2aZWhUC%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLeick1994" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Gwendolyn. 1994. <i>Sex and eroticism in Mesopotamian literature</i>. Routledge. London. str. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9780203462751" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9780203462751"><bdi>9780203462751</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+eroticism+in+Mesopotamian+literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780203462751&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Emily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Chinese_Writing/">Chinese Writing</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. veljače 2024.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Chinese+Writing&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FChinese_Writing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1989" class="citation book cs1">Walker, .C. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform"><i>Reading The Past Cuneiform</i></a> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Walker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform/page/n15">7</a>-9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+The+Past+Cuneiform&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWalker.C.ReadingThePastCuneiform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClintock1885-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-McClintock1885_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClintock1885_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClintock1885_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintockStrong1885" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, J.; Strong, J. 1885. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-oXAAAAYAAJ"><i>Cyclopedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Supplement</i></a>. Harper. New York. str. 990–997 Prenosi Google Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyclopedia+of+Biblical%2C+theological%2C+and+ecclesiastical+literature%3A+Supplement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=990-997&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=McClintock&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Strong%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-oXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicontepec-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chicontepec_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309150849/http://www.uv.mx/popularte/esp/scriptphp.php?sid=661">El Papel Amate Entre los Nahuas de Chicontepec</a> [Amate paper among the Nahuas of Chicontepec] (<span style="color:#555;">španjolski</span>). Universidad Veracruzana. Veracruz, Mexico. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.mx/popularte/esp/scriptphp.php?sid=661">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 9. ožujka 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 15. travnja 2011.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Papel+Amate+Entre+los+Nahuas+de+Chicontepec&rft.place=Veracruz%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=Universidad+Veracruzana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.mx%2Fpopularte%2Fesp%2Fscriptphp.php%3Fsid%3D661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBenzMestas_C.de_la_Vega2006" class="citation journal cs1">Benz, Bruce F.; Mestas C., Lorenza López; de la Vega, Jorge Ramos. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26309480">Organic Offerings, Paper, and Fibers from the Huitzilapa Shaft Tomb, Jalisco, Mexico</a>. <i>Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 283–296. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5361">0956-5361</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Organic+Offerings%2C+Paper%2C+and+Fibers+from+the+Huitzilapa+Shaft+Tomb%2C+Jalisco%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-296&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0956-5361&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Bruce+F.&rft.au=Mestas+C.%2C+Lorenza+L%C3%B3pez&rft.au=de+la+Vega%2C+Jorge+Ramos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26309480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFZhixin_ShiSrirangaraj_SetlurVenu_Govindaraju" class="citation web cs1">Zhixin Shi; Srirangaraj Setlur; Venu Govindaraju. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~zshi/Papers/kbcs04_261.pdf">Digital Enhancement of Palm Leaf Manuscript Images using Normalization Techniques</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SUNY at Buffalo. Amherst, US. Inačica izvorne stranice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616064125/http://www.cedar.buffalo.edu/~zshi/Papers/kbcs04_261.pdf">arhivirana</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> 16. lipnja 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. lipnja 2009.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Enhancement+of+Palm+Leaf+Manuscript+Images+using+Normalization+Techniques&rft.place=Amherst%2C+US&rft.pub=SUNY+at+Buffalo&rft.au=Zhixin+Shi&rft.au=Srirangaraj+Setlur&rft.au=Venu+Govindaraju&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cedar.buffalo.edu%2F~zshi%2FPapers%2Fkbcs04_261.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.org-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs.org_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/10.html">10. Literature</a>. <i>The Story of India - Photo Gallery</i>. PBS. Explore the topic, palm-leaf manuscripts. Inačica izvorne stranice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113000647/http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/10.html">arhivirana</a> 13. studenoga 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 13. studenoga 2013.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+India+-+Photo+Gallery&rft.pages=Explore+the+topic%2C+palm-leaf+manuscripts&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fthestoryofindia%2Fgallery%2Fphotos%2F10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aghosheia-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-aghosheia_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amalananda Ghosh (1991), An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology, BRILL Academic, <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_standardni_knji%C5%BEni_broj" title="Međunarodni standardni knjižni broj">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-9004092648" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-9004092648">978-9004092648</a>, pages 360-361</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFArtsCulturesread" class="citation web cs1">Arts, Global; Cultures; read, Design 3 min. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228051701/https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/global-arts-cultures-and-design/oracle-bones/">Oracle Bones</a>. <i>National Museums Scotland</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/global-arts-cultures-and-design/oracle-bones/">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 28. veljače 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. veljače 2024.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museums+Scotland&rft.atitle=Oracle+Bones&rft.aulast=Arts&rft.aufirst=Global&rft.au=Cultures&rft.au=read%2C+Design+3+min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nms.ac.uk%2Fexplore-our-collections%2Fstories%2Fglobal-arts-cultures-and-design%2Foracle-bones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1997" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, Michael. 1997. Wood and bamboo administrative documents of the Han period. Edward L. Shaughnessy (ur.). <i>New Sources of Early Chinese History</i>. Society for the Study of Early China. str. 161–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-55729-058-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-55729-058-X"><bdi>1-55729-058-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wood+and+bamboo+administrative+documents+of+the+Han+period&rft.btitle=New+Sources+of+Early+Chinese+History&rft.pages=161-192&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Study+of+Early+China&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-55729-058-X&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1998" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy. 1998. <i>Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture</i>. Routledge. str. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-157958110-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-157958110-7"><bdi>978-157958110-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-157958110-7&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2011" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn. 2011. <i>Books: A Living History</i>. Getty Publications. Los Angeles, CA. str. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/9781606060834" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/9781606060834"><bdi>9781606060834</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books%3A+A+Living+History&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781606060834&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cai-Lun">Cai Lun | Biography, Paper, & Facts | Britannica</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>). 1. siječnja 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. veljače 2024.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Cai+Lun+%7C+Biography%2C+Paper%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCai-Lun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paper.gatech.edu/sites/default/files/2021-04/History%20of%20Papermaking%20Around%20the%20World.pdf">History of Papermaking Around the World</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Robert C. Williams Museum of Papermaking<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. veljače 2024.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Papermaking+Around+the+World&rft.pub=Robert+C.+Williams+Museum+of+Papermaking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaper.gatech.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-04%2FHistory%2520of%2520Papermaking%2520Around%2520the%2520World.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/pacific-apah/polynesia-apah/a/hiapo">Hiapo (tapa) (article) | Polynesia</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i> (<span style="color:#555;">engleski</span>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 11. veljače 2024.</span>. <q>Some hiapo examples include writing, usually names, along the edges of the overall design.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Hiapo+%28tapa%29+%28article%29+%7C+Polynesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fap-art-history%2Fpacific-apah%2Fpolynesia-apah%2Fa%2Fhiapo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFGascolgne" class="citation web cs1">Gascolgne, Arthur Bamber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa92">History of Writing Materials</a>. Inačica izvorne stranice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019231622/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa92">arhivirana</a> 19. listopada 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 18. veljače 2019.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Writing+Materials&rft.aulast=Gascolgne&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Bamber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Daa92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Papyrus/">Egyptian Papyrus</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Inačica izvorne stranice <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417133708/https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Papyrus/">arhivirana</a> 17. travnja 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pristupljeno 23. travnja 2021.</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Egyptian+Papyrus&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FEgyptian_Papyrus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFLindström" class="citation journal cs1">Lindström, Tom. Summer 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267385974">On the nature of joint strength in paper-A review of dry and wet strength resins used in paper manufacturing</a>. <i>13th Fundamental Research Symposium</i>. <b>1</b>: 457–562 Prenosi Researchgate</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=13th+Fundamental+Research+Symposium&rft.atitle=On+the+nature+of+joint+strength+in+paper-A+review+of+dry+and+wet+strength+resins+used+in+paper+manufacturing.&rft.chron=Summer+2005&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=457-562&rft.aulast=Lindstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267385974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Provjerite vrijednost datuma u parametru: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#bad_date" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pismo&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2004" class="citation book cs1">Baines, John. 2004. The earliest Egyptian writing: Development, context, purpose. Boudreau, Vincent (ur.). <i>The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</i>. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. str. 150–189</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+earliest+Egyptian+writing%3A+Development%2C+context%2C+purpose&rft.btitle=The+First+Writing%3A+Script+Invention+as+History+and+Process&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=150-189&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFBoudreau2004" class="citation book cs1">Boudreau, Vincent, ur. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jsWL_XJt-dMC"><i>The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-521-83861-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-521-83861-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83861-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Writing%3A+Script+Invention+as+History+and+Process&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83861-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjsWL_XJt-dMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (ur.). 1996. <i>The World's Writing Systems</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-507993-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-507993-0"><bdi>0-19-507993-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-507993-0&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William+%28ur.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3APismo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pismo&oldid=7028527">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pismo&oldid=7028527</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pismo" title="Kategorija:Pismo">Pismo</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrivene kategorije: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(engleski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (engleski)">CS1 upotrebe (engleski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(njema%C4%8Dki)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (njemački)">CS1 upotrebe (njemački)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_upotrebe_(%C5%A1panjolski)" title="Kategorija:CS1 upotrebe (španjolski)">CS1 upotrebe (španjolski)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke:_datumi" title="Kategorija:CS1 greške: datumi">CS1 greške: datumi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_iz_Wikiprojekta_10000" title="Kategorija:Članci iz Wikiprojekta 10000">Članci iz Wikiprojekta 10000</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 27. rujna 2024. u 12:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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