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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kara-Khanid_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kara-Khanid Khanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kara-Khanid_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mongol rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_by_Muslim_Chagatais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_by_Muslim_Chagatais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Conquest by Muslim Chagatais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_by_Muslim_Chagatais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_kings_(idiquts)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_kings_(idiquts)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of kings (<i>idiquts</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_kings_(idiquts)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarahoca_uy%C4%9Fur_id%C4%B1kutlu%C4%9Fu" title="Qarahoca uyğur idıkutluğu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarahoca uyğur idıkutluğu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_von_Kocho" title="Reich von Kocho – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reich von Kocho" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Uigur_de_Qocho" title="Reino Uigur de Qocho – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Uigur de Qocho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87" title="پادشاهی قره‌خواجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی قره‌خواجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_ou%C3%AFghour_de_Qocho" title="Royaume ouïghour de Qocho – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume ouïghour de Qocho" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B0%BD%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%A8" title="고창회골 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고창회골" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Qocho" title="Kerajaan Qocho – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Qocho" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachod%C5%BEos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Karachodžos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karachodžos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="天山ウイグル王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天山ウイグル王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE_(%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Кочо (уйгурское государство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кочо (уйгурское государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Уйгуур Турфан дойдута – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уйгуур Турфан дойдута" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qocho" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahoca_Uygur_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Karahoca Uygur Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karahoca Uygur Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0_(%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Куча (ідикутство) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Куча (ідикутство)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">843–1353 Uyghur kingdom in modern Xinjiang, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Old Uyghur-ruled kingdom. For the earlier kingdom in the same area, see <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Qocho Kingdom</div><div class="ib-country-names">高昌回鶻</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">843–14th century</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Qocho_Uyghurs.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of Qocho c. 1000."><img alt="Territory of Qocho c. 1000." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Qocho_Uyghurs.png/250px-Qocho_Uyghurs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Qocho_Uyghurs.png/375px-Qocho_Uyghurs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Qocho_Uyghurs.png/500px-Qocho_Uyghurs.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="795" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of Qocho c. 1000.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Independent state<br />(843–1132)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Liao" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a><br />(1132–1209)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a><br />(1209–1335)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a><br />(Late 13th to mid 14th century)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (Qocho), <a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a> (Beiting/Tingzhou)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Uyghur language">Old Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Middle Chinese</a>; also <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> in early years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> (official initially 843–965),<sup id="cite_ref-TrombertVaissière2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (Later declared as official)<sup id="cite_ref-Teiser2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teiser2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Church of the East</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Idiqut</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14th century</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Liao" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Liao">Western Liao</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Early Turkic Khaganates</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">552–603</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">581–645</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">581–742</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">650–969</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">682–744</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">699–766</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">744–840</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabghu" title="Karluk Yabghu">Karluk Yabghu State</a> <span style="color:gray">756–840</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a> <span style="color:gray">766–1055</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <span style="color:gray">840–1212</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a> <span style="color:gray">840–1207</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak confederation</a> <span style="color:gray">c.950–1241</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a> <span style="color:gray">977–1186</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> <span style="color:gray">1037–1194</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Turkic_Khaganates" title="Template talk:Early Turkic Khaganates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Turkic_Khaganates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Turkic Khaganates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_of_Gaochang_(%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B,_Turfan)_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_(937-976_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg/220px-Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg/330px-Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg/440px-Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Man of <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高昌國</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>) in <i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering">Entrance of the foreign visitors</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">番客入朝圖</span></span>, 937–976 CE)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Qocho</b> or <b>Kara-Khoja</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">高昌回鶻</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gāochāng Huíhú</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Gaochang Uyghurs'),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Idiqut</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Studies1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Studies1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eliot2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puri1987_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EliotEliot1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EliotEliot1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("holy wealth"; "glory"; "lord of fortune"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> kingdom created in 843, with strong <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a> influences. It was founded by refugees fleeing the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> after being driven out by the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a>. They made their winter capital in <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Qocho</a> (also called <i>Gaochang</i> or <i>Qara-Khoja</i>, near modern <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>) and summer capital in Beshbalik (modern <a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a>, also known as Tingzhou).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200746_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200746-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its population is referred to as the "Xizhou Uyghurs" after the old <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang Chinese</a> name for Gaochang, the "Qocho Uyghurs" after their capital, the "Kucha Uyghurs" after another city they controlled, or the "Arslan ("Lion") Uyghurs" after their king's title. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_(mute).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qocho is located in Central Asia (mute)"><img alt="Qocho is located in Central Asia (mute)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png/300px-Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png/450px-Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png/600px-Central_Asia_%28mute%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png/300px-Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png/450px-Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png/600px-Map_of_Qocho_Uyghurs_Kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x60" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:60px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID KHANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_50x35" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:35px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">CUMANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x50" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:50px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHAZARS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x35" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:35px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KIMEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x50" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:50px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHITAN EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">1000</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x65" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:65px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">QOCHO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_167x84" style="position:absolute; left:167px; top:84px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KHOTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x95" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:95px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GHAZNAVID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x95" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:95px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">HINDU<br />SHAHIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x105" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">BUYIDS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x155" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:155px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />CHALUKYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_65x50" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:50px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">OGHUZ<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Asia_(mute).png" title="File:Central Asia (mute).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Qocho Kingdom and main neighbouring polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span></div></div></div> <p>In 843, a group of Uyghurs migrated southward under the leadership of Pangtele, and occupied <a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Karasahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, taking them from the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 856, this group of Uyghurs received royal recognition from the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005198_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005198-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, their capital was in Karasahr (Yanqi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012313_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012313-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The land of the Uighurs is very large, so large that to the west it appears boundless. In the fourth and fifth months, all vegetation dries up as if it were winter. The mountains are snow-covered even in summer. When the sun rises it becomes hot, but as soon as it sets, it grows cold. Even in the sixth lunar month (i.e., the peak of summer), people must use wadded coverlets to sleep. It does not rain in summer. The rain only starts to fall in autumn, and then the vegetation begins to sprout. Come winter, the rivers and plains are like our spring, with flowers in full bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Map_Journal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wugusun Zhongduan</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 866, Pugu Jun declared himself khan and adopted the title of <i>idiqut</i>. The Kingdom of Qocho captured Xizhou (<a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>), Tingzhou (<a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a>, or Beiting), Changbaliq (near <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>) and Luntai (<a href="/wiki/Luntai_County" title="Luntai County">Bugur</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a>. The Uyghur capital was moved to Xizhou, which the Uyghurs called <i>Idiqutshari</i>. Beshbalik became their summer residence.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the southern end of the Altai Mountains is a city of the Uighurs, called Bieshiba (Beshbaliq). There is a Tang-era stele there that identifies it as the former Vast Sea (Hanhai) Military Prefecture. The Vast Sea is several hundred <i>li</i> northwest of this city. In that sea is a small island covered with feathers shed by birds. Over two hundred <i>li</i> west of this city is the county of Luntai, which also has a Tang-era stele. Five hundred <i>li</i> south of this city (Beshbaliq) is Hezhou (Qocho), known as Gaochang in the Tang. It is also known as Yizhou. Three to four thousand <i>li</i> west of Gaochang is the city of Wuduan (Khotan), which was known as the kingdom of Yutian in the Tang. The two rivers that produce black and white jade are located there.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Map_Journal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Chucai" title="Yelü Chucai">Yelü Chucai</a></i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 869 and 870 the Kingdom of Qocho attacked the Guiyi Circuit but was repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERong201342_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERong201342-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 876 the Kingdom of Qocho seized <a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Yizhou</a> from the Guiyi Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERong201342_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERong201342-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 880, Qocho attacked Shazhou (<a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>) but was repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 887, they were settled under an agrarian lifestyle in Qocho. </p><p>In 904, Zhang Chengfeng of the Guiyi Circuit (later renamed Jinshan Kingdom) attacked Qocho and seized Yizhou (<a href="/wiki/Hami" title="Hami">Hami</a>/Kumul) and Xizhou (<a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012312_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012312-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occupation ended after the Jinshan Kingdom's loss to the Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom in 911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 954, Ilig Bilgä Tengri rose to power.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 981, Arslan Bilgä Tengri ilig rose to power.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 981, the Idiqut of Qocho sent tribute missions to the Song dynasty under the title "Nephew Lion King Arslan Khan of the West Prefecture." The addition of the title "Nephew" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">外甥</span></span>) was intended as a show of sincerity to the <a href="/wiki/Han_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Han people">Han people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a>, as "nephew" referred to the traditional relationship between the Uyghur Khans and the previous Tang dynasty, who referred to each other as uncle and nephew. Meanwhile, West Prefecture (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西州</span></span>) referred to Qocho's designation under Tang administration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 984, Arslan Bilgä Tengri ilig became Süngülüg Khagan.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, a <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song Chinese</a> envoy reached Qocho and gave an account of the city: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is no rain or snow here and it is extremely hot. Each year at the hottest time, the inhabitants dig holes in the ground to live in ... The earth here produces all the five grains except buckwheat. The nobility eat horseflesh, while the rest eat mutton, wild ducks and geese. Their music is largely played on the pipa and harp. They produce sables, fine white cotton cloth, and an embroidered cloth made from flower stamens. By custom they enjoy horseback riding and archery ... They use the [Tang] calendar produced in the seventh year of the Kaiyuan reign (719). They fashion pipes of silver or brass and channel flowing water to shoot at each other; or they sprinkle water on each other as a game, which they call pressing out the sun's heat to chase off sickness. They like to take walks, and the strollers always carry a musical instrument with them. There are over fifty Buddhist temples here, the names inscribed over their gates all presented by the Tang court. The temples house copies of the Buddhist scriptures (<i>da zang jing</i>) and the dictionaries <i><a href="/wiki/Tangyun" title="Tangyun">Tang yun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yupian" title="Yupian">Yupian</a></i> and <i>Jingyun</i>. On spring nights the locals pass the time milling about between the temples. There's an "Imperial Writings Tower' which houses edicts written by the Tang emperor Taizong kept carefully secured. There's also a Manichaean temple, with Persian monks who keep their own religious law and call the Buddhist scriptures the 'foreign Way' ... In this land there are no poor people; anyone short of food is given public aid. People live to an advanced age, generally over one hundred years. No one dies young.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200748-49_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200748-49-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 996, Bügü Bilgä Tengri ilig succeeded Süngülüg Khagan.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_(759-780_CE)_to_Manicheism_in_762_(detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour,_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg/220px-Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg/330px-Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg/440px-Conversion_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_%28759-780_CE%29_to_Manicheism_in_762_%28detailed_of_B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan_in_a_suit_of_armour%2C_kneeling_to_a_Manichean_high_priest%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%BC_Qaghan" title="Bögü Qaghan">Bögü Qaghan</a>, third khagan of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>, converting to <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> in 762. Detail of Bögü Qaghan in a suit of armour, kneeling to a Manichean high priest. Eighth-century Manichean manuscript (<a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">MIK III 4979</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-RX577-578_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RX577-578-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png/220px-%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png/330px-%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png/440px-%E5%9B%9E%E6%B9%96%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB.png 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Mural of Turkic cavalry from <a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a>, 10th c.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1007, Alp Arsla Qutlugh Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan succeeded Bügü Bilgä Tengri ilig.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1008, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> temples were converted to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315-316_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315-316-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1024, Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan succeeded Alp Arsla Qutlugh Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1068, Tengri Bügü il Bilgä Arslan Tengri Uighur Tärkän succeeded Kül Bilgä Tengri Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1096, Qocho had lost <a href="/wiki/Aksu_City" title="Aksu City">Aksu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumshuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumshuk">Tumshuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1123, Bilgä rose to power. He was succeeded by Yur Temur at some point.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1128, the Kingdom of Qocho became a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In 1128, during the reign of Bilge Tekin, the Uighur Kingdom became a vassal state of the Western Liao established by the Khitan. Originally the Western Liao exercised only a loose control over the Uighur state, but soon started to extort excessive taxes and levies in the Uighur lands. In 1209, the Uighur Iduq-qut ("Lord of happiness") <a href="/wiki/Barchuq_Art_Tegin" title="Barchuq Art Tegin">Barchuk Art Tegin</a> ordered the death of the Khitan magistrate (<i>shangjian</i>) in an attempt to free his people from the rule of the Western Liao. It just so happened that Chinggis Khan's envoys arrived at this juncture, and fearing retaliation from the Liao, he immediately sent envoys to Mongolia to express his willingness to acknowledge allegiance to Chinggis in exchange from protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Qingzhi Zhao</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1209, the Kingdom of Qocho became a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I must, however, point out that, although Chinggis Khan adopted the ruler of the Uighur state Barchukh Art Tegin as his "fifth son", the Uighur state never became the "fifth khanate", as has been suggested by some scholars. The Uighur state was not independent, but was part of the Mongol empire. During the early Yuan dynasty, at least before the Princes' rebellions, the Yuan central government exercised a tight control over the Uighur state. Although the Mongol royal family maintained a marriage relationship with the Uighur Idu-qut family for almost a century, the women who were married into Uighurstan were not the daughters of the Yuan emperors, but were mostly descendants of Ogedei Khan who had lost the throne to the descendants of Tolui, his younger brother. At the same time, although the Mongol royal family continued to marry their Princesses to the Uighur Iduqut, not a single one of the Mongol Khans or Yuan Emperors married a Uighur Princess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008164-165_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008164-165-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>George Qingzhi Zhao</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In 1229, Barčuq Art iduq-qut succeeded Yur Temur.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In, 1242 Kesmez iduq-qut succeeded Barčuq Art iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1246, Salïndï Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Kesmez iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1253, Ögrünch Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Salïndï Tigin iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In, 1257 Mamuraq Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Ögrünch Tigin iduq-qut, who was executed for supporting the Ogodeid branch of the Genghisid family.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1266, Qosqar Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Mamuraq Tigin iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1280, Negüril Tigin iduq-qut succeeded Qosqar Tigin iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1318, Negüril Tigin iduq-qut died.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Kingdom of Qocho became part of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>. In 1322, Tämir Buqa iduq-qut rose to power.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1330, Senggi iduq-qut succeeded Tämir Buqa iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1332, Taipindu iduq-qut succeeded Senggi iduq-qut.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1352, Ching Timür iduq-qut succeeded Taipindu iduq-qut and was the last known ruler governor of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1370s, the Kingdom of Qocho ceased to exist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_(MIK_III_6918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_%28MIK_III_6918%29.jpg/220px-Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_%28MIK_III_6918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_%28MIK_III_6918%29.jpg/330px-Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_%28MIK_III_6918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_%28MIK_III_6918%29.jpg/440px-Fragment_of_a_Turpan_Manichaen_Wall_Painting_%28MIK_III_6918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1678" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>10th century Manichaean Electae in <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (Khocho), China.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg/220px-An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg/330px-An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg/440px-An_epitaph_of_a_Nestorian_Christian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> epitaph with two lines of <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> at the top and four lines of <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur script</a> on either side at the bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>Mainly <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a> were assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> Kingdom of Qocho.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200747ff_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200747ff-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese were among the population of Qocho.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200753ff_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200753ff-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter B. Golden writes that <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">the Uyghurs</a> not only adopted the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">writing system</a> and religious faiths of the Sogdians, such as <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Christianity</a>, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors" while gradually replacing them in their roles as <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> traders and purveyors of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the rule of the Qocho Kingdom, some of their subjects also began adopting Islam, as evident when the Idiqut threatened to retaliate against the Muslims of his lands and "destroy the mosques" if Manichaeans were persecuted in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. He emphasized that <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in Qocho were "more numerous" than Manichaeans under Islamic rule, and he was ultimately successful in staying the persecutions in Khorasan. This episode was recorded by Arab bibliographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Al-Nadim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Al-Nadim">Ibn Al-Nadim</a>, although he referred to the Qocho Idiqut as the "King of China".<sup id="cite_ref-biran_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biran-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newlight_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manichaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Uyghur ruling family of Qocho were mainly practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> until the early 11th century, although by the 960s, they also supported <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">Al-Muqtadir</a> (r. 908–932) of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> began persecuting Manichaeans in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the ruler of Qocho sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Nasr_II" title="Nasr II">Nasr II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a> threatening to retaliate against <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in his realm.<sup id="cite_ref-biran_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biran-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newlight_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newlight-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manichaean monks accompanied Uyghur embassies from 934–951 while between 965 and 1022, the accompanying monks were Buddhists. Manichaeism in Qocho probably reached its peak in 866 and was gradually replaced by Buddhism afterward. This shift was noticeable by 1008 when Manichaean temples were converted to Buddhist temples. Part of the reason for Manichaeism's decline may have been the lifestyle of the Manichaean clergy. A decree discovered in <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> reports that Manichaean clerics lived in great comfort, possessed estates with serfs and slaves, ate fine food, and wore expensive garments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315–316_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315–316-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important medieval Uyghur documents is a 9th century decree to a Manichaean monastery affixed with eleven seals in Chinese characters saying: "Seal of the cabinet minister and of the Il Ugasi ministers of the great, fortunate Uyghur government." The document details a dramatized dialogue between Mani and a prince, and testifies to the rich cultural life of the Qocho kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinese Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> rule over Qocho and Turfan left a lasting Chinese Buddhist influence on the area. Tang names remained on more than 50 Buddhist temples with <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a>'s edicts stored in the "Imperial Writings Tower" and Chinese dictionaries like Jingyun, Yupian, Tang yun, and da zang jing (Buddhist scriptures) stored inside the Buddhist temples. Uyghur Buddhists studied the Chinese language and used Chinese books like the <i><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Character_Classic" title="Thousand Character Classic">Thousand Character Classic</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Qieyun" title="Qieyun">Qieyun</a></i>. It was written that "In Qocho city were more than fifty monasteries, all titles of which are granted by the emperors of the Tang dynasty, which keep many Buddhist texts as the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangyun" title="Tangyun">Tangyun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yupuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yupuan (page does not exist)">Yupuan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jingyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jingyin (page does not exist)">Jingyin</a> etc."<sup id="cite_ref-Yakup2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakup2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Uyghurs of Qocho continued to produce the Chinese <i>Qieyun</i> rime dictionary and developed their own pronunciations of Chinese characters.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Is this published anywhere? Better to cite peer reviewed version if possible (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They viewed the Chinese script as "very prestigious" so when they developed the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>, based on the Syriac script, they deliberately switched it to vertical like Chinese writing from its original horizontal position in Syriac.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorelova2002_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorelova2002-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Persian monks still maintained a Manichaean temple in the kingdom, there was continued respect for Tang dynasty legacies and Buddhism. There were over fifty Buddhist temples, the name inscriptions on their gates all presented by the Tang court. The edicts of Emperor Taizong of Tang were carefully stored in an "Imperial Writings Tower." Indeed, the 10th century Persian geography book <i><a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a></i> called Qocho, the capital city, "Chinese town".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200749ff_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200749ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>James A. Millward claimed that the Uyghurs were generally "<a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a>" (a term meaning "appearing ethnically Eastern or Inner Asian"), giving as an example the images of Uyghur patrons of Buddhism in Bezeklik, temple 9, until they began to mix with the Tarim Basin's original, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>-speaking "<a href="/wiki/Caucasoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasoid">Caucasoid</a>" inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200743_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200743-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>. Buddhist Uyghurs created the Bezeklik murals.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_conflict">Religious conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28detail%29.jpg/266px-Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28detail%29.jpg/399px-Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28detail%29.jpg/532px-Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o,_Turkish,_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst,_Berlin_(man_in_full_armour,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28man_in_full_armour%2C_detail%29.jpg/118px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28man_in_full_armour%2C_detail%29.jpg/177px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28man_in_full_armour%2C_detail%29.jpg/236px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Painted silk fragments of men in armour, from a Manichaean Temple near Qocho. Turkish, 8th century or 9th century CE. Museum für Asiatische Kunst, Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_(MIK_III_4974_recto).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg/220px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg/330px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg/440px-Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_Book_%28MIK_III_4974_recto%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Leaf from <a href="/wiki/Manichean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichean">Manichean</a> book, mid-9th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg/220px-Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg/330px-Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg/440px-Manichaean_Bema_Scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Manichean Bema Scene, 8th–9th centuries (<a href="/wiki/Leaf_from_a_Manichaean_book_MIK_III_4979" title="Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979">Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kara-Khanid_Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kara-Khanid Khanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Uyghurs of Qocho were Buddhists whose religious identity were intertwined with their religion. Qocho was a Buddhist state with both state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>. The Uyghurs sponsored the construction of many of the temple-caves in what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a>. Although they retained some of their culture, they were heavily influenced by the indigenous peoples of western China and abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic alphabet">Old Turkic alphabet</a> in favor of a modified <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a>, which later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouček200049,_79_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouček200049,_79-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Idiquts (the title of the Qocho rulers) ruled independently until they become a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (Chinese: "Western Liao"). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They do not cremate their dead, but bury the dead without coffins. They always bury the dead with the head facing west. Their monks do not shave their heads, and there are no painted or sculpted images in their temples. The language of their scriptures is also unintelligible to us. Only in Hezhou (i.e., Gaochang/Qocho) and Shazhou (i.e., Dunhuang) are the temples and images like those of the Central Lands, and in those temples they recite Buddhist scriptures written in the Chinese (Han) script.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Map_Journal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wugusun Zhongduan</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Buddhist Uyghurs frequently came into conflict with their western Muslim neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-DeWeese2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeWeese2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim Turks described the Uyghurs in a number of derogatory ways. For example, the "Compendium of the Turkic Dialects" by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> states that "just as the thorn should be cut at its root, so the Uighur should be struck on the eye".<sup id="cite_ref-Herzig2014_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzig2014-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also used the derogatory word "Tat" to describe the Buddhist Uyghurs, which means "infidels". Uyghurs were also called dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Herzig2014_2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herzig2014_2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While al-Kashgari displayed a different attitude towards the Turk diviners beliefs and "national customs", he expressed towards Buddhism a hatred in his Diwan where he wrote the verse cycle on the war against Uyghur Buddhists. Buddhist origin words like toyin (a cleric or priest) and Burxān or Furxan<sup id="cite_ref-Stary1996_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stary1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton1971_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton1971-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (meaning Buddha,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SchmalzriedtHaussig2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchmalzriedtHaussig2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acquiring the generic meaning of "idol" in the Turkic language of Kashgari) had negative connotations to Muslim Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-Dankoff_69_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dankoff_69-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Uyghurs were subjected to attacks by Muslim Turks, according to Kashgari's work.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>'s ruler <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Satuq_Bughra_Khan" title="Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan">Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan</a> razed Qocho's Buddhist temples in the Minglaq province across the Ili region.<sup id="cite_ref-Xuanzang_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xuanzang-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhist murals at the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a> were damaged by local Muslim population whose religion <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">proscribed figurative images</a> of sentient beings, the eyes and mouths in particular were often gouged out. Pieces of murals were also broken off for use as fertilizer by the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-whitfield_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitfield-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic–Buddhist conflict from the 11th to 12th centuries is still recalled in the forms of the <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> Imam Asim Sufi shrine celebration and other Sufi holy site celebrations. Bezeklik's <i>Thousand Buddha Caves</i> are an example of the religiously motivated vandalism against portraits of religious and human figures.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon2014_2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon2014_2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kashgari's <i>Three Turkic Verse Cycles</i>, the "infidel tribes" suffered three defeats, one at the hands of the Karakhanids in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irtysh_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irtysh Valley (page does not exist)">Irtysh Valley</a>, one by unspecified Muslim Turks, and one inflicted upon "a city between the Tangut and China", Qatun Sini, at the hands of the Tangut Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war against Buddhist, shamanist, and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> Uyghurs was considered a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> by the Kara-Khanids.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2012_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2012_1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2012_1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2001_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2001-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imams and soldiers who died in the battles against the Uyghur Buddhists and Khotan are revered as saints.<sup id="cite_ref-Brophy2016_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brophy2016-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible the Muslims drove some Uyghur Buddhist monks towards taking asylum in the Tangut <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunnell19963_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunnell19963-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are many varieties of people in that country. Their hair and beards are thick and curly like wool, and vary widely in shade from black to yellow. One sees only the eyes and noses on their faces [because of all the facial hair]. Their tastes and habits are also different from ours. There are Mosuluman (Muslim) Uighurs who are cruel by nature and eat only meat from animals that they have just killed with their own hands. Even when fasting, they drink wine and eat without any sense of unease. There are Yilizhu (Christian) Uighurs who are quite weak and cowardly and dislike killing; when fasting, they do not eat meat. There are Yindu (Indian) Uighurs who have black skin and are simple and honest. There are too many other kinds for me to list them all. Their king selects his eunuchs from those of the Yindu (Indians) who are dark and ugly and uses fire to brand their faces.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_Map_Journal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wugusun Zhongduan</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_rule">Mongol rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mongol rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pranidhi_Scene,_Replica,_Turpan,_10th-12th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pranidhi_Scene%2C_Replica%2C_Turpan%2C_10th-12th_Century.jpg/220px-Pranidhi_Scene%2C_Replica%2C_Turpan%2C_10th-12th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pranidhi_Scene%2C_Replica%2C_Turpan%2C_10th-12th_Century.jpg/330px-Pranidhi_Scene%2C_Replica%2C_Turpan%2C_10th-12th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pranidhi_Scene%2C_Replica%2C_Turpan%2C_10th-12th_Century.jpg/440px-Pranidhi_Scene%2C_Replica%2C_Turpan%2C_10th-12th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3199" data-file-height="4280" /></a><figcaption>Pranidhi scene, Turpan, 10th–12th centuries.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1209, the Kara-Khoja ruler <a href="/wiki/Baurchuk_Art_Tekin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baurchuk Art Tekin">Baurchuk Art Tekin</a> declared his allegiance to the Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> and the kingdom existed as a vassal state until 1335. After submitting to the Mongols, the Uyghurs served the Mongol rulers as bureaucrats, providing the expertise that the initially illiterate nomads lacked.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouček2000105_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouček2000105-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qocho continued exist as a vassal to the Mongols of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, and were allied to the Yuan against the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>. Eventually the Chagatai khan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas-ud-din_Baraq" title="Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq">Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq</a> eliminated Yuan influence over Qocho. When the Mongols placed the Uyghurs in control of the Koreans at court, the Korean king objected. Emperor Kublai Khan rebuked the Korean king, saying that the Uyghur king ranked higher than the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler, who in turn was ranked higher than the Korean King, who was ranked last, because the Uyghurs surrendered to the Mongols first, the Karluks surrendered after the Uyghurs, and the Koreans surrendered last, and that the Uyghurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi1983_2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi1983_2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hybrid court was used when <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and Uyghurs were in involved in legal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-TwitchettFranke1994_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwitchettFranke1994-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called the <a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a> or "Right Alan Guard", which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers, Mongols, and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of Qocho. In Beshbalik (now <a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Jimsar County</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossabi1983_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossabi1983-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_by_Muslim_Chagatais">Conquest by Muslim Chagatais</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest by Muslim Chagatais"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last Buddhist Uyghurs of Qocho and Turpan were converted to Islam by force during a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> (holy war) at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khoja" title="Khizr Khoja">Khizr Khoja</a> (r. 1389–1399).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200769ff_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200769ff-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Haidar Dughlat</a>'s <i>Tarikh-i-Rashidi</i> (c. 1540, in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) wrote, "(<a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khoja" title="Khizr Khoja">Khizr Khoja</a>) undertook a campaign against Karakhodja [Qocho] and Turfan, two very important towns in China, and forced their inhabitants to become Muslims".<sup id="cite_ref-GibbLewis1998_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbLewis1998-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chagatai Khanate also conquered Hami, where the Buddhist religion was also purged and replaced with Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironically after being converted to Islam, the descendants of the Uyghurs in Turpan failed to retain memory of their Buddhist legacy and were led to believe that the "infidel Kalmuks" (<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar people</a>) were the ones who built Buddhist monuments in their area. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> wrote "By then the Turks of the Turfan ... forgetting all the other highlights of their past, they attributed the Buddhist and other monuments to the 'infidel Kalmuks'."<sup id="cite_ref-GibbLewis1998_2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GibbLewis1998_2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Islamic conversion forced on the Buddhist city of Hami was the final blow to Uyghur Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2012_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2012-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2012_b_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2012_b-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2001b_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2001b-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some Buddhist influence in the names of Turpan Muslims still remained.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Islam reached them much after other cities in the Tarim Basin, personal names of pre-Islamic Old Uyghur origin are still used in Hami and Turpan while Uyghurs to the west use mostly Islamic names of Arabic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellér-Hann2007_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellér-Hann2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cherrypicking of history of Xinjiang with the intention of projecting an image of either irreligiosity or piousness of Islam in Uyghur culture has been done for various reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conversion to Islam by Uyghurs, the term "Uyghur" fell out of use until it was revived in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladney2004213_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladney2004213-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200850-51_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200850-51-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_kings_(idiquts)"><span id="List_of_kings_.28idiquts.29"></span>List of kings (<i>idiquts</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of kings (idiquts)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Template talk:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Turkic_peoples_pre-14th_century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Turkic peoples pre-14th century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:History of Xinjiang">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of <span class="fn org label">Xinjiang</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/100px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/150px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/200px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Han Protectorate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Officials</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Later Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Later Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Western Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval and early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang Protectorates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">West</a>; <a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Qocho">Kingdom of Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Ming ruled Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yettishar" title="Yettishar">Yettishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, Republic of China</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">1st East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">2nd East Turkestan Republic</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Production and Construction Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Template talk:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Kingdom of Qocho's rulers trace their lineage to Qutlugh of the Ediz dynasty of the Uyghur Khaganate. There are numerous gaps in our knowledge of the Uyghur rulers of Qocho prior to the thirteenth century. The title of the ruler of Qocho was <i>idiqut</i> or <i>iduq qut</i>. In 1308, Nolen Tekin was granted the title Prince of Gaochang by the Yuan Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Ayurbarwada</a>. The following list of rulers is drawn mostly from <a href="/wiki/Turghun_Almas" title="Turghun Almas">Turghun Almas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Uyghurlar" title="Uyghurlar">Uyghurlar</a></i> (Almaty, 1992), vol. 1, pp. 180–85.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named rulers based on various sources of other languages are also included.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>850–866: Pan Tekin (Pangtele)</li> <li>866–871: Boko Tekin<br />...</li> <li>940–948: Irdimin Khan</li> <li>948–985: Arslan (Zhihai) Khan<br />...</li> <li>954: Ilig Bilgä T[e]ngri</li> <li>981: Arslan Bilgä T[e]ngri ilig</li> <li>996-1007: Bügü Bilgä T[e]ngri ilig</li> <li>1007-1024: Alp Arsla Qutlugh Kül Bilgä T[e]ngri Qan</li> <li>1024: Kül Bilgä T[e]ngri Qan</li> <li>1068: T[e]ngri Bügü il Bilgä Arslan Tngri Uighur Tärkän</li> <li>1123: Bilgä</li> <li>1126–????: Bilge (Biliege/Bilgä) Tekin<br />...</li> <li>????–????: Isen Tomur<br />...</li> <li>1208/1229–1235/1241: Baurchuq (Barchukh) Art Tekin</li> <li>1229: Yue-er Tie-mu-er</li> <li>1235/1242–1245/1246: Qusmayin (Kesmez)</li> <li>1246–1253/1255: Salun (Salindi) Tekin</li> <li>1253/1255–1257/1265: Oghrunzh (Ogrunch) Tekin</li> <li>1257/1265–1265/1266: Mamuraq Tekin</li> <li>1266–1276/1280: Qozhighar (Qosqar) Tekin</li> <li>1276/1280–1318: Nolen (Neguril) Tekin</li> <li>1309/1318: Kiräsiz iduq-qut</li> <li>1309/1318-1326/1334: Köncök iduq-qut</li> <li>1318/1322–1327/1330: Tomur (Tamir) Buqa</li> <li>1327/1330–1331/1332: Sunggi (Senggi) Tekin</li> <li>1331/1332–1335/1352: Taypan (Taipingnu)</li> <li>1335–1353: Yuelutiemur</li> <li>1352-1360: Ching Timür iduq-qut</li> <li>1353–????: Sangge</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur king from Turfan"><img alt="Uyghur king from Turfan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg/87px-Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg/130px-Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg/174px-Dunhuang_Uighur_king.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur king from Turfan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals"><img alt="Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg/64px-Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg/96px-Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg/128px-Uigure-bezeklik-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur Prince from the Bezeklik murals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals"><img alt="Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg/79px-Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg/118px-Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg/158px-Uigure-bezeklik-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur noble from the Bezeklik murals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_Temple_Banner_(MIK_III_6283).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur Manichaean Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho"><img alt="Uyghur Manichaean Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6283%29.jpg/49px-Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6283%29.jpg/74px-Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6283%29.jpg/98px-Manichaean_Temple_Banner_%28MIK_III_6283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> Elect depicted on a temple banner from Qocho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals"><img alt="Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg/110px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg/165px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg/220px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur Princesses from the Bezeklik murals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals"><img alt="Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/117px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/176px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg/234px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_063.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur Princes from the Bezeklik murals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals"><img alt="Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg/68px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg/102px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg/136px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur donor from the Bezeklik murals</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho"><img alt="Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg/91px-ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg/137px-ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg/183px-ManichaeanElectaeKocho10thCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur Manichaean Electae from Qocho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho"><img alt="Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg/120px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg/180px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg/240px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uyghur Manichaean clergymen from Qocho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manicheans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manicheans from Qocho"><img alt="Manicheans from Qocho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/81px-Manicheans.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/122px-Manicheans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/163px-Manicheans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manicheans from Qocho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mural from a Christian temple in Qocho"><img alt="Mural from a Christian temple in Qocho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg/120px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg/180px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg/240px-Museum_f%C3%BCr_Indische_Kunst_Dahlem_Berlin_Mai_2006_061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Mural from a Christian temple in Qocho</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict" title="Ming–Turpan conflict">Ming–Turpan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_and_Turkification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang">Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uyghur_people" title="History of the Uyghur people">History of the Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TrombertVaissière2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TrombertVaissière2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrombertde_La_Vaissière2005" class="citation book cs1">Trombert, Éric; de La Vaissière, Étienne (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O44MAQAAMAAJ&q=firmly+established"><i>Les sogdiens en Chine</i></a>. École française d'Extrême-Orient. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85539-653-8"><bdi>978-2-85539-653-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Orient&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-85539-653-8&rft.aulast=Trombert&rft.aufirst=%C3%89ric&rft.au=de+La+Vaissi%C3%A8re%2C+%C3%89tienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO44MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfirmly%2Bestablished&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Valerie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/hansen-silk-road-trade.pdf">"The Impact of the Silk Road Trade on a Local Community: The Turfan Oasis, 500–800"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Les Sogdiens en Chine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Silk+Road+Trade+on+a+Local+Community%3A+The+Turfan+Oasis%2C+500%E2%80%93800&rft.btitle=Les+Sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Fhansen-silk-road-trade.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teiser2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teiser2003_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeiser2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Teiser" title="Stephen F. Teiser">Teiser, Stephen F.</a> (April 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJVG5mnpnL0C&pg=PA55"><i>The Scripture on the Ten Kings: And the Making of Purgatory in Medieval Chinese Buddhism</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 55ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2776-2"><bdi>978-0-8248-2776-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scripture+on+the+Ten+Kings%3A+And+the+Making+of+Purgatory+in+Medieval+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.pages=55ff&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2776-2&rft.aulast=Teiser&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJVG5mnpnL0C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2017" class="citation book cs1">Jin, Yijiu (January 9, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105"><i>Islam</i></a>. Brill. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2800-8"><bdi>978-90-474-2800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2800-8&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Yijiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ-PzDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Studies1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Studies1996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Centre_for_Asia_Pacific_Studies1996" class="citation book cs1">Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aYRAQAAMAAJ&q=ethonym+prestige"><i>Cultural contact, history and ethnicity in inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, March 4, 1994 and March 3, 1995</i></a>. Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781895296228" title="Special:BookSources/9781895296228"><bdi>9781895296228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+contact%2C+history+and+ethnicity+in+inner+Asia%3A+papers+presented+at+the+Central+and+Inner+Asian+Seminar%2C+University+of+Toronto%2C+March+4%2C+1994+and+March+3%2C+1995&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Joint+Centre+for+Asia+Pacific+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781895296228&rft.au=Joint+Centre+for+Asia+Pacific+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aYRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dethonym%2Bprestige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliot2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eliot2016_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Charles_Eliot2016" class="citation book cs1">Sir Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MM5QCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1075"><i>Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch</i></a>. Sai. pp. 1075ff. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Buddhism%3A+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.pages=1075ff&rft.pub=Sai&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft.au=Sir+Charles+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMM5QCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri1987-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri1987_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaij_Nath_Puri1987" class="citation book cs1">Baij Nath Puri (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA77"><i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 77ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=77ff&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0372-5&rft.au=Baij+Nath+Puri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EliotEliot1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EliotEliot1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1998" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, Charles (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbPgG6ondlUC&pg=PA205"><i>Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 205ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0679-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-0679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Buddhism%3A+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.pages=205ff&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0679-2&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbPgG6ondlUC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008163_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2008">Zhao 2008</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200746-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200746_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinaknowledge-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinaknowledge_11-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/uighurs.html">"Huihe 回紇, Huihu 回鶻, Weiwur 維吾爾, Uyghurs (www.chinaknowledge.de)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Huihe+%E5%9B%9E%E7%B4%87%2C+Huihu+%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB%2C+Weiwur+%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE%2C+Uyghurs+%28www.chinaknowledge.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FAltera%2Fuighurs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005198-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrompp2005198_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrompp2005">Drompp 2005</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012313-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012313_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_Map_Journal-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_Map_Journal_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=e0fe47ae592c4cab8930bbb37ce41269">"Story Map Journal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Story+Map+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcgis.com%2Fapps%2FMapJournal%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3De0fe47ae592c4cab8930bbb37ce41269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012314_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERong201342-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERong201342_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERong201342_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRong2013">Rong 2013</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012312-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012312_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHua_Tao2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hua Tao (2015). "THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE QOCHO UYGHURS AND THE QITAY-LIAO DYNASTY". <i>Eurasian Studies</i>. <b>III</b>: 440–454.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+RELATIONS+BETWEEN+THE+QOCHO+UYGHURS+AND+THE+QITAY-LIAO+DYNASTY&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=440-454&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Hua+Tao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200748-49-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200748-49_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 48-49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RX577-578-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RX577-578_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRong2022" class="citation book cs1">Rong, Xinjian (October 24, 2022). "Gaochang in the Second Half of the 5th Century and Its Relations with the Rouran Qaghanate and the Kingdoms of the Western Regions". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004512597_006"><i>The Silk Road and Cultural Exchanges between East and West</i></a>. Brill. pp. 577–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004512597_006">10.1163/9789004512597_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51259-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-51259-7"><bdi>978-90-04-51259-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaochang+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+5th+Century+and+Its+Relations+with+the+Rouran+Qaghanate+and+the+Kingdoms+of+the+Western+Regions&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+and+Cultural+Exchanges+between+East+and+West&rft.pages=577-578&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2022-10-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004512597_006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-51259-7&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=Xinjian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004512597_006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315-316-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315-316_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 315-316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008166_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2008">Zhao 2008</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhao2008164-165-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhao2008164-165_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhao2008">Zhao 2008</a>, p. 164-165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200747ff-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200747ff_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, pp. 47ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200753ff-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200753ff_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, pp. 53ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. 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BRILL. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004172852" title="Special:BookSources/9789004172852"><bdi>9789004172852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+Manichaeism&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004172852&rft.au=BeDuhn%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315–316-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaumer2012315–316_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaumer2012">Baumer 2012</a>, p. 315–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamberi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kamberi, Dolkun (1999). "A survey of Uyghur documents from Turpan and their importance for Asian and Central Eurasian history". <i>Central Asian Survey</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 276–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02634939995588">10.1080/02634939995588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=A+survey+of+Uyghur+documents+from+Turpan+and+their+importance+for+Asian+and+Central+Eurasian+history&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=276-401&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02634939995588&rft.aulast=Kamberi&rft.aufirst=Dolkun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yakup2005-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yakup2005_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdurishid_Yakup2005" class="citation book cs1">Abdurishid Yakup (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dk12I01qTPUC&q=Turfan+chinese+speaking&pg=PA180"><i>The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 180ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05233-7"><bdi>978-3-447-05233-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turfan+Dialect+of+Uyghur&rft.pages=180ff&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05233-7&rft.au=Abdurishid+Yakup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddk12I01qTPUC%26q%3DTurfan%2Bchinese%2Bspeaking%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakata" class="citation web cs1">Takata, Tokio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~takata/BerlinQieyun.pdf">"The Chinese Language in Turfan with a special focus on the Qieyun fragments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute for Research in Humanities, Kyoto University. pp. 7–9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Language+in+Turfan+with+a+special+focus+on+the+Qieyun+fragments&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=Institute+for+Research+in+Humanities%2C+Kyoto+University&rft.aulast=Takata&rft.aufirst=Tokio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zinbun.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2F~takata%2FBerlinQieyun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorelova2002-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorelova2002_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorelova2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliya_Gorelova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liliya Gorelova (page does not exist)">Gorelova, Liliya</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ"><i>Manchu Grammar</i></a>. Brill. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12307-6"><bdi>978-90-04-12307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchu+Grammar&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12307-6&rft.aulast=Gorelova&rft.aufirst=Liliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHwPAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200749ff-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200749ff_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, pp. 49ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200743-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200743_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2DiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA895"><i>Modern Chinese Religion I (2 vol.set): Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960-1368 AD)</i></a>. BRILL. December 8, 2014. pp. 895–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27164-7"><bdi>978-90-04-27164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+Religion+I+%282+vol.set%29%3A+Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan+%28960-1368+AD%29&rft.pages=895-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-12-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27164-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2DiBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSKUPNIEWICZ2017" class="citation book cs1">SKUPNIEWICZ, Patryk (Siedlce University, Poland) (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323545452"><i>Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets. The headgear in Iranian history volume I: Pre-Islamic Period</i></a>. Siedlce-Tehran: K. Maksymiuk & G. Karamian. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788362447190" title="Special:BookSources/9788362447190"><bdi>9788362447190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowns%2C+hats%2C+turbans+and+helmets.+The+headgear+in+Iranian+history+volume+I%3A+Pre-Islamic+Period&rft.place=Siedlce-Tehran&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=K.+Maksymiuk+%26+G.+Karamian&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788362447190&rft.aulast=SKUPNIEWICZ&rft.aufirst=Patryk+%28Siedlce+University%2C+Poland%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323545452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouček200049,_79-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouček200049,_79_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouček2000">Souček 2000</a>, pp. 49, 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeWeese2010-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeWeese2010_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevin_DeWeese2010" class="citation book cs1">Devin DeWeese (November 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ut77eAbMUHoC&pg=PA152"><i>Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba TŸkles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition</i></a>. Penn State Press. pp. 152–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04445-3"><bdi>978-0-271-04445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamization+and+Native+Religion+in+the+Golden+Horde%3A+Baba+T%C5%B8kles+and+Conversion+to+Islam+in+Historical+and+Epic+Tradition&rft.pages=152-&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04445-3&rft.au=Devin+DeWeese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUt77eAbMUHoC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzig2014-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herzig2014_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzig2014" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, Edmund (November 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML2bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>The Age of the Seljuqs</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-947-9"><bdi>978-1-78076-947-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Seljuqs&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-947-9&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML2bBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herzig2014_2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herzig2014_2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmund_Herzig2014" class="citation book cs1">Edmund Herzig (November 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ML2bBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Age of the Seljuqs</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 13ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-947-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-947-9"><bdi>978-1-78076-947-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Seljuqs&rft.pages=13ff&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-947-9&rft.au=Edmund+Herzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DML2bBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118063834/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/huri/files/viii-iv_1979-1980_part1.pdf">Essays</a> harvard.edu p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTYMAQAAMAAJ&q=aqtimiz+furxan+burxan"><i>Harvard Ukrainian studies</i></a>. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1980. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+studies&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTYMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Daqtimiz%2Bfurxan%2Bburxan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stary1996-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stary1996_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Stary1996" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Stary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlULAQAAMAAJ&q=burxan+furxan"><i>Proceedings of the 38th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC): Kawasaki, Japan, August 7–12, 1995</i></a>. Harrassowitz Verlag in Kommission. pp. 17, 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03801-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03801-0"><bdi>978-3-447-03801-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+38th+Permanent+International+Altaistic+Conference+%28PIAC%29%3A+Kawasaki%2C+Japan%2C+August+7%E2%80%9312%2C+1995&rft.pages=17%2C+27&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag+in+Kommission&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03801-0&rft.au=Giovanni+Stary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlULAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dburxan%2Bfurxan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton1971-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton1971_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1971" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, James Russell (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AoHAAAAYAAJ&q=burxan+furxan"><i>Conte bouddhique du bon et du mauvais prince</i></a>. Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conte+bouddhique+du+bon+et+du+mauvais+prince&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=James+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AoHAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dburxan%2Bfurxan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYNCAQAAIAAJ&q=burxan+furxan"><i>Linguistica Brunensia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a>. 2009. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistica+Brunensia&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Masaryk+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYNCAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dburxan%2Bfurxan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmalzriedtHaussig2004-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchmalzriedtHaussig2004_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmalzriedtHaussig2004" class="citation book cs1">Schmalzriedt, Egidius; Haussig, Hans Wilhelm (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyLXAAAAMAAJ&q=burxan+furxan"><i>Die Mythologie der mongolischen Volksreligion</i></a>. Klett-Cotta. p. 956. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-12-909814-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-12-909814-1"><bdi>978-3-12-909814-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Mythologie+der+mongolischen+Volksreligion&rft.pages=956&rft.pub=Klett-Cotta&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-12-909814-1&rft.aulast=Schmalzriedt&rft.aufirst=Egidius&rft.au=Haussig%2C+Hans+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyLXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dburxan%2Bfurxan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dankoff_69-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dankoff_69_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankoff1975" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dankoff" title="Robert Dankoff">Dankoff, Robert</a> (January–March 1975). "Kāšġarī on the Beliefs and Superstitions of the Turks". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>95</b> (1). American Oriental Society: 69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F599159">10.2307/599159</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/599159">599159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=K%C4%81%C5%A1%C4%A1ar%C4%AB+on+the+Beliefs+and+Superstitions+of+the+Turks&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69&rft.date=1975-01%2F1975-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F599159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F599159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dankoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Dankoff, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYZAQAAIAAJ&q=idol+Buddha+provenance+Toyin"><i>From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi</i></a>. Isis Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2"><bdi>978-975-428-366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mahmud+Ka%C5%9Fgari+to+Evliya+%C3%87elebi&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-975-428-366-2&rft.aulast=Dankoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Didol%2BBuddha%2Bprovenance%2BToyin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTYMAQAAMAAJ&q=Minstrel+dede+korkut+against+buddhist+uighurs"><i>Harvard Ukrainian studies</i></a>. Harvard Ukrainian Research Instituteb. 1980. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+studies&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Instituteb&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTYMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DMinstrel%2Bdede%2Bkorkut%2Bagainst%2Bbuddhist%2Buighurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xuanzang-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xuanzang_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rLUbuZLiaIC&pg=PA479"><i>Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage</i></a>. Rhythms Monthly. 2006. p. 479. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-81419-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-81419-8-8"><bdi>978-986-81419-8-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+in+the+Wind%3A+Retracing+Dharma+Master+Xuanzang%27s+Western+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=479&rft.pub=Rhythms+Monthly&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-986-81419-8-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rLUbuZLiaIC%26pg%3DPA479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Dankoff, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYZAQAAIAAJ&q=Name+otherwise+unattested+attack+uyghur+cities+profane+buddhist+temples"><i>From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi</i></a>. Isis Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2"><bdi>978-975-428-366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mahmud+Ka%C5%9Fgari+to+Evliya+%C3%87elebi&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-975-428-366-2&rft.aulast=Dankoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DName%2Botherwise%2Bunattested%2Battack%2Buyghur%2Bcities%2Bprofane%2Bbuddhist%2Btemples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Dankoff, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYZAQAAIAAJ&q=five+stanzas+describing+raid+karakhanid"><i>From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi</i></a>. Isis Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2"><bdi>978-975-428-366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mahmud+Ka%C5%9Fgari+to+Evliya+%C3%87elebi&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-975-428-366-2&rft.aulast=Dankoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfive%2Bstanzas%2Bdescribing%2Braid%2Bkarakhanid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTYMAQAAMAAJ&q=Name+otherwise+unattested+attack+uyghur+cities+profane+buddhist+temples"><i>Harvard Ukrainian studies</i></a>. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1980. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+studies&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTYMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DName%2Botherwise%2Bunattested%2Battack%2Buyghur%2Bcities%2Bprofane%2Bbuddhist%2Btemples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitfield-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitfield_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Whitfield, Susan</a> (2010). "A place of safekeeping? The vicissitudes of the Bezeklik murals". In Agnew, Neville (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030073844/http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad3.pdf"><i>Conservation of ancient sites on the Silk Road: proceedings of the second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang, People's Republic of China</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Getty. pp. 95–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-013-1"><bdi>978-1-60606-013-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+place+of+safekeeping%3F+The+vicissitudes+of+the+Bezeklik+murals&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+ancient+sites+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+proceedings+of+the+second+International+Conference+on+the+Conservation+of+Grotto+Sites%2C+Mogao+Grottoes%2C+Dunhuang%2C+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=95-106&rft.pub=Getty&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-013-1&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fconservation%2Fpublications_resources%2Fpdf_publications%2F2nd_silkroad3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2014_2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2014_2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (August 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA17"><i>Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 17ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8"><bdi>978-1-317-64721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+and+the+Expansion+of+Chinese+Communist+Power%3A+Kashgar+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=17ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64721-8&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2MtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDankoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Dankoff, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KaYZAQAAIAAJ&q=Infidel+irtysh+valley+recounts+rais+turks+buddhist+uighurs+qatun"><i>From Mahmud Kaşgari to Evliya Çelebi</i></a>. Isis Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-366-2"><bdi>978-975-428-366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mahmud+Ka%C5%9Fgari+to+Evliya+%C3%87elebi&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-975-428-366-2&rft.aulast=Dankoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKaYZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DInfidel%2Birtysh%2Bvalley%2Brecounts%2Brais%2Bturks%2Bbuddhist%2Buighurs%2Bqatun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTYMAQAAMAAJ&q=Infidel+irtysh+valley+recounts+rais+turks+buddhist+uighurs+qatun"><i>Harvard Ukrainian studies</i></a>. Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1980. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+studies&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTYMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DInfidel%2Birtysh%2Bvalley%2Brecounts%2Brais%2Bturks%2Bbuddhist%2Buighurs%2Bqatun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2012-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2012_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2012_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangping_Wang2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Jiangping Wang (October 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTQsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR16"><i>Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms</i> <bdi lang="zh">中国伊斯兰教词汇表</bdi></a> [<i>Chinese Islamic Glossary</i>]. Routledge. pp. xvi ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10650-7"><bdi>978-1-136-10650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Chinese+Islamic+Terms+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&rft.pages=xvi+ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-10650-7&rft.au=Jiangping+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTQsBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2012_1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2012_1_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangping_Wang2012" class="citation book cs1">Jiangping Wang (October 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5AJ4ojWLsYC&pg=PR16"><i>Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms</i></a>. Routledge. pp. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10658-3"><bdi>978-1-136-10658-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Chinese+Islamic+Terms&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-10658-3&rft.au=Jiangping+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5AJ4ojWLsYC%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2001-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2001_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJianping_Wang2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Jianping Wang (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWAGUYLgAU8C&pg=PR16"><bdi lang="zh">中国伊斯兰教词汇表</bdi></a> [<i>Chinese Islamic Glossary</i>]. Psychology Press. pp. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0620-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0620-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-0620-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0620-4&rft.au=Jianping+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWAGUYLgAU8C%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward (2007)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA43">p. 43</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brophy2016-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brophy2016_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Brophy_(historian)" title="David Brophy (historian)">David, Brophy</a> (April 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84bPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29"><i>Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia–China Frontier</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 29ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97046-5"><bdi>978-0-674-97046-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uyghur+Nation%3A+Reform+and+Revolution+on+the+Russia%E2%80%93China+Frontier&rft.pages=29ff&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97046-5&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Brophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84bPCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunnell19963-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dunnell19963_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnell1996" class="citation book cs1">Dunnell, Ruth W. (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CMyW3QASFIC&pg=PA54"><i>The Great State of White and High: Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1719-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+State+of+White+and+High%3A+Buddhism+and+State+Formation+in+Eleventh-Century+Xia&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1996-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1719-0&rft.aulast=Dunnell&rft.aufirst=Ruth+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CMyW3QASFIC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouček2000105-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouček2000105_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouček2000">Souček 2000</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi1983_2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi1983_2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA247"><i>China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 247ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pages=247ff&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04562-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7542628/The_Semu_ren_in_the_Yuan_Empire_-_who_were_they">Yuan Empire</a> Haw 2014p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwitchettFranke1994-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TwitchettFranke1994_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwitchettFrankeKing_Fairbank1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; King Fairbank, John (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA29"><i>The Cambridge History of China</i></a>. Vol. 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft.aulast=Twitchett&rft.aufirst=Denis+C.&rft.au=Franke%2C+Herbert&rft.au=King+Fairbank%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossabi1983-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossabi1983_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=alan+guard+mongols&pg=PA255"><i>China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 255ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pages=255ff&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04562-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26q%3Dalan%2Bguard%2Bmongols%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward200769ff-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward200769ff_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward 2007</a>, pp. 69ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GibbLewis1998-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GibbLewis1998_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Soucek, Priscilia P. (2000). <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, Peri</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay"><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Vol. X: T–U (new ed.). Brill. p. 677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=677&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Priscilia+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJPrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhizr%2Bghazat%2Bkhitay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rLUbuZLiaIC&q=jihad+dunhuang&pg=PA480"><i>Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage</i></a>. Rhythms Monthly. 2006. pp. 480ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-81419-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-81419-8-8"><bdi>978-986-81419-8-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+in+the+Wind%3A+Retracing+Dharma+Master+Xuanzang%27s+Western+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=480ff&rft.pub=Rhythms+Monthly&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-986-81419-8-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rLUbuZLiaIC%26q%3Djihad%2Bdunhuang%26pg%3DPA480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GibbLewis1998_2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GibbLewis1998_2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Soucek, Priscilia P. (2000). <a href="/wiki/Peri_Bearman" title="Peri Bearman">Bearman, Peri</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=...+and+forgetting+all+the+other+highlights+of+their+past,+they+attributed+the+Buddhist+and+other+monuments+to+the+%22infidel+Kalmuks%22.+Both+the+Djungars+and+their+successors+the+Chinese+of+the+Ching+%28Manchu%29+dynasty+who+destroyed+the+Djungars+in+..."><i>The Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>. Vol. X: T–U (new ed.). Brill. p. 677.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=677&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Priscilia+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJPrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D...%2Band%2Bforgetting%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bother%2Bhighlights%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bpast%2C%2Bthey%2Battributed%2Bthe%2BBuddhist%2Band%2Bother%2Bmonuments%2Bto%2Bthe%2B%2522infidel%2BKalmuks%2522.%2BBoth%2Bthe%2BDjungars%2Band%2Btheir%2Bsuccessors%2Bthe%2BChinese%2Bof%2Bthe%2BChing%2B%2528Manchu%2529%2Bdynasty%2Bwho%2Bdestroyed%2Bthe%2BDjungars%2Bin%2B...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=...+and+forgetting+all+the+other+highlights+of+their+past,+they+attributed+the+Buddhist+and+other+monuments+to+the+%22infidel+Kalmuks%22.+...+Archaeologie+und+Kunstgeschichte+Chinesisch-^entralasiens+%28Xinjiang%29,+Leiden+1987,+118-42;+Emel+Esin,+IA+art.">"The Encyclopaedia of Islam"</a>. December 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJPrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D...%2Band%2Bforgetting%2Ball%2Bthe%2Bother%2Bhighlights%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bpast%2C%2Bthey%2Battributed%2Bthe%2BBuddhist%2Band%2Bother%2Bmonuments%2Bto%2Bthe%2B%2522infidel%2BKalmuks%2522.%2B...%2BArchaeologie%2Bund%2BKunstgeschichte%2BChinesisch-%5Eentralasiens%2B%2528Xinjiang%2529%2C%2BLeiden%2B1987%2C%2B118-42%3B%2BEmel%2BEsin%2C%2BIA%2Bart.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=infidels+art+buddhist+xinjiang">"The Encyclopaedia of Islam"</a>. December 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJPrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dinfidels%2Bart%2Bbuddhist%2Bxinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJPrAAAAMAAJ&q=infidel+Kalmuks">"The Encyclopaedia of Islam"</a>. December 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJPrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dinfidel%2BKalmuks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2012_b-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2012_b_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangping_Wang2012" class="citation book cs1">Jiangping Wang (October 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c5AJ4ojWLsYC&pg=PR16"><i>Glossary of Chinese Islamic Terms</i></a>. Routledge. pp. xvi ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10658-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-10658-3"><bdi>978-1-136-10658-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Chinese+Islamic+Terms&rft.pages=xvi+ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-10658-3&rft.au=Jiangping+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc5AJ4ojWLsYC%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2001b-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2001b_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJianping_Wang2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Jianping Wang (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iWAGUYLgAU8C&pg=PR16"><bdi lang="zh">中国伊斯兰教词汇表</bdi></a> [<i>Chinese Islamic Glossary</i>]. Psychology Press. pp. xvi–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0620-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0620-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-0620-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&rft.pages=xvi-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0620-4&rft.au=Jianping+Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWAGUYLgAU8C%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Adela C. Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807171731/http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/5_viticulture.php">"Viticulture and Viniculture in the Turfan Region"</a>. Silkroad Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silk-road.com/newsletter/vol3num1/5_viticulture.php">the original</a> on August 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viticulture+and+Viniculture+in+the+Turfan+Region&rft.pub=Silkroad+Foundation&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Adela+C.+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silk-road.com%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol3num1%2F5_viticulture.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellér-Hann2007-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellér-Hann2007_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellér-Hann2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA113"><i>Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia</i></a>. Ashgate. pp. 113ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7041-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-7041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Situating+the+Uyghurs+Between+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=113ff&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4&rft.aulast=Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft.aufirst=Ildik%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNKCU3BdeBbEC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dillon2014-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dillon2014_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2014" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (August 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2MtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 4ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64721-8"><bdi>978-1-317-64721-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Xinjiang+and+the+Expansion+of+Chinese+Communist+Power%3A+Kashgar+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=4ff&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64721-8&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2MtBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGladney2004213-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGladney2004213_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGladney2004">Gladney 2004</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200850-51-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellér-Hann200850-51_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellér-Hann2008">Bellér-Hann 2008</a>, p. 50-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Qingzhi_Zhao2008" class="citation book cs1">George Qingzhi Zhao (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnIIbzweN7IC&dq=Boko+Tekin&pg=PA166"><i>Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression: Mongolian Royal Marriages from World Empire to Yuan Dynasty</i></a>. Asian thought and culture. Vol. 60. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>. pp. 165–66, 174–76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433102752" title="Special:BookSources/978-1433102752"><bdi>978-1433102752</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/192134589">192134589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+as+Political+Strategy+and+Cultural+Expression%3A+Mongolian+Royal+Marriages+from+World+Empire+to+Yuan+Dynasty&rft.series=Asian+thought+and+culture&rft.pages=165-66%2C+174-76&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F192134589&rft.isbn=978-1433102752&rft.au=George+Qingzhi+Zhao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnIIbzweN7IC%26dq%3DBoko%2BTekin%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/4479VVAuKec.pdf">西州回鶻統治者稱號研究</a> ihp.sinica.edu.tw</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1998" class="citation cs2">Asimov, M.S. (1998), <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century Part One The historical, social and economic setting</i>, UNESCO Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia+Volume+IV+The+age+of+achievement%3A+A.D.+750+to+the+end+of+the+fifteenth+century+Part+One+The+historical%2C+social+and+economic+setting&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=M.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfield1989" class="citation cs2">Barfield, Thomas (1989), <i>The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China</i>, Basil Blackwell</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perilous+Frontier%3A+Nomadic+Empires+and+China&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Barfield&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2012" class="citation cs2">Baumer, Christoph (2012), <i>The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+the+Steppe+Warriors&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellér-Hann2008" class="citation book cs1">Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC"><i>Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16675-2"><bdi>978-90-04-16675-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Community+Matters+in+Xinjiang%2C+1880-1949%3A+Towards+a+Historical+Anthropology+of+the+Uyghur&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16675-2&rft.aulast=Bell%C3%A9r-Hann&rft.aufirst=Ildik%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcF4lMj8skvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson1998" class="citation cs2">Benson, Linda (1998), <i>China's last Nomads: the history and culture of China's Kazaks</i>, M.E. Sharpe</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+last+Nomads%3A+the+history+and+culture+of+China%27s+Kazaks&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregel2003" class="citation cs2">Bregel, Yuri (2003), <i>An Historical Atlas of Central Asia</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Atlas+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bregel&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2000" class="citation cs2">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2000), <i>The Age of Achievement: A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century - Vol. 4, Part II : The Achievements (History of Civilizations of Central Asia)</i>, UNESCO Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Achievement%3A+A.D.+750+to+the+End+of+the+Fifteenth+Century+-+Vol.+4%2C+Part+II+%3A+The+Achievements+%28History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Clifford+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBughra1983" class="citation cs2">Bughra, Imin (1983), <i>The history of East Turkestan</i>, Istanbul: Istanbul publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+East+Turkestan&rft.pub=Istanbul%3A+Istanbul+publications&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bughra&rft.aufirst=Imin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrompp2005" class="citation cs2">Drompp, Michael Robert (2005), <i>Tang China And The Collapse Of The Uighur Empire: A Documentary History</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tang+China+And+The+Collapse+Of+The+Uighur+Empire%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Drompp&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladney2004" class="citation book cs1">Gladney, Dru (2004). <i>Dislocating China: Reflections on Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects</i>. C. Hurst.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dislocating+China%3A+Reflections+on+Muslims%2C+Minorities%2C+and+Other+Subaltern+Subjects&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gladney&rft.aufirst=Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation cs2">Golden, Peter B. (2011), <i>Central Asia in World History</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaywood1998" class="citation cs2">Haywood, John (1998), <i>Historical Atlas of the Medieval World, AD 600-1492</i>, Barnes & Noble</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+the+Medieval+World%2C+AD+600-1492&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatourette1964" class="citation cs2">Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1964), <i>The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2</i>, Macmillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese%2C+their+history+and+culture%2C+Volumes+1-2&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Latourette&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras1990" class="citation cs2">Mackerras, Colin (1990), "Chapter 12 - The Uighurs", in Sinor, Denis (ed.), <i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–342, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1"><bdi>0-521-24304-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+12+-+The+Uighurs&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=317-342&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-24304-1&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMergid1344" class="citation cs2">Mergid, Toqto'a (1344), <i>History of Liao</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Liao&rft.date=1344&rft.aulast=Mergid&rft.aufirst=Toqto%27a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation cs2">Millward, James A. (2007), <i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras1972" class="citation book cs1">Mackerras, Colin (1972). <i>The Uighur Empire: According to the T'ang Dynastic Histories, A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations, 744–840</i>. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-0457-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7081-0457-6"><bdi>0-7081-0457-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uighur+Empire%3A+According+to+the+T%27ang+Dynastic+Histories%2C+A+Study+in+Sino-Uighur+Relations%2C+744%E2%80%93840&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-7081-0457-6&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRong2013" class="citation cs2">Rong, Xinjiang (2013), <i>Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteen+Lectures+on+Dunhuang&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=Xinjiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation cs2">Sinor, Denis (1990), <i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouček2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Svat_Soucek" title="Svat Soucek">Souček, Svat</a> (2000), <i>A History of Inner Asia</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sou%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiong2008" class="citation cs2">Xiong, Victor (2008), <i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i>, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860537"><bdi>978-0810860537</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0810860537&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXue1992" class="citation cs2">Xue, Zongzheng (1992), <i>Turkic peoples</i>, 中国社会科学出版社</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic+peoples&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Zongzheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2008" class="citation cs2">Zhao, George Qingzhi (2008), <i>Marriage as Political Strategy and Cultural Expression</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+as+Political+Strategy+and+Cultural+Expression&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=George+Qingzhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qocho&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/V-1/"><i>Chotscho : vol.1</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chotscho+%3A+vol.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsr.nii.ac.jp%2Ftoyobunko%2FLFc-42%2FV-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriyasu_Takao2004" class="citation journal cs1">Moriyasu Takao (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&dq=jihad+dunhuang&pg=PA292">"The Sha-Chou [Dunhuang] Uighurs and the West Uighur Kingdom"</a>. <i>Acta Asiatica</i>. <b>78</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813535333" title="Special:BookSources/9780813535333"><bdi>9780813535333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Asiatica&rft.atitle=The+Sha-Chou+%26%2391%3BDunhuang%26%2393%3B+Uighurs+and+the+West+Uighur+Kingdom&rft.volume=78&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780813535333&rft.au=Moriyasu+Takao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEzNwgtiVQ0C%26dq%3Djihad%2Bdunhuang%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQocho" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Historical polities in Xinjiang (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical polities in Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Pre-Mongol Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> (5th century BC–5th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> (200 BC-709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a> (?–77 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (60 BC–107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (?-460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> (77 BC–630)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> (460-640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (?–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Yanqi</a> (?–9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> (?–1006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (640-790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qocho</a> (843–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (1124–1218)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mongol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (1347–1680s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> (1389–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> (1487-1660?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> (1514–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> (1634–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (1696–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a> (1757-1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang (ROC)</a> (1912-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (1949-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" title="Category:Xinjiang">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xinjiang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Xinjiang">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662180#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139765891">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005073282">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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