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class="mw-page-title-main">Russian studies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C5%9F%C3%BCnasl%C4%B1q" title="Rusşünaslıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusşünaslıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusistika" title="Rusistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russist" title="Russist – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Russist" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russistik" title="Russistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusistika" title="Rusistika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusistika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="რუსისტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსისტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Русистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Русистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russzisztika" title="Russzisztika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Russzisztika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Русистика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Русистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filologia_rosyjska" title="Filologia rosyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filologia rosyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Русистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusistika" title="Rusistika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusistika" title="Rusistika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusistika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusistika" title="Rusistika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusistiikka" title="Rusistiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rusistiikka" 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Russian+studies%22">"Russian studies"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Russian+studies%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Russian+studies%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Russian+studies%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Russian+studies%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Russian+studies%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:System_of_education_in_Russia.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/System_of_education_in_Russia.webp/220px-System_of_education_in_Russia.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/System_of_education_in_Russia.webp/330px-System_of_education_in_Russia.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/System_of_education_in_Russia.webp/440px-System_of_education_in_Russia.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">Discipline</a> | Russian Education System <a href="/wiki/Russian_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian History">History</a> | Russian Education system Founded in 1897 1897–Present <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Language</a> | RussiaLed by | <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Czar Nikolai I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stali</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Russian studies</b> is an interdisciplinary field crossing <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">languages</a> of Russia and its neighborhood, often grouped under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_Communist_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet and Communist studies">Soviet and Communist studies</a>. Russian studies should not be confused with the study of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> or linguistics, which is often a distinct department within universities. </p><p>In university, a Russian studies <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">major</a> includes many cultural classes teaching Russian politics, history, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">geography</a>, linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>, literature, and arts. Mysticism and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">folklore</a> are commonly studied, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, rule under the tsars and expansion of <a href="/wiki/Russian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian empire">Russian empire</a>, later rule under communism, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">history of the Soviet Union</a>, and its collapse and studies about present-day Russia. </p><p>Russian studies rose in prominence during the Cold War, but experienced a decline after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Aggressive behavior by Russia, particularly <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">its invasion of Ukraine</a>, led to increased attention to Russian studies<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a reevaluation of its precepts in terms of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_of_knowledge" title="Decolonization of knowledge">decolonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the year 1897, During the last Emperor's reign of Russia, <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czar Nikolai II implemented the public school system in Russia that had a population of 125 million people, but only around 26.5 million were literate in reading or writing. After his reign was over, Joseph Stalin took position of leader of the Soviet Union in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasized the industrialization of reform and need for engineers and scientists, which have led to Russia now being in the top 5 countries to rank #1 in Physics regional research reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reform of their education system came from being 21.2% literate to 99.69% in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Kremlinology">Kremlinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_studies_centers" title="List of Russian studies centers">List of Russian studies centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian culture">Russian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_studies" title="Slavic studies">Slavic studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education in Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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(September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sociostudies.org/journal/files/seh/2011_2/138-149.pdf">"All-Russian Primary Education (1894–1917): Developmental Milestones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Social Evolution & History</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 149 – via Sochi State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Evolution+%26+History&rft.atitle=All-Russian+Primary+Education+%281894%E2%80%931917%29%3A+Developmental+Milestones&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Cherkasov&rft.aufirst=Aleksander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sociostudies.org%2Fjournal%2Ffiles%2Fseh%2F2011_2%2F138-149.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Stalin&oldid=1222195373">"Joseph Stalin"</a>, <i>Wikipedia</i>, 2024-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wikipedia&rft.atitle=Joseph+Stalin&rft.date=2024-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DJoseph_Stalin%26oldid%3D1222195373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGory" class="citation web cs1">Gory, Leninskie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/lomonosov-moscow-state-university-500445">"Lomonosov Moscow State University"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lomonosov+Moscow+State+University&rft.aulast=Gory&rft.aufirst=Leninskie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Flomonosov-moscow-state-university-500445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-russia/#:~:text=The%20literacy%20rate%20reached%2099.69,rate%20decreased%20slightly%20in%202021.&text=The%20percentage%20of%20the%20population,as%20a%20measure%20of%20literacy.">"Literacy Rate in Russia (2010-2021, %)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literacy+Rate+in+Russia+%282010-2021%2C+%25%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldata.com%2Fdata-insights%2Fmacroeconomic%2Fliteracy-rate-in-russia%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520literacy%2520rate%2520reached%252099.69%2Crate%2520decreased%2520slightly%2520in%25202021.%26text%3DThe%2520percentage%2520of%2520the%2520population%2Cas%2520a%2520measure%2520of%2520literacy.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studyinrussia.karelia.ru/Programmes/Russian_Studies_/">Russian Studies at Petrozavodsk State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en/programmes/master/russian-studies">Russian Studies / University of Helsinki</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.princeton.edu/slavic">"Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: A Research Guide"</a>. <i>Princeton LibGuides</i>. US: Princeton University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+LibGuides&rft.atitle=Russia%2C+Eastern+Europe%2C+and+Eurasia%3A+A+Research+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.princeton.edu%2Fslavic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.library.georgetown.edu/russian">"Russian and East European Studies"</a>. <i>Research & Subject Guides</i>. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+%26+Subject+Guides&rft.atitle=Russian+and+East+European+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.georgetown.edu%2Frussian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"All-Russian Primary Education (1894-1917): Developmental Milestones" Sochi State University <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sociostudies.org/journal/files/seh/2011_2/138-149.pdf">https://www.sociostudies.org/journal/files/seh/2011_2/138-149.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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