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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Geographica</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fossil formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Volcanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strabo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="إسطرابون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسطرابون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%B3n" title="Estrabón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estrabón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ստրաբոն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ստրաբոն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%B3n" title="Estrabón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrabón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="استرابو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استرابو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B" title="স্ট্রাবো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্ট্রাবো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%B3" title="Estrabó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estrabó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strab%C3%B3n" title="Strabón – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Strabón" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B2%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Στράβων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στράβων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%B3n" title="Estrabón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrabón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabono" title="Strabono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Strabono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrabon" title="Estrabon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estrabon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="استرابون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استرابون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strab%C3%B3" title="Strabó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Strabó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%B3n" title="Estrabón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrabón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8" title="스트라본 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스트라본" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ստրաբոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրաբոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B" title="स्ट्रैबो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्ट्रैबो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabone" title="Strabone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strabone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סטראבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטראבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სტრაბონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტრაბონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabons" title="Strabons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Strabons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabonas" title="Strabonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Strabonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztrab%C3%B3n" title="Sztrabón – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztrabón" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%B4na" title="Estrabôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Estrabôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სტრაბონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტრაბონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="سترابو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سترابو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo_(historicus)" title="Strabo (historicus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Strabo (historicus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3" title="ストラボン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストラボン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrabon" title="Estrabon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estrabon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B2%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Στράβων – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Στράβων" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrab%C3%A3o" title="Estrabão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrabão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straboni" title="Straboni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Straboni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabbuni" title="Strabbuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Strabbuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="اسٽرابو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽرابو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strab%C3%B3n" title="Strabón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Strabón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%86" title="سترابۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سترابۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrabon" title="Estrabon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estrabon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B" title="இசுட்ராபோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுட்ராபோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabone" title="Strabone – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Strabone" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A" title="สตราโบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สตราโบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabon" title="Strabon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Strabon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Страбон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Страбон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="اسٹرابو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹرابو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Strabo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="斯特拉波 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯特拉波" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="史特拉波 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="史特拉波" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2" title="斯特拉波 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯特拉波" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45936#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Greek geographer. For other people called "Strabo", see <a href="/wiki/Strabo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Strabo (disambiguation)">Strabo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Strabo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;">Στράβων</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strabo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Strabo.jpg/250px-Strabo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Strabo.jpg/330px-Strabo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Strabo.jpg/500px-Strabo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">16th-century engraving of Strabo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">64 or 63 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amaseia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a><br />(<span style="font-size: 85%;">modern-day</span> <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a>, Turkey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span> AD 24<br />(aged c. 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">Geographer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Strabo</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Στράβων</span> <i>Strábōn</i>; 64 or 63 BC – <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 24 AD</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> who lived in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> during the transitional period of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. He is best known for his work <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogVIII-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Strabo authored historical works, but only fragments and quotations of these survive in the writings of other authors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg/250px-Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Strabon_Rerum_geographicarum_1620.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Title page from <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a>'s 1620 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Strabo was born to an affluent family from <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amaseia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>) in around 64<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Purcell2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purcell2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family had been involved in politics since at least the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BianchettiCataudella2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BianchettiCataudella2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo was related to <a href="/wiki/Dorylaeus" title="Dorylaeus">Dorylaeus</a> on his mother's side. Several other family members, including his paternal grandfather, had served <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates VI</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a>. As the war drew to a close, Strabo's grandfather had turned several <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontic</a> fortresses over to the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayor2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayor2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo wrote that "great promises were made in exchange for these services", and as <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian</a> culture endured in Amaseia even after Mithridates and <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great#Wars_against_Rome" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes</a> were defeated, scholars have speculated about how the family's support for Rome might have affected their position in the local community, and whether they might have been granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> as a reward.<sup id="cite_ref-BianchettiCataudella2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BianchettiCataudella2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strabo studied under several prominent teachers of various specialities throughout his early life. He mentions all or most of his teachers as prominent citizens of their own respective cities, at different stops during his Mediterranean travels. The first chapter of his education took place in <a href="/wiki/Nysa_on_the_Maeander" title="Nysa on the Maeander">Nysa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Sultanhisar" title="Sultanhisar">Sultanhisar</a>, Turkey) under the master of rhetoric <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_of_Nysa_the_Younger" title="Aristodemus of Nysa the Younger">Aristodemus</a>, the grandson of the famous <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>, whose influence is manifest in Strabo's <i>Geography</i>. Aristdemus had formerly taught the sons of the Roman general who had taken over Pontus. This also highlights the international trend of the era that Greek intellectuals would often instruct the Roman elite. Aristodemus was the head of two schools of rhetoric and grammar, one in Nysa and one in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. The school in Nysa possessed a distinct intellectual curiosity in Homeric literature and the interpretation of the ancient Greek epics. Strabo was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s poetry, perhaps as a consequence of his time spent in Nysa with Aristodemus. </p><p>He was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At around the age of 21, Strabo moved to Rome, in 44 BC, and stayed there, studying and writing, until at least 31 BC. He studied philosophy with the <a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Xenarchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenarchus">Xenarchus</a>, a highly respected tutor in Augustus's court. Despite Xenarchus's Aristotelian leanings, Strabo later gives evidence to have formed his own <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> inclinations.Largely due to his future teacher Athenodorus, tutor of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.In Rome, he also learned grammar under the rich and famous scholar <a href="/wiki/Tyrannion_of_Amisus" title="Tyrannion of Amisus">Tyrannion of Amisus</a>. Thus completing his traditional Greek aristocratic education in rhetoric, grammar, and philosophy. Tyrannion was known to have befriended Cicero and taught his nephew, Quintus. Although Tyrannion was also a Peripatetic, he was more relevantly a respected authority on geography, a fact of some significance considering Strabo's future contributions to the field. </p><p>The final noteworthy mentor to Strabo was <a href="/wiki/Athenodorus_Cananites" title="Athenodorus Cananites">Athenodorus Cananites</a>, a philosopher who had spent his life since 44 BC in Rome forging relationships with the Roman elite. Athenodorus passed onto Strabo his philosophy, his knowledge and his contacts. Unlike the Aristotelian Xenarchus and Tyrannion who preceded him in teaching Strabo, Athenodorus was a <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> and almost certainly the source of Strabo's diversion from the philosophy of his former mentors. Moreover, from his own first-hand experience, Athenodorus provided Strabo with information about regions of the empire which Strabo would not otherwise have known about. The first of Strabo's major works, <i>Historical Sketches</i> (<i>Historica hypomnemata</i>), written while he was in Rome (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20 BC</span>), is nearly completely lost. Meant to cover the history of the known world from the conquest of Greece by the Romans, Strabo quotes it himself and other classical authors mention that it existed, although the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a> (renumbered [Papyrus] 46). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_f_094r_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Nuremberg_chronicles_f_094r_1.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Strabo as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Strabo's life was characterized by extensive travels. He journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>, as far west as coastal <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in addition to his travels in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the time he spent in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Travel throughout the Mediterranean and Near East, especially for scholarly purposes, was popular during this era and was facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">relative peace</a> enjoyed throughout the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (27 BC – AD 14). In 29 BC, on his way to <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> (where Augustus was at the time), he visited the island of <a href="/wiki/Gyaros" title="Gyaros">Gyaros</a> in the Aegean Sea. Around 25 BC, he sailed up the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> until he reached <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which point there is little record of his travels until AD 17. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg/500px-Statue_of_Strabo_in_Amasia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Strabo in his hometown (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a>, Turkey)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is not known precisely when Strabo's <i>Geography</i> was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>. Some place its first drafts around 7 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others around AD 17<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or AD 18.<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest passage to which a date can be assigned is his reference to the death in AD 23 of <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a>, king of Maurousia (<a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>), who is said to have died "just recently".<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogVIII-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He probably worked on the <i>Geography</i> for many years and revised it steadily, but not always consistently. It is an encyclopaedic chronicle and consists of political, economic, social, cultural, and geographic descriptions covering almost all of Europe and the Mediterranean: Britain and Ireland, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul, Germania, the Alps, Italy, Greece, Northern Black Sea region, Anatolia, Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. The <i>Geography</i> is the only extant work providing information about both Greek and Roman peoples and countries during the reign of Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-LCL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the presumption that "recently" means within a year, Strabo stopped writing that year or the next (AD 24), at which time he is thought to have died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographica"><i>Geographica</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Strabo" title="Talk:Strabo">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/500px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG/960px-C%2BB-Geography-Map1-StrabosMap.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Map of the world according to Strabo</figcaption></figure> <p>Strabo is best known for his work <i>Geographica</i> ("Geography"), which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogVIII-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Europe_according_to_Strabo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Map_of_Europe_according_to_Strabo.jpg/350px-Map_of_Europe_according_to_Strabo.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Map_of_Europe_according_to_Strabo.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Map of Europe according to Strabo</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <i>Geographica</i> was rarely used by contemporary writers, a multitude of copies survived throughout the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. It first appeared in Western Europe in Rome as a Latin translation issued around 1469. The <a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">first printed edition</a> was published in 1516 in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a>, classical scholar and editor of Greek texts, provided the first critical edition in 1587. </p><p>Although Strabo cited the classical Greek astronomers <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>, acknowledging their astronomical and mathematical efforts covering geography, he claimed that a descriptive approach was more practical, such that his works were designed for statesmen who were more anthropologically than numerically concerned with the character of countries and regions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As such, <i>Geographica</i> provides a valuable source of information on the ancient world of his day, especially when this information is corroborated by other sources. He travelled extensively, as he says: "Westward I have journeyed to the parts of Etruria opposite Sardinia; towards the south from the <a href="/wiki/Euxine" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine">Euxine</a> [Black Sea] to the borders of Ethiopia; and perhaps not one of those who have written geographies has visited more places than I have between those limits."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known when he wrote <i>Geographica</i>, but he spent much time in the famous library in Alexandria taking notes from "the works of his predecessors". A first edition was published in 7 BC and a final edition no later than 23 AD, in what may have been the last year of Strabo's life. It took some time for <i>Geographica</i> to be recognized by scholars and to become a standard.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexandria itself features extensively in the last book of <i>Geographica</i>, which describes it as a thriving port city with a highly developed local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strabo notes the city's many beautiful public parks, and its network of streets wide enough for chariots and horsemen. "Two of these are exceeding broad, over a plethron in breadth, and cut one another at right angles ... All the buildings are connected one with another, and these also with what are beyond it."<sup id="cite_ref-Davis1912_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1912-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence Kim observes that Strabo is<sup id="cite_ref-Kim2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "... pro-Roman throughout the Geography. But while he acknowledges and even praises Roman ascendancy in the political and military sphere, he also makes a significant effort to establish Greek primacy over Rome in other contexts." </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, Strabo was the first to connect the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> (which he called Danouios) and the Istros – with the change of names occurring at "the cataracts," the modern <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> on the Romanian/Serbian border.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, a country he never visited, Strabo described small flying reptiles that were long with snake-like bodies and bat-like wings (this description matches the Indian flying lizard <i><a href="/wiki/Draco_dussumieri" title="Draco dussumieri">Draco dussumieri</a></i>), winged scorpions, and other mythical creatures along with those that were actually factual.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, mentioned similar creatures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Geology" title="Principles of Geology">Principles of Geology</a></i>, wrote of Strabo:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa ); color: var( --color-base, black ); border: 1px solid #aaa; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">Strabo…enters largely, in the Second Book of his <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a></i>, into the opinions of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a> and other Greeks on one of the most difficult problems in geology, <i>viz</i>., by what causes marine shells came to be plentifully buried in the earth at such great elevations and distances from the sea. <p>He notices, amongst others, the explanation of <a href="/wiki/Xanthus_(historian)" title="Xanthus (historian)">Xanthus</a> the Lydian, who said that the seas had once been more extensive, and that they had afterwards been partially dried up, as in his own time many lakes, rivers, and wells in Asia had failed during a season of drought. Treating this conjecture with merited disregard, Strabo passes on to the hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato</a>, the natural philosopher, who had observed that the quantity of mud brought down by rivers into the Euxine [Black Sea] was so great, that its bed must be gradually raised, while the rivers still continued to pour in an undiminished quantity of water. He therefore conceived that, originally, when the Euxine was an inland sea, its level had by this means become so much elevated that it burst its barrier near Byzantium, and formed a communication with the <a href="/wiki/Propontis" class="mw-redirect" title="Propontis">Propontis</a> [Sea of Marmara], and this partial drainage had already, he supposed, converted the left side into marshy ground, and that, at last, the whole would be choked up with soil. So, it was argued, the Mediterranean had once opened a passage for itself by the <a href="/wiki/Columns_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Columns of Hercules">Columns of Hercules</a> into the Atlantic, and perhaps the abundance of sea-shells in Africa, near the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)#Syncretic_or_geographical_epithets" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Ammon</a>, might also be the deposit of some former inland sea, which had at length forced a passage and escaped. </p><p>But Strabo rejects this theory as insufficient to account for all the phenomena, and he proposes one of his own, the profoundness of which modern geologists are only beginning to appreciate. 'It is not,' he says, 'because the lands covered by seas were originally at different altitudes, that the waters have risen, or subsided, or receded from some parts and inundated others. But the reason is, that the same land is sometimes raised up and sometimes depressed, and the sea also is simultaneously raised and depressed so that it either overflows or returns into its own place again. We must, therefore, ascribe the cause to the ground, either to that ground which is under the sea, or to that which becomes flooded by it, but rather to that which lies beneath the sea, for this is more moveable, and, on account of its humidity, can be altered with great celerity. It is proper,' he observes in continuation, '<i>to derive our explanations from things which are obvious, and in some measure of daily occurrences, such as deluges, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and sudden swellings of the land beneath the sea;</i> for the last raise up the sea also, and when the same lands subside again, they occasion the sea to be let down. And it is not merely the small, but the large islands also, and not merely the islands, but the continents, which can be lifted up together with the sea; and both large and small tracts may subside, for habitations and cities, like Bure, Bizona, and many others, have been engulfed by earthquakes.' </p> In another place, this learned geographer [Strabo], in alluding to the tradition that Sicily had been separated by a convulsion from Italy, remarks, that at present the land near the sea in those parts was rarely shaken by earthquakes, since there were now open orifices whereby fire and ignited matters and waters escaped; but formerly, when the volcanoes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Etna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lipari_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipari Islands">Lipari Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, and others, were closed up, the imprisoned fire and wind might have produced far more vehement movements. The doctrine, therefore, that volcanoes are safety valves, and that the subterranean convulsions are probably most violent when first the volcanic energy shifts itself to a new quarter, is not modern.</div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_formation">Fossil formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Strabo commented on fossil formation mentioning <a href="/wiki/Nummulite" title="Nummulite">Nummulite</a> (quoted from <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r" title="Celâl Şengör">Celâl Şengör</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogVIII-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>One extraordinary thing which I saw at the pyramids must not be omitted. Heaps of stones from the quarries lie in front of the pyramids. Among these are found pieces which in shape and size resemble lentils. Some contain substances like grains half peeled. These, it is said, are the remnants of the workmen's food converted into stone; which is not probable. For at home in our country (Amaseia), there is a long hill in a plain, which abounds with pebbles of a porous stone, resembling lentils. The pebbles of the sea-shore and of rivers suggest somewhat of the same difficulty [respecting their origin]; some explanation may indeed be found in the motion [to which these are subject] in flowing waters, but the investigation of the above fact presents more difficulty. I have said elsewhere, that in sight of the pyramids, on the other side in Arabia, and near the stone quarries from which they are built, is a very rocky mountain, called the Trojan mountain; beneath it there are caves, and near the caves and the river a village called Troy, an ancient settlement of the captive Trojans who had accompanied Menelaus and settled there.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanism">Volcanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Volcanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Strabo commented on <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruption</a>) which he observed at <a href="/wiki/Katakekaumene" title="Katakekaumene">Katakekaumene</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Kula_(volcano)" title="Kula (volcano)">Kula</a>, Western Turkey). Strabo's observations predated <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> who witnessed the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> on 24 August AD 79 in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-StraboGeogVI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraboGeogVI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>…There are no trees here, but only the vineyards where they produce the Katakekaumene wines which are by no means inferior from any of the wines famous for their quality. The soil is covered with ashes, and black in colour as if the mountainous and rocky country was made up of fires. Some assume that these ashes were the result of thunderbolts and subterranean explosions, and do not doubt that the legendary story of <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a> takes place in this region. Ksanthos adds that the king of this region was a man called Arimus. However, it is not reasonable to accept that the whole country was burned down at a time as a result of such an event rather than as a result of a fire bursting from underground whose source has now died out. Three pits are called "Physas" and separated by forty stadia from each other. Above these pits, there are hills formed by the hot masses burst out from the ground as estimated by a logical reasoning. Such type of soil is very convenient for <a href="/wiki/Viniculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniculture">viniculture</a>, just like the Katanasoil which is covered with ashes and where the best wines are still produced abundantly. Some writers concluded by looking at these places that there is a good reason for calling Dionysus by the name ("Phrygenes").</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeineke1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Meineke" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Meineke">Meineke, Augustus</a>, ed. (1877). <i>Strabonis Geographica</i>. Lipsiae: B.G. Teubneri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabonis+Geographica&rft.place=Lipsiae&rft.pub=B.G.+Teubneri&rft.date=1877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1852" class="citation book cs1">Strabo (1852). Kramer, Gustav (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BXICAAAAQAAJ"><i>Strabonis Geographica. Recens. G. Kramer. Ed. minor</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabonis+Geographica.+Recens.+G.+Kramer.+Ed.+minor&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BXICAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadt2002–2011" class="citation book cs1">Radt, Stefan, ed. (2002–2011). <i>Strabons Geographika : mit Übersetzung und Kommentar</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabons+Geographika+%3A+mit+%C3%9Cbersetzung+und+Kommentar&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2002%2F2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jones, H. L., transl. (1917). <i>The Geography of Strabo</i>. London: Heinemann.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Strabo's Geography</i> in three volumes as translated by H.C. Hamilton and W. Falconer, ed. by H.G. Bohn, 1854–1857</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_situ_orbis_from_Albi" title="De situ orbis from Albi"><i>De situ orbis</i> from Albi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Strabo</i> (meaning "squinty", as in <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a>) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed. The father of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> was called "<a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Strabo" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo">Pompeius Strabo</a>". A native of Sicily so clear-sighted that he could see things at great distance as if they were nearby was also called "Strabo".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accompanied by prefect of Egypt Aelius Gallus, who had been sent on a military mission to Arabia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-StraboGeogVIII-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogVIII_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strabo (1949). "34". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.57232/2015.57232.Geography-Of-Strabo-Vol-8#page/n99/search/Menelaus"><i>Geography</i></a>. Vol. VIII Book XVII. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. London: William Heinemann. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=34&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.57232%2F2015.57232.Geography-Of-Strabo-Vol-8%23page%2Fn99%2Fsearch%2FMenelaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purcell2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Purcell2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurcell2014" class="citation book cs1">Purcell, Nicholas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198706779.001.0001/acref-9780198706779-e-602">"Strabo"</a>. In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA757"><i>The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 757. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870677-9"><bdi>978-0-19-870677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strabo&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Civilization&rft.pages=757&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870677-9&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198706779.001.0001%2Facref-9780198706779-e-602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BianchettiCataudella2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BianchettiCataudella2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BianchettiCataudella2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBianchettiCataudellaGehrke2015" class="citation book cs1">Bianchetti, Serena; Cataudella, Michele; Gehrke, Hans-Joachim (4 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to8DCwAAQBAJ"><i>Brill's Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28471-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28471-5"><bdi>978-90-04-28471-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Companion+to+Ancient+Geography%3A+The+Inhabited+World+in+Greek+and+Roman+Tradition&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015-12-04&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28471-5&rft.aulast=Bianchetti&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft.au=Cataudella%2C+Michele&rft.au=Gehrke%2C+Hans-Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dto8DCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayor2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayor2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayor2011" class="citation book cs1">Mayor, Adrienne (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKnFZa4LNjQC&pg=PR9"><i>The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15026-0"><bdi>978-0-691-15026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poison+King%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Mithradates%2C+Rome%27s+Deadliest+Enemy&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-03&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15026-0&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKnFZa4LNjQC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Strabo">"Strabo | Greek geographer and historian"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Strabo+%26%23124%3B+Greek+geographer+and+historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FStrabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraboGeogI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogI_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogI_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1917" class="citation book cs1">Strabo (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/L049StraboGeographyI/L049-Strabo%20Geography%20I#page/n23"><i>Geography</i></a>. Vol. I. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. London: William Heinemann. p. xxv–xxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxv-xxvi&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FL049StraboGeographyI%2FL049-Strabo%2520Geography%2520I%23page%2Fn23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Pothecary, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strabo.ca/when.html">When was the Geography written?</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LCL_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL049/1917/volume.xml"><i>Strabo, Geography, Volume I: Books 1–2</i></a>. n.d. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674990555" title="Special:BookSources/9780674990555"><bdi>9780674990555</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo%2C+Geography%2C+Volume+I%3A+Books+1%E2%80%932&rft.isbn=9780674990555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loebclassics.com%2Fview%2FLCL049%2F1917%2Fvolume.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geographie, Band 1, Strabo, S.17, Strabo, Karl Kärcher, Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel, Christian Nathanael Osiander, Gustav Schwab, Verlag Metzler, 1831.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDueck2017" class="citation book cs1">Dueck, Daniela, ed. (2017). <i>The Routledge Companion to Strabo</i>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31744-586-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31744-586-9"><bdi>978-1-31744-586-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Strabo&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-31744-586-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html#5.11">"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book II Chapter 5 (§§ 1‑17)"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Strabo%27s+Geography+%E2%80%94+Book+II+Chapter+5+%28%C2%A7%C2%A7+1%E2%80%9117%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FStrabo%2F2E1%2A.html%235.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enotes.com/topics/strabo/critical-essays">"Strabo Critical Essays - eNotes.com"</a>. <i>eNotes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eNotes&rft.atitle=Strabo+Critical+Essays+-+eNotes.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Ftopics%2Fstrabo%2Fcritical-essays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo, Geography 17.1.6, 7, 8, 13; translated by Brent Shaw. Attained from: E.A. Pollard, C. Rosenberg, and R.L. Tignor, et al. Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Concise, Volume One: Beginnings through the Fifteenth Century (W.W. Norton, 2015) Pg. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1912-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1912_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/William_Stearns_Davis" title="William Stearns Davis">Davis, William Stearns</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/readingsinancie01davigoog#page/n346/search/alexandria"><i>Reading in Ancient History</i></a>. Vol. I: Greece and the East. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. <span class="nowrap">325–</span>329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+in+Ancient+History&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+Stearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freadingsinancie01davigoog%23page%2Fn346%2Fsearch%2Falexandria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim2010_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2010" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Lawrence (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7Bg3zRom6QC&pg=PA83"><i>Homer between History and Fiction in Imperial Greek Literature</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49024-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49024-5"><bdi>978-1-139-49024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+between+History+and+Fiction+in+Imperial+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49024-5&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7Bg3zRom6QC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoller2015" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane W. (27 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsqJDwAAQBAJ&q=Serbs+in+Strabo&pg=PA163"><i>Ancient Geography: The Discovery of the World in Classical Greece and Rome</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857725660" title="Special:BookSources/9780857725660"><bdi>9780857725660</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Geography%3A+The+Discovery+of+the+World+in+Classical+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.isbn=9780857725660&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsqJDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbs%2Bin%2BStrabo%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson9/chapter01.html">"Chapter 1 – Account of India by the Greek Writer Strabo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1+%E2%80%93+Account+of+India+by+the+Greek+Writer+Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fbritishraj%2FJackson9%2Fchapter01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyell1832" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell, Charles</a> (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog"><i>Principles of Geology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog/page/n42">20</a>–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Geology&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Lyell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesgeolo01unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraboGeogVI-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StraboGeogVI_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrabo1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Strabo (1950). "11". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.2918/2918#page/n191/search/Dionysus+"><i>Geography</i></a>. Vol. VI Book XIII. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones. London: William Heinemann. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Strabo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.gov.ignca.2918%2F2918%23page%2Fn191%2Fsearch%2FDionysus%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, H. L., transl. (1917). <i>The Geography of Strabo</i>. London: Heinemann. In eight volumes: <a href="//archive.org/details/geographyofstrab00stra/page/n7" class="extiw" title="iarchive:geographyofstrab00stra/page/n7">Vol 1</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57226/page/n3" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.57226/page/n3">Vol 2</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2915/page/n3" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.gov.ignca.2915/page/n3">Vol 3</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57228/page/n5" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.57228/page/n5">Vol 4</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/geographyofstrab05strauoft/page/n6" class="extiw" title="iarchive:geographyofstrab05strauoft/page/n6">Vol 5</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/geographyofstrab06strauoft/page/n8" class="extiw" title="iarchive:geographyofstrab06strauoft/page/n8">Vol 6</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/geographyofstrab07strauoft/page/n10" class="extiw" title="iarchive:geographyofstrab07strauoft/page/n10">Vol 7</a>; <a href="//archive.org/details/geographyvolumev00stra/page/n7" class="extiw" title="iarchive:geographyvolumev00stra/page/n7">Vol 8</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0004%3Aid%3Dstrabo">"Biography of Strabo"</a>. Tufts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Strabo&rft.pub=Tufts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fptext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.04.0004%253Aid%253Dstrabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Strabo". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (15th ed.). 1998. pp. <span class="nowrap">296–</span>297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Strabo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E296-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.edition=15th&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiller1975" class="citation book cs1">Diller, A. (1975). <i>The Textual Tradition of Strabo's Geography</i>. Amsterdam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Textual+Tradition+of+Strabo%27s+Geography&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDueck2000" class="citation book cs1">Dueck, Daniela (2000). <i>Strabo of Amasia: Greek Man of Letters in Augustan Rome</i>. New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo+of+Amasia%3A+Greek+Man+of+Letters+in+Augustan+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Dueck&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDueck,_D.H._LindsayS._Pothecary2005" class="citation book cs1">Dueck, D.; H. Lindsay; S. Pothecary, eds. (2005). <i>Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo%27s+Cultural+Geography%3A+The+Making+of+a+Kolossourgia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Lindberg, David C. (2008). <i>The Beginnings of Western Science The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical, Religious, and Institutional Context, Prehistory A.D. 1450</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Western+Science+The+European+Scientific+Tradition+in+Philosophical%2C+Religious%2C+and+Institutional+Context%2C+Prehistory+A.D.+1450&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoller2014" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane (2014). <i>The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Strabo%3A+An+English+Translation%2C+with+Introduction+and+Notes&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStrabo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bowersock, Glen W. 2005. "La patria di Strabone." In <i>Strabone e l'Asia Minore.</i> Edited by Anna Maria Biraschi and Giovanni Salmieri, 15–23. Studi di Storia e di Storiografia. Göttingen, Germany: Edizione Scientifiche Italiane.</li> <li>Braund, David. 2006. "Greek Geography and Roman Empire: The Transformation of Tradition in Strabo's Euxine." In <i>Strabo's Cultural Geography: The Making of a Kolossourgia.</i> Edited by Daniela Dueck, Hugh Lindsay, and Sarah Pothecary, 216–234. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.</li> <li>Clarke, Katherine. 1997. "In Search of the Author of Strabo's Geography." <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 87:92–110.</li> <li>Diller, Aubrey. 1975. <i>The Textual Tradition of Strabo's Geography.</i> Amsterdam: Hakkert.</li> <li>Irby, Georgia L. 2012. "Mapping the World: Greek Initiatives from Homer to Eratosthenes." In <i>Ancient Perspectives: Maps and their Place in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome.</i> Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert, 81–107. Kenneth Nebenzahl Jr. Lectures in the History of Cartography. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Kim, Lawrence. 2007. "The Portrait of Homer in Strabo's Geography." <i>Classical Philology</i> 102.4: 363–388.</li> <li>Kuin, Inger N.I. 2017. "Rewriting Family History: Strabo and the Mithridatic Wars." <i>Phoenix</i> 71.1-2: 102–118.</li> <li>Pfuntner, Laura. 2017. "Death and Birth in the Urban Landscape: Strabo on Troy and Rome." <i>Classical Antiquity</i> 36.1: 33–51.</li> <li>Pothecary, Sarah. 1999. "Strabo the Geographer: His Name and its Meaning." <i>Mnemosyne</i>, 4th ser. 52.6: 691–704</li> <li>Richards, G. C. 1941. "Strabo: The Anatolian who Failed of Roman Recognition." <i>Greece and Rome</i> 10.29: 79–90.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strabo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Strabo</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Strabo&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Strabo">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Strabo&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Strabo</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Strabo&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Strabo">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Strabo&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Strabo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Strabo">Strabo</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Strabo" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Strabo">Strabo</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Greek <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B2%CF%89%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="s:el:Στράβων">Στράβων</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html"><i>Geography</i></a> (Loeb Classical Library, H. L. Jones translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=+at+Strabo">Works by Strabo at Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0004:alphabetic+letter=S:entry+group=8:entry=strabo">Biography of Strabo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42968">Works by Strabo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/applications/strabo/">Map of the Toponyms in the Geography of Strabo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131034002/http://awmc.unc.edu/awmc/applications/strabo/">Archived</a> 2023-01-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Strabo%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Strabo%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Strabo%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Strabo%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Strabo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek astronomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_astronomy120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaonice" title="Aglaonice">Aglaonice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_(astronomer)" title="Agrippa (astronomer)">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Cyrrhus" title="Andronicus of Cyrrhus">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Perga" title="Apollonius of Perga">Apollonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos" title="Aristarchus of Samos">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristyllus" title="Aristyllus">Aristyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_of_Rhodes" title="Attalus of Rhodes">Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus_of_Pitane" title="Autolycus of Pitane">Autolycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Abdera" title="Bion of Abdera">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callippus" title="Callippus">Callippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomedes" title="Cleomedes">Cleomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleostratus" title="Cleostratus">Cleostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_of_Samos" title="Conon of Samos">Conon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geminus" title="Geminus">Geminus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclides_Ponticus" title="Heraclides Ponticus">Heraclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicetas" title="Hicetas">Hicetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates_of_Chios" title="Hippocrates of Chios">Hippocrates of Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsicles" title="Hypsicles">Hypsicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria" title="Menelaus of Alexandria">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meton_of_Athens" title="Meton of Athens">Meton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenopides" title="Oenopides">Oenopides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Opus" title="Philip of Opus">Philip of Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philolaus" title="Philolaus">Philolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_of_Seleucia" title="Seleucus of Seleucia">Seleucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosigenes of Alexandria">Sosigenes of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosigenes_the_Peripatetic" title="Sosigenes the Peripatetic">Sosigenes the Peripatetic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Bithynia" title="Theodosius of Bithynia">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Alexandria" title="Theon of Alexandria">Theon of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theon_of_Smyrna" title="Theon of Smyrna">Theon of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocharis" title="Timocharis">Timocharis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest"><i>Almagest</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ptolemy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi"><i>Catasterismi</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Eratosthenes)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sizes_and_Distances_(Hipparchus)" title="On Sizes and Distances (Hipparchus)"><i>On Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Hipparchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sizes_and_Distances_(Aristarchus)" title="On the Sizes and Distances (Aristarchus)"><i>On the Sizes and Distances</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Aristarchus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens"><i>On the Heavens</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Aristotle)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">Gnomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callippic_cycle" title="Callippic cycle">Callippic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">Circle of latitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchic_cycle" title="Hipparchic cycle">Hipparchic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_and_superior_planets" title="Inferior and superior planets">Inferior and superior planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaeteris" title="Octaeteris">Octaeteris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Amasya_District168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amasya_District" title="Template:Amasya District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amasya_District" title="Template talk:Amasya District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amasya_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amasya District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Amasya_District168" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amasya_District" title="Amasya District">Amasya District</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyaret,_Amasya" title="Ziyaret, Amasya">Ziyaret</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Abacı, Amasya">Abacı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksalur,_Amasya" title="Aksalur, Amasya">Aksalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akta%C5%9F,_Amasya" title="Aktaş, Amasya">Aktaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akyaz%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Akyazı, Amasya">Akyazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alakad%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Alakadı, Amasya">Alakadı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albayrak,_Amasya" title="Albayrak, Amasya">Albayrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%B1%C3%A7lar,_Amasya" title="Ardıçlar, Amasya">Ardıçlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av%C5%9Far,_Amasya" title="Avşar, Amasya">Avşar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nca,_Amasya" title="Aydınca, Amasya">Aydınca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1nl%C4%B1k,_Amasya" title="Aydınlık, Amasya">Aydınlık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aydo%C4%9Fdu,_Amasya" title="Aydoğdu, Amasya">Aydoğdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flar%C3%BCst%C3%BC,_Amasya" title="Bağlarüstü, Amasya">Bağlarüstü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1ca,_Amasya" title="Bağlıca, Amasya">Bağlıca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat,_Amasya" title="Bayat, Amasya">Bayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beke,_Amasya" title="Beke, Amasya">Beke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belda%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Beldağı, Amasya">Beldağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fak%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Boğaköy, Amasya">Boğaköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ke,_Amasya" title="Böke, Amasya">Böke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulduklu,_Amasya" title="Bulduklu, Amasya">Bulduklu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atal%C3%A7am,_Amasya" title="Çatalçam, Amasya">Çatalçam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87avu%C5%9Fk%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Çavuşköy, Amasya">Çavuşköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87engelkay%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Çengelkayı, Amasya">Çengelkayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87i%C4%9Fdemlik,_Amasya" title="Çiğdemlik, Amasya">Çiğdemlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ivi,_Amasya" title="Çivi, Amasya">Çivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dad%C4%B1k%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Dadıköy, Amasya">Dadıköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damudere,_Amasya" title="Damudere, Amasya">Damudere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De%C4%9Firmendere,_Amasya" title="Değirmendere, Amasya">Değirmendere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direkli,_Amasya" title="Direkli, Amasya">Direkli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fantepe,_Amasya" title="Doğantepe, Amasya">Doğantepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duruca,_Amasya" title="Duruca, Amasya">Duruca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliktekke,_Amasya" title="Eliktekke, Amasya">Eliktekke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermi%C5%9F,_Amasya" title="Ermiş, Amasya">Ermiş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskik%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca,_Amasya" title="Eskikızılca, Amasya">Eskikızılca</a></li> <li>Ezinepazar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerne" title="Gerne">Gerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kdere,_Amasya" title="Gökdere, Amasya">Gökdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6zlek,_Amasya" title="Gözlek, Amasya">Gözlek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifeli,_Amasya" title="Halifeli, Amasya">Halifeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasabdal,_Amasya" title="Hasabdal, Amasya">Hasabdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0becik,_Amasya" title="İbecik, Amasya">İbecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lgazi,_Amasya" title="İlgazi, Amasya">İlgazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lyas,_Amasya" title="İlyas, Amasya">İlyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0pekk%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="İpekköy, Amasya">İpekköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalebo%C4%9Faz%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Kaleboğazı, Amasya">Kaleboğazı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalek%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Kaleköy, Amasya">Kaleköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kaya,_Amasya" title="Kapıkaya, Amasya">Kapıkaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaali,_Amasya" title="Karaali, Amasya">Karaali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara%C3%A7avu%C5%9F,_Amasya" title="Karaçavuş, Amasya">Karaçavuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaibrahim,_Amasya" title="Karaibrahim, Amasya">Karaibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakese,_Amasya" title="Karakese, Amasya">Karakese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak%C3%B6pr%C3%BC,_Amasya" title="Karaköprü, Amasya">Karaköprü</a></li> <li>Karataş</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsan,_Amasya" title="Karsan, Amasya">Karsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaba%C5%9F%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Kayabaşı, Amasya">Kayabaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayac%C4%B1k,_Amasya" title="Kayacık, Amasya">Kayacık</a></li> <li>Kayrak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C3%A7ili,_Amasya" title="Keçili, Amasya">Keçili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Flik,_Amasya" title="Keşlik, Amasya">Keşlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca,_Amasya" title="Kızılca, Amasya">Kızılca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lk%C4%B1%C5%9Flac%C4%B1k,_Amasya" title="Kızılkışlacık, Amasya">Kızılkışlacık</a></li> <li>Kızoğlu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1zseki,_Amasya" title="Kızseki, Amasya">Kızseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6yce%C4%9Fiz,_Amasya" title="Köyceğiz, Amasya">Köyceğiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCkk%C4%B1z%C4%B1lca,_Amasya" title="Küçükkızılca, Amasya">Küçükkızılca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutu,_Amasya" title="Kutu, Amasya">Kutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzge%C3%A7e,_Amasya" title="Kuzgeçe, Amasya">Kuzgeçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmatlar,_Amasya" title="Mahmatlar, Amasya">Mahmatlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C5%9Feli%C3%A7iftli%C4%9Fi" title="Meşeliçiftliği">Meşeliçiftliği</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musak%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Musaköy, Amasya">Musaköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluz,_Amasya" title="Oluz, Amasya">Oluz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orman%C3%B6z%C3%BC,_Amasya" title="Ormanözü, Amasya">Ormanözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Ortaköy, Amasya">Ortaköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovasaray,_Amasya" title="Ovasaray, Amasya">Ovasaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zf%C4%B1nd%C4%B1kl%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Özfındıklı, Amasya">Özfındıklı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarayc%C4%B1k,_Amasya" title="Saraycık, Amasya">Saraycık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray%C3%B6z%C3%BC,_Amasya" title="Sarayözü, Amasya">Sarayözü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1alan,_Amasya" title="Sarıalan, Amasya">Sarıalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1k%C4%B1z,_Amasya" title="Sarıkız, Amasya">Sarıkız</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1me%C5%9Fe,_Amasya" title="Sarımeşe, Amasya">Sarımeşe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yar,_Amasya" title="Sarıyar, Amasya">Sarıyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazk%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Sazköy, Amasya">Sazköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevincer,_Amasya" title="Sevincer, Amasya">Sevincer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eeyhsadi,_Amasya" title="Şeyhsadi, Amasya">Şeyhsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1racevizler,_Amasya" title="Sıracevizler, Amasya">Sıracevizler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma,_Amasya" title="Soma, Amasya">Soma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar,_Amasya" title="Tatar, Amasya">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzsuz,_Amasya" title="Tuzsuz, Amasya">Tuzsuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cm%C3%BCk,_Amasya" title="Ümük, Amasya">Ümük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uygur,_Amasya" title="Uygur, Amasya">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fc%C4%B1abdal,_Amasya" title="Yağcıabdal, Amasya">Yağcıabdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fmur,_Amasya" title="Yağmur, Amasya">Yağmur</a></li> <li>Yassıçal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavru,_Amasya" title="Yavru, Amasya">Yavru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fildere,_Amasya" title="Yeşildere, Amasya">Yeşildere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C3%B6z,_Amasya" title="Yeşilöz, Amasya">Yeşilöz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1k%C4%B1lgan,_Amasya" title="Yıkılgan, Amasya">Yıkılgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1zk%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Yıldızköy, Amasya">Yıldızköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolyan%C4%B1,_Amasya" title="Yolyanı, Amasya">Yolyanı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvac%C4%B1k,_Amasya" title="Yuvacık, Amasya">Yuvacık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvak%C3%B6y,_Amasya" title="Yuvaköy, Amasya">Yuvaköy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_University" title="Amasya University">Amasya University </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Amasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Museum of Amasya">Archaeological Museum of Amasya </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque_(Amasya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayezid II Mosque (Amasya)">Bayezid II Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmali_Minare_Mosque_(Amasya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmali Minare Mosque (Amasya)">Burmali Minare Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Aga_Medrese" title="Büyük Aga Medrese">Büyük Aga Medrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhad_and_Shirin_Monument" title="Farhad and Shirin Monument">Farhad and Shirin Monument</a></li> <li>Harsene Kalesi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stasyon_Bridge" title="İstasyon Bridge">İstasyon Bridge</a></li> <li>Seljuk Burmali Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_kings_of_Pontus" title="Tombs of the kings of Pontus">Tombs of the kings of Pontus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Circular" title="Amasya Circular">Amasya Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Protocol" title="Amasya Protocol">Amasya Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_trials" title="Amasya trials">Amasya trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Army_(Turkey)" title="Central Army (Turkey)">Central Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amirdovlat_of_Amasia" title="Amirdovlat of Amasia">Amirdovlat Amasiatsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45936#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5033" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45936#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata5033" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45936#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000355646565">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100219883">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108906654">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67145857119222922896">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/683154380957530291401">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100219865">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100219896">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/267918424">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/417159474196327662052">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/63161935576739672357">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4419159478282127990007">10</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/457144647703092521766">11</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/862165573947037800003">12</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3673156811373945390003">13</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316907810">14</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/610159474200227661526">15</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/52225/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFvrwGt7PJMvJV8TTkXcX">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118618806">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80035710">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925629v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925629v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00475701">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Strabo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV081436">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36017850">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210586&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1110117">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/198629">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068949111">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90412753">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000234233&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000132603&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000095825">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=29923">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000031176">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm1366072s8h6c1">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565061105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/44787">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268544205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512726306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14361755">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01311957?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:strabo.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1187741">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118618806.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118618806">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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