CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Black Sea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aa6da954-1a42-4291-88f5-f79f43bb06c0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Black_Sea","wgTitle":"Black Sea","wgCurRevisionId":1259048660,"wgRevisionId":1259048660,"wgArticleId":3386,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2019","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Georgian-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text", "Articles containing Bulgarian-language text","Articles containing Romanian-language text","Articles containing Ukrainian-language text","Articles containing Abkhaz-language text","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map","Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Pages with Abkhaz IPA","Articles containing Adyghe-language text","Pages with Adyghe IPA","Articles containing Armenian-language text","Pages with Armenian IPA","Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text","Pages with Azerbaijani IPA","Pages with Bulgarian IPA","Pages with Crimean Tatar IPA","Pages with Georgian IPA","Articles containing Mingrelian-language text","Pages with Mingrelian IPA","Pages with Romanian IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Russian IPA","Pages with Turkish IPA","Pages with Ukrainian IPA","Pages with Greek IPA", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Articles with text in Iranian languages","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Middle Persian-language text","Articles containing Persian-language text","Articles containing Old Georgian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022","Vague or ambiguous time from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles containing German-language text","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2023","Articles needing additional references from February 2024","All articles needing additional references", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Black Sea","Seas of the Mediterranean Sea","Anoxic waters","Back-arc basins","European seas","Seas of Russia","Seas of Turkey","Seas of Ukraine","Bodies of water of Bulgaria","Bodies of water of Georgia (country)","Bodies of water of Romania","Bodies of water of Crimea","Bulgaria–Romania border","Bulgaria–Turkey border","Georgia (country)–Russia border","Georgia (country)–Turkey border","Romania–Ukraine border","Russia–Ukraine border","Seas of the Atlantic Ocean","Seas of Asia","Geography of Europe","Geography of West Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Black_Sea","wgRelevantArticleId":3386,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":35},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q166","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="914"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="609"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/640px-Black_Sea_map.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="487"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Black Sea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Black_Sea rootpage-Black_Sea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Black+Sea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Black+Sea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Black+Sea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Black+Sea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Name </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Name subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Modern names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_names_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_names_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Historical names and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_names_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastline_and_exclusive_economic_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastline_and_exclusive_economic_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Coastline and exclusive economic zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastline_and_exclusive_economic_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drainage_basin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drainage_basin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Drainage basin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drainage_basin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_bathymetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_bathymetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geology and bathymetry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology_and_bathymetry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geology and bathymetry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_bathymetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronostratigraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronostratigraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chronostratigraphy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronostratigraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hydrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Hydrochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Marine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phytoplankton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytoplankton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Phytoplankton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytoplankton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Animal species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_effects_of_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_effects_of_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Ecological effects of pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_effects_of_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_connection_during_the_Holocene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_connection_during_the_Holocene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Mediterranean connection during the Holocene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_connection_during_the_Holocene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deluge_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deluge_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Deluge hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deluge_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Archaeology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recorded_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Recorded history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorded_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 World Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.2 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Economy and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Navigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrocarbon_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrocarbon_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Hydrocarbon exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrocarbon_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trans-sea_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trans-sea_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Trans-sea cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trans-sea_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_military_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_military_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Modern military use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_military_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Informational_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informational_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Informational notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informational_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Black Sea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 210 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" > 210 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D3%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ጥቁር ባሕር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቁር ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxinus" title="Euxinus – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Амшын Еиқәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын Еиқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الأسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحر الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սեւ Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarea_Lae" title="Amarea Lae – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amarea Lae" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%AAre" title="Mar Nêre – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar Nêre" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negru" title="Mar Negru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Negru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="करीया सागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="करीया सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_H%C5%A9" title="Para Hũ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99niz" title="Qara dəniz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="قارا دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Cemeng" title="Segara Cemeng – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Cemeng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-h%C3%A1i" title="O͘-hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Ҡара диңгеҙ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itom" title="Dagat Itom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat Itom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черно море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwoazzes_Meea" title="Schwoazzes Meea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwoazzes Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хара тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хура тинĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e" title="Černé moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černé moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_Tema" title="Bhahari Tema – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari Tema" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_neru" title="Mari neru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mari neru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Du" title="Y Môr Du – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Môr Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortehavet" title="Sortehavet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sortehavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84" title="لبحر لكحل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبحر لكحل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Carne mórjo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carne mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Negru" title="Mari Negru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari Negru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دریای سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahavi%C3%B0" title="Svartahavið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svartahavið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="An Mhuir Dhubh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Ghoo" title="Yn Vooir Ghoo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vooir Ghoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_deniz" title="Kara deniz – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kara deniz" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="A' Mhuir Dhubh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа форд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏаьржа форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سيأ دریا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سيأ دریا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કાળો સમુદ્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાળો સમુદ્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-h%C3%B3i" title="Vû-hói – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%ED%95%B4" title="흑해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սև ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corne_morjo" title="Čorne morjo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorne morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Nangisit" title="Baybay Nangisit – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Nangisit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nigre" title="Mar Nigre – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar Nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_Mare" title="Nigri Mare – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri Mare" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Сау денджыз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle_olumnyama" title="Ulwandle olumnyama – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwandle olumnyama" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahaf" title="Svartahaf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartahaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הים השחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Ireng" title="Sagara Ireng – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara Ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bg%CA%8A_K%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Къара тенгиз – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შავი ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C3%B4rn%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rze" title="Czôrné Mòrze – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czôrné Mòrze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Қара теңіз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_Nyeusi" title="Bahari Nyeusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari Nyeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Сьӧд саридз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сьӧд саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Re%C5%9F" title="Deryaya Reş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Шим тангыж – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шим тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Fosch" title="Mer Fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer Fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Preta" title="Mar Preta – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar Preta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="ЛухӀи хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЛухӀи хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3" title="ທະເລດຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລດຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" title="Pontus Euxinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pontus Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaarzt_Mier" title="Schwaarzt Mier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwaarzt Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="ЧӀулав гьуьл – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀулав гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_j%C5%ABra" title="Juodoji jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2_Neigro" title="Mâ Neigro – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ Neigro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zie" title="Zwarte Zie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwarte Zie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustumeri" title="Mustumeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mustumeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xekri_xamsi" title="xekri xamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xekri xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negher" title="Mar Negher – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar Negher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete-tenger" title="Fekete-tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно Море – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црно Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Mainty" title="Ranomasina Mainty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കരിങ്കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരിങ്കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7ar_l-Iswed" title="Baħar l-Iswed – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baħar l-Iswed" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="काळा समुद्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="უჩა ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحر الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیو دریا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیو دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-h%C4%81i" title="Ŭ-hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Равжа иневедь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Равжа иневедь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хар тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ်နက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်နက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zee" title="Zwarte Zee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwatte_Zee" title="Zwatte Zee – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zwatte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%B5%B7" title="黒海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Niro" title="Mar Niro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mar Niro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart_Sia" title="Suart Sia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9the_M%C3%A9" title="Néthe Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Néthe Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Шем теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шем теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_dengiz" title="Qora dengiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کاݪا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاݪا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Pretu" title="Laman Pretu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman Pretu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تور سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Sii" title="Blak Sii – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Sii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%85" title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%A8ir" title="Mar Nèir – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar Nèir" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Czarne" title="Morze Czarne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Czarne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_te%C5%84iz" title="Qara teńiz – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qara teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_de%C3%B1iz" title="Qara deñiz – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qara deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83" title="Marea Neagră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Deryav" title="Kali Deryav – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kali Deryav" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mar Naira" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_hatun_qucha" title="Yana hatun qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чёрное море – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрное море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хара байҕал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nieddu" title="Mare Nieddu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare Nieddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swotte_See" title="Swotte See – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swotte See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Zi" title="Deti i Zi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti i Zi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_N%C3%ACuru" title="Mari Nìuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari Nìuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڪارو سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارو سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierne_more" title="Čierne more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierne more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crno_morje" title="Črno morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črno morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badda_Madow" title="Badda Madow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badda Madow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="دەریای ڕەش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црно море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustameri" title="Mustameri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarta_havet" title="Svarta havet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svarta havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itim" title="Dagat Itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கருங்கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_Aberkan" title="Ilel Aberkan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel Aberkan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Gnure" title="Mar Gnure – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mar Gnure" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кара диңгез – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="నల్ల సముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నల్ల సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="ทะเลดำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Баҳри сиёҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри сиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadeniz" title="Karadeniz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadeniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_de%C5%88iz" title="Gara deňiz – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gara deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1dyundyung_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сьӧд зарезь – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьӧд зарезь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بحیرہ اسود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ اسود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="قارا دېڭىز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارا دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijhaek" title="Haijhaek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haijhaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustmeri" title="Mustmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mustmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90en" title="Biển Đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4gamel" title="Blägamel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Blägamel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noere_Mer" title="Noere Mer – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noere Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Z%C3%AAe" title="Zwarte Zêe – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zwarte Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Dagat" title="Itom nga Dagat – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle_ra_Ntima" title="Lwandle ra Ntima – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lwandle ra Ntima" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שווארצער ים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצער ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_D%C3%BAd%C3%BA" title="Òkun Dúdú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Dúdú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryao_Siya" title="Deryao Siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryao Siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouduoj%C4%97_j%C5%ABra" title="Jouduojė jūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jouduojė jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Halom" title="Lawok Halom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok Halom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijo_dyjo" title="Sijo dyjo – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijo dyjo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Black_Sea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Black_Sea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Black_Sea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&oldid=1259048660" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Black_Sea&id=1259048660&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlack_Sea">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlack_Sea">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Black_Sea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_-_%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_-_Karadeniz_-_Marea_Neagr%C4%83" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Black_Sea" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Black_Sea" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Black_Sea" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_Sea&params=44_N_35_E_type:waterbody_scale:8000000">44°N 35°E / 44°N 35°E / 44; 35</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eurasian sea northeast of the Mediterranean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the large body of water. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Black Sea (disambiguation)">Black Sea (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Euxine" redirects here. For the town of ancient Caria, see <a href="/wiki/Euxine_(Caria)" title="Euxine (Caria)">Euxine (Caria)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Black Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Karadeniz (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</li><li>Чёрное море (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</li><li>შავი ზღვა (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>)</li><li>Εύξεινος Πόντος (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)</li><li>Черно море (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>)</li><li>Marea Neagră (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</li><li>Чорне море (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>)</li><li>Амшын Еиқәа (<a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="location map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/264px-Black_Sea_map.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/396px-Black_Sea_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Black_Sea_map.png/528px-Black_Sea_map.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="597" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The location of the Black Sea</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/256px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png" decoding="async" width="256" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/384px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/512px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="643" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Map of the Black Sea with <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> and surrounding relief</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_Sea&params=44_N_35_E_type:waterbody_scale:8000000">44°N 35°E / 44°N 35°E / 44; 35</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">Primary inflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuban_(river)" title="Kuban (river)">Kuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_undersea_river" title="Black Sea undersea river">Black Sea undersea river</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Primary outflows</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> Unrecognised states: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li></ul> A large number of countries included in <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a> for inflow rivers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,175 km (730 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">436,400 km2 (168,500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">1,253 m (4,111 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">2,212 m (7,257 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">547,000 km3 (131,200 cu mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Category:Islands of the Black Sea">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_Black_Sea" title="Category:Islands of the Black Sea">10+</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg/300px-Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg/450px-Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg/600px-Veleka-sinemorets-mouth-dinev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>The estuary of the <a href="/wiki/Veleka" class="mw-redirect" title="Veleka">Veleka</a> in the Black Sea. <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a> has deposited <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Shoreline" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline">shoreline</a> which has led to the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinemorets" title="Sinemorets">Sinemorets</a>, Bulgaria).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_(country),_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg/300px-Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg/450px-Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg/600px-Black_Sea_coast_of_Georgia_%28country%29%2C_with_skyline_of_Batumi_on_the_horizon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4577" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption> Black Sea coast of western <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, with the skyline of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> on the horizon</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg/300px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg/450px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg/600px-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Swallow%27s_Nest" title="Swallow's Nest">Swallow's Nest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/300px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/450px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/600px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Coastline of <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_(%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%28%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%29_01.jpg/300px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%28%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%28%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%29_01.jpg/450px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%28%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%28%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%29_01.jpg/600px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5_%28%D0%B3.%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium_(resort)" title="Sanatorium (resort)">sanatorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> The Black Sea is a <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_sea_(oceanography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean sea (oceanography)">mediterranean sea</a> lying between <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a>, west of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and north of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. It is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. The Black Sea is <a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)">supplied by</a> major rivers, principally the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a>. Consequently, while six countries have a coastline on the sea, its <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> includes parts of 24 countries in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The Black Sea, not including the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, covers 436,400 km2 (168,500 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> has a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft),<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and a volume of 547,000 km3 (131,000 cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a> to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Mountains" title="Crimean Mountains">Crimean Mountains</a> to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small <a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplains</a> below foothills such as the <a href="/wiki/Strandzha" title="Strandzha">Strandzha</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cape_Emine" title="Cape Emine">Cape Emine</a>, a dwindling of the east end of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Dobruja_Plateau" title="Dobruja Plateau">Dobruja Plateau</a> considerably farther north. The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>) <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>. The Black Sea has a positive <a href="/wiki/Water_balance" title="Water balance">water balance</a>, with an annual net outflow of 300 km3 (72 cu mi) per year through the Bosporus and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline water</a> from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a>. This anoxic layer is responsible for the preservation of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">ancient shipwrecks</a> which have been found in the Black Sea, which ultimately drains into the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, via the Turkish Straits and the Aegean Sea. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a>. The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in the water level in the basin, the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelf</a> and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical water levels, connections with surrounding water bodies can become established. It is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the <a href="/wiki/World_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World ocean">World Ocean</a>. During geological periods when this hydrological link was not present, the Black Sea was an <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a>, operating independently of the global ocean system (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> today). Currently, the Black Sea water level is relatively high; thus, water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_undersea_river" title="Black Sea undersea river">Black Sea undersea river</a> is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> of the Black Sea, the first of its kind discovered.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrduSeaside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OrduSeaside.jpg/220px-OrduSeaside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OrduSeaside.jpg/330px-OrduSeaside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OrduSeaside.jpg/440px-OrduSeaside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Coast of the Black Sea at <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_%282%29.jpg/220px-View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_%282%29.jpg/330px-View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_%282%29.jpg/440px-View_to_the_Kapchik_Cape_in_Crimea_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5310" data-file-height="2857" /></a><figcaption>Kapchik Cape in Crimea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a,_Romania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a%2C_Romania.JPG/220px-The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a%2C_Romania.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a%2C_Romania.JPG/330px-The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a%2C_Romania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a%2C_Romania.JPG/440px-The_Black_Sea_near_Constan%C5%A3a%2C_Romania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>The Black Sea near <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, Romania</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgas_Bridge,_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Burgas_Bridge%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/220px-Burgas_Bridge%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Burgas_Bridge%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/330px-Burgas_Bridge%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Burgas_Bridge%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg/440px-Burgas_Bridge%2C_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Coast of the Black Sea at <a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_names">Modern names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern names">edit</a>]</div> Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name "Black Sea", including these given in the countries bordering the sea:<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: Амшын Еиқәа, romanized: Amŝən Ejkʷa, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɑmʂɨn ɛjkʷʰɑ]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: Хы Шӏуцӏэ, romanized: Xə Šʷʼucʼɛ, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">[xɘ ʃʷʼtsʼɜ]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Սեւ ծով, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: Sev cov, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[sɛv t͡sɔv]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Qara dəniz, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">[kaˈɾa deniz]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: Чeрно морe, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: Čérno moré, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">[ˈt͡ʃɛrno moˈrɛ]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: Qara deñiz, Къара денъиз, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">[qɑrɑ deŋiz]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: შავი ზღვა, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>: shavi zghva, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ʃavi zʁʷa]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a>: უჩა ზუღა, romanized: Ucha Zugha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈutʃä ˈzuɣä]</a>, or simply ზუღა, Zugha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈzuɣä]</a>, "Sea"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Marea Neagră, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg\/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Marea Neagr\u0103.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg/Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Marea_Neagr%C4%83.ogg" title="File:Ro-Marea Neagră.ogg">ⓘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Чёрное мо́ре, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Čórnoje móre, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈt͡ɕɵrnəjə ˈmorʲe]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Karadeniz, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[kaˈɾadeniz]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Чо́рне мо́ре, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Čórne móre, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">[ˈt͡ʃɔrne ˈmɔre]</a></li></ul> Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, the historical name "Euxine Sea", which holds a different literal meaning (see below), is still widely used: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Εύξεινος Πόντος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: Éfxinos Póndos, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Hospitable Sea', <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈefksinos ˈpondos]</a>; the name Μαύρη Θάλασσα, Mávri Thálassa, 'Black Sea', <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ˈmavɾi ˈθalasa]</a>, is used, but is much less common.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common <a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">color terms</a> – the others being the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_names_and_etymology">Historical names and etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical names and etymology">edit</a>]</div> The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the <a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattians</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and their conquerors, the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>. The Hattic city of <a href="/wiki/Zalpuwa" title="Zalpuwa">Zalpa</a> was "situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızıl Irmak</a>, on the Black Sea coast."<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The principal <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> name Póntos Áxeinos is generally accepted to be a rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> word *axšaina- ("dark colored").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as Á-xe(i)nos, identified with the Greek word áxeinos (inhospitable).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> The name Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 475 BC), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became the commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name Póntos Áxeinos remained favoured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a> (1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often simply called "the Sea" (ὁ πόντος ho Pontos).<a href="#cite_note-Geographica_vol.I-11">[11]</a> He thought that the sea was called the "Inhospitable Sea Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos by the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> region of the southern shoreline before Greek colonisation due to its difficult navigation and hostile barbarian natives (7.3.6), and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesians (Greek)">Milesians</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colonised</a> the region, bringing it into the Greek world.<a href="#cite_note-Geographica_vol.III-12">[12]</a> Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark color of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction#Cultural_variations" title="Cardinal direction">colour symbolism representing the cardinal directions</a>, with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> Hence, "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">(red) seas</a>: this points to the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> (550–330 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Greater Bundahishn</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> scripture, the Black Sea is called Siyābun.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the tenth-century Persian geography book <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a>, the Black Sea is called Georgian Sea (daryā-yi Gurz).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles" title="The Georgian Chronicles">The Georgian Chronicles</a> use the name zğua sperisa ზღუა სპერისა (Sea of Speri) after the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a> tribe of Speris or <a href="/wiki/Saspers" class="mw-redirect" title="Saspers">Saspers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Other modern names such as Chyornoye more and Karadeniz (both meaning Black Sea) originated during the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">[8]</a> A 1570 map Asiae Nova Descriptio from <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Orbis_Terrarum" title="Theatrum Orbis Terrarum">Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</a> labels the sea Mar Maggior (Great Sea), compare Latin Mare major.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> English writers of the 18th century often used Euxine Sea (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjuːksɪn/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjuːkˌsaɪn/</a>).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, it was called either Bahr-e Siyah (<a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a>) or Karadeniz (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>), both meaning "Black Sea".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows:<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> [A line joining <a href="/wiki/Cape_Rumili" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Rumili">Cape Rumili</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cape_Anatoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Anatoli">Cape Anatoli</a> (41°13'N)]. In the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kertch Strait</a>. A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N).</blockquote>The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region. Its northern part lies within the <a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a> belt (black soil belt) which goes from eastern Croatia (<a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>), along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> (northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria (<a href="/wiki/Danubian_Plain_(Bulgaria)" title="Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)">Danubian Plain</a>) and southern Romania (<a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Plain" title="Wallachian Plain">Wallachian Plain</a>) to northeast Ukraine and further across the <a href="/wiki/Central_Black_Earth_Region" title="Central Black Earth Region">Central Black Earth Region</a> and southern Russia into <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a> of the Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone.<a href="#cite_note-Prothero1-20">[20]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a> of the Black Sea are <a href="/wiki/Karkinit_Bay" title="Karkinit Bay">Karkinit Bay</a> in Ukraine; the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Burgas" title="Gulf of Burgas">Gulf of Burgas</a> in Bulgaria; <a href="/wiki/Dniprovskyi_District,_Kyiv" title="Dniprovskyi District, Kyiv">Dnieprovski</a> Bay and <a href="/wiki/Zatoka,_Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zatoka, Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi">Dniestrovski</a> Bay, both in Ukraine; and <a href="/wiki/Hamsilos_Bay" title="Hamsilos Bay">Sinop Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> Bay, both in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-bsnn.org-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastline_and_exclusive_economic_zones">Coastline and exclusive economic zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coastline and exclusive economic zones">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Coastline length and area of exclusive economic zones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Coastline_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline length">Coastline length</a> (km)<a href="#cite_note-bsnn.org-21">[21]</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zones</a> area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </th> <td>1,329 </td> <td>172,484 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </th> <td>2,782 </td> <td>132,414 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td>800 </td> <td>67,351 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </th> <td>354 </td> <td>35,132 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </th> <td>310 (without Abkhazia 100<a href="#cite_note-Proletarskaya_Gazeta-23">[23]</a>) </td> <td>22,947 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </th> <td>225 </td> <td>29,756 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia-24">[a]</a> </th> <td>210<a href="#cite_note-Proletarskaya_Gazeta-23">[23]</a> </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="background:#9acdff;"> <th scope="row">Total </th> <td style="background:#9acdff; font-weight:bold;">5,800 </td> <td style="background:#9acdff; font-weight:bold;">460,084 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drainage_basin">Drainage basin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drainage basin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></div> The largest <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> flowing into the Black Sea are:<a href="#cite_note-bsnn.org-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_River" title="Kızılırmak River">Kızılırmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_(river)" title="Kuban (river)">Kuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_River" title="Sakarya River">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bug" title="Southern Bug">Southern Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87oruh" title="Çoruh">Çoruh/Chorokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil%C4%B1rmak_(river)" title="Yeşilırmak (river)">Yeşilırmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioni" title="Rioni">Rioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeya" title="Yeya">Yeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mius" title="Mius">Mius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchiya" title="Kamchiya">Kamchiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enguri" title="Enguri">Enguri/Egry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmius" title="Kalmius">Kalmius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molochna" title="Molochna">Molochna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylihul_(river)" title="Tylihul (river)">Tylihul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velykyi_Kuialnyk" title="Velykyi Kuialnyk">Velykyi Kuialnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleka" class="mw-redirect" title="Veleka">Veleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezovo_(river)" title="Rezovo (river)">Rezovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodori_(river)" title="Kodori (river)">Kodori/Kwydry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzyb_(river)" title="Bzyb (river)">Bzyb/Bzipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supsa_(river)" title="Supsa (river)">Supsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mzymta" title="Mzymta">Mzymta</a></li></ol> </div> These rivers and their tributaries comprise a 2-million km2 (0.77-million sq mi) Black Sea drainage basin that covers wholly or partially 24 countries:<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> Unrecognised states: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">List of islands in the Black Sea</a></div>Some islands in the Black Sea belong to Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>St. Thomas Island – Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anastasia_Island" title="St. Anastasia Island">St. Anastasia Island</a> – Bulgaria</li> <li>St. Cyricus Island – Bulgaria</li> <li>St. Ivan Island – Bulgaria</li> <li>St. Peter Island – Bulgaria</li> <li>Sacalinu Mare Island – Romania</li> <li>Sacalinu Mic Island – Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K_Island" title="K Island">K Island</a> – Romania and Ukraine</li> <li>Utrish Island</li> <li>Krupinin Island</li> <li>Sudiuk Island</li> <li>Kefken Island</li> <li>Oreke Island</li> <li>Giresun Island - Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzharylhach" title="Dzharylhach">Dzharylhach Island</a> – Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Black_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Island (Black Sea)">Zmiinyi (Snake) Island</a> – Ukraine</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg/220px-Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg/330px-Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg/440px-Ice_on_the_Gulf_of_Odessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Ice on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Odesa" title="Gulf of Odesa">Gulf of Odesa</a></figcaption></figure> Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_oscillation" title="North Atlantic oscillation">North Atlantic oscillation</a>, the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a>, which are largely responsible for regional <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inputs<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> and influence Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperatures</a> (SSTs).<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Other influencing factors include the regional <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, as depressions and storm systems arriving from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> are funneled through the low land around the Bosporus, with the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a> mountain ranges acting as waveguides, limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_bathymetry">Geology and bathymetry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geology and bathymetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>The bay of <a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a>, Crimea</figcaption></figure> The Black Sea is divided into two depositional basins—the Western Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea—separated by the Mid-Black Sea High, which includes the Andrusov Ridge, Tetyaev High, and Archangelsky High, extending south from the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean Peninsula</a>. The basin includes two distinct relict <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basins</a> which were initiated by the splitting of an <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arc</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of both the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo</a>- and Neo-<a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys</a> oceans, but the timings of these events remain uncertain. Arc volcanism and extension occurred as the Neo-Tethys Ocean subducted under the southern margin of <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. Uplift and compressional deformation took place as the Neotethys continued to close. Seismic surveys indicate that rifting began in the Western Black Sea in the <a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a> followed by the formation of oceanic crust 20 million years later in the <a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Since its initiation, compressional tectonic environments led to <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> in the basin, interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large-scale <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenies</a>, causing the uplift of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontides">Pontides</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkanides</a> mountain ranges.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/220px-Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/330px-Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg/440px-Yavuz-Sultan-Selim-Br%C3%BCcke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Sultan_Selim_Bridge" title="Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge">Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, crosses the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> strait near its entrance to the Black Sea. Connecting Europe and Asia, it is one of the tallest suspension bridges in the world.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Messinian_salinity_crisis" title="Messinian salinity crisis">Messinian salinity crisis</a> in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, water levels fell but without drying up the sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmonsTariOkay201811-40">[39]</a> The collision between the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a> plates and the westward escape of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plate">Anatolian</a> block along the <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian</a> faults dictates the current tectonic regime,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[38]</a> which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> These geological mechanisms, in the long term, have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system. The large <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelf</a> to the north of the basin is up to 190 km (120 mi) wide and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, however, are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km (12 mi) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The <a href="/wiki/Euxine_abyssal_plain" title="Euxine abyssal plain">Euxine abyssal plain</a> in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres (7,257.22 feet) just south of <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chronostratigraphy">edit</a>]</div> The Paleo-<a href="/wiki/Euxinia" title="Euxinia">Euxinian</a> is described by the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">eolian silt</a> deposits (related to the <a href="/wiki/Riss_glaciation" title="Riss glaciation">Riss glaciation</a>) and the lowering of sea levels (<a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stages" title="Marine isotope stages">MIS</a> 6, 8 and 10). The Karangat <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a> occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacial</a> (MIS 5e). This may have been the highest sea levels reached in the late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. Based on this some scholars have suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a> was isolated from the mainland by a shallow strait during the Eemian Interglacial.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The Neoeuxinian transgression began with an inflow of waters from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>. Neoeuxinian deposits are found in the Black Sea below −20 m (−66 ft) water depth in three layers. The upper layers correspond with the peak of the Khvalinian transgression, on the shelf shallow-water sands and <a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">coquina</a> mixed with silty sands and brackish-water fauna, and inside the Black Sea Depression <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrotroilite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrotroilite (page does not exist)">hydrotroilite</a> silts. The middle layers on the shelf are sands with brackish-water mollusc shells. Of continental origin, the lower level on the shelf is mostly <a href="/wiki/Alluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial">alluvial</a> sands with pebbles, mixed with less common <a href="/wiki/Lacustrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacustrine">lacustrine</a> silts and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">mollusc shells</a>. Inside the Black Sea Depression they are <a href="/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment" title="Terrigenous sediment">terrigenous</a> non-carbonate <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silts</a>, and at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_slope" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental slope">continental slope</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a> sediments.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology">Hydrology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hydrology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/300px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/450px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/600px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/SeaWiFS" title="SeaWiFS">SeaWiFS</a> view reveals the colorful interplay of currents on the sea's surface.</figcaption></figure> The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water with a <a href="/wiki/Meromictic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meromictic">meromictic</a> basin.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-45">[44]</a> The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> water.<a href="#cite_note-Exploring-46">[45]</a> The Black Sea's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> inputs, which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure. Because of the extreme stratification, it is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Estuary#Salt_wedge" title="Estuary">salt wedge estuary</a>. Inflow from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> has a higher salinity and density than the outflow, creating the classic estuarine circulation. This means that the inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while the outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> occurs near the surface. According to Gregg (2002), the outflow is 16,000 cubic metres per second (570,000 cubic feet per second) or around 500 cubic kilometres per year (120 cubic miles per year), and the inflow is 11,000 m3/s (390,000 cu ft/s) or around 350 km3/a (84 cu mi/a).<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-47">[46]</a> The following water budget can be estimated:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] <ul><li>Water in: 900 km3/a (220 cu mi/a) <ul><li>Total river discharge: 370 km3/a (90 cu mi/a)<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></li> <li>Precipitation: 180 km3/a (40 cu mi/a)<a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Commission-49">[48]</a></li> <li>Inflow via Bosporus: 350 km3/a (80 cu mi/a)<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-47">[46]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Water out: 900 km3/a (220 cu mi/a) <ul><li>Evaporation: 400 km3/a (100 cu mi/a) (reduced greatly since the 1970s)<a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Commission-49">[48]</a></li> <li>Outflow via Bosporus: 500 km3/a (120 cu mi/a)<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-47">[46]</a></li></ul></li></ul> The southern sill of the Bosporus is located at 36.5 m (120 ft) below present sea level (deepest spot of the shallowest cross-section in the Bosporus, located in front of <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a>) and has a wet section of around 38,000 m2 (410,000 sq ft).<a href="#cite_note-Gregg-47">[46]</a> Inflow and outflow current speeds are averaged around 0.3 to 0.4 m/s (1.0 to 1.3 ft/s), but much higher speeds are found locally, inducing significant turbulence and vertical shear. This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers.<a href="#cite_note-Talley-50">[49]</a> Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 <a href="/wiki/Salinity#Seawater" title="Salinity">practical salinity units</a> (PSU) and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 PSU. Likewise, an inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 PSU experiences a decrease to about 34 PSU.<a href="#cite_note-Talley-50">[49]</a> Mean surface circulation is <a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_rotation" title="Cyclonic rotation">cyclonic</a>; waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin-wide shelfbreak <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyre</a> known as the Rim Current. The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50–100 cm/s (20–39 in/s). Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin.<a href="#cite_note-Talley-50">[49]</a> The Eastern and Western Gyres are well-organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddies</a> in the summer and autumn. Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability. Outside of the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> around the coastal apron and "wind curl" mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. During the spring, the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea.<a href="#cite_note-Korotaev-51">[50]</a> Beneath the surface waters—from about 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft)—there exists a <a href="/wiki/Halocline" title="Halocline">halocline</a> that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL). This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer.<a href="#cite_note-Talley-50">[49]</a> The base of the CIL is marked by a major <a href="/wiki/Pycnocline" title="Pycnocline">pycnocline</a> at about 100–200 metres (330–660 ft), and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrduCoast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/OrduCoast.jpg/220px-OrduCoast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/OrduCoast.jpg/330px-OrduCoast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/OrduCoast.jpg/440px-OrduCoast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Black Sea coast in <a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass, where salinity increases to 22.3 PSU and temperatures rise to around 8.9 °C (48.0 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Talley-50">[49]</a> The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen. Weak <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">geothermal heating</a> and long <a href="/wiki/Residence_time" title="Residence time">residence time</a> create a very thick convective bottom layer.<a href="#cite_note-Korotaev-51">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_undersea_river" title="Black Sea undersea river">Black Sea undersea river</a> is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> of the Black Sea. The discovery of the river, announced on August 1, 2010, was made by scientists at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> and is the first of its kind to be identified.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-52">[51]</a> The undersea river stems from salty water spilling through the Bosporus Strait from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, where the water has a lower salt content.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrochemistry">Hydrochemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hydrochemistry">edit</a>]</div> Because of the anoxic water at depth, organic matter, including <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> artifacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a> form organic rich layers known as <a href="/wiki/Sapropel" title="Sapropel">sapropels</a>. Scientists have reported an annual <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of <a href="/wiki/Marine_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine archaeology">marine archaeology</a>, as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> wreck <a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a>, located in the anoxic layer off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop, Turkey</a>. Modelling shows that, in the event of an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid impact">asteroid impact</a> on the Black Sea, the release of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> clouds would pose a threat to health—and perhaps even life—for people living on the Black Sea coast.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms, possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine">Marine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_of_the_Black_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fish of the Black Sea">List of fish of the Black Sea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POTI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/POTI.JPG/220px-POTI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/POTI.JPG/330px-POTI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/POTI.JPG/440px-POTI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>The port of <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>, Georgia</figcaption></figure> The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem, dominated by species suited to the <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>, nutrient-rich, conditions. As with all marine food webs, the Black Sea features a range of <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic</a> groups, with <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophic</a> algae, including <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>, acting as primary producers. The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea, but the distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification, which is, in turn, dictated by seasonal physiographic development.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz99-56">[55]</a> During winter, strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients, while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm, shallow mixed layer.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz-57">[56]</a> Day length and <a href="/wiki/Insolation" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolation">insolation</a> intensity also control the extent of the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>. Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability, as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic zone</a> also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling, as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone, enhancing productivity.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> In total, the Black Sea's biodiversity contains around one-third of the Mediterranean's and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or "Mediterranizations".<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Phytoplankton">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg/300px-Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg/450px-Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg/600px-Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a> blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image.</figcaption></figure> The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. Generally, the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate-dominated spring production, followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months, and surface-intensified autumn production.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> This pattern of productivity is augmented by an <a href="/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a> bloom during the late spring and summer months. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer. In November, subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production, due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz99-56">[55]</a> The major bloom-forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is <a href="/wiki/Gymnodinium" title="Gymnodinium">Gymnodinium</a> sp.<a href="#cite_note-Eker-Develi,_E_2003-62">[61]</a> Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> to 267 species.<a href="#cite_note-Gomez-64">[63]</a> This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea, which is attributable to the brackish conditions, low water transparency and presence of <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> bottom waters. It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 °C (39 °F) of the Black Sea prevent <a href="/wiki/Thermophilous" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermophilous">thermophilous</a> species from becoming established. The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favor the development of <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a> (an organism that uses organic carbon for growth) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species (able to exploit different trophic pathways), relative to autotrophs. Despite its unique hydrographic setting, there are no confirmed <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Gomez-64">[63]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatoms</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Black Sea is populated by many species of the marine diatom, which commonly exist as colonies of <a href="/wiki/Unicellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicellular">unicellular</a>, non-motile auto- and heterotrophic <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. The life-cycle of most diatoms can be described as 'boom and bust' and the Black Sea is no exception, with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year, most reliably during March.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz99-56">[55]</a> In simple terms, the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in-wash of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>-bearing terrestrial sediments, and when the supply of silicon is exhausted, the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a>. Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>-based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Oguz99-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oguz-57">[56]</a> Typically, Proboscia alata blooms during spring and Pseudosolenia calcar-avis blooms during the autumn.<a href="#cite_note-Eker-Develi,_E_2003-62">[61]</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">Coccolithophores</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Coccolithophores are a type of <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotrophic">autotrophic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a> that produce CaCO3 plates, known as <a href="/wiki/Coccolith" title="Coccolith">coccoliths</a>, as part of their life cycle. In the Black Sea, the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place. In May, the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> into deeper waters, where more nutrients are available. This permits coccolithophores to utilize the nutrients in the upper waters, and by the end of May, with favorable light and temperature conditions, growth rates reach their highest. The major bloom-forming species is <a href="/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a>, which is also responsible for the release of <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a> into the atmosphere. Overall, coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea, and although recent sediments are dominated by E. huxleyi and Braarudosphaera bigelowii, <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> sediments have been shown to also contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Cyanobacteria are a phylum of <a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">picoplanktonic</a> (plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that obtain their energy via <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, and are present throughout the world's oceans. They exhibit a range of morphologies, including filamentous colonies and <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a>. In the Black Sea, several species are present, and as an example, Synechococcus spp. can be found throughout the photic zone, although concentration decreases with increasing depth. Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability, predation, and salinity.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal_species">Animal species</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Animal species">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">Zebra mussel</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The Black Sea along with the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> is part of the zebra mussel's native range. The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> where it has been introduced.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">Common carp</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>The common carp's native range extends to the Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. Like the zebra mussel, the common carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_goby" title="Round goby">Round goby</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea. It preys upon zebra mussels. Like the mussels and common carp, it has become invasive when introduced to other environments, like the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in North America.</dd></dl> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg/260px-Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg/390px-Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg/520px-Dolphins_swim_near_ferry_in_port_of_Batumi_150505-A-PU919-7446.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption>Common dolphins <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_surfacing_behaviour" title="Cetacean surfacing behaviour">porpoising</a> with a ferry at <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> port</figcaption></figure>Marine mammals and marine <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphin (<a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">common</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoise</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities. All three species have been classified as distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic and are endemic to the Black and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Azov</a> seas, and are more active during nights in the Turkish Straits.<a href="#cite_note-Risso's-69">[68]</a> However, construction of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Bridge" title="Crimean Bridge">Crimean Bridge</a> has caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters, attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 bottlenose dolphins.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> However, others claim that construction may cause devastating damages on the ecosystem, including dolphins.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seals</a>, now a vulnerable species, were historically abundant in the Black Sea, and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-iucn-72">[71]</a> Monk seals were present at <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Black_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Snake Island (Black Sea)">Snake Island</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>, until the 1950s, and several locations such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danube_Plavni_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danube Plavni Nature Reserve (page does not exist)">Danube Plavni Nature Reserve</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Дунайский биосферный заповедник">ru</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fankent" title="Doğankent">Doğankent</a> were the last of the seals' <a href="/wiki/Hauling-out" title="Hauling-out">hauling-out</a> sites post-1990.<a href="#cite_note-BlackPedia-73">[72]</a> Very few animals still thrive in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></dd> <dd>Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost cetacean diversity in the Turkish Straits<a href="#cite_note-Risso's-69">[68]</a> and hence in the Black and Azov basins.</dd> <dd>Various species of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whale</a><a href="#cite_note-GreekCetacea-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> were introduced into the Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes. Of these, <a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">grey seals</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> and beluga whales<a href="#cite_note-GreekCetacea-75">[74]</a> have been recorded with successful, long-term occurrences.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">Great white sharks</a> are known to reach into the Sea of Marmara and Bosporus Strait and <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">basking sharks</a> into the Dardanelles, although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecological_effects_of_pollution">Ecological effects of pollution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ecological effects of pollution">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1960s, rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coastline and the construction of a major dam on the Danube have significantly increased annual variability in the N:P:Si ratio in the basin. Coastal areas, accordingly, have seen an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms, with diatom-bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6. The non-diatoms, such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophore), Chromulina sp., and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii, can out-compete diatom species because of the limited availability of silicon, a necessary constituent of diatom frustules.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> As a consequence of these blooms, benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light, while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Overfishing during the 1970s further compounded the decline in macrophytes, while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a> and other zooplankton in the late 1980s. Additionally, an alien species—the <a href="/wiki/Warty_comb_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Warty comb jelly">warty comb jelly</a> (Mnemiopsis leidyi)—established itself in the basin, exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The change in <a href="/wiki/Species_composition" class="mw-redirect" title="Species composition">species composition</a> in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry, as calcium-producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH, although these ramifications have yet[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] to be fully quantified. In central Black Sea waters, silicon levels also reduced significantly, due to a decrease in the flux of silicon associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces. This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localized alterations in Black Sea nutrient-input to have basin-wide effects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Pollution-reduction and regulation efforts led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s, and an EU monitoring exercise, 'EROS21', revealed decreased nitrogen and phosphorus values relative to the 1989 peak.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Recently,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery, in part due to the construction of new <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment"> sewage-treatment</a> plants in Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria in connection with those countries' membership of the European Union. Mnemiopsis leidyi populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jellyfish"><img alt="Jellyfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg/120px-Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg/181px-Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg/241px-Black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Actinia"><img alt="Actinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg/180px-Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg/270px-Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg/360px-Black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="596" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">Actinia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Actinia"><img alt="Actinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG/180px-Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG/270px-Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG/359px-Black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actinia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goby"><img alt="Goby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg/252px-Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg/378px-Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg/504px-Black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="429" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Goby" title="Goby">Goby</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stingray"><img alt="Stingray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg/240px-Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg/359px-Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg/479px-Black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="379" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stingray" title="Stingray">Stingray</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goat fish"><img alt="Goat fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg/252px-Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg/378px-Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg/503px-Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1015" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mullus_barbatus" title="Mullus barbatus">Goat fish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermit crab, Diogenes pugilator"><img alt="Hermit crab, Diogenes pugilator" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg/252px-Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg/378px-Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg/504px-Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="977" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">Hermit crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_pugilator" title="Diogenes pugilator">Diogenes pugilator</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue sponge"><img alt="Blue sponge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg/240px-Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg/360px-Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg/480px-Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponge</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 450px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 448px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Squalus_acanthias2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiny dogfish"><img alt="Spiny dogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Squalus_acanthias2.jpg/672px-Squalus_acanthias2.jpg" decoding="async" width="448" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Squalus_acanthias2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="240" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">Spiny dogfish</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Seahorse"><img alt="Seahorse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG/288px-Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG/432px-Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG/576px-Black_Sea_fauna_Seahorse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="1042" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seahorse" title="Seahorse">Seahorse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black Sea common dolphins with a kite-surfer off Sochi"><img alt="Black Sea common dolphins with a kite-surfer off Sochi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg/358px-Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg/537px-Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg/716px-Kitesurfer_and_Dolphins_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1397" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Common_dolphin" title="Common dolphin">Black Sea common dolphins</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">kite-surfer</a> off <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_connection_during_the_Holocene">Mediterranean connection during the Holocene</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mediterranean connection during the Holocene">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/170px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/255px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg/340px-Istanbul_and_Bosporus_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, taken from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardanelles_map2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dardanelles_map2.png/300px-Dardanelles_map2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dardanelles_map2.png/450px-Dardanelles_map2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dardanelles_map2.png/600px-Dardanelles_map2.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a></figcaption></figure> The Black Sea is connected to the <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> by a chain of two shallow <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">straits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>. The Dardanelles is 55 m (180 ft) deep, and the Bosporus is as shallow as 36 m (118 ft). By comparison, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">last ice age</a>, sea levels were more than 100 m (330 ft) lower than they are now. There is evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period. Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake (at least in upper layers) during the last glaciation and for some time after. In the aftermath of the last glacial period, water levels in the Black Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water. The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate. One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first, with excess freshwater flowing over the Bosporus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea. There are also catastrophic scenarios, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a>" put forward by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ryan_(geologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ryan (geologist) (page does not exist)">William Ryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_C._Pitman_III" title="Walter C. Pitman III">Walter Pitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petko_Dimitrov" title="Petko Dimitrov">Petko Dimitrov</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deluge_hypothesis">Deluge hypothesis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Deluge hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_deluge_hypothesis" title="Black Sea deluge hypothesis">Black Sea deluge hypothesis</a></div> The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5600 BC due to waters from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> breaching a sill in the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> Strait. The hypothesis was headlined when <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> published it in December 1996, shortly before it was published in an <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur, there is debate over the suddenness, dating, and magnitude of the events. Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg/250px-Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg/375px-Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg/500px-Aivazovsky_-_Black_Sea_Fleet_in_the_Bay_of_Theodosia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a>. Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia, just before the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></figcaption></figure> The Black Sea was sailed by <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carians" title="Carians">Carians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. The concentration of <a href="/wiki/Historical_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical powers">historical powers</a>, combined with the preservative qualities of the deep <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic waters</a> of the Black Sea, has attracted increased interest from <a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">marine archaeologists</a> who have begun to discover a large number of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">ancient ships and organic remains</a> in a high state of preservation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recorded_history">Recorded history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recorded history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/300px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/450px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg/600px-Diego-homem-black-sea-ancient-map-1559.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century map of the Black Sea by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Homem" title="Diogo Homem">Diogo Homem</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontos_Euxeinos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pontos_Euxeinos.gif/300px-Pontos_Euxeinos.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pontos_Euxeinos.gif/450px-Pontos_Euxeinos.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Pontos_Euxeinos.gif/600px-Pontos_Euxeinos.gif 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Greek colonies</a> (8th–3rd century BCE) of the Black Sea (Euxine, or "hospitable" sea)</figcaption></figure> The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world: the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> to the west, the Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to the southwest. The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea, <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>), marked for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> the edge of the known world. The <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> to the north of the Black Sea is seen by several researchers as the pre-historic <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">original homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a>) of the speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> (PIE).<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Greek presence in the Black Sea began at least as early as the 9th century BC with <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colonies</a> scattered along the Black Sea's southern coast, attracting traders and colonists due to the grain grown in the Black Sea hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> By 500 BC, permanent Greek communities existed all around the Black Sea, and a lucrative trade-network connected the entirety of the Black Sea to the wider Mediterranean. While Greek colonies generally maintained very close cultural ties to their founding <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, Greek colonies in the Black Sea began to develop their own Black Sea Greek culture, known today as <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a>. The coastal communities of Black Sea Greeks remained a prominent part of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek world</a> for centuries,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and the realms of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates of Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Constantinople</a> spanned the Black Sea to include <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a> territories. The Black Sea became a virtual <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> lake within five years of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> losing control of the Crimean Peninsula in 1479, after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>'s old rival <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>. The Black Sea became a <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">trade route of slaves between Crimea and Ottoman Anatolia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfSinop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BattleOfSinop_2.jpg/220px-BattleOfSinop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BattleOfSinop_2.jpg/330px-BattleOfSinop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BattleOfSinop_2.jpg/440px-BattleOfSinop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Battle of Sinop</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> became a significant Black Sea power in the late-18th century,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> occupying the littoral of <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a> in 1764 and <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">of Crimea</a> in 1783. Ottoman restrictions on Black Sea navigation were challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> (founded in 1783) of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a>, and the Ottomans relaxed export controls after the outbreak in 1789 of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, fought between 1853 and 1856, saw naval engagements between the French and British allies and the forces of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>. On the 2 March 1855 death of Nicholas I, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> became Tsar. On 15 January 1856, the new tsar took Russia out of the war on the very unfavourable terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea, and the provision that the Black Sea was to be a <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarized zone</a> similar to a contemporaneous region of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: World Wars">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Sea_(1914–1918)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Sea_(1914–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Black Sea (1914–1918)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Sarych" title="Battle of Cape Sarych">Cape Sarych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_May_1915" title="Action of 10 May 1915">10 May 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirpen_Island" title="Battle of Kirpen Island">Kirpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1916" title="Action of 8 January 1916">8 January 1916</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I#Black_Sea" title="Naval warfare of World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) and saw both naval and land battles between 1941 and 1945 during <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">World War II</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> was obliterated by the Nazis, who even brought <a href="/wiki/Schwerer_Gustav" title="Schwerer Gustav">Schwerer Gustav</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)</a>. The Soviet naval base was one of the strongest fortifications in the world. Its site, on a deeply eroded, bare limestone promontory at the southwestern tip of the Crimea, made an approach by land forces exceedingly difficult. The high-level cliffs overlooking <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severnaya_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severnaya Bay (page does not exist)">Severnaya Bay</a> protected the anchorage, making an amphibious landing just as dangerous. The Soviet Navy had built upon these natural defenses by modernizing the port and installing heavy <a href="/wiki/Coastal_batteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal batteries">coastal batteries</a> consisting of 180mm and 305mm re-purposed battleship guns which were capable of firing inland as well as out to sea. The artillery emplacements were protected by reinforced concrete fortifications and 9.8-inch thick armored turrets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake_Island_(Ukraine)" title="Snake Island (Ukraine)">Snake Island</a> was a source of contention. On 24 February 2022, two Russian navy warships <a href="/wiki/2022_Snake_Island_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Snake Island campaign">attacked and captured Snake Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MayHaveSurvived-102">[101]</a> It was subsequently bombarded heavily by Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> On 30 June 2022, Ukraine announced that it had driven Russian forces off the island.<a href="#cite_note-kosiw-104">[103]</a> On 14 April 2022, the flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva" title="Russian cruiser Moskva">Russian cruiser Moskva</a> was sunk by Ukrainian missiles.<a href="#cite_note-peck-105">[104]</a> As early as 29 April 2022 submarines of the Black Sea Fleet were used by Russia to bombard Ukrainian cities with <a href="/wiki/Kalibr" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalibr">Kalibr</a> <a href="/wiki/SLCM" class="mw-redirect" title="SLCM">SLCMs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reut29-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-reut04-107">[106]</a> The Kalibr missile was so successful that on 10 March 2023 Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a> announced plans to broaden the type of ship which carried it, to include the <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steregushchiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steregushchiy (page does not exist)">Steregushchiy</a> and the nuclear-powered cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Admiral_Nakhimov" title="Russian battlecruiser Admiral Nakhimov">Admiral Nakhimov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msrn-108">[107]</a> On the morning of 14 March 2023, a Russian <a href="/wiki/Su-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-27">Su-27</a> fighter jet intercepted and damaged an American <a href="/wiki/MQ-9_Reaper" class="mw-redirect" title="MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9 Reaper</a> drone, causing the latter <a href="/wiki/2023_Black_Sea_drone_incident" title="2023 Black Sea drone incident">to crash into the Black Sea</a>. At 13:20 on 5 May 2023 a Russian <a href="/wiki/Su-35" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-35">Su-35</a> fighter jet intercepted and threatened the safety of a Polish <a href="/wiki/L-140_Turbolet" class="mw-redirect" title="L-140 Turbolet">L-140 Turbolet</a> on a "routine <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a> patrol mission.. and performed 'aggressive and dangerous' manoeuvres".<a href="#cite_note-cmrf-109">[108]</a> The incident, which occurred "in international airspace over the Black Sea about 60km" east of Romanian airspace,<a href="#cite_note-tdprj-110">[109]</a> "caused the crew of five Polish border guards to lose control of the plane and lose altitude."<a href="#cite_note-pbgdw-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_politics">Economy and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy and politics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Black_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Black Sea">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Black+Sea%22">"Black Sea"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Black+Sea%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Black+Sea%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Black+Sea%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Black+Sea%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Black+Sea%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG/220px-Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG/330px-Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG/440px-Widok_na_Ja%C5%82t%C4%99_ze_statku_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, Crimea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amasra,_Turkey,_Castle,_view_from_the_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amasra%2C_Turkey%2C_Castle%2C_view_from_the_island.jpg/220px-Amasra%2C_Turkey%2C_Castle%2C_view_from_the_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amasra%2C_Turkey%2C_Castle%2C_view_from_the_island.jpg/330px-Amasra%2C_Turkey%2C_Castle%2C_view_from_the_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Amasra%2C_Turkey%2C_Castle%2C_view_from_the_island.jpg/440px-Amasra%2C_Turkey%2C_Castle%2C_view_from_the_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amasra</a>, Turkey, is located on a small island in the Black Sea.</figcaption></figure>The Black Sea plays an integral part in the connection between Asia and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In addition to sea ports and fishing, key activities include hydrocarbons exploration for oil and natural gas, and tourism. According to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the Black Sea is a strategic corridor that provides <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs, radioactive materials, and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Security-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Navigation">edit</a>]</div> According to an <a href="/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="International Transport Workers' Federation">International Transport Workers' Federation</a> 2013 study, there were at least 30 operating merchant <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaports</a> in the Black Sea (including at least 12 in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Черное_море_признано-114">[113]</a> There were also around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Черное_море_признано-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fishing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Turkey" title="Fishing in Turkey">Fishing in Turkey</a></div> The Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/European_anchovy" title="European anchovy">anchovies</a> per year. The fishery is carried out mainly in winter, and the highest portion of the stock is caught in November and December.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrocarbon_exploration">Hydrocarbon exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hydrocarbon exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stream" title="Blue Stream">Blue Stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Stream" title="South Stream">South Stream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TurkStream" title="TurkStream">TurkStream</a></div> In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> started <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a> for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> in the sea's western portion (adjoining <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>'s coast). Independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a>, inviting major international oil companies for exploration. Discovery of the new, massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments. It also provoked a short-term peaceful <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">territorial dispute</a> with <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries. The Black Sea contains oil and natural gas resources but exploration in the sea is incomplete. As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit">[update]</a>, 20 wells are in place. Throughout much of its existence, the Black Sea has had significant oil and gas-forming potential because of significant inflows of sediment and nutrient-rich waters. However, this varies geographically. For example, prospects are poorer off the coast of Bulgaria because of the large influx of sediment from the Danube which obscured sunlight and diluted organic-rich sediments. Many of the discoveries to date have taken place offshore of Romania in the Western Black Sea and only a few discoveries have been made in the Eastern Black Sea. During the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paratethys" title="Paratethys">Paratethys</a> Sea was partially isolated and sea levels fell. During this time sand shed off the rising Balkanide, Pontide and Caucasus mountains trapped organic material in the Maykop Suite of rocks through the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>. Natural gas appears in rocks deposited in the Miocene and Pliocene by the paleo-Dnieper and paleo-Dniester rivers, or in deep-water Oligocene-age rocks. Serious exploration began in 1999 with two deep-water wells, Limanköy-1 and Limanköy-2, drilled in Turkish waters. Next, the HPX (Hopa)-1 deepwater well targeted late Miocene sandstone units in Achara-Trialet fold belt (also known as the Gurian fold belt) along the Georgia-Turkey maritime border. Although geologists inferred that these rocks might have hydrocarbons that migrated from the Maykop Suite, the well was unsuccessful. No more drilling happened for five years after the HPX-1 well. In 2010, Sinop-1 targeted carbonate reservoirs potentially charged from the nearby Maykop Suite on the Andrusov Ridge, but the well-struck only Cretaceous volcanic rocks. Yassihöyük-1 encountered similar problems. Other Turkish wells, Sürmene-1 and Sile-1 drilled in the Eastern Black Sea in 2011 and 2015 respectively tested four-way closures above Cretaceous volcanoes, with no results in either case. A different Turkish well, Kastamonu-1 drilled in 2011 did successfully find thermogenic gas in Pliocene and Miocene shale-cored anticlines in the Western Black Sea. A year later in 2012, Romania drilled Domino-1 which struck gas prompting the drilling of other wells in the Neptun Deep. In 2016, the Bulgarian well Polshkov-1 targeted Maykop Suite sandstones in the Polshkov High and Russia is in the process of drilling Jurassic carbonates on the Shatsky Ridge as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmonsTariOkay201810-12-116">[115]</a> In August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> found 320 billion cubic metres (11 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas in the biggest ever discovery in the Black Sea, and hoped to begin production in the <a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Gas_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakarya Gas Field">Sakarya Gas Field</a> by 2023. The sector is near where <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> has also found gas reserves.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trans-sea_cooperation">Trans-sea cooperation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Trans-sea cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Euroregion" title="Black Sea Euroregion">Black Sea Euroregion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_Prut_and_Lower_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Prut and Lower Danube">Superior Prut and Lower Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Games" title="Black Sea Games">Black Sea Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Urban areas">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">City </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Region/county </th> <th scope="col">Population (urban) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg/135px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg/203px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg/270px-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_-_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa</a></td> <td>1,003,705 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_-_panoramio_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samsun_-_panoramio_%2811%29.jpg/135px-Samsun_-_panoramio_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samsun_-_panoramio_%2811%29.jpg/203px-Samsun_-_panoramio_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samsun_-_panoramio_%2811%29.jpg/270px-Samsun_-_panoramio_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></td> <td>639,930<a href="#cite_note-citypop-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Varna_Plage.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Varna_Plage.JPG/135px-Varna_Plage.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Varna_Plage.JPG/203px-Varna_Plage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Varna_Plage.JPG/270px-Varna_Plage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varna_Province" title="Varna Province">Varna</a></td> <td>500,076 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Constanta_shipyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG/135px-Constanta_shipyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG/203px-Constanta_shipyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Constanta_shipyard.JPG/270px-Constanta_shipyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba_County" title="Constanța County">Constanța</a></td> <td>491,498<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg/135px-Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg/203px-Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg/270px-Sevastopol_Crimea-5243.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal city</a> / <a href="/wiki/City_with_special_status" title="City with special status">City with special status</a></td> <td>379,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sochi_harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sochi_harbour.jpg/135px-Sochi_harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sochi_harbour.jpg/203px-Sochi_harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sochi_harbour.jpg/270px-Sochi_harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></td> <td>343,334 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Trabzon_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/135px-Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/203px-Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/270px-Trabzon_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2663" data-file-height="1327" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></td> <td>293,661<a href="#cite_note-citypop-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg/135px-Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg/203px-Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg/270px-Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></td> <td>241,952 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg/135px-142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg/203px-142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg/270px-142_Uitzicht_op_Boergas_en_Zwarte_Zee.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1012" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burgas_Province" title="Burgas Province">Burgas</a></td> <td>223,902 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Batumi_sunset_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Batumi_sunset_2.jpg/135px-Batumi_sunset_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Batumi_sunset_2.jpg/203px-Batumi_sunset_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Batumi_sunset_2.jpg/270px-Batumi_sunset_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="3511" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Adjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Republic of Adjara">Adjara</a></td> <td>204,156<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ordu,_Turkey.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ordu%2C_Turkey.JPG/135px-Ordu%2C_Turkey.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ordu%2C_Turkey.JPG/203px-Ordu%2C_Turkey.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ordu%2C_Turkey.JPG/270px-Ordu%2C_Turkey.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a></td> <td>190,425<a href="#cite_note-citypop-118">[117]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Black_Sea_resorts" title="Romanian Black Sea resorts">Romanian Black Sea resorts</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Riviera" title="Caucasian Riviera">Caucasian Riviera</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Bulgarian Black Sea Coast</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region, Turkey">Black Sea Region, Turkey</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zatoka_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Zatoka_Beach.jpg/220px-Zatoka_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Zatoka_Beach.jpg/330px-Zatoka_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Zatoka_Beach.jpg/440px-Zatoka_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Black Sea beach in Zatoka, Ukraine</figcaption></figure> In the years following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the popularity of the Black Sea as a <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourist</a> destination steadily increased. Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region's growth industries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The following is a list of notable Black Sea <a href="/wiki/Resort" title="Resort">resort</a> towns: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Mai" title="2 Mai">2 Mai</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agigea" title="Agigea">Agigea</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahtopol" title="Ahtopol">Ahtopol</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amasra</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaklia" title="Anaklia">Anaklia</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Anapa</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albena" title="Albena">Albena</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Balchik</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> (Georgia)<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byala,_Varna_Province" title="Byala, Varna Province">Byala</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_Aurora" title="Cap Aurora">Cap Aurora</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakvi" title="Chakvi">Chakvi</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Constantine_and_Helena,_Bulgaria" title="Saints Constantine and Helena, Bulgaria">Constantine and Helena</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbu,_Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Corbu, Constanța">Corbu</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costine%C8%99ti" title="Costinești">Costinești</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eforie" title="Eforie">Eforie</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emona,_Bulgaria" title="Emona, Bulgaria">Emona</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foros,_Crimea" title="Foros, Crimea">Foros</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagra" title="Gagra">Gagra</a> (Abkhazia/Georgia<a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia-24">[a]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelendzhik" title="Gelendzhik">Gelendzhik</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Sands" title="Golden Sands">Golden Sands</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonio_(settlement)" title="Gonio (settlement)">Gonio</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudauta</a> (Abkhazia/Georgia<a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia-24">[a]</a>) and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Gudauta_Bay" title="Gudauta Bay">Gudauta Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurzuf" title="Gurzuf">Gurzuf</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopa" title="Hopa">Hopa</a> (Artvin, Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter,_Romania" title="Jupiter, Romania">Jupiter</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_of_Kamchiya" title="Resort of Kamchiya">Kamchia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavarna" title="Kavarna">Kavarna</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiten,_Burgas_Province" title="Kiten, Burgas Province">Kiten</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuleti" title="Kobuleti">Kobuleti</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktebel" title="Koktebel">Koktebel</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenets,_Burgas_Province" title="Lozenets, Burgas Province">Lozenetz</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamaia" title="Mamaia">Mamaia</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83vodari" title="Năvodari">Năvodari</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptun,_Romania" title="Neptun, Romania">Neptun</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nesebar</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obzor" title="Obzor">Obzor</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp,_Romania" title="Olimp, Romania">Olimp</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pitsunda</a> (Abkhazia/Georgia<a href="#cite_note-Abkhazia-24">[a]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Pomorie</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primorsko" title="Primorsko">Primorsko</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka,_Bulgaria" title="Rusalka, Bulgaria">Rusalka</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn,_Romania" title="Saturn, Romania">Saturn</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eile" title="Şile">Şile</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinop</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadovsk" title="Skadovsk">Skadovsk</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Sozopol</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulina" title="Sulina">Sulina</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Beach" title="Sunny Beach">Sunny Beach</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveti_Vlas" title="Sveti Vlas">Sveti Vlas</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikhisdziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsikhisdziri">Tsikhisdziri</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuapse" title="Tuapse">Tuapse</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureki" title="Ureki">Ureki</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vama_Veche" title="Vama Veche">Vama Veche</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus,_Romania" title="Venus, Romania">Venus</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a> (Crimea, Ukraine/Russia (disputed))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a> (Turkey)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_military_use">Modern military use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Modern military use">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg/220px-USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg/330px-USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg/440px-USS_Yorktown_collision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>Soviet frigate <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_frigate_Dnipropetrovsk" title="Ukrainian frigate Dnipropetrovsk">Bezzavetny</a> (right) bumping the <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CG-48)" title="USS Yorktown (CG-48)">USS Yorktown</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg/220px-Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg/330px-Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg/440px-Boat_U170_Skadovsk_2012_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Navy" title="Ukrainian Navy">Ukrainian Navy</a> artillery boat U170 in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Sevastopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Sevastopol">Bay of Sevastopol</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">1936 Montreux Convention</a> provides for free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the Mediterranean seas. However, a single country (Turkey) has complete control over the straits connecting the two seas. Military ships are categorised separately from civilian vessels and can pass through the straits only if the ship belongs to a Black Sea country. Other military ships have the right to pass through the straits if they are not in a war against Turkey and if they stay in the Black Sea basin for a limited time. The 1982 amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Montreux Convention</a> allow Turkey to close the straits at its discretion in both war and peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black, the Mediterranean and Aegean seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-<a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> states in the Black Sea waters.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> has its official primary headquarters and facilities in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sevastopol_Naval_Base" title="Sevastopol Naval Base">Sevastopol Naval Base</a>).<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The Soviet hospital ship <a href="/wiki/Soviet_hospital_ship_Armenia" title="Soviet hospital ship Armenia">Armenia</a> was sunk on 7 November 1941 by German aircraft while evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. It has been estimated that approximately 5,000 to 7,000 people were killed during the sinking, making it one of the deadliest <a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters_in_the_20th_century" title="List of maritime disasters in the 20th century">maritime disasters</a> in history. There were only eight survivors.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> In December 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait incident</a> occurred, in which the Russian navy and coast guard took control of three Ukrainian vessels as the ships were trying to transit from the Black Sea into the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In April 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Moskva" title="Russian cruiser Moskva">Russian cruiser Moskva</a> was sunk in the western Black Sea by sea-skimming <a href="/wiki/R-360_Neptune" title="R-360 Neptune">Neptune</a> missiles of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Ukrainian armed forces</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> while the Russians claimed that an onboard fire had caused munitions to explode and damage the ship extensively.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> She was the largest ship to be lost in naval combat in Europe since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> In late 2023, Russia announced plans to build a naval base on the Black Sea coast of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abkhazia_2023_10_05_reuters-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-breakaway_2023_10_05_politico-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-alarms_2023_12_12_bbc-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1927_Crimean_earthquakes" title="1927 Crimean earthquakes">1927 Crimean earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informational_notes">Informational notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Informational notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Abkhazia-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abkhazia_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abkhazia_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abkhazia_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abkhazia_24-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially-recognized</a> nation, <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent since 1993, though still claimed by <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> as one of its provinces. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222094304/http://blacksea-education.ru/e2.shtml">""Black Sea Geography, Oceanography, Ecology, History""</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blacksea-education.ru/e2.shtml">the original</a> on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Black+Sea+Geography%2C+Oceanography%2C+Ecology%2C+History%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblacksea-education.ru%2Fe2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> Living Black Sea </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407065633/https://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/geography/index.html">"Black Sea Geography"</a>. University of Delaware College of Marine Studies. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/geography/index.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Delaware+College+of+Marine+Studies&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Geography&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceoe.udel.edu%2Fblacksea%2Fgeography%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Maximum depth—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114143619/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/blackseafactsfigures_en.htm">"Europa – Gateway of the European Union website"</a>. Environment and Enlargement – The Black Sea: Facts and Figures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enlarg/blackseafactsfigures_en.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Enlargement+%E2%80%93+The+Black+Sea%3A+Facts+and+Figures&rft.atitle=Europa+%E2%80%93+Gateway+of+the+European+Union+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenvironment%2Fenlarg%2Fblackseafactsfigures_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayJannaschHonjoAnderson1989" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, J. W.; Jannasch, H. W.; Honjo, S; Anderson, R. F.; Reeburgh, W. S.; Top, Z.; Friederich, G. E.; Codispoti, L. A.; Izdar, E. (30 March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xg3p017">"Unexpected changes in the oxic/anoxic interface in the Black Sea"</a>. Nature. 338 (6214): 411–413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.338..411M">1989Natur.338..411M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F338411a0">10.1038/338411a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4306135">4306135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Unexpected+changes+in+the+oxic%2Fanoxic+interface+in+the+Black+Sea&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6214&rft.pages=411-413&rft.date=1989-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4306135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F338411a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Natur.338..411M&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft.au=Jannasch%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Honjo%2C+S&rft.au=Anderson%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Reeburgh%2C+W.+S.&rft.au=Top%2C+Z.&rft.au=Friederich%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Codispoti%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Izdar%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7xg3p017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplese0010unse">World and Its Peoples</a>. Marshall Cavendish. 21 July 2010. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worlditspeoplese0010unse/page/n151">1444</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7902-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7902-4"><bdi>978-0-7614-7902-4</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>Black Sea 1175 km east west.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pages=1444&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7902-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworlditspeoplese0010unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiladinovaStipsGarcia-GorrizMacias_Moy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Miladinova, S.; Stips, A.; Garcia-Gorriz, E.; Macias Moy, D. (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5606501">"Black Sea thermohaline properties: Long-term trends and variations"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 122 (7): 5624–5644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRC..122.5624M">2017JGRC..122.5624M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016JC012644">10.1002/2016JC012644</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9275">2169-9275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5606501">5606501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28989833">28989833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Oceans&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+thermohaline+properties%3A+Long-term+trends+and+variations&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=5624-5644&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5606501%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JGRC..122.5624M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28989833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016JC012644&rft.issn=2169-9275&rft.aulast=Miladinova&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Stips%2C+A.&rft.au=Garcia-Gorriz%2C+E.&rft.au=Macias+Moy%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5606501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzhan_Öztürk2005" class="citation book cs1">Özhan Öztürk (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015182227/http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/karadeniz/karadeniz-ozhan-ozturk.htm">Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük</a>. İstanbul: Heyamola Yayınları. pp. 617–620. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/makaleler/karadeniz/karadeniz-ozhan-ozturk.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karadeniz+Ansiklopedik+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=617-620&rft.pub=Heyamola+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2005&rft.au=%C3%96zhan+%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2Fmakaleler%2Fkaradeniz%2Fkaradeniz-ozhan-ozturk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1989310–313_8-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1989">Schmitt 1989</a>, pp. 310–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The Journal of Indo-European Studies, p.79. United States, n.p, 1985. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QaMYAAAAYAAJ">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Burney, Charles. Historical Dictionary of the Hittites, p.333. United States, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YRhbDwAAQBAJ">Google Books</a>. Accessed 26 February 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographica_vol.I-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Geographica_vol.I_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1917" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/strabo/home.html">Strabo: Geography, Volume I: Books 1-2</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo%3A+Geography%2C+Volume+I%3A+Books+1-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fstrabo%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographica_vol.III-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Geographica_vol.III_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1924" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Horace Leonard, ed. (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/strabo/home.html">Strabo: Geography, Volume III: Books 6-7</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strabo%3A+Geography%2C+Volume+III%3A+Books+6-7&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2Fe%2Froman%2Ftexts%2Fstrabo%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Joseph H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avesta.org/mp/grb1.htm#chap8">"Greater Bundahishn"</a>. www.avesta.org. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.avesta.org&rft.atitle=Greater+Bundahishn&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avesta.org%2Fmp%2Fgrb1.htm%23chap8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/hud_42.html">§ 42. Discourse on the Country of Rūm, its Provinces and Towns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225152115/http://www.kroraina.com/hudud/hud_42.html">Archived</a> February 25, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hudud al-'Alam </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/kcx1/kcx1.htm?kcx1002.htm">Part II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628200934/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/cauc/ageo/kcx1/kcx1.htm?kcx1002.htm">Archived</a> June 28, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Georgian Chronicles, Line of ed: 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drannadurai.com/His_Central%20Asia%20and%20Dravidan%20Connection%20-%20Revealed%20-%20Part%206.htm">"Central Asia and Dravidan Connection - Revealed - Part 6"</a>. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+and+Dravidan+Connection+-+Revealed+-+Part+6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrannadurai.com%2FHis_Central%2520Asia%2520and%2520Dravidan%2520Connection%2520-%2520Revealed%2520-%2520Part%25206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1993" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1993) [1910]. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Everyman's Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42308-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42308-7"><bdi>0-679-42308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Everyman%27s+Library&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-679-42308-7&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031072227/http://bs-agro.com/index.php/about-us">"Agriculture in the Black Sea Region"</a>. Bs-agro.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bs-agro.com/index.php/about-us">the original</a> on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agriculture+in+the+Black+Sea+Region&rft.pub=Bs-agro.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbs-agro.com%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero1-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero1_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, G.W. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/17/">Anatolia</a>. London: H.M. Stationery Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatolia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11766%2Fview%2F1%2F17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bsnn.org-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bsnn.org_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsnn.org_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bsnn.org_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsnn.org/black_sea.html">"Our Black Sea"</a>. www.bsnn.org. Black Sea NGO Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bsnn.org&rft.atitle=Our+Black+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsnn.org%2Fblack_sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez">"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"</a>. University of British Columbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+Around+Us+%7C+Fisheries%2C+Ecosystems+and+Biodiversity&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Fdata%2F%23%2Feez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proletarskaya_Gazeta-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proletarskaya_Gazeta_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proletarskaya_Gazeta_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleksey_Danko2008" class="citation web cs1">Aleksey Danko (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv14n2/pgossetia.htm">"The Class Roots and Sources of the Aggressive Actions of Georgia Against South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the Aggravation of the Situation in the Caucasus"</a>. Proletarskaya Gazeta #30. Retrieved 2 October 2012. <q>Moreover, the Abkhazian coast stretches 200 kilometres, which has the potential to significantly increase the influence of either Russia or Georgia on the Black sea, including their military presence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Class+Roots+and+Sources+of+the+Aggressive+Actions+of+Georgia+Against+South+Ossetia+and+Abkhazia+and+the+Aggravation+of+the+Situation+in+the+Caucasus&rft.pub=Proletarskaya+Gazeta+%2330&rft.date=2008-11&rft.au=Aleksey+Danko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Frdv14n2%2Fpgossetia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-ML-CH1.asp">"Marine Litter Report"</a>. www.blacksea-commission.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.blacksea-commission.org&rft.atitle=Marine+Litter+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-commission.org%2F_publ-ML-CH1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aydin, Mustafa (2005). "Europe's new region: The Black Sea in the wider Europe neighbourhood". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 5 (2): 257–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14683850500122943">10.1080/14683850500122943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154395443">154395443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+European+and+Black+Sea+Studies&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+new+region%3A+The+Black+Sea+in+the+wider+Europe+neighbourhood&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-283&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14683850500122943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154395443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aydin&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907151235/https://blacksea-cbc.net/overview/">"Black Sea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blacksea-cbc.net/overview/">the original</a> on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblacksea-cbc.net%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oceansatlas.org/subtopic/en/c/922/">"UN Atlas of the Oceans: Subtopic"</a>. www.oceansatlas.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oceansatlas.org&rft.atitle=UN+Atlas+of+the+Oceans%3A+Subtopic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oceansatlas.org%2Fsubtopic%2Fen%2Fc%2F922%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/oceanatlas/img/1132587048006_BSBasinPolitical.gif">"The Black Sea Basin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea+Basin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Foceanatlas%2Fimg%2F1132587048006_BSBasinPolitical.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurrell1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hurrell, J. W. (1995). "Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation". Science. 269 (5224): 676–679. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...269..676H">1995Sci...269..676H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.269.5224.676">10.1126/science.269.5224.676</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17758812">17758812</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23769140">23769140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Decadal+Trends+in+the+North+Atlantic+Oscillation%3A+Regional+Temperatures+and+Precipitation&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=5224&rft.pages=676-679&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.269.5224.676&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23769140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17758812&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...269..676H&rft.aulast=Hurrell&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamyArzBondBarh2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lamy, F.; Arz, H. W.; Bond, G. C.; Barh, A.; Pätzold, J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005PA001184">"Multicentennial-scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation"</a>. Paleoceanography. 21 (1): n/a. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PalOc..21.1008L">2006PalOc..21.1008L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005PA001184">10.1029/2005PA001184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography&rft.atitle=Multicentennial-scale+hydrological+changes+in+the+Black+Sea+and+northern+Red+Sea+during+the+Holocene+and+the+Arctic%2FNorth+Atlantic+Oscillation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005PA001184&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PalOc..21.1008L&rft.aulast=Lamy&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Arz%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Bond%2C+G.+C.&rft.au=Barh%2C+A.&rft.au=P%C3%A4tzold%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2005PA001184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTürkeş1996" class="citation journal cs1">Türkeş, Murat (1996). "Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey". International Journal of Climatology. 16 (9): 1057–1076. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IJCli..16.1057T">1996IJCli..16.1057T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0088%28199609%2916%3A9%3C1057%3A%3AAID-JOC75%3E3.3.CO%3B2-4">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199609)16:9<1057::AID-JOC75>3.3.CO;2-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climatology&rft.atitle=Spatial+and+temporal+analysis+of+annual+rainfall+variations+in+Turkey&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1057-1076&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0088%28199609%2916%3A9%3C1057%3A%3AAID-JOC75%3E3.3.CO%3B2-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996IJCli..16.1057T&rft.aulast=T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullen,_H._M.A._Kaplan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cullen, H. M.; A. Kaplan; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/~alexeyk/Papers/Cullen_etal02.pdf">"Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow"</a> (PDF). Climatic Change. 55 (3): 315–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020518305517">10.1023/A:1020518305517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13472363">13472363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://rainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu/~alexeyk/Papers/Cullen_etal02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&rft.atitle=Impact+of+the+North+Atlantic+Oscillation+on+Middle+Eastern+climate+and+streamflow&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=315-338&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020518305517&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13472363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Cullen%2C+H.+M.&rft.au=A.+Kaplan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frainbow.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~alexeyk%2FPapers%2FCullen_etal02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzsoy,_E.U._Unluata1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ozsoy, E. & U. Unluata (1997). "Oceanography of the Black Sea: A review of some recent results". Earth-Science Reviews. 42 (4): 231–272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ESRv...42..231O">1997ESRv...42..231O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2897%2981859-4">10.1016/S0012-8252(97)81859-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Oceanography+of+the+Black+Sea%3A+A+review+of+some+recent+results&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=231-272&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-8252%2897%2981859-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ESRv...42..231O&rft.au=Ozsoy%2C+E.&rft.au=U.+Unluata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Brody, L. R., Nestor, M.J.R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/Med_2/Handbook%20for%20Forecasters%20in%20the%20Mediterrean%20Pt2%20Cover%20Page.pdf">Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126045318/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/Med_2/Handbook%20for%20Forecasters%20in%20the%20Mediterrean%20Pt2%20Cover%20Page.pdf">Archived</a> November 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean, Naval Research Laboratory. Part 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsTariOkay2018" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, M. D.; Tari, G. C.; Okay, A. I., eds. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1q5oDwAAQBAJ&q=geology+black+sea">Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea</a>. The Geological Society of London. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78620-358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78620-358-8"><bdi>978-1-78620-358-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petroleum+Geology+of+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78620-358-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1q5oDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgeology%2Bblack%2Bsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie1970" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, DP (1970). "Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region". Nature. 226 (5242): 239–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Natur.226..239M">1970Natur.226..239M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F226239a0">10.1038/226239a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16057188">16057188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2991363">2991363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Plate+tectonics+of+the+Mediterranean+region&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=5242&rft.pages=239-43&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F226239a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2991363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16057188&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Natur.226..239M&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClusky,_S.S._Balassanian2000" class="citation journal cs1">McClusky, S.; S. Balassanian; et al. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipgp.fr/~armijo/paraseminario/McClusky2000.pdf">"Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus"</a> (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 105 (B3): 5695–5719. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...105.5695M">2000JGR...105.5695M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999JB900351">10.1029/1999JB900351</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308202329/http://www.ipgp.fr/~armijo/paraseminario/McClusky2000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Global+Positioning+System+constraints+on+plate+kinematics+and+dynamics+in+the+eastern+Mediterranean+and+Caucasus&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=B3&rft.pages=5695-5719&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999JB900351&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JGR...105.5695M&rft.au=McClusky%2C+S.&rft.au=S.+Balassanian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipgp.fr%2F~armijo%2Fparaseminario%2FMcClusky2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillingtonWhiteMinshullEdwards2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shillington, Donna J.; White, Nicky; Minshull, Timothy A.; Edwards, Glyn R.H.; Jones, Stephen M.; Edwards, Rosemary A.; Scott, Caroline L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/141393/1/epsl_djs_rev2_final_lowres.pdf">"Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea: A test of depth-dependent stretching models"</a> (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 (3–4): 360–378. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008E&PSL.265..360S">2008E&PSL.265..360S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.10.033">10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.033</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/141393/1/epsl_djs_rev2_final_lowres.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Cenozoic+evolution+of+the+eastern+Black+Sea%3A+A+test+of+depth-dependent+stretching+models&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=360-378&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.10.033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008E%26PSL.265..360S&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Donna+J.&rft.au=White%2C+Nicky&rft.au=Minshull%2C+Timothy+A.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Glyn+R.H.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Stephen+M.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Rosemary+A.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Caroline+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnora.nerc.ac.uk%2F141393%2F1%2Fepsl_djs_rev2_final_lowres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmonsTariOkay201811-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmonsTariOkay201811_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimmonsTariOkay2018">Simmons, Tari & Okay 2018</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikishin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nikishin, A. (2003). "The Black Sea basin: tectonic history and Neogene–Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling". Sedimentary Geology. 156 (1–4): 149–168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SedG..156..149N">2003SedG..156..149N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2802%2900286-5">10.1016/S0037-0738(02)00286-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sedimentary+Geology&rft.atitle=The+Black+Sea+basin%3A+tectonic+history+and+Neogene%E2%80%93Quaternary+rapid+subsidence+modelling&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=149-168&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0037-0738%2802%2900286-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SedG..156..149N&rft.aulast=Nikishin&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaraleGade2008" class="citation book cs1">Barale, Vittorio; Gade, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9B3D5-HBTzkC&pg=PA17">Remote Sensing of the European Seas</a>. Springer. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6771-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-6771-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+of+the+European+Seas&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-6771-6&rft.aulast=Barale&rft.aufirst=Vittorio&rft.au=Gade%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9B3D5-HBTzkC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PbEu2v0y7DYC">Geology and Geoarchaeology of the Black Sea Region: Beyond the Flood Hypothesis</a>. Geological Society of America. January 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2473-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8137-2473-7"><bdi>978-0-8137-2473-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geology+and+Geoarchaeology+of+the+Black+Sea+Region%3A+Beyond+the+Flood+Hypothesis&rft.pub=Geological+Society+of+America&rft.date=2011-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8137-2473-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPbEu2v0y7DYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvitoch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Svitoch, Alexander A. (2010). "The Neueuxinian basin of the Black Sea and Khvalinian transgression". Quaternary International. 225: 230–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2009.03.005">10.1016/j.quaint.2009.03.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+Neueuxinian+basin+of+the+Black+Sea+and+Khvalinian+transgression&rft.volume=225&rft.pages=230-234&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2009.03.005&rft.aulast=Svitoch&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meromictic">"Meromictic"</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meromictic&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmeromictic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exploring-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616115917/http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/research/index.html">"Exploring Ancient Mysteries: A Black Sea Journey"</a>. University of Delaware. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/research/index.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Mysteries%3A+A+Black+Sea+Journey&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceoe.udel.edu%2Fblacksea%2Fresearch%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregg-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_47-3">d</a> Gregg, M. C., and E. Özsoy (2002), "Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosporus", Journal of Geophysical Research 107(C3), 3016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JC000485">10.1029/2000JC000485</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129185025/http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1B.asp">"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1B"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1B.asp">the original</a> on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Commission%2C+State+of+Environment+Report+2001%E2%80%932006%2F7%2C+Chap.+1B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-commission.org%2F_publ-SOE2009-CH1B.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Sea_Commission-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Commission_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Commission_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129202054/http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1A.asp">"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1A"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1A.asp">the original</a> on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Commission%2C+State+of+Environment+Report+2001%E2%80%932006%2F7%2C+Chap.+1A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-commission.org%2F_publ-SOE2009-CH1A.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talley-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talley_50-4">e</a> Descriptive Physical Oceanography. Talley, Pickard, Emery, Swift. </li> <li id="cite_note-Korotaev-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korotaev_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korotaev_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorotaev2003" class="citation journal cs1">Korotaev, G. (2003). "Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data". Journal of Geophysical Research. 108 (C4): 3122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRC..108.3122K">2003JGRC..108.3122K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JC001508">10.1029/2002JC001508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Seasonal%2C+interannual%2C+and+mesoscale+variability+of+the+Black+Sea+upper+layer+circulation+derived+from+altimeter+data&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=C4&rft.pages=3122&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JC001508&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRC..108.3122K&rft.aulast=Korotaev&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Richard (1 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802165402/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/7920006/Undersea-river-discovered-flowing-on-sea-bed.html">"Undersea river discovered flowing on sea bed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/7920006/Undersea-river-discovered-flowing-on-sea-bed.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Undersea+river+discovered+flowing+on+sea+bed&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fenvironment%2F7920006%2FUndersea-river-discovered-flowing-on-sea-bed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=3669">Black Sea Becomes Turquoise</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028221745/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=3669">Archived</a> October 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved December 2, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuilingCathcartBadescuIsvoranu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schuiling, Roelof Dirk; Cathcart, Richard B.; Badescu, Viorel; Isvoranu, Dragos; Pelinovsky, Efim (2006). "Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?". Natural Hazards. 40 (2): 327–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-006-0017-7">10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129038790">129038790</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=Asteroid+impact+in+the+Black+Sea.+Death+by+drowning+or+asphyxiation%3F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327-338&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-006-0017-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129038790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schuiling&rft.aufirst=Roelof+Dirk&rft.au=Cathcart%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Badescu%2C+Viorel&rft.au=Isvoranu%2C+Dragos&rft.au=Pelinovsky%2C+Efim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01654/EGU2007-J-01654.pdf">"Asteroid impact in the Black Sea: tsunami and toxic gas emission"</a> (PDF). www.cosis.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01654/EGU2007-J-01654.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cosis.net&rft.atitle=Asteroid+impact+in+the+Black+Sea%3A+tsunami+and+toxic+gas+emission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosis.net%2Fabstracts%2FEGU2007%2F01654%2FEGU2007-J-01654.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oguz99-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz99_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz99_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz99_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz99_56-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOguz,_T.H._W._Ducklow1999" class="citation journal cs1">Oguz, T.; H. W. Ducklow; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061730/http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/Oguz/PDFs/oguz_etal_DSR99.pdf">"A physical-biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea"</a> (PDF). Deep-Sea Research Part I. 46 (4): 597–636. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999DSRI...46..597O">1999DSRI...46..597O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0967-0637%2898%2900074-0">10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00074-0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/oguz/PDFs/oguz_etal_DSR99.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep-Sea+Research+Part+I&rft.atitle=A+physical-biochemical+model+of+plankton+productivity+and+nitrogen+cycling+in+the+Black+Sea&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-636&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0967-0637%2898%2900074-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999DSRI...46..597O&rft.au=Oguz%2C+T.&rft.au=H.+W.+Ducklow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.metu.edu.tr%2Fcv%2Foguz%2FPDFs%2Foguz_etal_DSR99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oguz-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oguz_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOguz,_T.A._Merico2006" class="citation journal cs1">Oguz, T. & A. Merico (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061804/http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/oguz/PDFs/JMS_EHUX_article.pdf">"Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea: A modeling study"</a> (PDF). Journal of Marine Systems. 59 (3–4): 173–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JMS....59..173O">2006JMS....59..173O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmarsys.2005.08.002">10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.08.002</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/oguz/PDFs/JMS_EHUX_article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Systems&rft.atitle=Factors+controlling+the+summer+Emiliania+huxleyi+bloom+in+the+Black+Sea%3A+A+modeling+study&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=173-188&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmarsys.2005.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JMS....59..173O&rft.au=Oguz%2C+T.&rft.au=A.+Merico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.metu.edu.tr%2Fcv%2Foguz%2FPDFs%2FJMS_EHUX_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich,_J.C._Dinkel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich, J.; C. Dinkel; et al. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004001522/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Fri2002d.pdf">"Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North-western Black Sea"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Estuarine,_Coastal_and_Shelf_Science" title="Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science">Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science</a>. 54 (3): 369–383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ECSS...54..369F">2002ECSS...54..369F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fecss.2000.0653">10.1006/ecss.2000.0653</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Fri2002d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estuarine%2C+Coastal+and+Shelf+Science&rft.atitle=Benthic+Nutrient+Cycling+and+Diagenetic+Pathways+in+the+North-western+Black+Sea&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-383&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fecss.2000.0653&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ECSS...54..369F&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+J.&rft.au=C.+Dinkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2FPublications%2FFri2002d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackmeditjournal.org/pdf/Vol%2017%20(3)%20%20pdf%205.pdf">Mechanisms impeding the natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812054605/http://www.blackmeditjournal.org/pdf/Vol%2017%20(3)%20%20pdf%205.pdf">Archived</a> August 12, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Selifonova, P.J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acta-zoologica-bulgarica.eu/downloads/acta-zoologica-bulgarica/2011/63-1-077-084.pdf">Ships' ballast as a Primary Factor for 'Mediterranization' of Pelagic Copepod Fauna (Copepoda) in the Northeastern Black Sea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020090426/http://www.acta-zoologica-bulgarica.eu/downloads/acta-zoologica-bulgarica/2011/63-1-077-084.pdf">Archived</a> October 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEker,_E.L._Georgieva1999" class="citation journal cs1">Eker, E.; L. Georgieva; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061841/http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/kideys/EkerICES.pdf">"Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995"</a> (PDF). ICES Journal of Marine Science. 56: 15–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ICJMS..56...15E">1999ICJMS..56...15E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsc.1999.0604">10.1006/jmsc.1999.0604</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11511%2F32054">11511/32054</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/kideys/EkerICES.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton+distribution+in+the+western+and+eastern+Black+Sea+in+spring+and+autumn+1995&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=15-22&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11511%2F32054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsc.1999.0604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ICJMS..56...15E&rft.au=Eker%2C+E.&rft.au=L.+Georgieva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.metu.edu.tr%2Fcv%2Fkideys%2FEkerICES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eker-Develi,_E_2003-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eker-Develi,_E_2003_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eker-Develi,_E_2003_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEker-Develi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eker-Develi, E. (2003). "Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996, spring and autumn 1998". Journal of Marine Systems. 39 (3–4): 203–211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JMS....39..203E">2003JMS....39..203E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-7963%2803%2900031-9">10.1016/S0924-7963(03)00031-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Systems&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+phytoplankton+in+the+southern+Black+Sea+in+summer+1996%2C+spring+and+autumn+1998&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=203-211&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0924-7963%2803%2900031-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMS....39..203E&rft.aulast=Eker-Develi&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Krakhmalny, A. F. (1994). "Dinophyta of the Black Sea (Brief history of investigations and species diversity)." Algologiya 4: 99–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gomez-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gomez_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomez,_F.L._Briceno2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gomez, F. & L. Briceno (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files%5C24723%5Carticles%5C15660%5C2.pdf">"An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hydrobiologia" title="Hydrobiologia">Hydrobiologia</a>. 517 (1): 43–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AHYDR.0000027336.05452.07">10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027336.05452.07</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30559038">30559038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files%5C24723%5Carticles%5C15660%5C2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrobiologia&rft.atitle=An+annotated+checklist+of+dinoflagellates+in+the+Black+Sea&rft.volume=517&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-59&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AHYDR.0000027336.05452.07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30559038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Gomez%2C+F.&rft.au=L.+Briceno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environmental-expert.com%2FFiles%255C24723%255Carticles%255C15660%255C2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUysal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Uysal, Z. (2006). "Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black, Marmara, Aegean, and eastern Mediterranean seas". Deep-Sea Research Part II. 53 (17–19): 1976–1987. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006DSRII..53.1976U">2006DSRII..53.1976U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2006.03.016">10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.03.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep-Sea+Research+Part+II&rft.atitle=Vertical+distribution+of+marine+cyanobacteria+Synechococcus+spp.+in+the+Black%2C+Marmara%2C+Aegean%2C+and+eastern+Mediterranean+seas&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=17%E2%80%9319&rft.pages=1976-1987&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.dsr2.2006.03.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006DSRII..53.1976U&rft.aulast=Uysal&rft.aufirst=Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkun2008" class="citation web cs1">Birkun, A. A. Jr. (30 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Delphinus delphis ssp. ponticus"</a>. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species%3A+Delphinus+delphis+ssp.+ponticus&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft.aulast=Birkun&rft.aufirst=A.+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkun2008" class="citation web cs1">Birkun, Alexei (1 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tursiops truncatus ssp. ponticus"</a>. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species%3A+Tursiops+truncatus+ssp.+ponticus&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.aulast=Birkun&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phocoena phocoena ssp. relicta"</a>. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 30 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species%3A+Phocoena+phocoena+ssp.+relicta&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risso's-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risso's_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risso's_69-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackmeditjournal.org/pdf/121_126.pdf">First stranding record of a Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) in the Marmara Sea, Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020090832/http://www.blackmeditjournal.org/pdf/121_126.pdf">Archived</a> October 20, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (pdf). Retrieved on September 6, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Goldman E.. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2017/02/28/crimean-bridge-construction-boosts-dolphin-population-in-kerch-strait_711003">Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170228190132/http://rbth.com/politics_and_society/2017/02/28/crimean-bridge-construction-boosts-dolphin-population-in-kerch-strait_711003">Archived</a> February 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russia_Beyond_the_Headlines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia Beyond the Headlines">Russia Beyond the Headlines</a>. Retrieved on March 10, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Reznikova E.. 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://primechaniya.ru/home/news/fevral-2017/krymskie_strojki_ubivayut_vse_zhivoe_na_dne_morya/">Крымские стройки убивают все живое на дне моря</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929183831/https://primechaniya.ru/home/news/fevral-2017/krymskie_strojki_ubivayut_vse_zhivoe_na_dne_morya/">Archived</a> September 29, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Примечания. Новости Севастополя и Крыма. Retrieved on September 29, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-iucn-72"><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramanlidisDendrinos2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karamanlidis, A.; Dendrinos, P. (2015). "Monachus monachus". <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2015: e.T13653A45227543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Monachus+monachus&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=e.T13653A45227543&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T13653A45227543.en&rft.aulast=Karamanlidis&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Dendrinos%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackPedia-73"><a href="#cite_ref-BlackPedia_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinevetskyZonnZhiltsovKosarev2014" class="citation book cs1">Grinevetsky, Sergei R.; Zonn, Igor S.; Zhiltsov, Sergei S.; Kosarev, Aleksey N.; Kostianoy, Andrey G. (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&q=azov+sea+monk+seal&pg=PA532">The Black Sea Encyclopedia</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55227-4"><bdi>978-3-642-55227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.isbn=978-3-642-55227-4&rft.aulast=Grinevetsky&rft.aufirst=Sergei+R.&rft.au=Zonn%2C+Igor+S.&rft.au=Zhiltsov%2C+Sergei+S.&rft.au=Kosarev%2C+Aleksey+N.&rft.au=Kostianoy%2C+Andrey+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFCqBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dazov%2Bsea%2Bmonk%2Bseal%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmek_InanmazDeğirmenciGücü2014" class="citation journal cs1">Emek Inanmaz, Özgür; Değirmenci, Özgür; Gücü, Ali Cemal (2014). "A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal, Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779), in the Marmara Sea (Turkey)". Zoology in the Middle East. 60 (3): 278–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09397140.2014.944438">10.1080/09397140.2014.944438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83515152">83515152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoology+in+the+Middle+East&rft.atitle=A+new+sighting+of+the+Mediterranean+Monk+Seal%2C+Monachus+monachus+%28Hermann%2C+1779%29%2C+in+the+Marmara+Sea+%28Turkey%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278-280&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09397140.2014.944438&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83515152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Emek+Inanmaz&rft.aufirst=%C3%96zg%C3%BCr&rft.au=De%C4%9Firmenci%2C+%C3%96zg%C3%BCr&rft.au=G%C3%BCc%C3%BC%2C+Ali+Cemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreekCetacea-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreekCetacea_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreekCetacea_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzis_A.Alexiadou_P.Paximadis_G.Politi_E.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Frantzis A.; Alexiadou P.; Paximadis G.; Politi E.; Gannier A.; Corsini-Foka M. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cetaceanalliance.org/download/literature/Frantzis_etal_2003.pdf">"Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas"</a> (PDF). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 5 (3): 219–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47536%2Fjcrm.v5i3.801">10.47536/jcrm.v5i3.801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56221055">56221055</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cetaceanalliance.org/download/literature/Frantzis_etal_2003.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cetacean+Research+and+Management&rft.atitle=Current+knowledge+of+the+cetacean+fauna+of+the+Greek+Seas&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=219-232&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47536%2Fjcrm.v5i3.801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56221055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Frantzis+A.&rft.au=Alexiadou+P.&rft.au=Paximadis+G.&rft.au=Politi+E.&rft.au=Gannier+A.&rft.au=Corsini-Foka+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcetaceanalliance.org%2Fdownload%2Fliterature%2FFrantzis_etal_2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Anderson R. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/03/12/black-sea-whale-aided-by-activists/">Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists</a> . <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. Retrieved on April 21, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladilinaKovtunKondakovSyomik2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gladilina, E.V.; Kovtun, Oleg; Kondakov, Andrey; Syomik, A.M.; Pronin, K.K.; Gol'din, Pavel (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235948607">"Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea: The first case of long-term survival of an exotic pinniped"</a>. Marine Biodiversity Records. 6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MBdR....6E..33G">2013MBdR....6E..33G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755267213000018">10.1017/S1755267213000018</a> (inactive 1 November 2024) – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biodiversity+Records&rft.atitle=Grey+seal+Halichoerus+grypus+in+the+Black+Sea%3A+The+first+case+of+long-term+survival+of+an+exotic+pinniped&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1755267213000018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MBdR....6E..33G&rft.aulast=Gladilina&rft.aufirst=E.V.&rft.au=Kovtun%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Kondakov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Syomik%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Pronin%2C+K.K.&rft.au=Gol%27din%2C+Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F235948607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabasakal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kabasakal, Hakan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elasmollet.org/PublicationsOthers/Kabasakal2014_WS_Turkey.pdf">"The status of the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) in Turkey's waters"</a> (PDF). Marine Biodiversity Records. 7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MBdR....7E.109K">2014MBdR....7E.109K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1755267214000980">10.1017/S1755267214000980</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://elasmollet.org/PublicationsOthers/Kabasakal2014_WS_Turkey.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Biodiversity+Records&rft.atitle=The+status+of+the+great+white+shark+%28Carcharodon+carcharias%29+in+Turkey%27s+waters&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1755267214000980&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MBdR....7E.109K&rft.aulast=Kabasakal&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felasmollet.org%2FPublicationsOthers%2FKabasakal2014_WS_Turkey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Cuma (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arenagazetesi.com.tr/haber/Canakkale-de-10-metrelik-kopekbaligi/58982">Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904154004/http://www.arenagazetesi.com.tr/haber/Canakkale-de-10-metrelik-kopekbaligi/58982">Archived</a> September 4, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on September 4, 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumborgIttekkotCociasuBodungen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Humborg, Christoph; Ittekkot, Venugopalan; Cociasu, Adriana; Bodungen, Bodo v. (1997). "Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure". Nature. 386 (6623): 385–388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Natur.386..385H">1997Natur.386..385H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F386385a0">10.1038/386385a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347576">4347576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Danube+River+dam+on+Black+Sea+biogeochemistry+and+ecosystem+structure&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=6623&rft.pages=385-388&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4347576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F386385a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Natur.386..385H&rft.aulast=Humborg&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Ittekkot%2C+Venugopalan&rft.au=Cociasu%2C+Adriana&rft.au=Bodungen%2C+Bodo+v.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSburlea,_A.L._Boicenco2006" class="citation book cs1">Sburlea, A.; L. Boicenco; et al. (2006). "Aspects of Eutrophication as a Chemical Pollution with Implications on Marine Biota at the Romanian Black Sea Shore". Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats. NATO Security through Science Series. pp. 357–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-5098-5_28">10.1007/978-1-4020-5098-5_28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5096-1"><bdi>978-1-4020-5096-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aspects+of+Eutrophication+as+a+Chemical+Pollution+with+Implications+on+Marine+Biota+at+the+Romanian+Black+Sea+Shore&rft.btitle=Chemicals+as+Intentional+and+Accidental+Global+Environmental+Threats&rft.series=NATO+Security+through+Science+Series&rft.pages=357-360&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-5098-5_28&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5096-1&rft.au=Sburlea%2C+A.&rft.au=L.+Boicenco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoire,_M.C._Raick2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gregoire, M.; C. Raick; et al. (2008). "Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase". Progress in Oceanography. 76 (3): 286–333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PrOce..76..286G">2008PrOce..76..286G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2008.01.002">10.1016/j.pocean.2008.01.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Numerical+modeling+of+the+central+Black+Sea+ecosystem+functioning+during+the+eutrophication+phase&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=286-333&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2008.01.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PrOce..76..286G&rft.au=Gregoire%2C+M.&rft.au=C.+Raick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Woodard2001" class="citation book cs1">Colin Woodard (11 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616130012/http://books.google.com/books?id=QsVeUi_XbF4C&pg=PA1">Ocean's end: travels through endangered seas</a>. Basic Books. pp. 1–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01571-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01571-9"><bdi>978-0-465-01571-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsVeUi_XbF4C&pg=PA1">the original</a> on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean%27s+end%3A+travels+through+endangered+seas&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001-02-11&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01571-9&rft.au=Colin+Woodard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsVeUi_XbF4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancelot2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lancelot, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physoz.icbm.de/download/sebastian/ECSS_lsebs.pdf">"Modelling the Danube-influenced North-western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea. II: Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972"</a> (PDF). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 54 (3): 473–499. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ECSS...54..473L">2002ECSS...54..473L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fecss.2000.0659">10.1006/ecss.2000.0659</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.physoz.icbm.de/download/sebastian/ECSS_lsebs.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Estuarine%2C+Coastal+and+Shelf+Science&rft.atitle=Modelling+the+Danube-influenced+North-western+Continental+Shelf+of+the+Black+Sea.+II%3A+Ecosystem+Response+to+Changes+in+Nutrient+Delivery+by+the+Danube+River+after+its+Damming+in+1972&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=473-499&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fecss.2000.0659&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ECSS...54..473L&rft.aulast=Lancelot&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physoz.icbm.de%2Fdownload%2Fsebastian%2FECSS_lsebs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colinwoodard.com/">Woodard, Colin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512171719/http://www.colinwoodard.com/">Archived</a> May 12, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cqpress.com/docs/AffiliationsPDFs/oceans.pdf">"The Black Sea's Cautionary Tale"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207134218/http://www.cqpress.com/docs/AffiliationsPDFs/oceans.pdf">Archived</a> February 7, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher, October 2007, pp. 244–245 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilford1996" class="citation news cs1">Wilford, John Noble (17 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/17/science/geologists-link-black-sea-deluge-to-farming-s-rise.html">"Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge to Farming's Rise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Geologists+Link+Black+Sea+Deluge+to+Farming%27s+Rise&rft.date=1996-12-17&rft.aulast=Wilford&rft.aufirst=John+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F12%2F17%2Fscience%2Fgeologists-link-black-sea-deluge-to-farming-s-rise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_RyanWalter_Pitman1998" class="citation book cs1">William Ryan & Walter Pitman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684859200">Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85920-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85920-3"><bdi>0-684-85920-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Flood%3A+The+New+Scientific+Discoveries+About+the+Event+That+Changed+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperbacks&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-684-85920-3&rft.au=William+Ryan&rft.au=Walter+Pitman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780684859200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Dimitrov P., D. Dimitrov. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137_The_Black_Sea_The_Flood_and_the_ancient_myths">The Black Sea The Flood and the ancient myths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515095644/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137_The_Black_Sea_The_Flood_and_the_ancient_myths">Archived</a> May 15, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Slavena", Varna, ISBN 954-579-335-X, 91 p., DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18954.16327 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Anthony2010" class="citation book cs1">David W. Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLIufwC4szwC">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14818-2"><bdi>978-0-691-14818-2</bdi></a>. <q>I believe with many others that the proto-Indo-European homeland was located in the steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas in what is today southern Ukraine and Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel%2C+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14818-2&rft.au=David+W.+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnLIufwC4szwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (10 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/02/10/013433">"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"</a>. bioRxiv. 522 (7555): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783">1502.02783</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H">2015Natur.522..207H</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F013433">10.1101/013433</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FNATURE14317">10.1038/NATURE14317</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">5048219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166">25731166</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2023. <q>This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ≈3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin [...] of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Massive+migration+from+the+steppe+is+a+source+for+Indo-European+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..207H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02783&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25731166&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FNATURE14317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F013433%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+Alissa&rft.au=B%C3%A1nffy%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Economou%2C+Christos&rft.au=Francken%2C+Michael&rft.au=Friederich%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Pena%2C+Rafael+Garrido&rft.au=Hallgren%2C+Fredrik&rft.au=Khartanovich%2C+Valery&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Kunst%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kuznetsov%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft.au=Mochalov%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vayacheslav&rft.au=Nicklisch%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Pichler%2C+Sandra+L.&rft.au=Risch%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Guerra%2C+Manuel+A.+Rojo&rft.au=Roth%2C+Christina&rft.au=Sz%C3%A9cs%C3%A9nyi-Nagy%2C+Anna&rft.au=Wahl%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dorcas&rft.au=Anthony%2C+David&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan&rft.au=Alt%2C+Kurt+Werner&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F02%2F10%2F013433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron, Justyna; Della Casa, Philippe; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; Jarysz, Radosław (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13155">"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"</a>. Nature. 522 (7555): 167–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..167A">2015Natur.522..167A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14507">10.1038/nature14507</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26062507">26062507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4399103">4399103</a>. <q>Our genomic evidence for the spread of Yamnaya people from the Pontic-Caspian steppe to both northern Europe and Central Asia during the Early Bronze Age [...] corresponds well with the hypothesized expansion of the Indo-European languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=167-172&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten+E.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Morten&rft.au=Stenderup%2C+Jesper&rft.au=Damgaard%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Ahlstr%C3%B6m%2C+Torbj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Vinner%2C+Lasse&rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Margaryan%2C+Ashot&rft.au=Higham%2C+Tom&rft.au=Chivall%2C+David&rft.au=Lynnerup%2C+Niels&rft.au=Harvig%2C+Lise&rft.au=Baron%2C+Justyna&rft.au=Della+Casa%2C+Philippe&rft.au=D%C4%85browski%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Ebel%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Epimakhov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Frei%2C+Karin&rft.au=Furmanek%2C+Miros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Gralak%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Gromov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Gronkiewicz%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Grupe%2C+Gisela&rft.au=Hajdu%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Jarysz%2C+Rados%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathiesonLazaridisRohlandMallick2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Pickrell, Joseph; Meller, Harald; Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo; Krause, Johannes; Anthony, David; Brown, Dorcas; Fox, Carles Lalueza; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt W.; Haak, Wolfgang; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David (14 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/03/13/016477">"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe"</a>. bioRxiv: 016477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F016477">10.1101/016477</a>. Retrieved 5 April 2023 – via biorxiv.org. <q>Most present-day Europeans can be modeled as a mixture of three ancient populations related to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (WHG), early farmers (EEF) and steppe pastoralists (Yamnaya) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=bioRxiv&rft.atitle=Eight+thousand+years+of+natural+selection+in+Europe&rft.pages=016477&rft.date=2015-03-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F016477&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Pickrell%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Meller%2C+Harald&rft.au=Guerra%2C+Manuel+A.+Rojo&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Anthony%2C+David&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dorcas&rft.au=Fox%2C+Carles+Lalueza&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan&rft.au=Alt%2C+Kurt+W.&rft.au=Haak%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Reich%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F03%2F13%2F016477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1970" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1970). Constantinople: The Forgotten Empire. Houghton-Mifflin. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantinople%3A+The+Forgotten+Empire&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2012" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Thomas (6 December 2012) [1991]. "Ancient Mediterranean Food". In Spiller, Gene A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIYpBAAAQBAJ">The Mediterranean Diets in Health and Disease</a> (reprint ed.). New York: Springer (published 2012). p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6497-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4684-6497-9"><bdi>978-1-4684-6497-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 April 2022. <q>The wheat trade was the reason for Greek colonization of Olbia and other Black Sea ports from c. 615 B.C. on. [...] The Ukraine was the chief source of wheat imports to classical Athens: the sea route from the Crimea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles to the Aegean was Athens' lifeline.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Mediterranean+Food&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Diets+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-6497-9&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRIYpBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2004" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles (18 March 2004). "Pontus Euxinus 700BC–AD500". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JlaZYxdn5sC">The Black Sea</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199241619.001.0001">10.1093/0199241619.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924161-3"><bdi>978-0-19-924161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pontus+Euxinus+700BC%E2%80%93AD500&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199241619.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924161-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JlaZYxdn5sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Robert2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul Robert, Magocsi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0mKRsElYNkC&pg=PA184">A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples, Second Edition</a>. University of Toronto Press. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442698796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442698796"><bdi>978-1442698796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1442698796&rft.aulast=Paul+Robert&rft.aufirst=Magocsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ0mKRsElYNkC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirsay2007" class="citation book cs1">Birsay, Cem (2007). "The Integration of Regional Efforts for Strengthening Stability Initiatives in the Wider Black Sea Area and Turkey's Position". In Volten, Peter M. E.; Tashev, Blagovest (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVQdN7Ryu4YC">Establishing Security and Stability in the Wider Black Sea Area: International Politics and the New and Emerging Democracies</a>. Volume 26 of NATO science for peace and security series: Human and societal dynamics, ISSN 1874-6276. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-765-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-765-9"><bdi>978-1-58603-765-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2023. <q>[...] from the 18th century onwards, Russian ambitions fueled Turkish-Russian power conflict over the control of the Turkish Straits and the Black Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Integration+of+Regional+Efforts+for+Strengthening+Stability+Initiatives+in+the+Wider+Black+Sea+Area+and+Turkey%27s+Position&rft.btitle=Establishing+Security+and+Stability+in+the+Wider+Black+Sea+Area%3A+International+Politics+and+the+New+and+Emerging+Democracies&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Volume+26+of+NATO+science+for+peace+and+security+series%3A+Human+and+societal+dynamics%2C+ISSN+1874-6276&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58603-765-9&rft.aulast=Birsay&rft.aufirst=Cem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVQdN7Ryu4YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan1981" class="citation book cs1">McGowan, Bruce William (1981). "Chiftlik agriculture, western Macedonia, 1620-1830: The economic role of the district". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xh5P2NC2FIC">Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600-1800</a>. Studies in Modern Capitalism, ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24208-0"><bdi>978-0-521-24208-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 April 2023. <q>A virtual cotton boom began with the onset of the American Revolutionary War in 1776, followed by a wheat boom beginning with the relaxation of Ottoman export controls following the French Revolution in 1789.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chiftlik+agriculture%2C+western+Macedonia%2C+1620-1830%3A+The+economic+role+of+the+district&rft.btitle=Economic+Life+in+Ottoman+Europe%3A+Taxation%2C+Trade+and+the+Struggle+for+Land%2C+1600-1800&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Studies+in+Modern+Capitalism%2C+ISSN+0144-2333&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24208-0&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Bruce+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xh5P2NC2FIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolle1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Nicolle" title="David Nicolle">Nicolle, David</a> (23 March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KV1cvgAACAAJ">The Venetian Empire 1200–1670</a>. Bloomsbury USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-899-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-899-2"><bdi>978-0-85045-899-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venetian+Empire+1200%E2%80%931670&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1989-03-23&rft.isbn=978-0-85045-899-2&rft.aulast=Nicolle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKV1cvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_McGowan2010" class="citation book cs1">Bruce McGowan (4 March 2010). Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800, Studies in Modern Capitalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13536-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13536-8"><bdi>978-0-521-13536-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Life+in+Ottoman+Europe%3A+Taxation%2C+Trade+and+the+Struggle+for+Land%2C+1600%E2%80%931800%2C+Studies+in+Modern+Capitalism&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-03-04&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13536-8&rft.au=Bruce+McGowan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_William_McGowan1981" class="citation book cs1">Bruce William McGowan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xh5P2NC2FIC">Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800</a>. Studies in Modern Capitalism ISSN 0144-2333. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24208-0"><bdi>978-0-521-24208-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 April 2022. <q>[...] a new group of sea-going merchants - Greek and Albanian subjects of the Porte [...] flew the Russian flag after 1783 (making up the bulk of the first foreign flag commercial flotilla on the Black Sea since the departure of the Italians in the fifteenth century), taking up the slack after the collapse of French trade after 1789.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Life+in+Ottoman+Europe%3A+Taxation%2C+Trade+and+the+Struggle+for+Land%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Studies+in+Modern+Capitalism+ISSN+0144-2333&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24208-0&rft.au=Bruce+William+McGowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xh5P2NC2FIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayHaveSurvived-102"><a href="#cite_ref-MayHaveSurvived_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamothe2022" class="citation news cs1">Lamothe, Dan (26 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227032528/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/02/26/ukraine-russia-snake-island/">"Ukrainian border guards may have survived reported last stand on Snake Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2022/02/26/ukraine-russia-snake-island/">the original</a> on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+border+guards+may+have+survived+reported+last+stand+on+Snake+Island&rft.date=2022-02-26&rft.aulast=Lamothe&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2022%2F02%2F26%2Fukraine-russia-snake-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61406808">"Ukraine war: Snake Island and battle for control in Black Sea"</a>. BBC News. 11 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ukraine+war%3A+Snake+Island+and+battle+for+control+in+Black+Sea&rft.date=2022-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-61406808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kosiw-104"><a href="#cite_ref-kosiw_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoshiw2022" class="citation news cs1">Koshiw, Isobel (30 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jun/30/ukraine-forces-reportedly-recapture-snake-island-in-strategic-win">"Ukraine says it has pushed Russian forces from Snake Island"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine+says+it+has+pushed+Russian+forces+from+Snake+Island&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.aulast=Koshiw&rft.aufirst=Isobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fjun%2F30%2Fukraine-forces-reportedly-recapture-snake-island-in-strategic-win&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peck-105"><a href="#cite_ref-peck_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/14/ukraine-russian-missile-cruiser-moskva-warship/">"Russia says flagship missile cruiser has sunk after explosion off coast of Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russia+says+flagship+missile+cruiser+has+sunk+after+explosion+off+coast+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F04%2F14%2Fukraine-russian-missile-cruiser-moskva-warship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reut29-106"><a href="#cite_ref-reut29_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-submarine-strikes-ukraine-with-cruise-missiles-defence-ministry-2022-04-29/">"Russian submarine strikes Ukraine with cruise missiles, defence ministry says"</a>. Reuters. 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+submarine+strikes+Ukraine+with+cruise+missiles%2C+defence+ministry+says&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-submarine-strikes-ukraine-with-cruise-missiles-defence-ministry-2022-04-29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reut04-107"><a href="#cite_ref-reut04_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-says-it-disables-ukrainian-railway-stations-used-transport-western-2022-05-04/">"Russia says it fires cruise missiles from submarine, warns again on NATO arms shipments"</a>. Reuters. 4 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+says+it+fires+cruise+missiles+from+submarine%2C+warns+again+on+NATO+arms+shipments&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-says-it-disables-ukrainian-railway-stations-used-transport-western-2022-05-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-msrn-108"><a href="#cite_ref-msrn_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarchak2023" class="citation news cs1">Starchak, Maxim (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2023/03/10/russian-navy-to-upgrade-vessels-with-kalibr-cruise-missiles/">"Russian Navy to upgrade vessels with Kalibr cruise missiles"</a>. Defense News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+Navy+to+upgrade+vessels+with+Kalibr+cruise+missiles&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.aulast=Starchak&rft.aufirst=Maxim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensenews.com%2Fnaval%2F2023%2F03%2F10%2Frussian-navy-to-upgrade-vessels-with-kalibr-cruise-missiles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmrf-109"><a href="#cite_ref-cmrf_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihai2023" class="citation news cs1">Mihai, Catalina (8 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/russian-fighter-plane-intercepts-polish-aircraft-over-black-sea-romania-confirms/">"Russian fighter plane intercepts Polish aircraft over Black Sea, Romania confirms"</a>. EURACTIV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EURACTIV&rft.atitle=Russian+fighter+plane+intercepts+Polish+aircraft+over+Black+Sea%2C+Romania+confirms&rft.date=2023-05-08&rft.aulast=Mihai&rft.aufirst=Catalina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsection%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Frussian-fighter-plane-intercepts-polish-aircraft-over-black-sea-romania-confirms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tdprj-110"><a href="#cite_ref-tdprj_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedefensepost.com/2023/05/07/russian-jet-intercepts-polish-plane/">"Russian Jet Intercepts Polish Plane Over Black Sea: Romania"</a>. The Defense Post. AFP. 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Defense+Post&rft.atitle=Russian+Jet+Intercepts+Polish+Plane+Over+Black+Sea%3A+Romania&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedefensepost.com%2F2023%2F05%2F07%2Frussian-jet-intercepts-polish-plane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbgdw-111"><a href="#cite_ref-pbgdw_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/poland-border-guard-says-patrol-intercepted-by-russian-jet/a-65541526">"Poland Border Guard says patrol intercepted by Russian jet"</a>. Deutsche Welle. AFP, dpa. 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Poland+Border+Guard+says+patrol+intercepted+by+Russian+jet&rft.date=2023-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpoland-border-guard-says-patrol-intercepted-by-russian-jet%2Fa-65541526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzenrath2016" class="citation book cs1">Witzenrath, Christoph, ed. (9 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recensio.net/r/6b7c562f59144b58a5824c7a90b84c47">Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200-1860</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315580777">10.4324/9781315580777</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14002-3"><bdi>978-1-317-14002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Slavery%2C+Ransom+and+Abolition+in+World+History%2C+1200-1860&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315580777&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14002-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.recensio.net%2Fr%2F6b7c562f59144b58a5824c7a90b84c47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Sea_Security-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Security_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoustonDuncan_WoodRobinson2010" class="citation news cs1">Houston, Fiona; Duncan Wood, W.; Robinson, Derek M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfNxWxwDX0EC&q=traffic+on+the+black+sea&pg=PA4">"Black Sea Security"</a>. NATO Advanced Research Workshop. NATO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60750-636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60750-636-2"><bdi>978-1-60750-636-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NATO+Advanced+Research+Workshop&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Security&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60750-636-2&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Duncan+Wood%2C+W.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Derek+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfNxWxwDX0EC%26q%3Dtraffic%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bblack%2Bsea%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Черное_море_признано-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Черное_море_признано_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Черное_море_признано_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackseanews.net/read/64439">"Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="International Transport Workers' Federation">International Transport Workers' Federation</a>. BlackSeaNews. 27 May 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Transport+Workers%27+Federation&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackseanews.net%2Fread%2F64439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamsi.ims.metu.edu.tr/sunumlar/6-Anchovy_Medias_2013.pdf">"Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys: Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast".</a> Serdar Sakinan. Middle East Technical University – Institute of Marine Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807230651/http://hamsi.ims.metu.edu.tr/sunumlar/6-Anchovy_Medias_2013.pdf">Archived</a> August 7, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimmonsTariOkay201810-12-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimmonsTariOkay201810-12_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimmonsTariOkay2018">Simmons, Tari & Okay 2018</a>, p. 10-12. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelcan_HacaogluVanessa_DezemCagan_Koc2020" class="citation news cs1">Selcan Hacaoglu; Vanessa Dezem; Cagan Koc (21 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-21/all-eyes-on-erdogan-as-reports-of-black-sea-energy-find-mount">"Erdogan Unveils Biggest Ever Black Sea Natural Gas Discovery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Erdogan+Unveils+Biggest+Ever+Black+Sea+Natural+Gas+Discovery&rft.date=2020-08-21&rft.au=Selcan+Hacaoglu&rft.au=Vanessa+Dezem&rft.au=Cagan+Koc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-08-21%2Fall-eyes-on-erdogan-as-reports-of-black-sea-energy-find-mount&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypop-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-citypop_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypop_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-citypop_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/turkey/cities/">"Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities"</a>. City Population. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Turkey%3A+Provinces+and+Major+Cities&rft.date=2023-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fturkey%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analizeeconomice.ro/2016/03/cat-crescut-populatia-in-principalele.html">"Cât a crescut populația în principalele zone metropolitane ale țării în ultimele două decenii"</a>. www.analizeeconomice.ro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.analizeeconomice.ro&rft.atitle=C%C3%A2t+a+crescut+popula%C8%9Bia+%C3%AEn+principalele+zone+metropolitane+ale+%C8%9B%C4%83rii+%C3%AEn+ultimele+dou%C4%83+decenii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.analizeeconomice.ro%2F2016%2F03%2Fcat-crescut-populatia-in-principalele.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821170635/http://www.batumi.ge/en/">"Batumi City Hall website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batumi.ge/en/">the original</a> on 21 August 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Batumi+City+Hall+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batumi.ge%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427174751/http://www.bulgariansearesorts.com/">"Bulgarian Sea Resorts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulgariansearesorts.com">the original</a> on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Sea+Resorts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulgariansearesorts.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Postcard from the Silk Road - Batumi...(<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Znad-Wilii-57m.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604130631/http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Znad-Wilii-57m.pdf">Archived</a> June 4, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212082536/http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/bogazlar-sorunu/">"Montreaux and the Bosporus Problem"</a> (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeniansiklopedi.com/bogazlar-sorunu/">the original</a> on 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montreaux+and+the+Bosporus+Problem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yeniansiklopedi.com%2Fbogazlar-sorunu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130319212703/http://www.karalahana.com/kafkasya-politika-strateji/Montro_TR.pdf">"Montreaux Convention and Turkey (pdf)"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/kafkasya-politika-strateji/Montro_TR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Montreaux+Convention+and+Turkey+%28pdf%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karalahana.com%2Fkafkasya-politika-strateji%2FMontro_TR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-57589366">"HMS Defender: What will be the fallout from Black Sea incident?"</a>. BBC News. 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=HMS+Defender%3A+What+will+be+the+fallout+from+Black+Sea+incident%3F&rft.date=2021-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-57589366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?17800">"MV Armenia (Армения) (+1941)"</a>. Wrecksite.eu. 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wrecksite.eu&rft.atitle=MV+Armenia+%28%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%29+%28%2B1941%29&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrecksite.eu%2Fwreck.aspx%3F17800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/04/ukraine-ports-partially-unblocked-by-russia-says-kiev">"Ukraine's ports partially unblocked by Russia, says Kiev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Associated Press. 4 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+ports+partially+unblocked+by+Russia%2C+says+Kiev&rft.date=2018-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fdec%2F04%2Fukraine-ports-partially-unblocked-by-russia-says-kiev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/15/us/politics/russia-moskva-ship-sunk-ukraine.html">"Prized Russian Ship Was Hit by Missiles, U.S. Officials Say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York Times. 15 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prized+Russian+Ship+Was+Hit+by+Missiles%2C+U.S.+Officials+Say&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F04%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Frussia-moskva-ship-sunk-ukraine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-04-14-22/h_b86aab890c25dec71a5bc96c478076b2">"Ukraine claims it hit a Russian warship with a missile strike. Russia says otherwise"</a>. CNN. 14 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Ukraine+claims+it+hit+a+Russian+warship+with+a+missile+strike.+Russia+says+otherwise.&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Feurope%2Flive-news%2Fukraine-russia-putin-news-04-14-22%2Fh_b86aab890c25dec71a5bc96c478076b2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-61114843">"Russian warship: Moskva sinks in Black Sea"</a>. BBC News. 15 April 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russian+warship%3A+Moskva+sinks+in+Black+Sea&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-61114843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-abkhazia_2023_10_05_reuters-131"><a href="#cite_ref-abkhazia_2023_10_05_reuters_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-plans-naval-base-black-sea-coast-breakaway-georgian-region-izvestiya-2023-10-05/">"Russia plans naval base in Abkhazia, triggering criticism from Georgia"</a> October 5, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, retrieved January 12, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-breakaway_2023_10_05_politico-132"><a href="#cite_ref-breakaway_2023_10_05_politico_132-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/vladimir-putin-russia-black-sea-abkhazia-plans-to-build-naval-base-in-georgias-breakaway-region-as-it-pulls-vessels-from-sevastopol-base/">"Russia to build naval base in breakaway Georgia region"</a> October 5, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> (Politico.eu), retrieved January 12, 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-alarms_2023_12_12_bbc-133"><a href="#cite_ref-alarms_2023_12_12_bbc_133-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67625450">"Russia's new Black Sea naval base alarms Georgia,"</a> December 12, 2023, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, retrieved January 12, 2024 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: General and cited references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhervas2017" class="citation book cs1">Ghervas, Stella (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceanic-histories/black-sea/3BED782610F53D0F89ED0BDC1C99F442">"The Black Sea"</a>. In Armitage, D.; Bashford, S. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/oceanic-histories/7BDD2F35C5E019DB8D3228DE4380B457">Oceanic Histories</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 234–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108399722.010">10.1017/9781108399722.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1083-9972-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1083-9972-2"><bdi>978-1-1083-9972-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Black+Sea&rft.btitle=Oceanic+Histories&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=234-266&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108399722.010&rft.isbn=978-1-1083-9972-2&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Foceanic-histories%2Fblack-sea%2F3BED782610F53D0F89ED0BDC1C99F442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stella Ghervas, "Odessa et les confins de l'Europe: un éclairage historique", in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset (ed), Lieux d'Europe. Mythes et limites (Paris: Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme, 2008), pp. 107–124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7351-1182-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7351-1182-4">978-2-7351-1182-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">Charles King</a>, The Black Sea: A History, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924161-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924161-9">0-19-924161-9</a></li> <li>William Ryan and Walter Pitman, Noah's Flood, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-85920-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-85920-3">0-684-85920-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Neal Ascherson</a>, Black Sea (Vintage 1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-959371-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-959371-8">0-09-959371-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Schmitt" title="Rüdiger Schmitt">Schmitt, Rüdiger</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/black-sea">"BLACK SEA"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IV/3: Bibliographies II–Bolbol I. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 310–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71009-126-0"><bdi>978-0-71009-126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BLACK+SEA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+IV%2F3%3A+Bibliographies+II%E2%80%93Bolbol+I&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=310-313&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-71009-126-0&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fblack-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rüdiger Schmitt, "Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea", in: Hellas und der griechische Osten (Saarbrücken 1996), pp. 219–224</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest,_Stephanie2003" class="citation book cs1">West, Stephanie (2003). 'The Most Marvellous of All Seas': the Greek Encounter with the Euxine. Vol. 50. Greece & Rome. pp. 151–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Most+Marvellous+of+All+Seas%27%3A+the+Greek+Encounter+with+the+Euxine&rft.place=Greece+%26+Rome&rft.pages=151-167&rft.date=2003&rft.au=West%2C+Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetko_DimitrovDimitar_Dimitrov2004" class="citation book cs1">Petko Dimitrov; Dimitar Dimitrov (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290938137">The Black Sea, the Flood and the Ancient Myths</a>. Varna. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-579-335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-579-335-6"><bdi>978-954-579-335-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea%2C+the+Flood+and+the+Ancient+Myths&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Varna&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-954-579-335-6&rft.au=Petko+Dimitrov&rft.au=Dimitar+Dimitrov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290938137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dimitrov, D. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311582414_Geology_and_Non-traditional_resources_of_the_Black_Sea">Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209034651/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311582414_Geology_and_Non-traditional_resources_of_the_Black_Sea">Archived</a> February 9, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Publishing">LAP Lambert Academic Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-8639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8383-8639-3">978-3-8383-8639-3</a>. 244p.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Sea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Black_Sea#Q166" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207093027/http://www.blacksea-online.com/eng/">Space Monitoring of the Black Sea Coastline and Waters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226115914/http://www.mapofukraine.net/crimean_peninsula/black_sea/crimea_black_sea_coast.html">Pictures of the Black sea coast all along the Crimean peninsula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110111415/http://www.grid.unep.ch/bsein/">Black Sea Environmental Internet Node</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150829/http://sealevel.ns.ca/igcp521/">Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: UNESCO IGCP 521 WG12</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template talk:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marginal seas of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottles_Bay" title="Pottles Bay">Pottles Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulfs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Sea" title="Template:Black Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Sea" title="Template talk:Black Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries bordering the Black Sea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgas" title="Burgas">Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopa" title="Hopa">Hopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalia" title="Mangalia">Mangalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%83vodari" title="Năvodari">Năvodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Ordu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Disputed statehood — <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">partial international recognition</a>, but considered by most countries to be Georgian territory.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1145541703796601641">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242937/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4053794-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85014616">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956313h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956313h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131676&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5418016">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000348178&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsszfx3jbzn0v">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/2298">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283261305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/1224">Pleiades</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027545652">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046296">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\B\L\BlackSea">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&oldid=1259048660">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&oldid=1259048660</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_Sea" title="Category:Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Category:Seas of the Mediterranean Sea">Seas of the Mediterranean Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anoxic_waters" title="Category:Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Back-arc_basins" title="Category:Back-arc basins">Back-arc basins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:European_seas" title="Category:European seas">European seas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Russia" title="Category:Seas of Russia">Seas of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Turkey" title="Category:Seas of Turkey">Seas of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Seas of Ukraine">Seas of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Bodies of water of Bulgaria">Bodies of water of Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Bodies of water of Georgia (country)">Bodies of water of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Romania" title="Category:Bodies of water of Romania">Bodies of water of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bodies_of_water_of_Crimea" title="Category:Bodies of water of Crimea">Bodies of water of Crimea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgaria%E2%80%93Romania_border" title="Category:Bulgaria–Romania border">Bulgaria–Romania border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulgaria%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Category:Bulgaria–Turkey border">Bulgaria–Turkey border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Category:Georgia (country)–Russia border">Georgia (country)–Russia border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)%E2%80%93Turkey_border" title="Category:Georgia (country)–Turkey border">Georgia (country)–Turkey border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romania%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Category:Romania–Ukraine border">Romania–Ukraine border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_border" title="Category:Russia–Ukraine border">Russia–Ukraine border</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:Seas of the Atlantic Ocean">Seas of the Atlantic Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas_of_Asia" title="Category:Seas of Asia">Seas of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Europe" title="Category:Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Geography of West Asia">Geography of West Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bulgarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bulgarian-language text">Articles containing Bulgarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Romanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Romanian-language text">Articles containing Romanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ukrainian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ukrainian-language text">Articles containing Ukrainian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Abkhaz-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Abkhaz-language text">Articles containing Abkhaz-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_pushpin_map" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map">Articles using infobox body of water without pushpin map</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_body_of_water_without_alt_bathymetry" title="Category:Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry">Articles using infobox body of water without alt bathymetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Abkhaz_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Abkhaz IPA">Pages with Abkhaz IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Adyghe-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Adyghe-language text">Articles containing Adyghe-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Adyghe_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Adyghe IPA">Pages with Adyghe IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Armenian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Armenian-language text">Articles containing Armenian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Armenian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Armenian IPA">Pages with Armenian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Azerbaijani-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text">Articles containing Azerbaijani-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Azerbaijani_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Azerbaijani IPA">Pages with Azerbaijani IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Bulgarian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Bulgarian IPA">Pages with Bulgarian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Crimean_Tatar_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Crimean Tatar IPA">Pages with Crimean Tatar IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Georgian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Georgian IPA">Pages with Georgian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mingrelian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mingrelian-language text">Articles containing Mingrelian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Mingrelian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Mingrelian IPA">Pages with Mingrelian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Romanian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Romanian IPA">Pages with Romanian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Russian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Russian IPA">Pages with Russian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Turkish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Turkish IPA">Pages with Turkish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ukrainian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ukrainian IPA">Pages with Ukrainian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Pages with Greek IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Iranian_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Iranian languages">Articles with text in Iranian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle Persian-language text">Articles containing Middle Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Georgian-language text">Articles containing Old Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ottoman_Turkish_(1500-1928)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text">Articles containing Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_March_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022">Vague or ambiguous time from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_November_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from November 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_April_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2024">Articles needing additional references from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 02:27 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xr9px","wgBackendResponseTime":198,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.438","walltime":"3.029","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17347,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":469015,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":31099,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":62,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":516011,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2542.309 1 -total"," 26.77% 680.597 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.55% 293.627 1 Template:Infobox_body_of_water"," 10.77% 273.777 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.39% 238.698 33 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.85% 148.802 28 Template:Cite_web"," 4.80% 122.016 27 Template:Cite_book"," 4.80% 121.919 9 Template:Sfn"," 4.65% 118.328 1 Template:Native_name_checker"," 4.20% 106.730 10 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.452","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24714719,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAleksey_Danko2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsimov1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAydin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaraleGade2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirkun2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBirsay2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraun2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_McGowan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_William_McGowan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Woodard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullen,_H._M.A._Kaplan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_W._Anthony2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEker,_E.L._Georgieva1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEker-Develi2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmek_InanmazDeğirmenciGücü2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantzis_A.Alexiadou_P.Paximadis_G.Politi_E.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrich,_J.C._Dinkel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhervas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbon1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladilinaKovtunKondakovSyomik2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGomez,_F.L._Briceno2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoire,_M.C._Raick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrinevetskyZonnZhiltsovKosarev2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoustonDuncan_WoodRobinson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumborgIttekkotCociasuBodungen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurrell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabasakal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramanlidisDendrinos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorotaev2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoshiw2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamothe2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamyArzBondBarh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancelot2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathiesonLazaridisRohlandMallick2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClusky,_S.S._Balassanian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGowan1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenzie1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihai2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiladinovaStipsGarcia-GorrizMacias_Moy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayJannaschHonjoAnderson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicolle1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikishin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOguz,_T.A._Merico2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOguz,_T.H._W._Ducklow1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzsoy,_E.U._Unluata1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Robert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetko_DimitrovDimitar_Dimitrov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProthero1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSburlea,_A.L._Boicenco2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuilingCathcartBadescuIsvoranu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelcan_HacaogluVanessa_DezemCagan_Koc2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShillingtonWhiteMinshullEdwards2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmonsTariOkay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarchak2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvitoch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTürkeş1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUysal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest,_Stephanie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilford1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_RyanWalter_Pitman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitzenrath2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzhan_Öztürk2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ALB\"] = 1,\n [\"AUT\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BGR\"] = 4,\n [\"BIH\"] = 1,\n [\"BLR\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CZE\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 29,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 38,\n [\"Coordinates\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Black Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Crh\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Encyclopaedia Iranica\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 9,\n [\"GEO\"] = 3,\n [\"GER\"] = 1,\n [\"GRE\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgia (country) topics\"] = 1,\n [\"HRV\"] = 1,\n [\"HUN\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 15,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"ITA\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox body of water\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 33,\n [\"Lang-ka\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 12,\n [\"List of seas\"] = 1,\n [\"MDA\"] = 1,\n [\"MKD\"] = 1,\n [\"MNE\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean\"] = 1,\n [\"Moresources\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name list\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"POL\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ROM\"] = 1,\n [\"ROU\"] = 2,\n [\"RUS\"] = 5,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 2,\n [\"SLO\"] = 1,\n [\"SRB\"] = 1,\n [\"SUI\"] = 1,\n [\"SVK\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Ship\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TUR\"] = 5,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 4,\n [\"UKR\"] = 4,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"When?\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","21.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","14.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","7.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","100","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.9"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","2.6"],["[others]","280","18.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7l5xc","timestamp":"20241123104951","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Black Sea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Sea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q166","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q166","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-04-27T16:17:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T02:27:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/52\/Black_Sea_map.png","headline":"sea between Europe and Asia"}</script> </body> </html>