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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kurgan_stelae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurgan_stelae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kurgan stelae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurgan_stelae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Confederations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Confederations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Confederations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Confederations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kimek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kimek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Physical appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kipchak_peoples_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kipchak_peoples_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Kipchak peoples and languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kipchak_peoples_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kipchaks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%82" title="القفجاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القفجاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1p%C3%A7aqlar" title="Qıpçaqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qıpçaqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قیپچاقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قیپچاقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡыпсаҡтар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыпсаҡтар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Полаўцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Полаўцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Хибчагууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хибчагууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiptxak" title="Kiptxak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kiptxak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăпчаксем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăпчаксем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyp%C4%8Daci" title="Kypčaci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kypčaci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiptjakker" title="Kiptjakker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kiptjakker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiptschak_(Volk)" title="Kiptschak (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kiptschak (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polovetsid" title="Polovetsid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polovetsid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Κιπτσάκοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιπτσάκοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_kipchak" title="Pueblo kipchak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo kipchak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip%C4%89akoj" title="Kipĉakoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kipĉakoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="قبچاق‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قبچاق‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%B5%EC%B0%A8%ED%81%AC%EC%9D%B8" title="킵차크인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킵차크인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%82%D6%83%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ղփչաղներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ղփչաղներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Kipchak" title="Suku Kipchak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Kipchak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip%C4%8Daki" title="Kipčaki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kipčaki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყივჩაყები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყივჩაყები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қыпшақтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қыпшақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кыпчактар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кыпчактар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipcsakok" title="Kipcsakok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kipcsakok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%83" title="كيبشاك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيبشاك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Кипчак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кипчак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiptsjaken" title="Kiptsjaken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiptsjaken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%97%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF" title="キプチャク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キプチャク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiptsjaker" title="Kiptsjaker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kiptsjaker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qipchoqlar" title="Qipchoqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qipchoqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%8D%D9%82%D9%BE%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82" title="‍قپچاق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="‍قپچاق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipczacy" title="Kipczacy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kipczacy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipechaques" title="Quipechaques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quipechaques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1p%C3%A7aqlar" title="Qıpçaqlar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qıpçaqlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip%C4%8Daki" title="Kipčaki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kipčaki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кипчаци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кипчаци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipt%C5%A1akit" title="Kiptšakit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiptšakit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiptjaker" title="Kiptjaker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kiptjaker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கிப்சாக்குகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிப்சாக்குகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кыпчаклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кыпчаклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%BE%D2%9B%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Қипчоқҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қипчоқҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1p%C3%A7aklar" title="Kıpçaklar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıpçaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypjaklar" title="Gypjaklar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gypjaklar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кипчаки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кипчаки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%BE%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%8C_%D9%82%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%81" title="قپچاق، قبیلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قپچاق، قبیلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Kipchak" title="Người Kipchak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Kipchak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="钦察 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钦察" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F" title="欽察 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欽察" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval Turkic nomadic tribe of Central Asia and Europe</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_(13.)_tr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_%2813.%29_tr.png/330px-State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_%2813.%29_tr.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_%2813.%29_tr.png/495px-State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_%2813.%29_tr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_%2813.%29_tr.png/660px-State_of_Cuman-Kipchak_%2813.%29_tr.png 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Cuman-Kipchak state in 1200-1241</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kipchaks</b> or <b>Qipchaqs</b>, also known as <b>Kipchak Turks</b> or <b>Polovtsians</b>, were <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> and then a confederation that existed in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> inhabiting parts of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>. </p><p>First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>, they most likely inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak confederation</a> and later as part of a confederation with the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>. There were groups of Kipchaks in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a> was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the early 13th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kipchaks interpreted their name as meaning "hollow tree" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Turkic">Middle Turkic</a>: <i><b>kuv</b> ağaç</i>);<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)" title="Gyula Németh (linguist)">Németh</a> points to the Siberian <i>qıpčaq</i> "angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Sağay dialect</a> (a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas language</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Klyashtorny links Kipchak to <i>qovı</i>, <i>qovuq</i> "unfortunate, unlucky"; yet <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden</a> sees a better match in <i>qıv</i> "good fortune" and adjectival suffix <i>-čāq</i>. Regardless, Golden notes that the ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baba_010.jpg/250px-Baba_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baba_010.jpg/375px-Baba_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Baba_010.jpg/500px-Baba_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Kipchak portrait in a 12th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">balbal</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Luhansk" title="Luhansk">Luhansk</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Kipchak steppe</a>, a complex ethnic assimilation and consolidation process took place between the 11th and 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western Kipchak tribes absorbed people of <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a> and other origin; the eastern Kipchak merged with the <a href="/wiki/Kimek_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek tribe">Kimek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Kara-Khitai</a> and others. They were all identified by the ethnonym <i>Kipchak</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups and tribes of possible <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">para-Mongolic</a> extraction were also incorporated into the eastern Kipchak conglomerate. Peter Golden argues that the Ölberli were pushed westwards due to socio-political changes among the para-Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Khitans" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitans">Khitans</a>, such as the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> and formation of the Qara Khitai, and attached themselves to the eastern Kipchak confederation where they eventually came to form a part of the ruling strata and elite. Golden identifies the Ölberli with the Qay whom are recorded as the <i>Xi</i> in Chinese sources and <i>Tatabı</i> in Turkic inscriptions, and were of Mongolic or para-Mongolic background - likely stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese histories only mentioned the Kipchaks a few times: for example, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> general <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%9F%E5%93%88" class="extiw" title="zh:土土哈">Tutuha</a>'s origin from Kipchak tribe Ölberli,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or some information about the Kipchaks' homeland, horses, and the Kipchaks' physiognomy and psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJHB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJHB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017213,_217–218,_225–226_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017213,_217–218,_225–226-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG/220px-0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG/330px-0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG/440px-0925_Kipchak_style_helmet_13th_c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3903" /></a><figcaption>Kipchak-style helmet, 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kipchaks were first unambiguously mentioned in Persian geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">ibn Khordadbeh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(Ibn_Khordadbeh)" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Ibn Khordadbeh)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms</a> as a northernly Turkic tribe, after <a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimek_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek tribe">Kimeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a>, <i>J.f.r</i> (either corrupted from <i><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Jikil</a></i> or representing <i>Majfar</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Majğar</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a>, Aðkiš, and before <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2014186_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2014186-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kipchaks possibly appeared in the 8th-century Moyun Chur inscription as <i>Türk-Qïbchaq</i>, mentioned as having been part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a> for fifty years;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even so, this attestation is uncertain as damages on the inscription leave only <i>-čq</i> (𐰲𐰴) (*<i>-čaq</i> or <i>čiq</i>) readable.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if the Kipchaks could be identified with, according to Klyashtorny, the [<b>Al</b>]<b>tï Sir</b> in the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a> (薛延陀; pinyin: <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xuè-Yántuó</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990271_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990271-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlyashtorny2005243_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlyashtorny2005243-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErgin198033,_52_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErgin198033,_52-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with the <i>Juéyuèshī</i> (厥越失) in Chinese sources;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, <a href="/wiki/Yury_Zuev" title="Yury Zuev">Zuev</a> (2002) identified 厥越失 <i>Juéyuèshī</i> (< MC *<i>kiwat-jiwat-siet</i>) with toponym Kürüshi in the Ezhim river valley (Ch. <i>Ayan</i> < MCh. 阿豔 *<i>a-iam</i> < OTrk. <i>Ayam</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Depression" title="Tuva Depression">Tuva Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuev2002236_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuev2002236-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Karlgren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Karlgren">Bernard Karlgren</a> and some Soviet scholars (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Gumilyov">Lev Gumilyov</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) attempted to connect the Kipchaks to the <i>Qūshé ~ Qūshí</i> (屈射), a people once conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>; however, Golden deems this connection unlikely, considering 屈射's <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> pronunciation *<i>khut m-lak</i> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han Chinese</a> *<i>kʰut źa</i> ~ <i>kʰut jak/jɑk</i> (as reconstructed by Schuessler, 2009:314,70).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992270_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992270-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2014185_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2014185-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between the Kipchaks and Cumans is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While part of the Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the <a href="/w/index.php?title=AltaiRepublic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AltaiRepublic (page does not exist)">Altai</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Khaganate collapsed, they became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kimek_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek confederation">Kimek confederation</a>, with which they expanded to the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishim_(river)" title="Ishim (river)">Ishim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobol" title="Tobol">Tobol</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then appeared in Islamic sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of seven original tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199269_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199269-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a></i> it is said that the Kimek appointed the Kipchak king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kimek confederation, probably spearheaded by the Kipchaks, moved into Oghuz lands, and <a href="/wiki/Sighnaq" title="Sighnaq">Sighnaq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> became the Kipchak urban centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kipchak remnants remained in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, while others pushed westwards in the Qun migration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, three Kipchak groups emerged:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278–279_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278–279-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kipchaks of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>.</li> <li>Kipchaks of the Syr Darya, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a>.</li> <li>Kipchaks of Siberia, later composing the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a>.</li></ul> <p>The early 11th century saw a massive Turkic nomadic migration towards the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first waves were recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> in 1017–18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown whether the Cumans conquered the Kipchaks or were simply the leaders of the confederacy of the Kipchak–Turkic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is certain is that the two peoples gradually mingled politically and that, from the second half of the 12th century onwards, the names Cumans and Kipchaks became interchangeable to refer to the whole confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVásáry20056_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVásáry20056-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumania_(1200)_eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/300px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/450px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png/600px-Cumania_%281200%29_eng.png 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cumania</a> in c. 1200.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mongols defeated the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> after convincing the Kipchaks to desert them through pointing at their likeness in language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the Kipchaks were defeated next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <i>khan</i> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ten" title="Köten">Köten</a>, Kipchaks fled to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Principality of Kiev</a> (the Ruthenians), where the Kipchaks had several marriage relations, one of which was Köten's son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Mstislavich" title="Mstislav Mstislavich">Mstislav Mstislavich</a> of Galicia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ruthenians and Kipchaks forged an alliance against the Mongols, and met at the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> to locate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an eight-day pursuit, they met <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kalka_River" title="Battle of the Kalka River">at the Kalka River</a> (1223).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kipchaks, who were <a href="/wiki/Horse_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse archers">horse archers</a> like the Mongols, served as the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguard</a> and scouts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols, who appeared to retreat, tricked the Ruthenian–Kipchak force into a trap after suddenly emerging behind the hills and surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fleeing Kipchaks were closely pursued, and the <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenian</a> camp was massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay201696_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay201696-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nomadic Kipchaks were the main targets of the Mongols when they crossed the Volga in 1236.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016103_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016103-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeated Kipchaks mainly entered the Mongol ranks, while others fled westward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016103_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016103-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Köten led 40,000 families into Hungary, where King <a href="/wiki/Bela_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Bela IV">Bela IV</a> granted them refuge in return for their Christianization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016103_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016103-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The refugee Kipchaks fled Hungary after Köten was murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016103_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016103-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After their fall, Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have become mercenaries in Europe and taken as slave warriors. In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> were in part drawn from Kipchaks and Cumans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVásáry200539_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVásáry200539-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1239–1240, a large group of Kipchaks fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. This group, which has an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">John III Doukas Vatatzes</a>, who wanted to prevent Kipchaks invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities, invited Kipchaks in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Anatolia (what is now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), to protect Byzantine from foreign invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Kipchaks intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayönü_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayönü-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kipchaks who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of Nicea Emperor <a href="/wiki/John_III_Doukas_Vatatzes" title="John III Doukas Vatatzes">III. John Doukas Vatatzes</a> are the ancestors of a community called <a href="/wiki/Manav_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Manav People">Manav</a> living in Northwest Anatolia today.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another Kipchak migration in Anatolia dates back to the period of the <a href="/wiki/Chobanids_(beylik)" title="Chobanids (beylik)">Chobanids Beylik</a>, which ruled around <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu" title="Kastamonu">Kastamonu</a> (a city in Anatolia). Hüsameddin Emir Çoban, one of the Seljuk emirs, crossed the Black Sea and made an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Kipchak steppes</a> and returned with countless booty and slaves. As a result of the expedition, a few Kipchak families in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> were brought to <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop</a> by sea via <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a> and settled in the <a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">Western Black Sea region</a>. In addition, maritime trade intensified with the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Kipchak regions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Isfendiyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfendiyarids">Isfendiyarids</a> Beylik.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kipchak–Cuman confederation spoke a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman language</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose most important surviving record is the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Cumanicus" title="Codex Cumanicus">Codex Cumanicus</a></i>, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak, Cuman, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The presence in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> of Turkic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a> also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak/Cuman-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages. </p><p>When members of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> moved from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean">Crimean</a> peninsula to the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a>-Ukrainian borderland, at the end of the 13th century, they brought Kipchak, their adopted <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> language, with them.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 16th and the 17th centuries, the Turkic language among the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> communities of the Kipchak people was <a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Armeno-Kipchak">Armeno-Kipchak</a>. They were settled in the <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a> areas of what is now Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The literary form of the <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman language</a> became extinct in the 18th century in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" title="Kunság">Cumania</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>. Cuman in Crimea, however, became the ancestor of the central dialect of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolian linguistic elements in the Kipchak–Kimek confederation remain "unproven";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990279-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though that confederation's constituent <a href="/wiki/Tatars_(Kimek)" title="Tatars (Kimek)">Tatar</a> tribe possibly had been Mongolic speakers who later underwent Turkification.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kipchaks practiced <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016221_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016221-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim conversion occurred near Islamic centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016221_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016221-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Kipchaks and Cumans were known to have converted to Christianity around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of Georgian King <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV</a>, who also married a daughter of Kipchak Khan <a href="/wiki/Otrok" title="Otrok">Otrok</a>. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1997242_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1997242-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Mongol conquest, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> rose in popularity among the Kipchaks of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurgan_stelae">Kurgan stelae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kurgan stelae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confederations">Confederations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Confederations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimek">Kimek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kimek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kimek_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek confederation">Kimek confederation</a></div> <p>The confederation or tribal union which Kipchaks entered in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century as one of seven original tribes is known in historiography as that of the Kimek (or Kimäk).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199269_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199269-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkic inscriptions do not mention the state with that name.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a> mentions the "country of Kīmāk", ruled by a <i>khagan</i> (king) who has eleven lieutenants that hold hereditary fiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-HAA-18_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAA-18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, <i>Andar Az Khifchāq</i> is mentioned as a country (<i>nāḥiyat</i>) of the <i>Kīmāk</i>, 'of which inhabitants resemble the <i>Ghūz</i> in some customs'.<sup id="cite_ref-HAA-18_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAA-18-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> indicated that they held autonomy within the Kimek confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They entered the Kimek in the 8th- or beginning of 9th century, and were one of the seven original tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199269_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199269-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th-century's <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a></i> it is said that the Kimek appointed the Kipchak king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physical appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The looks of a typical Kipchak are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written sources often emphasize a fair complexion the craniometric and genetic data, as well as some historical descriptions, support the image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with East Asian features are often found in burials associated with the Kipchaks in Central Asia and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early description of the physical appearance of Kipchaks comes from the Great Ming Code (大明律) Article 122,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they were described as overall 'vile' and having blonde/red hair and blue/green eyes. Han Chinese were not required to marry with Kipchaks.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or green eyes, were already noted by the Chinese for some other ancient Turkic tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> (to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noted that "Chinese histories also depict the Turkic-speaking peoples as typically possessing East/Inner Asian <a href="/wiki/Physiognomy" title="Physiognomy">physiognomy</a>, as well as occasionally having West Eurasian physiognomy." Lee and Kuang believe it is likely "early and medieval Turkic peoples themselves did not form a homogeneous entity and that some of them, non-Turkic by origin, had become Turkicised at some point in history."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yenisei Kirghiz are among those suggested to be of turkicised or part non-Turkic origin. According to Lee & Kuang, who cite Chinese historical descriptions as well as genetic data, the turcophone "Qirghiz" may have been of non-Turkic origin, and were later Turkified through inter-tribal marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gardizi" title="Gardizi">Gardizi</a> believed the red hair and white skin of the Kipchaks was explained by mixing with the "Saqlabs" (Slavs), while Lee & Kuang note the non-Turkic components to be better explained by historical <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian-speaking</a> nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian anthropologist Oshanin (1964: 24, 32) notes that the ‘Mongoloid’ phenotype, characteristic of modern Kipchak-speaking Kazakhs and Qirghiz, prevails among the skulls of the historical Qipchaq and Pecheneg nomads found across Central Asia and Ukraine; Lee & Kuang (2017) propose that Oshanin's discovery is explainable by assuming that the historical Kipchaks' modern descendants are <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, whose men possess a high frequency of haplogroup C2's subclade C2b1b1 (59.7 to 78%). Lee and Kuang also suggest that the high frequency (63.9%) of the Y-DNA haplogroup R-M73 among Karakypshaks (a tribe within the Kipchaks) allows inferrence about the genetics of Karakypshaks' medieval ancestors, thus explaining why some medieval Kipchaks were described as possessing "blue [or green] eyes and red hair.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in May 2018 examined the remains of two Kipchak males buried between c. 1000 AD and 1200 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_20,_105_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_20,_105-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One male was found to be a carrier of the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217" title="Haplogroup C-M217">haplogroup C2</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Row_14_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Row_14-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup F (mtDNA)">F1b1b</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_75_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_75-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and displayed "increased East Asian ancestry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other male was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)#D4" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D4</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_44_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_44-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and displayed "pronounced European ancestry".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kipchak_peoples_and_languages">Kipchak peoples and languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kipchak peoples and languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></div> <p>The modern Northwestern branch of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> is often referred to as the Kipchak branch. The languages in this branch are mostly considered to be descendants of the Kipchak language, and the people who speak them may likewise be referred to as Kipchak peoples. Some of the groups traditionally included are the <a href="/wiki/Manav_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Manav People">Manavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogai people">Nogays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>. There is also a village named Kipchak in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. Qypshaq, which is a development of "Kipchak" in the <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a>, is one of the constituent tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Horde" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Horde">Middle Horde</a> confederation of the Kazakh people. The name Kipchak also occurs as a surname in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Some of the descendants of the Kipchaks are the Bashkirian clan Qipsaq.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Radlov" title="Vasily Radlov">Radlov</a> believed that among the current languages Cuman is closest to the <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially the regional Mishar dialects of <a href="/wiki/Sergachsky_District" title="Sergachsky District">Sergachsky district</a> have been named as "faithfully close to original Kipchak".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Kipchak confederations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyub_Khan_(Kipchak_leader)" title="Ayyub Khan (Kipchak leader)">Ayyub Khan</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1117), Kipchak leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%8Dman" title="Bačman">Bačman</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1229–1236), Kipchak leader in the Lower Volga</li> <li>Qačir-üküle (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1236), Kipchak leader in the Lower Volga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ten" title="Köten">Köten</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> 1223–1239), Kipchak leader</li></ul> <p><b>Kipchak ancestry</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun">Al-Mansur Qalawun</a>, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1279–1290)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>, Mamluk sultan of Egypt (r. 1260–1277)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Tem%C3%BCr" title="El Temür">El Temür</a>, chancellor of the Chinese-Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faris_ad-Din_Aktai" class="mw-redirect" title="Faris ad-Din Aktai">Faris ad-Din Aktai</a>, Mamluk emir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Qabacha" title="Nasir ad-Din Qabacha">Nasir ad-Din Qabacha</a>, Mamluk Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manav_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Manav People">Manav People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks_in_Georgia" title="Kipchaks in Georgia">Kipchaks in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Kypchaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Kypchaks">Afghan Kypchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_central_steppe" title="History of the central steppe">History of the central steppe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuessler (2014) reconstructs 屈射's 200 BCE Old Chinese pronunciation as <i>k(ʰ)ut-źak</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClauson1972" class="citation book cs1">Clauson, Gerard (1972). <i>An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 581.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Pre-13th+Century+Turkish&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Clauson&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Baldick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAReTyY2ScsC&q=Animal+and+Shaman%3A+Ancient+Religions+of+Central+Asia"><i>Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia</i></a>, p.55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Peter B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12226908/The_Turkic_World_in_Mahmud_Kashghari"><i>The Turkic world of Mahmud al-Kashgari</i></a>. p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgajanov199274_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgajanov1992">Agajanov 1992</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1987" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35378750">"Cumanica II: The Ölberli (Ölperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan"</a>. <i>Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</i>. <b>VI</b>: 16–22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=Cumanica+II%3A+The+%C3%96lberli+%28%C3%96lperli%29%3A+The+Fortunes+and+Misfortunes+of+an+Inner+Asian+Nomadic+Clan&rft.volume=VI&rft.pages=16-22&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35378750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2006" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4154932">"Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipchaqs"</a>. <i>Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi</i>. <b>15</b>: 16–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivum+Eurasiae+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=Cumanica+V%3A+The+Basmils+and+Qipchaqs&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=16-17&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4154932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Toqto%27a_(Yuan_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toqto'a (Yuan Dynasty)">Toqto'a</a> et al. Yuanshi, <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7128#%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%9F%E5%93%88%E3%80%88%E3%80%94%E7%89%80%E5%85%80%E5%85%92%E3%80%95%E3%80%89%5B12%5D">vol. 128 Tutuha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJHB-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJHB_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Qianxue, <i>Zizhi Tongjian Houbian</i> (17th century) Vol. 141-142. Zhejiang University Copy <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&file=61386&page=42#%E6%AC%BD%E5%AF%9F%E9%83%A8%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%89%E8%90%AC%E9%A4%98%E8%A3%8F%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%9C%E6%A5%B5%E7%9F%AD%E6%97%A5%E8%B9%94%E6%B2%92%E8%BC%99%E5%87%BA%E5%9C%9F%E7%94%A3%E8%89%AF%E9%A6%AC%E5%AF%8C%E8%80%85%E4%BB%A5%E8%90%AC%E8%A8%88%E4%BF%97%E7%A5%8D%E9%87%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%8B%87%E7%8C%9B%E5%89%9B%E7%83%88%E9%9D%92%E7%9B%AE%E8%B5%A4%E9%AB%AA">p. 42 of 124</a> "欽察部去中國三萬餘裏夏夜極短日蹔沒輙出土産良馬富者以萬計俗祍金革勇猛剛烈青目赤髪" en. "The Kipchak tribe is situated at a distance of over 30,000 li from China. In summer, the evening is extremely short; the sun temporarily sets then immediately rises. Their soil produces good horses, that the rich people count by ten thousands. They customarily sleep armed and armored; they are courageous, fierce, firm, and vehement; [they are] blue/green-eyed and red-haired". Note: the expression "祍金革" lit. "to lie/to sleep with metal and leather > to sleep armed and armored" is not to be taken literally; it is a Chinese literary trope about the northerners' supposedly rugged and hardy nature; e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Liji" class="mw-redirect" title="Liji">Liji</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/liji/zhong-yong#n10271">"Zhong Yong"</a> quote: "衽金革，死而不厭，北方之強也，而強者居之。", tr.: "To sleep armed and armored, to die undismayed; those are strengths in the north, the forceful dwell there."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017213,_217–218,_225–226-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeKuang2017213,_217–218,_225–226_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeKuang2017">Lee & Kuang 2017</a>, pp. 213, 217–218, 225–226: "Concerning the physiognomy of the Qipchaq tribe, the Zizhi tongjian houbian [Later compilation to the comprehensive mirror to aid in government], a seventeenth-century continuation of Sima Guang’s Zizhi tongjian by Xu Qianxue, states that they had 'blue eyes and red hair (青目赤髪)'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA475">"Kipchaks"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 475–476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kipchaks&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=475-476&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2014186-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2014186_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2014">Golden 2014</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990278_13-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitig.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=23&m=1">Moyun Chur inscriptions</a></i> "Note 207" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitig.kz/index.php?lang=e">Türik Bitig</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1990271-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1990271_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1990">Golden 1990</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlyashtorny2005243-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlyashtorny2005243_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlyashtorny2005">Klyashtorny 2005</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErgin198033,_52-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErgin198033,_52_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErgin1980">Ergin 1980</a>, p. 33, 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Du_You" title="Du You">Du You</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctext.org/tongdian/199/zhs#n565362">vol. 199</a> ""自厥越失、拔悉彌、駮馬、結骨、火燖、觸木昆諸國皆臣之" tr. "Many states such as Jueyueshi, <a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Boma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Kirghizes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazmians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Chumukun</a>, etc. all submitted themselves (to <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a>)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuev2002236-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuev2002236_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuev2002">Zuev 2002</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gumilev, L. N. (2006). "İklim Değişiklikleri ve Göçebe Göçleri". (A. Batur, trans.), <i>Avrasyadan Makaleler I</i>, (pp. 131-151). 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Budapest: Central European University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.edu/2017/gurevich_caroline.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Image+of+the+Cumans+in+Medieval+Chronicles%3A+Old+Russian+and+Georgian+Sources+in+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.inst=Central+European+University&rft.date=2017-05&rft.au=Caroline+Gurevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.edu%2F2017%2Fgurevich_caroline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustam_M._Shukurov" class="citation web cs1">Rustam M. 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Dumbarton Oaks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latent+Turkification+of+Byzantium+%28ca.+1071%E2%80%931461%29&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks&rft.au=Rustam+M.+Shukurov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doaks.org%2Fresearch%2Fbyzantine%2Ffellows%2Fshukurov-2004-2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.belediyehaberleri.com.tr/yazarlar/ekrem-hayri-peker/anadoluya-yerlestirilen-kumanlar-manavlar/369#:~:text=Kumanlar%C4%B1n%20di%C4%9Fer%20ad%C4%B1%20K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak't%C4%B1r,Anadolu'ya%20yerle%C5%9Ftirildikleri%20de%20yazmaktad%C4%B1r.">"Anadolu'ya yerleştirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anadolu%27ya+yerle%C5%9Ftirilen+Kumanlar+%28Manavlar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.belediyehaberleri.com.tr%2Fyazarlar%2Fekrem-hayri-peker%2Fanadoluya-yerlestirilen-kumanlar-manavlar%2F369%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKumanlar%25C4%25B1n%2520di%25C4%259Fer%2520ad%25C4%25B1%2520K%25C4%25B1p%25C3%25A7ak%27t%25C4%25B1r%2CAnadolu%27ya%2520yerle%25C5%259Ftirildikleri%2520de%2520yazmaktad%25C4%25B1r.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYilmaz2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yilmaz, Adil (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36801899">"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya Yerleştırdığı Son Türkler"</a> [The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium]. <i>Eski̇çağ Araştirmalari Dergi̇si̇</i> [<i>Journal of Ancient Researches</i>] (in Turkish) (3): 29–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eski%CC%87%C3%A7a%C4%9F+Ara%C5%9Ftirmalari+Dergi%CC%87si%CC%87&rft.atitle=B%C4%B1zans%27in+Anadolu%27ya+Yerle%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+Son+T%C3%BCrkler&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=29-32&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Adil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36801899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/kurumlar/yalovaozelidare.gov.tr/Tasarim/yayinlarimiz/6_Yalakova_dan-Yalova_ya-Kitap-Metni.pdf">"YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi Araştırmaları"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YALAKOVA%27DAN+YALOVA%27YA+Prof.+Dr.+Halil+%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k+An%C4%B1s%C4%B1na+Yalova+Tarihi+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yalovaozelidare.gov.tr%2Fkurumlar%2Fyalovaozelidare.gov.tr%2FTasarim%2Fyayinlarimiz%2F6_Yalakova_dan-Yalova_ya-Kitap-Metni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fed.sakarya.edu.tr/arsiv/yayinlenmis_dergiler/2010_2/makale_1.pdf">"Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav Türkmen Ağızları Üzerine Birkaç Not"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acar%2C+Kenan+%282010%29.+Kuzeybat%C4%B1+Anadolu+Manav+T%C3%BCrkmen+A%C4%9F%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1+%C3%9Czerine+Birka%C3%A7+Not&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fed.sakarya.edu.tr%2Farsiv%2Fyayinlenmis_dergiler%2F2010_2%2Fmakale_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/YENI%20TURK%20DILI/muharrem_ocalan_sakarya.pdf">"Muharrem ÖÇALAN SAKARYA- İZMİT YÖRESİ YERLEŞİK TÜRKMENLERİ MANAV AĞIZLARINDA ÖTÜMSÜZ PATLAYICI ÜNSÜZ DEĞİŞMELERİ"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muharrem+%C3%96%C3%87ALAN+SAKARYA-+%C4%B0ZM%C4%B0T+Y%C3%96RES%C4%B0+YERLE%C5%9E%C4%B0K+T%C3%9CRKMENLER%C4%B0+MANAV+A%C4%9EIZLARINDA+%C3%96T%C3%9CMS%C3%9CZ+PATLAYICI+%C3%9CNS%C3%9CZ+DE%C4%9E%C4%B0%C5%9EMELER%C4%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkoloji.cu.edu.tr%2FYENI%2520TURK%2520DILI%2Fmuharrem_ocalan_sakarya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYalvar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tda/issue/60394/798906">"CİHAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TÜRK İSKÂNI: İZNİK İMPARATORLUĞU'NDA KUMAN-KIPÇAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMİYE (YORTAN) İLE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KÖYLERİNDEKİ VARLIKLARI"</a>. <i>Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları</i>. <b>127</b> (250): 11–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%C3%BCrk+D%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1&rft.atitle=C%C4%B0HAN+YALVAR%2C+ANADOLU%27DA+SON+T%C3%9CRK+%C4%B0SK%C3%82NI%3A+%C4%B0ZN%C4%B0K+%C4%B0MPARATORLU%C4%9EU%27NDA+KUMAN-KIP%C3%87AKLAR+VE+YALOVA+KAZIM%C4%B0YE+%28YORTAN%29+%C4%B0LE+ELMALIK+%28SARUHANLI%29+K%C3%96YLER%C4%B0NDEK%C4%B0+VARLIKLARI&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=250&rft.pages=11-36&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft.aulast=Yalvar&rft.aufirst=Cihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Ftda%2Fissue%2F60394%2F798906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An Armeno-Kipchak Chronicle on the Polish-Turkish Wars in 1620-1621, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dankoff" title="Robert Dankoff">Robert Dankoff</a>, p. 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>, p. 85, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Crimean Tatar proper, called the 'central dialect', belonged to the West Kipchak subbranch as a descendant of Kuman." (Lars Johanson, Turkic, Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg. 62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter B. Golden (1992). <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People</i>. O. Harrassowitz. pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay2016221-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016221_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMay2016221_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMay2016">May 2016</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoux1997242-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoux1997242_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1997">Roux 1997</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamset.com/islam/civil/kipchak.html">Islamic Civilization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512013502/http://www.islamset.com/islam/civil/kipchak.html">Archived</a> 2008-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gggLAQAAMAAJ"><i>Central Asiatic Journal</i></a>. 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Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonglin2011" class="citation book cs1">Yonglin, Jiang (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-7-CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131"><i>The Mandate of Heaven and The Great Ming Code</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80166-7"><bdi>978-0-295-80166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandate+of+Heaven+and+The+Great+Ming+Code&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80166-7&rft.aulast=Yonglin&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-7-CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwope2019" class="citation book cs1">Swope, Kenneth M. 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Routledge. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-13466-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-13466-7"><bdi>978-1-000-13466-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ming+World&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-000-13466-7&rft.aulast=Swope&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjKoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, J. Y., & Kuang, S. (2017). A comparative analysis of Chinese historical sources and Y-DNA studies with regard to the early and medieval turkic peoples. Inner Asia, 19(2), 197-239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320552611">"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"</a>. <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">10.1163/22105018-12340089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165623743">165623743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+y-dna+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165623743%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320552611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_20,_105-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_20,_105_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 20, 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Row_14-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Row_14_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 9, Row 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_75-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_75_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 8, Row 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.20184_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_44-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Row_44_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 8, Row 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. ДНК-генеалогия башкирских родов из сако-динлинской подветви R1a+Z2123//Суюнов Р.Р. Гены наших предков (2-е издание). Том 3, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, — 250 c., илл., Португалия (Portugal), С.15-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.e-heritage.ru/book/10085556">"Публикация ННР О языке куманов: По поводу издания куманского словаря"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%A0+%D0%9E+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%D0%9F%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.e-heritage.ru%2Fbook%2F10085556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leitzinger, Antero: <i>Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö</i>. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996.  ISBN 952-9752-08-3. (p. 41)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgajanov1992" class="citation book cs1">Agajanov, S. G. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA61">"The States of the Oghuz, the Kimek and the Kipchak"</a>. <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV: The Age of Achievement AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 61–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1595-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1595-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1595-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+States+of+the+Oghuz%2C+the+Kimek+and+the+Kipchak&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+IV%3A+The+Age+of+Achievement+AD+750+to+the+End+of+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=61-76&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1595-7&rft.aulast=Agajanov&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlodSckjlNuMC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, P. 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(May 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>557</b> (7705). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 369–373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-373&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErgin1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ergin, Muharrem (1980). <i>Orhun Abideleri</i> (in Turkish). İstanbul: Boğaziçi Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orhun+Abideleri&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Ergin&rft.aufirst=Muharrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1990" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA256">"The peoples of the south Russian steppes"</a>. In Sinor, Denis (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+peoples+of+the+south+Russian+steppes&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=256-284&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People</i>. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+People&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz%2C+Wiesbaden&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2014" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2014). Nurettin Demir (ed.). "Qıpčaq". <i>Turcology and Linguistics. Éva Ágnes Csató Festschrift</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turcology+and+Linguistics.+%C3%89va+%C3%81gnes+Csat%C3%B3+Festschrift&rft.atitle=Q%C4%B1p%C4%8Daq&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlyashtorny2005" class="citation journal cs1">Klyashtorny, Sergey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23658648">"The Polovcian Problems (II): Qipčaqs, Comans, and Polovcians"</a>. <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>58</b> (3). Szeged, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó: 243–248. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.58.2005.5.2">10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.5.2</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23658648">23658648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=The+Polovcian+Problems+%28II%29%3A+Qip%C4%8Daqs%2C+Comans%2C+and+Polovcians&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243-248&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.58.2005.5.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23658648%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klyashtorny&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23658648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (2017-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/inas/19/2/article-p197_197.xml">"A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples"</a>. <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 197–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105018-12340089">10.1163/22105018-12340089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2210-5018">2210-5018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Chinese+Historical+Sources+and+y-dna+Studies+with+Regard+to+the+Early+and+Medieval+Turkic+Peoples&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-239&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105018-12340089&rft.issn=2210-5018&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft.au=Kuang%2C+Shuntu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Finas%2F19%2F2%2Farticle-p197_197.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2016" class="citation book cs1">May, Timothy (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA221"><i>The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 221–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-340-0"><bdi>978-1-61069-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=221-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-340-0&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gB9DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Roux, Jean-Paul</a> (1997). <i>L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization</i>. Librairie Arthème-Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59894-9"><bdi>978-2-213-59894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Asie+Centrale%2C+Histoire+et+Civilization&rft.pub=Librairie+Arth%C3%A8me-Fayard&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-213-59894-9&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVásáry2005" class="citation book cs1">Vásáry, István (2005). <i>Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365</i>. Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-3756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-3756-9"><bdi>978-0-5218-3756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cumans+and+Tatars%3A+Oriental+Military+in+the+Pre-Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1185%E2%80%931365&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-3756-9&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1s%C3%A1ry&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuev2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zuev, Yury (2002). <i>Rannie tyurki: ocherki istorii i ideologii</i> (in Russian). Almaty: Daik Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rannie+tyurki%3A+ocherki+istorii+i+ideologii&rft.place=Almaty&rft.pub=Daik+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zuev&rft.aufirst=Yury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Kipchak". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (Academic ed.). 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kipchak&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Academic&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Polovtsi". <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Sixth ed.). 2001–2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polovtsi&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.date=2001%2F2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell1927" class="citation journal cs1">Boswell, A. Bruce (1927). "The Kipchak Turks". <i>The Slavonic Review</i>. <b>6</b> (16): 68–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Kipchak+Turks&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=68-85&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=A.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Golden" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter B. Golden">Golden, Peter B.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/qepcaq">"QEPČĀQ"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=QEP%C4%8C%C4%80Q&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fqepcaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyőrfi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Győrfi, Dávid (2014). "Khwarezmian: Mapping the Kipchak component of Pre-Chagatai Turkic". <i>Acta Orientalia</i>. <b>67</b> (4): 383–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.67.2014.4.1">10.1556/AOrient.67.2014.4.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Khwarezmian%3A+Mapping+the+Kipchak+component+of+Pre-Chagatai+Turkic&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=383-406&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.67.2014.4.1&rft.aulast=Gy%C5%91rfi&rft.aufirst=D%C3%A1vid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShanijazov1978" class="citation book cs1">Shanijazov, K. (1978-12-31). "Early Elements in the Ethnogenesis of the Uzbeks". <i>The Nomadic Alternative</i>. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. pp. 147–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110810233.147">10.1515/9783110810233.147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-279-7520-1"><bdi>978-90-279-7520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Elements+in+the+Ethnogenesis+of+the+Uzbeks&rft.btitle=The+Nomadic+Alternative&rft.pages=147-156&rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER+MOUTON&rft.date=1978-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110810233.147&rft.isbn=978-90-279-7520-1&rft.aulast=Shanijazov&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUshntskiy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ushntskiy, Vasiliy V. (2015-06-01). "Kipchak component in the Sakha ethnogenesis". <i>Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Istoriya</i>. <b>35</b> (3). Institute of Humanities and Indigenouse Peoples of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk: 97–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17223%2F19988613%2F35%2F15">10.17223/19988613/35/15</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+Tomskogo+Gosudarstvennogo+Universiteta.+Istoriya&rft.atitle=Kipchak+component+in+the+Sakha+ethnogenesis&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=97-101&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17223%2F19988613%2F35%2F15&rft.aulast=Ushntskiy&rft.aufirst=Vasiliy+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhajanovaAsetilla2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mukhajanova, T. N.; Asetilla, A. M. (2016). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Kipchak' Ethnonym and the History of Its Origin". <i>World Science</i>. <b>3</b> (12). ROST. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2413-1032">2413-1032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Science&rft.atitle=%27Kipchak%27+Ethnonym+and+the+History+of+Its+Origin&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=2413-1032&rft.aulast=Mukhajanova&rft.aufirst=T.+N.&rft.au=Asetilla%2C+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaski2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baski, Imre (2006). "On the ethnic names of the Cumans of Hungary". <i>Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th PIAC</i>. pp. 43–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+ethnic+names+of+the+Cumans+of+Hungary&rft.btitle=Kinship+in+the+Altaic+World%3A+Proceedings+of+the+48th+PIAC&rft.pages=43-54&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Baski&rft.aufirst=Imre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRóna-Tas2021" class="citation book cs1">Róna-Tas, András (2021-11-04). "The reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the genealogical question". <i>The Turkic Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 60–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003243809-4">10.4324/9781003243809-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-24380-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-24380-9"><bdi>978-1-003-24380-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243781797">243781797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+reconstruction+of+Proto-Turkic+and+the+genealogical+question&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=60-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243781797%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003243809-4&rft.isbn=978-1-003-24380-9&rft.aulast=R%C3%B3na-Tas&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBíró1973" class="citation journal cs1">Bíró, B. Margaret (1973). "The 'Kipchaks' in the Georgian Martyrdom of David and Constantine". <i>Annales Universitatis Scientiarum Budapestinensis de Rolando Eötvös Nominatae. Sectio linguistica</i>. <b>4</b>: 161–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Universitatis+Scientiarum+Budapestinensis+de+Rolando+E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s+Nominatae.+Sectio+linguistica&rft.atitle=The+%27Kipchaks%27+in+the+Georgian+Martyrdom+of+David+and+Constantine&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=161-168&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=B%C3%ADr%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=B.+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadyrbaev2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kadyrbaev, Aleksandr (2005). "Turks (Uighurs, Kipchaks and Kanglis) in the history of the Mongols". <i>Acta Orientalia</i>. <b>58</b> (3): 249–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.58.2005.5.3">10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.5.3</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Turks+%28Uighurs%2C+Kipchaks+and+Kanglis%29+in+the+history+of+the+Mongols&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-253&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.58.2005.5.3&rft.aulast=Kadyrbaev&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Halperin, Charles J. (2000). "The Kipchak Connection: The Ilkhans, the Mamluks and Ayn Jalut". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 229–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00007205">10.1017/S0041977X00007205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162439703">162439703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Kipchak+Connection%3A+The+Ilkhans%2C+the+Mamluks+and+Ayn+Jalut&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-245&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00007205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162439703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmann1963" class="citation journal cs1">Eckmann, János (1963). "The Mamluk-Kipchak Literature". <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>: 304–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Mamluk-Kipchak+Literature&rft.pages=304-319&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Eckmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsáki2006" class="citation book cs1">Csáki, Éva (2006). <i>Middle Mongolian Loan Words in Volga Kipchak Languages</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-05381-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-05381-X"><bdi>3-447-05381-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Mongolian+Loan+Words+in+Volga+Kipchak+Languages&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-447-05381-X&rft.aulast=Cs%C3%A1ki&rft.aufirst=%C3%89va&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüner2013" class="citation book cs1">Güner, Galip (2013). <i>Kıpçak Türkçesi Grameri</i>. İstanbul: Kesit Yayınları.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1p%C3%A7ak+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7esi+Grameri&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=Kesit+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCner&rft.aufirst=Galip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHildinger2001" class="citation book cs1">Hildinger, Erik (2001-11-08). <i>Warriors Of The Steppe</i>. Cambridge, Mass: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81065-7"><bdi>978-0-306-81065-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+Of+The+Steppe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001-11-08&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81065-7&rft.aulast=Hildinger&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2008) [1880]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFc4mwsHZ7IC"><i>History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century, Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia</i></a>. Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-134-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-134-4"><bdi>978-1-60520-134-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mongols+from+the+9th+to+the+19th+Century%2C+Part+2%3A+The+So-Called+Tartars+of+Russia+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-134-4&rft.aulast=Howorth&rft.aufirst=Henry+Hoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFc4mwsHZ7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgunşahGüner2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Argunşah, Mustafa; Güner, Galip (2015). <i>Codex Cumanicus</i> (in Turkish). Cağaloğlu, İstanbul: Kesit Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-9100-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-9100-59-5"><bdi>978-605-9100-59-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codex+Cumanicus&rft.place=Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu%2C+%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pub=Kesit+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-605-9100-59-5&rft.aulast=Argun%C5%9Fah&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft.au=G%C3%BCner%2C+Galip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKipchaks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013025137/http://sophistikatedkids.com/turkic/70+Dateline/kipchak+dateline+En.htm">Kipchak dateline</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 13, 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206000538/http://www.adji.ru/book11_1.html">Murad ADJI, The Kipchaks</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijani communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgian Azerbaijanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Western Azerbaijanis</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Javanshir_Qizilbash" title="Javanshir Qizilbash">Javanshir Qizilbash</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kazakh communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kyrgyz communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Tajikistan">Tajik Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Kyrgyz" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Kyrgyz">Van Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkmen<sup>1</sup> communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkish communities<sup>2</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Gajal" title="Gajal">Gajal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">Muhacirs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tahtac%C4%B1" title="Tahtacı">Tahtacıs</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algerian Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughlis</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgarian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egyptian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Turkmen" title="Israeli Turkmen">Israeli Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Turkmen" title="Lebanese Turkmen">Lebanese Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libyan Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">Macedonian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegrin Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Palestine" title="Turks in Palestine">Palestinian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romanian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisian Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic peoples <br /> in Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_people" title="Äynu people">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Chinese Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">Chinese Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Akto_Turkmen" title="Akto Turkmen">Akto Turkmen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_China" title="Uzbeks in China">Chinese Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_people" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz people">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Turk people">Ili Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tor_Uyghurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor Uyghurs">Tor Uyghurs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Crimea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities <br /> in Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iranian Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turks" title="Chaharmahali Turks">Chaharmahali Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kazakhs" title="Iranian Kazakhs">Iranian Kazakhs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koibal_people" title="Koibal people">Koibal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a></small> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Bukharans" title="Siberian Bukharans">Siberian Bukharans</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Tozhu_Tuvans" title="Tozhu Tuvans">Tozhu Tuvans</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Mongolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khotons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Kazakhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Kazakhs">Mongolian Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukha_people" title="Dukha people">Dukha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_people_in_Afghanistan" title="Turkic people in Afghanistan">Turkic minorities in <br /> Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Timuri" title="Timuri">Timuri</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansarlu" title="Ansarlu">Ansarlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karategin_Uzbeks" title="Karategin Uzbeks">Karategin Uzbeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz in Afghanistan">Afghan Kyrgyz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Turkic minorities in <br /> Europe <br /> <small>(exc. Russia)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Tatars in Bulgaria">Bulgarian Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Tatars of Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alat_tribe" title="Alat tribe">Alat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Az_people" title="Az people">Az</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmyl" title="Basmyl">Basmyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berendei" title="Berendei">Berendei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigils" title="Chigils">Chigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu" title="Duolu">Duolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esegel" title="Esegel">Esegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangly" title="Kangly">Kangly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kipchaks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Sir-K%C4%B1vchak" title="Sir-Kıvchak">Sir-Kıvchak</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurykans" title="Kurykans">Kurykans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nushibi" title="Nushibi">Nushibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuhsi" title="Tuhsi">Tuhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tork_people" title="Tork people">Torks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagma" title="Yagma">Yagma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabaku" title="Yabaku">Yabaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_people_(West_Asia)" title="Abdal people (West Asia)">Abdals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diasporas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_diaspora" title="Azerbaijani diaspora">Azerbaijani diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_diaspora" title="Crimean Tatar diaspora">Crimean Tatar diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">Turkish Cypriot diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_diaspora" title="Kazakh diaspora">Kazakh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><sup>1</sup> Central Asian (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, distinct from Levantine (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a>) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. <sup>2</sup> In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crimea_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crimea_topics" title="Template:Crimea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crimea_topics" title="Template talk:Crimea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Crimea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Crimea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crimea_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crimea" title="History of Crimea">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Crimea" title="Greek Crimea">Greek Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Roman_era" title="Crimea in the Roman era">Crimea in the Roman era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson (theme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akatziri" title="Akatziri">Akatziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_Gazaria" title="Genoese Gazaria">Genoese Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Genoese–Mongol Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaigns_of_1687_and_1689" title="Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689">Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">1783 annexation by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crimea in the Soviet Union">Soviet period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Crimea_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Crimea during World War II">Crimea in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Crimean_Tatars" title="Deportation of the Crimean Tatars">1944 Crimean Tatar deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_Crimean_toponyms" title="Renaming of Crimean toponyms">Renaming of Crimean toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of Crimea in the Soviet Union">1954 transfer to Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_repatriation" title="Crimean Tatar repatriation">Crimean Tatar repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Crimea" title="President of Crimea">President of Crimea (historical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">2003 Tuzla Island conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">2014 status referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014 annexation by Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Crimea" title="Verkhovna Rada of Crimea">Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Council_of_Crimea" title="List of chairmen of the Supreme Council of Crimea">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Crimea" title="Prime Minister of Crimea">Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Crimea" title="Council of Ministers of Crimea">Council of Ministers (until 2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Crimea,_Terra-MODIS,_05-16-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satellite image of Crimea"><img alt="Satellite image of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/100px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/150px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/200px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crimea#Geography" title="Crimea">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabat_Spit" title="Arabat Spit">Arabat Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Arabat" title="Bay of Arabat">Arabat Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Cave_(Crimea)" title="Marble Cave (Crimea)">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyalova_cave" title="Vyalova cave">Vyalova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Perekop" title="Isthmus of Perekop">Perekop Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Coast_(Crimea)" title="Southern Coast (Crimea)">Southern Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syvash" title="Syvash">Syvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Crimea" title="Administrative divisions of Crimea">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Crimea" title="List of cities in Crimea">Cities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban-type_settlements_in_Ukraine_by_subdivision#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban-type settlements in Ukraine by subdivision">Urban-type settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Crimea" title="Politics of Crimea">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Constitution of the Republic of Crimea">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Head of the Republic of Crimea">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Crimea" title="State Council of Crimea">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Crimean parliamentary election">2014 parliamentary election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Sevastopol" title="Legislative Assembly of Sevastopol">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sevastopol_(Russia)" title="Governor of Sevastopol (Russia)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Sevastopol_gubernatorial_election" title="2017 Sevastopol gubernatorial election">2017 election</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District" title="Crimean Federal District">Crimean Federal District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crimea#Economy" title="Crimea">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Crimea">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Trolleybus" title="Crimean Trolleybus">Crimean Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sports" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Premier_League" title="Crimean Premier League">Crimean Premier League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Crimea" title="Demographics of Crimea">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Crimea">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Crimea">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea" title="Armenians in Crimea">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Crimea" title="Religion in Crimea">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Ukraine" title="History of Christianity in Ukraine">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Odesa-Simferopol" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Odesa-Simferopol">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archiepiscopal_Exarchate_of_Krym" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Krym">Ukrainian Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Crimea">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Crimea">Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682597#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682597#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682597#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545809805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kipcaklar">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&oldid=1259307847">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kipchaks&oldid=1259307847</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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