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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity_and_Byzantium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity_and_Byzantium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity and Byzantium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity_and_Byzantium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_and_late_Roman_imperial_sarcophagi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_and_late_Roman_imperial_sarcophagi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman and late Roman imperial sarcophagi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_and_late_Roman_imperial_sarcophagi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porphyry_sarcophagi_in_post-Roman_Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porphyry_sarcophagi_in_post-Roman_Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Porphyry sarcophagi in post-Roman Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porphyry_sarcophagi_in_post-Roman_Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AE%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A" title="صخر سماقي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صخر سماقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Porfir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80" title="Парфір – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парфір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80" title="Парфір – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парфір" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2rfir" title="Pòrfir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pòrfir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfyr" title="Porfyr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Porfyr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfyr_(bjergart)" title="Porfyr (bjergart) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Porfyr (bjergart)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyr" title="Porphyr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Porphyr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porf%C3%BC%C3%BCr" title="Porfüür – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Porfüür" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3rfido" title="Pórfido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pórfido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiro" title="Porfiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Porfiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiro" title="Porfiro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Porfiro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="سنگ سماق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ سماق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyre_(roche)" title="Porphyre (roche) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Porphyre (roche)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3rfiro" title="Pórfiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pórfiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%95%94" title="반암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%86%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Պորֆիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պորֆիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirit" title="Porfirit – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Porfirit" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfiro" title="Porfiro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Porfiro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfido" title="Porfido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porfido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8" title="פורפיר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורפיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Порфир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Порфир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Порфир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Порфир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyrites" title="Porphyrites – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Porphyrites" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir_(k%C5%91zet)" title="Porfir (kőzet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Porfir (kőzet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfier" title="Porfier – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Porfier" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E5%B2%A9" title="斑岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="斑岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfyr" title="Porfyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Porfyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfyr" title="Porfyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Porfyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Porfir" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Porfir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Porfir" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3rfiro" title="Pórfiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pórfiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir_(roc%C4%83)" title="Porfir (rocă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Porfir (rocă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Порфир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Порфир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="سماق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سماق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porf%C3%BDr_(subvulkanick%C3%A1_hornina)" title="Porfýr (subvulkanická hornina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Porfýr (subvulkanická hornina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Porfir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Порфир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Порфир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfir" title="Porfir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Porfir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfyyri" title="Porfyyri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Porfyyri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfyr" title="Porfyr – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Porfyr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Порфіри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Порфіри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E5%B2%A9" title="斑岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斑岩" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Textural form of igneous rock with large grained crystals in a fine matrix</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the igneous rock. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Porphyry (disambiguation)">Porphyry</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Copper_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper porphyry">Copper porphyry</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Imperial_Porphyry%22_-_porphyritic_metadacite_to_porphyritic_meta-andesite_(Dokhan_Volcanics,_Neoproterozoic,_~593-602_Ma;_Mons_Porphyrites,_Red_Sea_Mountains,_Egypt)_2_(30040632451).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%22Imperial_Porphyry%22_-_porphyritic_metadacite_to_porphyritic_meta-andesite_%28Dokhan_Volcanics%2C_Neoproterozoic%2C_~593-602_Ma%3B_Mons_Porphyrites%2C_Red_Sea_Mountains%2C_Egypt%29_2_%2830040632451%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%22Imperial_Porphyry%22_-_porphyritic_metadacite_to_porphyritic_meta-andesite_%28Dokhan_Volcanics%2C_Neoproterozoic%2C_~593-602_Ma%3B_Mons_Porphyrites%2C_Red_Sea_Mountains%2C_Egypt%29_2_%2830040632451%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%22Imperial_Porphyry%22_-_porphyritic_metadacite_to_porphyritic_meta-andesite_%28Dokhan_Volcanics%2C_Neoproterozoic%2C_~593-602_Ma%3B_Mons_Porphyrites%2C_Red_Sea_Mountains%2C_Egypt%29_2_%2830040632451%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3874" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>"Imperial Porphyry" from the Red Sea Mountains of Egypt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG/220px-S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG/330px-S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG/440px-S%C3%A4rna-Porphyr_P1000115.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A waterworn cobble of porphyry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg/220px-Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg/330px-Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg/440px-Rhyolite_porphyry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> porphyry from Colorado; scale bar in lower left is 1 cm (0.39 in)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Porphyry</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POR</span>-fə-ree</i></a>) is any of various <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> with coarse-grained <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> dispersed in a fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a>-rich, generally <a href="/wiki/Aphanitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanitic">aphanitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix or groundmass</a>. In its non-geologic, traditional use, the term <i>porphyry</i> usually refers to the purple-red form of this stone, valued for its appearance, but other colours of decorative porphyry are also used such as "green", "black" and "grey".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>porphyry</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πορφύρα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">porphyra</i></span>), meaning "<a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a>". Purple was the colour of royalty, and the Roman "imperial porphyry" was a deep purple igneous rock with large crystals of <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>. Some authors claimed the rock was the hardest known in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxf_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxf-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus porphyry was prized for monuments and building projects in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Rome</a> and thereafter. </p><p>Subsequently, the name was given to any <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous rocks">igneous rocks</a> with large crystals. The adjective <i><a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a></i> now refers to a certain <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">texture</a> of igneous rock regardless of its chemical and mineralogical composition or its color. Its chief characteristic is a large difference in size between the tiny matrix crystals and the much larger phenocrysts. Porphyries may be <a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">aphanites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phanerite" title="Phanerite">phanerites</a>, that is, the groundmass may have microscopic crystals as in <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, or crystals easily distinguishable with the eye, as in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most igneous rocks have some degree of porphyritic texture. This is because most <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> from which igneous rock solidifies is produced by <a href="/wiki/Magma#The_melting_process" title="Magma">partial melting</a> of a mixture of different minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first the mixed melt slowly cools deep in the crust. The magma begins crystallizing, the highest melting point minerals closest to the overall composition first, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a>. This forms <a href="/wiki/Phenocrysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenocrysts">phenocrysts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which usually have plenty of room for growth, and form large, well-shaped crystals with characteristic crystal faces (<a href="/wiki/Euhedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Euhedral">euhedral</a> crystals).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they are different in density to the remaining melt, these phenocrysts usually settle out of solution, eventually creating <a href="/wiki/Cumulate_rock" title="Cumulate rock">cumulates</a>; however if the partially crystallized magma is then erupted to the surface as a lava, the remainder of the melt is quickly cooled around the phenocrysts and crystallizes much more rapidly to form a very fine-grained or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">glassy</a> matrix.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009199–200_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009199–200-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porphyry can also form even from magma that completely solidifies while still underground. The groundmass will be visibly crystalline, though not as large as the phenocrysts. The crystallization of the phenocrysts during fractional crystallization changes the composition of the remaining liquid magma, moving it closer to the <a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">eutectic point</a>, with a mixed composition of minerals. As the temperature continues to decrease, this point is reached, and the rock is entirely solidified. The simultaneous crystallization of the remaining minerals produces the finer-grained matrix surrounding the phenocrysts, as they crowd each other out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009199–200_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009199–200-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of porphyritic texture as an indication that magma forms through different stages of cooling was first recognized by the Canadian geologist, <a href="/wiki/Norman_L._Bowen" title="Norman L. Bowen">Norman L. Bowen</a>, in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porphyritic texture is particularly common in <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, with the most prominent phenocrysts typically composed of <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a> <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009376_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009376-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plagioclase has almost the same density as basaltic magma, so plagioclase phenocrysts are likely to remain suspended in the magma rather than settling out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009321_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009321-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhomb_porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rhomb porphyry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Rhomb porphyry</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> with gray-white large <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhombus" title="Rhombus">rhombus</a>-shaped <a href="/wiki/Phenocrysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenocrysts">phenocrysts</a> of feldspar (commonly <a href="/wiki/Anorthoclase" title="Anorthoclase">anorthoclase</a>) embedded in a very fine-grained red-brown <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>. The composition of rhomb porphyry places it in the <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a>–<a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">latite</a> classification of the <a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oslo_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oslo-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rhomb porphyry is found in continental <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> areas, including the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_graben" class="mw-redirect" title="Oslo graben">Oslo graben</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oslo_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oslo-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and south-central <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_art_and_architecture">Use in art and architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/170px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/255px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/340px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Four_Tetrarchs" title="Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs">The Tetrarchs</a>, a porphyry sculpture sacked from the Byzantine <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphion" title="Philadelphion">Philadelphion</a></i> palace in 1204, Treasury of St. Marks, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmagnola_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carmagnola_1.jpg/220px-Carmagnola_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carmagnola_1.jpg/330px-Carmagnola_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carmagnola_1.jpg/440px-Carmagnola_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Carmagnola_(Venice)" title="Carmagnola (Venice)">Carmagnola</a></i>, an imperial porphyry head in Venice thought to represent <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_Byzantium">Antiquity and Byzantium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiquity and Byzantium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the Romans it was known as <i>Lapis porphyrites</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Natural History</i></a> (36, 11) affirmed that the "Imperial Porphyry" had been discovered in Egypt during the reign of Tiberius; an inscription recently discovered and dated from AD 18 mentions the Roman Caius Cominius Leugas as the finder of this new quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Egyptians used other decorative porphyritic stones of a very close composition and appearance, but apparently remained unaware of the presence of the Roman grade although it was located in their own country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was also sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan art</a>, and as early as 1850 BC on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> there were large column bases made of porphyry.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was called "Imperial" as the mines, as elsewhere in the empire, were owned by the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red porphyry all came from the <a href="/wiki/Stone_quarries_of_ancient_Egypt#Gabal_Abu_Dukhan" title="Stone quarries of ancient Egypt">Gabal Abu Dukhan quarry</a> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Mons_Porphyrites" title="Mons Porphyrites">Mons Porphyrites</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, from 600 million-year-old <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian-Nubian_Shield" title="Arabian-Nubian Shield">Arabian-Nubian Shield</a>. The road from the quarry westward to <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a> (Roman Maximianopolis) on the Nile, which <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> put on his second-century map, was first described by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, and it is to this day known as the <i>Via Porphyrites</i>, the Porphyry Road, its track marked by the <a href="/wiki/Hydreuma" title="Hydreuma">hydreumata</a>, or watering wells that made it viable in this utterly dry landscape. It was used for all the red porphyry columns in Rome, the <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">togas</a> on busts of <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperors</a>, the panels in the revetment of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Via_Porphyrites_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Via_Porphyrites-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Constantine" title="Column of Constantine">Column of Constantine</a> in Istanbul<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the altars and vases and fountain basins reused in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and dispersed as far as <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. </p><p>The Romans also used "Green Porphyry" (<i>lapis Lacedaemonius</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Greece, also known today as <a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Black Porphyry" from the same Egyptian quarry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fifth century the quarry was lost to sight for many centuries. Byzantium scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Alexander Vasiliev</a> suggested this was the consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451 and the subsequent troubles in <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific members of the French Expedition under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> sought it in vain, and it was only when the Eastern Desert was reopened for study under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> that the site was rediscovered by the English Egyptologists <a href="/wiki/James_Burton_(Egyptologist)" title="James Burton (Egyptologist)">James Burton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Wilkinson" title="John Gardner Wilkinson">John Gardner Wilkinson</a> in 1823. </p><p>Porphyry was extensively used in Byzantine imperial monuments, for example in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the "Porphyra", the official delivery room for use of pregnant Empresses in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace of Constantinople</a>, giving rise to the phrase "born in the purple".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Choosing porphyry as a material was a bold and specific statement for late Imperial Rome. As if it were not enough that porphyry was explicitly for imperial use, the stone's rarity set the emperors apart from their subjects as their superiors. The comparative vividness of porphyry to other stones underscored that these figures were not regular citizens, but many levels above, even gods, and worthy of the respect they expected. Porphyry made the emperors unapproachable in terms of power and nature, belonging to another world, the world of the mighty gods, present for a short time on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Porphyry also stood in for the physical purple robes Roman emperors wore to show status, because of its purple colouring. Similar to porphyry, purple fabric was extremely difficult to make, as what we now call <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> required the use of rare <a href="/wiki/Sea_snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea snails">sea snails</a> to make the dye.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour itself reminded the public how to behave in the presence of the emperors, with respect bordering on worship for the self-proclaimed god-kings.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_and_late_Roman_imperial_sarcophagi">Roman and late Roman imperial sarcophagi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman and late Roman imperial sarcophagi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/220px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/330px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/440px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Sarcofago_imperiale_bizantino_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Porphyry sarcophagus, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Istanbul Archaeological Museum">Istanbul Archaeological Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A uniquely prestigious use of porphyry was its choice as material for imperial <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> in the 4th and early 5th centuries. That tradition appears to have been started with <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s porphyry sarcophagus in his <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Domnius" title="Cathedral of Saint Domnius">mausoleum</a>, which was destroyed when the building was repurposed as a church but of which probable fragments are at the Archaeological Museum in <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split, Croatia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest and best-preserved ones are now conserved at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a> and known as the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi_of_Helena_and_Constantina" title="Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina">Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina</a>. </p><p>Nine other imperial porphyry sarcophagi were long held in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles" title="Church of the Holy Apostles">Church of the Holy Apostles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. They were described by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/De_Ceremoniis" title="De Ceremoniis">De Ceremoniis</a></i> (mid-10th century), who specified them to be respectively of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia" title="Aelia Eudoxia">Aelia Eudoxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a>. Of these, most still exist in complete or fragmentary form, despite depredations by later Byzantine Emperors, <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Crusaders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Ottoman conquerors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four presently adorn the facade of the main building of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stanbul_Archaeology_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="İstanbul Archaeology Museums">İstanbul Archaeology Museums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one whose rounded shape led <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Alexander Vasiliev</a> to suggest attribution to <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Emperor Julian</a> on the basis of Constantine Porphyrogenitus's description. Vasiliev conjectures that the nine imperial sarcophagi, including one which carries a <i>crux ansata</i> or <a href="/wiki/Ankh" title="Ankh">Egyptian cross</a>, were carved in Egypt before shipment to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasiliev_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porphyry_sarcophagi_in_post-Roman_Western_Europe">Porphyry sarcophagi in post-Roman Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Porphyry sarcophagi in post-Roman Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The imperial porphyry sarcophagi tradition was emulated by <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic King</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> (454-526), whose <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Theodoric" title="Mausoleum of Theodoric">mausoleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> still contains a porphyry <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">tub</a> that was used as his sarcophagus. Similarly <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Roman Emperor</a>, was buried at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a> in a porphyry tub<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be the same one known as "<a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert</a>'s tub" (<i>cuve de Dagobert</i>), now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Aragon" title="Peter III of Aragon">Peter III of Aragon</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Santes_Creus" title="Santes Creus">Monastery of Santes Creus</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>, reuses a porphyry <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">tub</a> or <i>alveus</i>, which has been conjectured to be originally the sarcophagus of <a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Late Roman Emperor Constans</a> in his mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa_of_Centcelles" title="Roman villa of Centcelles">Centcelles</a>, a nearby site with a well-preserved 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In twelfth- and thirteenth-century <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, another group of porphyry sarcophagi were produced from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II</a> onward and used for Royal and then <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> burials, namely those of <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">King Roger II</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Sicily" title="William I of Sicily">King William I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constance,_Queen_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance, Queen of Sicily">Empress Constance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick II</a>. They are all now in the <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Cathedral" title="Palermo Cathedral">Palermo Cathedral</a>, except William's in <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a>. Scholar Rosa Bacile argues that they were carved by a local workshop from porphyry imported from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the latter four plausibly (based on observation of their <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluting</a>) all from a single column shaft that may have been taken from the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Caracalla" title="Baths of Caracalla">Baths of Caracalla</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian">Baths of Diocletian</a>. She notes that these Sicilian porphyry sarcophagi "are the very first examples of medieval free-standing secular tombs in the West, and therefore play a unique role within the history of Italian sepulchral art (earlier and later tombs are adjacent to, and dependent on walls)."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six grand porphyry sarcophagi are featured along the walls of the octagonal <i><a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Cappella dei Principi</a></i> (Chapel of the Princes) that was built as one of two <a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">chapels</a> in the architectural complex of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">Basilica of San Lorenzo</a>, in Florence, Italy, for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">de' Medici family</a>. Purple porphyry was used lavishly throughout the opulent chapel as well, with a revetment of marbles, inlaid with other colored marbles and semi-precious stone, that covers the walls completely. Envisioned by <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo I, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> (1537–1574), it was initiated by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I de' Medici">Ferdinand I de' Medici</a>, following a design by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Nigetti" title="Matteo Nigetti">Matteo Nigetti</a> that won an informal competition held in 1602 by <a href="/wiki/Don_Giovanni_de%27_Medici" title="Don Giovanni de' Medici">Don Giovanni de' Medici</a> (a son of Cosimo I), which was altered somewhat during execution by <a href="/wiki/Buontalenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buontalenti">Buontalenti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb" title="Napoleon's tomb">tomb of Napoleon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Louis_Visconti" title="Louis Visconti">Louis Visconti</a>, is centered on the deceased emperor's sarcophagus that often has been described as made of red porphyry although this is incorrect. Napoleon's sarcophagus is made of <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a>, however, its <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">pedestal</a> is made of green andesite porphyry from <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russia_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russia-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sarcophagus of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> was completed in 1858. and was made from a single piece of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornish</a> porphyry,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a type called <a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">luxullianite</a>, which was found in a field near <a href="/wiki/Lostwithiel" title="Lostwithiel">Lostwithiel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarcophagus of Frederick II in Palermo Cathedral, Sicily, made of porphyry"><img alt="Sarcophagus of Frederick II in Palermo Cathedral, Sicily, made of porphyry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tomb_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg/100px-Tomb_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tomb_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg/150px-Tomb_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tomb_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_-_Cathedral_of_Palermo_-_Italy_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarcophagus of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palermo_Cathedral" title="Palermo Cathedral">Palermo Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, made of porphyry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brogi,_Giacomo_(1822-1881)_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_(1870s).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the de' Medici Cappella dei Principi in Florence (1870s photograph)"><img alt="Interior of the de' Medici Cappella dei Principi in Florence (1870s photograph)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_%281870s%29.jpg/150px-Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_%281870s%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_%281870s%29.jpg/225px-Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_%281870s%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_%281870s%29.jpg/300px-Brogi%2C_Giacomo_%281822-1881%29_-_n._3515_-_Firenze_-_S._Lorenzo_Cappella_dei_Principi_%281870s%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the de' Medici <i>Cappella dei Principi</i> in <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence, Italy">Florence</a> (1870s photograph)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sarcophagus of Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris, made of quartzite with a pedestal of green porphyry"><img alt="Sarcophagus of Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris, made of quartzite with a pedestal of green porphyry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg/150px-Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg/225px-Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg/300px-Tumba_de_Napoleon_Bonaparte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sarcophagus of Napoleon in <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>, Paris, made of <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a> with a pedestal of green porphyry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wellington's sarcophagus in the crypt of St Paul's in London made from a single block of luxullianite porphyry"><img alt="Wellington's sarcophagus in the crypt of St Paul's in London made from a single block of luxullianite porphyry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tomb_Wellington.jpg/150px-Tomb_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tomb_Wellington.jpg/225px-Tomb_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tomb_Wellington.jpg/300px-Tomb_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wellington's sarcophagus in the crypt of St Paul's in London made from a single block of <a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">luxullianite</a> porphyry</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In countries where many automobiles have studded <a href="/wiki/Winter_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter tire">winter tires</a> such as Sweden, Finland, and Norway, it is common that highways are paved with <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> made of porphyry aggregate to make the wearing course withstand the extreme wear from the spiked winter tires.<sup id="cite_ref-Lundqvist_2009_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lundqvist_2009-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_textures" title="List of rock textures">List of rock textures</a> – List of rock textural and morphological terms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons_Porphyrites" title="Mons Porphyrites">Mons Porphyrites</a> – Mountainous site of a group of ancient quarries in the Eastern Desert in Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz-porphyry" title="Quartz-porphyry">Quartz-porphyry</a> – Type of volcanic rock containing large porphyritic crystals of quartz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi_of_Helena_and_Constantina" title="Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina">Sarcophagi of Helena and Constantina</a> – Ancient Roman sarcophagi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BRADLEY, M. (2006). COLOUR AND MARBLE IN EARLY IMPERIAL ROME. The Cambridge Classical Journal, 52, 1–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44698291">http://www.jstor.org/stable/44698291</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mari 2015: Z. Mari, “The Marbles from the Villa of Trajan at Arcinazzo Romano (Rome)” in P. Pensabene, E.Gasparini (edited by) Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone, ASMOSIA X, International Conference (Rome, 2012), Rome 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxf-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxf_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"porphyry". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. 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(2009). <i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i> (2nd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Literature+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Burying+the+Duke%3A+Victorian+Mourning+and+the+Funeral+of+the+Duke+of+Wellington&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=384&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162303822%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25058460%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1060150399272026&rft.aulast=Pearsall&rft.aufirst=Cornelia+D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25058460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorphyry+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobley1892" class="citation journal cs1">Lobley, J. Logan (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pRIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA46">"Building stones, their structure and origin"</a>. <i>Stone: An Illustrated Magazine</i>. <b>V</b> (June–November): 46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stone%3A+An+Illustrated+Magazine&rft.atitle=Building+stones%2C+their+structure+and+origin&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=June%E2%80%93November&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Lobley&rft.aufirst=J.+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpRIAAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorphyry+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lundqvist_2009-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lundqvist_2009_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundqvist2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lundqvist_(geologist)" title="Thomas Lundqvist (geologist)">Lundqvist, Thomas</a> (2009). <i>Porfyr i Sverige: En geologisk översikt</i> (in Swedish). Sveriges geologiska undersökning. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7158-960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7158-960-6"><bdi>978-91-7158-960-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porfyr+i+Sverige%3A+En+geologisk+%C3%B6versikt&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Sveriges+geologiska+unders%C3%B6kning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-91-7158-960-6&rft.aulast=Lundqvist&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorphyry+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Porphyry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Porphyry">Porphyry</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euratlas.com/mons_porphyrites/index.html">Pictures of the Mons Porphyrites, Red Sea, Egypt.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520040041/http://www.toyen.uio.no/geomus/nettutstillinger/Osloriften/rombeporfyr-eng.html">Rhomb porphyry lavas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived May 20, 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224144553/http://www.ig.uit.no/geostudiesamling/">Flash showing rhomb porphyry formation</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 24, 2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Porphyry (rock)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Porphyry_(rock)">"Porphyry, in petrology" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Porphyry%2C+in+petrology&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APorphyry+%28geology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output 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title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337238#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Porphyr"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4449809-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Porphyry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85105029">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Porphyre (pétrologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12010154v">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Porphyre (pétrologie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12010154v">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565599305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&oldid=1245471606">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porphyry_(geology)&oldid=1245471606</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Porphyritic_rocks" title="Category:Porphyritic rocks">Porphyritic rocks</a></li><li><a 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