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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1867"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1867</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1867-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1868" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1868"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1868</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1868-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1869" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1869"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1869</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1869-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1870s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1870s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1870s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1870s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1870s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1870s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1870" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1870"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1870</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1870-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1871" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1871"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1871</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1871-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1878" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1878"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1878</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1878-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1880s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1880s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>1880s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1880s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1880s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1880s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1887" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1887"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1887</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1887-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1888" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1888"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1888</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1888-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1899" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1899"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>1899</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1899-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>1900s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1900s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1900s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1900s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1905" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1905</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1910s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1910s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1910s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1910s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1910s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>1920s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1920s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1920s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1926" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1926"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1926</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1926-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1960s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1966" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1966"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>1966</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1967" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1967"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>1967</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1967-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>1969</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1970s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>1970</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>1971</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>1972</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>1973</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>1974</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>1975</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>1976</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>1977</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1978" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1978"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>1978</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1978-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>1979</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1980s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1980s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>1980</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>1981</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>1982</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>1983</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>1984</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1985" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>1985</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>1986</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>1987</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>1988</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.10</span> <span>1989</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 1990s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>1991</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>1992</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>1993</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1995" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1995"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>1995</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1995-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>1996</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>1997</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1998" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>1998</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>1999</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2000s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2000s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>2001</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>2002</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>2004</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>2005</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>2006</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>2007</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>2008</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.10</span> <span>2009</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2010s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2010s subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>2011</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>2012</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.sidebar-list-title a{color:#FFFFFF}.mw-parser-output .US-politics-sidebar .mw-collapsible-text{color:#FFFFFF}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks US-politics-sidebar vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b>This article is part of a series on the</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States"><small>Politics of the </small><br />United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_treaties" title="List of the United States treaties">Treaties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></b></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(118th)_US_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/49px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/74px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/98px-%28118th%29_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:118th_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/54px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/82px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/118th_United_States_Senate.svg/108px-118th_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> </p> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Steve Scalise</a> (R)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Hakeem Jeffries</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_district" class="mw-redirect" title="United States congressional district">Congressional districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President Pro Tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Majority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Minority Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (R)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_branch_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch of the United States">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (D)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">Federal agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Inferior Courts of the United States</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_International_Trade" title="United States Court of International Trade"> Court of International Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Alien_Terrorist_Removal_Court" title="United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court">Alien Terrorist Removal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Judicial_Panel_on_Multidistrict_Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation">Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court_of_Review" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b> National elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_midterm_election" title="United States midterm election">Midterm elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-year_election" title="Off-year election">Off-year elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Presidential primary</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b> Elections by state and territory</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alabama" title="Elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Alaska" title="Elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arkansas" title="Elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Colorado" title="Elections in Colorado"> Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Connecticut" title="Elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Delaware" title="Elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Florida" title="Elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hawaii" title="Elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Idaho" title="Elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Illinois" title="Elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iowa" title="Elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kansas" title="Elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kentucky" title="Elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Louisiana" title="Elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maine" title="Elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Maryland" title="Elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="List of elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Michigan" title="Elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Minnesota" title="Elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mississippi" title="Elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Missouri" title="Elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montana" title="Elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nebraska" title="Elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nevada" title="Elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ohio" title="Elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Oregon" title="Elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Rhode_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tennessee" title="Elections in Tennessee"> Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Texas" title="Elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Utah" title="Elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Vermont" title="Elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Virginia" title="Elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="Elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wyoming" title="Elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_American_Samoa" title="Elections in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guam" title="Elections in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Elections in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Elections in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></li> <li><a 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nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Antebellum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_during_the_American_Civil_War" title="Slavery during the American Civil War">Slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">military history</a> during the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_during_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders during Reconstruction">Politicians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement (1865–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Jim Crow era (1896–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement (1954–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South" title="Black Belt in the American South">Black Belt in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">Business history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment of the enslaved</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Migrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lifeways</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American cinema">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Schools</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_during_the_slave_period_in_the_United_States" title="Education during the slave period in the United States">Education during the slave period in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_of_freed_people_during_the_Civil_War" title="Education of freed people during the Civil War">Education of freed people during the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_education" title="History of African-American education">History of African-American education</a>, after the Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">Fraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Academic study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Celebrations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_History_Month" title="Black History Month">Black History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Economic class</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_businesses" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American businesses">African-American businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols and ideas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_beauty" title="African-American beauty">African-American beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_is_beautiful" title="Black is beautiful">Black is beautiful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pride" title="Black pride">Black pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">African-American hair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Good hair">Good hair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Non-Christian groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">African-American Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African Diaspora Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Center_for_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies">Joint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Ideologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liberalism" title="Black liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_patriotism" title="African-American patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Civic/economic groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African<br />American Life and History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conductors" title="Black conductors">Black conductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransAfrica" title="TransAfrica">TransAfrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">UNCF</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sports</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Athletic associations and conferences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBCU_Athletic_Conference" title="HBCU Athletic Conference">HBCU (HBCUAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Sub-communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Puerto_Ricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Puerto Ricans">Afro-Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen_(ethnic_group)" title="Freedmen (ethnic group)">Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carmel_Indians" title="Carmel Indians">Carmel Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Specific ancestries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Merikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Samaná Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexual orientation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Dialects and languages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> English dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutnese" title="Tutnese">Tutnese</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Languages and other dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey Dutch">Negro Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US states</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> US cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">List of neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American historic places in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Florida" title="List of African-American historic places in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Georgia" title="List of African-American historic places in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Mississippi" title="List of African-American historic places in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Missouri" title="List of African-American historic places in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="List of African-American historic places in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_North_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_South_Carolina" title="List of African-American historic places in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_Texas" title="List of African-American historic places in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places_in_West_Virginia" title="List of African-American historic places in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population count</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">US states and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">US metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_African-American_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations">US cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations">US communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States_with_African-American_plurality_populations" title="List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations">Places by plurality of population</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Canada" title="African Americans in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Prejudice</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Racism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the US census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism against Black Americans">Racism against Black Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unarmed_African_Americans_killed_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="List of unarmed African Americans killed by law enforcement officers in the United States">Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_African_Americans_in_media" title="Representation of African Americans in media">media depictions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackface" title="Blackface">Blackface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_stereotype_of_African_Americans" title="Criminal stereotype of African Americans">Criminal stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_representation_in_Hollywood" title="African-American representation in Hollywood">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel show</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first African-American mayors were elected during <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> in the Southern United States beginning about 1867. African Americans in the South were also elected to many local offices, such as <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">Justice of the Peace</a>, and state offices such as legislatures as well as a smaller number of federal offices. After this period ended in 1876, it became increasingly difficult for African Americans to compete in elections due to <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial discrimination</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. After the end of the 19th century, it generally was not until the 1960s, following the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and passage of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, that they again began to be elected or appointed to mayoral positions. Achievements in African Americans' being elected mayor in majority-<a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a> and other municipalities made their political participation one of daily life in many localities. </p><p>In 1970, there were fewer than 50 African American mayors; by 1982, there were 205.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lelia_Foley" title="Lelia Foley">Lelia Foley</a> was the first African American woman elected mayor in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHS-Foley-Davis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHS-Foley-Davis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, the first African-American women mayors were elected to major mid-size cities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1119456059">.mw-parser-output .tocnumber{display:none}.mw-parser-output #toc ul,.mw-parser-output .toc ul{line-height:1.5em;list-style:none;margin:.3em 0 0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist #toc ul ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist .toc ul ul{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097603156">.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center{clear:none}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center .toc{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-right{clear:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-none{clear:none}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist horizontal-toc toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1860s">1860s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1860s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1867">1867</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1867"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American appointed mayor of a U.S. town as mayor of <a href="/wiki/St._Martinville,_Louisiana" title="St. Martinville, Louisiana">St. Martinville, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Baker" title="Monroe Baker">Monroe Baker</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1868">1868</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1868"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American elected mayor of a U.S. town as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Donaldsonville,_Louisiana" title="Donaldsonville, Louisiana">Donaldsonville, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Caliste_Landry" title="Pierre Caliste Landry">Pierre Caliste Landry</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kingstree,_South_Carolina" title="Kingstree, South Carolina">Kingstree, South Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Atkins_Swails" title="Stephen Atkins Swails">Stephen Atkins Swails</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1869">1869</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1869"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Maryville,_Tennessee" title="Maryville, Tennessee">Maryville, Tennessee</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Bennett_Scott_Sr." title="William Bennett Scott Sr.">William Bennett Scott Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1870s">1870s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1870s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1870">1870</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1870"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American elected mayor of a <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> city: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Wood" title="Robert H. Wood">Robert H. Wood</a>, mayor of <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1871">1871</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1871"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="List of mayors of Baton Rouge, Louisiana">First African-American mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyeau_Berhel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyeau Berhel (page does not exist)">Loyeau Berhel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1878">1878</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1878"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected to serve as mayor in the state of New York: <a href="/wiki/Ned_Sherman" title="Ned Sherman">Edward "Ned" Sherman</a>, mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_New_York" title="Cleveland, New York">Cleveland, New York</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1880s">1880s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1880s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1887">1887</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1887"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Founding mayor: Columbus H. Boger, <a href="/wiki/Eatonville,_Florida" title="Eatonville, Florida">Eatonville, Florida</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1888">1888</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1888"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected to the office of mayor in California and probably the first elected mayor in the Western United States: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Duplex" title="Edward Duplex">Edward P. Duplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheatland,_California" title="Wheatland, California">Wheatland, California</a><sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1899">1899</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1899"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Founding mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hobson_City,_Alabama" title="Hobson City, Alabama">Hobson City, Alabama</a>; S.L. David</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1900s">1900s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1900s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905">1905</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1905"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Founding mayor of <a href="/wiki/Boley,_Oklahoma" title="Boley, Oklahoma">Boley, Oklahoma</a>: T. B. Armstrong</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1910s">1910s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1910s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918">1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Robbins,_Illinois" title="List of mayors of Robbins, Illinois">Founding mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Robbins,_Illinois" title="Robbins, Illinois">Robbins, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Kellar" title="Thomas J. Kellar">Thomas J. Kellar</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1920s">1920s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1926">1926</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1926"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawnside,_New_Jersey" title="Lawnside, New Jersey">Lawnside, New Jersey</a> became a self-governing community in 1926 and has elected African-American mayors since its inception.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1964">1964</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Richmond,_California" title="List of mayors of Richmond, California">First African-American mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Carroll_(judge)" title="George Carroll (judge)">George D. Carroll</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1966">1966</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1966"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Flint,_Michigan" title="List of mayors of Flint, Michigan">First African-American mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_J._McCree" title="Floyd J. McCree">Floyd J. McCree</a><sup id="cite_ref-pgy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Elsinore,_California" title="Lake Elsinore, California">Lake Elsinore, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Yarborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas R. Yarborough">Thomas R. Yarborough</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Milpitas,_California" title="List of mayors of Milpitas, California">First African-American mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_F._Gross" title="Ben F. Gross">Ben F. Gross</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/El_Centro,_California" title="El Centro, California">El Centro, California</a>: DuBois McGee <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Ohio" title="Springfield, Ohio">Springfield, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Henry" title="Robert C. Henry">Robert C. Henry</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1967">1967</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1967"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Gary,_Indiana" title="List of mayors of Gary, Indiana">First elected African-American mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hatcher" title="Richard G. Hatcher">Richard G. Hatcher</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Cleveland" title="Mayor of Cleveland">First African-American mayor</a> of a large U.S. city, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stokes" title="Carl Stokes">Carl Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">First African-American appointed mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Washington" title="Walter Washington">Walter Washington</a> (see also: 1975)</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michigan" title="Ypsilanti, Michigan">Ypsilanti, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Burton_(mayor)" title="John Burton (mayor)">John Burton</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1968">1968</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Mayor of Montclair, New Jersey">First African American to be elected mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montclair,_New_Jersey" title="Montclair, New Jersey">Montclair, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_G._Carter" title="Matthew G. Carter">Matthew G. Carter</a><sup id="cite_ref-mtimes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of a <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> city: <a href="/wiki/Luska_Twyman" title="Luska Twyman">Luska Twyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Kentucky" title="Glasgow, Kentucky">Glasgow, Kentucky</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of a predominantly white Southern city: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Nathaniel_Lee" title="Howard Nathaniel Lee">Howard Nathaniel Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1969">1969</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1969"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fayette,_Mississippi" title="Fayette, Mississippi">Fayette, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Compton,_California" title="List of mayors of Compton, California">First African-American mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Compton,_California" title="Compton, California">Compton, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dollarhide" title="Douglas Dollarhide">Douglas Dollarhide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Mayor of East Orange, New Jersey">First African American to be elected mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey" title="East Orange, New Jersey">East Orange, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanford_Hart_Sr." title="William Stanford Hart Sr.">William Stanford Hart Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="List of mayors of Chapel Hill, North Carolina">First African American to be elected mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Nathaniel_Lee" title="Howard Nathaniel Lee">Howard Nathaniel Lee</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970">1970</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1970"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Newark,_New_Jersey" title="List of mayors of Newark, New Jersey">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Gibson" title="Kenneth A. Gibson">Kenneth A. Gibson</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_H._McGee" title="James H. McGee">James H. McGee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Wichita,_Kansas" title="Mayor of Wichita, Kansas">First African-American appointed mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>: A. Price Woodard<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Kansas" title="Salina, Kansas">Salina, Kansas</a>: Robert C. Caldwell<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Chesilhurst,_New_Jersey" title="Chesilhurst, New Jersey">Chesilhurst, New Jersey</a>: George J. Phillips<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Carson,_California" title="Carson, California">Carson, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_D._Smith" title="Gilbert D. Smith">Gilbert D. Smith</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971">1971</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1971"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Gainesville" title="Mayor of Gainesville">First African American to be appointed mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neil_A._Butler" title="Neil A. Butler">Neil A. Butler</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rausch_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rausch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Parks" title="Lyman Parks">Lyman Parks</a> (see also: 1973)</li> <li>First African-American <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Mayor of Englewood, New Jersey">mayor of Englewood, New Jersey</a>: Walter Scott Taylor<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-WST-Obit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-WST-Obit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_Widener" title="Warren Widener">Warren Widener</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1972">1972</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1972"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a> and first African-American mayor of a state capital: <a href="/wiki/James_R._Ford" title="James R. Ford">James R. Ford</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Berry" title="Ted Berry">Ted Berry</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Alabama" title="Uniontown, Alabama">Uniontown, Alabama</a>: Andrew Hayden</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Prichard,_Alabama" title="Prichard, Alabama">Prichard, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Algernon_J._Cooper" title="Algernon J. Cooper">Algernon J. Cooper</a></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth, Kansas</a>: Benjamin Day<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973">1973</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1973"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lightner" title="Clarence Lightner">Clarence Lightner</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of a city in Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Georgia" title="Greenville, Georgia">Greenville</a>: Richmond D. Hill<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of a major Southern city: <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Jackson" title="Maynard Jackson">Maynard Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of a major Western city: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a>, Los Angeles, California</li> <li>First African-American female mayor: <a href="/wiki/Lelia_Foley" title="Lelia Foley">Lelia Foley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taft,_Oklahoma" title="Taft, Oklahoma">Taft, Oklahoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female mayor of a major <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">satellite city</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_American_mayors_in_California" title="African American mayors in California">first African American woman mayor in California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_A._Davis" title="Doris A. Davis">Doris A. Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compton,_California" title="Compton, California">Compton, California</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jet-Davis-21Jun1973_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jet-Davis-21Jun1973-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Parks" title="Lyman Parks">Lyman Parks</a> (see also: 1971)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974">1974</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco, Texas</a>: Oscar Du Conge<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pontiac,_Michigan" title="Pontiac, Michigan">Pontiac, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wallace_E._Holland" title="Wallace E. Holland">Wallace E. Holland</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penfield_Tate" title="Penfield Tate">Penfield Tate</a></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fairplay,_Colorado" title="Fairplay, Colorado">Fairplay, Colorado</a>: Ada B. Evans<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Berkeley Township, New Jersey">Berkeley Township, New Jersey</a>: Edward Tolbert<sup id="cite_ref-auto_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Matawan,_New_Jersey" title="Matawan, New Jersey">Matawan, New Jersey</a> and first African-American mayor in <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monmouth County, New Jersey">Monmouth County</a>: <a href="/wiki/Philip_N._Gumbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip N. Gumbs">Philip N. Gumbs</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Paulsboro,_New_Jersey" title="Paulsboro, New Jersey">Paulsboro, New Jersey</a>: Elwood Hampton<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Randolph,_New_Jersey" title="Randolph, New Jersey">Randolph, New Jersey</a>: Tyrone Barnes</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_New_York" title="Bridgewater, New York">Bridgewater, New York</a> and first African-American mayor in New York State: Everett Holmes<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975">1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor, and first elected mayor, of Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Washington" title="Walter Washington">Walter Washington</a> (see also: 1967)</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nat_Trives" title="Nat Trives">Nat Trives</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Opa-Locka,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Opa-Locka, Florida">Opa-Locka, Florida</a> and first African-American mayor in <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Dade County</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Tresvant" title="Albert Tresvant">Albert Tresvant</a><sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976">1976</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: 1976"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pocatello,_Idaho" title="Pocatello, Idaho">Pocatello, Idaho</a> and first African American to be elected mayor in the state of Idaho: Thomas L. Purce<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Seaside,_California" title="Seaside, California">Seaside, California</a>: Oscar Lawson<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Opelousas,_Louisiana" title="Opelousas, Louisiana">Opelousas, Louisiana</a>: John W. Joseph<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor in New Mexico and first African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces, New Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Johnson_(New_Mexico_politician)" title="Albert Johnson (New Mexico politician)">Albert Johnson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977">1977</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: 1977"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Marsh" title="Henry L. Marsh">Henry L. Marsh</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note: elected from within nine City Council members; changed to general election in 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1978">1978</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 1978"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Wilson_(politician)" title="Lionel Wilson (politician)">Lionel Wilson</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nathan_Morial" title="Ernest Nathan Morial">Ernest Nathan Morial</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979">1979</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: 1979"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arrington,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Arrington, Jr.">Richard Arrington, Jr.</a></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut" title="New London, Connecticut">New London, Connecticut</a>: Leo E. Jackson</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>: James R. Davis</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980">1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_White" title="Billy Ray White">Billy Ray White</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981">1981</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 1981"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Camden,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Camden, New Jersey">mayor of Camden, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Randy_Primas" title="Randy Primas">Randy Primas</a><sup id="cite_ref-pi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Everett_Chase" title="James Everett Chase">James Everett Chase</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Plainfield,_New_Jersey" title="Mayor of Plainfield, New Jersey">mayor of Plainfield, New Jersey</a>, and first African American elected mayor in <a href="/wiki/Central_Jersey" title="Central Jersey">Central New Jersey</a>: Everett C. Lattimore<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>: Charles E. Bussey Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Winter_Haven,_Florida" title="Winter Haven, Florida">Winter Haven, Florida</a>: Lemuel Geathers</li> <li>First African-American <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Mayor of Hartford, Connecticut">mayor of Hartford, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thirman_L._Milner" title="Thirman L. Milner">Thirman L. Milner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1982">1982</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1982"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to succeed to the office of mayor of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a> after the resignation of his predecessor: <a href="/wiki/J.O._Patterson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J.O. Patterson, Jr.">J.O. Patterson, Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Teaneck,_New_Jersey" title="Teaneck, New Jersey">Teaneck, New Jersey</a>: Bernard E. Brooks</li> <li>First female African-American mayor in the state of Florida and first female <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Opa-locka" title="Mayor of Opa-locka">mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Opa-locka,_Florida" title="Opa-locka, Florida">Opa-locka, Florida</a>: Helen L. Miller</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1983">1983</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 1983"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago" title="Mayor of Chicago">Mayor of Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Washington" title="Harold Washington">Harold Washington</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Gantt" title="Harvey Gantt">Harvey Gantt</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Flint" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Flint">Mayor of Flint</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Sharp,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Sharp, Jr.">James Sharp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1984">1984</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: 1984"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayors_of_Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey" title="Mayors of Atlantic City, New Jersey">Mayor of Atlantic City, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_L._Usry" class="mw-redirect" title="James L. Usry">James L. Usry</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Philadelphia">Mayor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Goode" title="Wilson Goode">Wilson Goode</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_W._Holley_III" title="James W. Holley III">James W. Holley III</a></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York" title="Peekskill, New York">Peekskill, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Jackson" title="Richard E. Jackson">Richard E. Jackson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985">1985</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: 1985"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia" title="Gainesville, Georgia">Gainesville, Georgia</a>: John W. Morrow Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lynwood,_California" title="Lynwood, California">Lynwood, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henning" title="Robert Henning">Robert Henning</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_New_York" title="Mount Vernon, New York">Mount Vernon, New York</a>, and first African American elected mayor in New York: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Blackwood" title="Ronald Blackwood">Ronald Blackwood</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_Tennessee" title="Mount Pleasant, Tennessee">Mount Pleasant, Tennessee</a> and first African-American appointed mayor in the state of Tennessee: Willie B. Baker<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986">1986</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: 1986"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American and first female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jessie_M._Rattley" title="Jessie M. Rattley">Jessie M. Rattley</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lynwood,_California" title="List of mayors of Lynwood, California">Lynwood, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Wells_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Wells (mayor)">Evelyn Wells</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987">1987</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: 1987"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of a major city <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Saxon_Perry" title="Carrie Saxon Perry">Carrie Saxon Perry</a></li> <li>First African American to succeed to the office of mayor of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Burns" title="Clarence H. Burns">Clarence H. Burns</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks, Alaska</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_C._Hayes" title="James C. Hayes">James C. Hayes</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Moss" title="Harold Moss">Harold Moss</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female and first female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lottie_Shackelford" title="Lottie Shackelford">Lottie Shackelford</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988">1988</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 1988"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schmoke" title="Kurt Schmoke">Kurt Schmoke</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hempstead_(village),_New_York" title="Hempstead (village), New York">Hempstead, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Garner_(politician)" title="James Garner (politician)">James A. Garner</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Orange,_New_Jersey" title="Orange, New Jersey">Orange, New Jersey</a>: Robert L. Brown</li> <li>First African American acting <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Omaha,_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Omaha, Nebraska">mayor of Omaha, Nebraska</a>: Fred L. Conley</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989">1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: 1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Daniels" title="John C. Daniels">John C. Daniels</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_California" title="Richmond, California">Richmond, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Livingston" title="George Livingston">George Livingston</a><sup id="cite_ref-sfc_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfc-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois" title="Rockford, Illinois">Rockford, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Box" title="Charles Box">Charles Box</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norm_Rice" title="Norm Rice">Norm Rice</a></li> <li>First African American to succeed to the office of mayor of <a href="/wiki/Minden,_Louisiana" title="Minden, Louisiana">Minden</a>, Louisiana, after the <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> of his predecessor: Robert T. Tobin</li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Asbury_Park,_New_Jersey" title="Mayor of Asbury Park, New Jersey">mayor of Asbury Park, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Smith_(politician)" title="Thomas S. Smith (politician)">Thomas S. Smith</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Victorville,_California" title="Victorville, California">Victorville, California</a>: James Busby<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990">1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: 1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Trenton,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey">Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Palmer" title="Douglas Palmer">Douglas Palmer</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern, North Carolina</a>: Leander R. "Lee" Morgan<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a>: M.W. Thornhill Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler, Arizona</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coy_Payne" title="Coy Payne">Coy Payne</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of New York City: <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_Jersey" title="Irvington, New Jersey">Irvington, New Jersey</a>: Michael G. Steele</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991">1991</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: 1991"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Herenton" title="W. W. Herenton">W. W. Herenton</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Webb" title="Wellington Webb">Wellington Webb</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Cleaver" title="Emanuel Cleaver">Emanuel Cleaver</a></li> <li>First African-American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster, California</a>: Henry Hearns</li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Pratt_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharon Pratt Kelly">Sharon Pratt Kelly</a></li> <li>First African-American <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Trenton,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey">mayor of Trenton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Palmer" title="Douglas Palmer">Douglas Palmer</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Salem,_New_Jersey" title="Salem, New Jersey">Salem, New Jersey</a>: Leon F. Johnson <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor elected in the state of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> as the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Wisconsin" title="Fitchburg, Wisconsin">Fitchburg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Huntley-Cooper" title="Frances Huntley-Cooper">Frances Huntley-Cooper</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1992">1992</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: 1992"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American male to be lected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Reeves" title="Kenneth Reeves">Kenneth Reeves</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor in the state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_C._Hayes" title="James C. Hayes">James C. Hayes</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993">1993</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: 1993"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Bosley_Jr." title="Freeman Bosley Jr.">Freeman Bosley Jr.</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_A._Johnson_Jr." title="William A. Johnson Jr.">William A. Johnson Jr.</a></li> <li>First African American and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Sayles_Belton" title="Sharon Sayles Belton">Sharon Sayles Belton</a></li> <li>First African-American woman and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_Jersey" title="Irvington, New Jersey">Irvington, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sara_Bost" title="Sara Bost">Sara Bost</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1995">1995</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: 1995"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Adams,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Adams, Jr.">Floyd Adams, Jr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996">1996</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: 1996"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">mayor of San Francisco</a>, California: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Louisiana" title="Monroe, Louisiana">Monroe</a>, Louisiana: <a href="/wiki/Abe_E._Pierce,_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Abe E. Pierce, III">Abe E. Pierce, III</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley,_Missouri" title="Pleasant Valley, Missouri">Pleasant Valley, Missouri</a>: Abram "Abe" McGull<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997">1997</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: 1997"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Dolton,_Illinois" title="Dolton, Illinois">Dolton, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Shaw_(Illinois_politician)" title="William Shaw (Illinois politician)">William Shaw</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Johnson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Johnson, Jr.">Harvey Johnson, Jr.</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lee_P._Brown" title="Lee P. Brown">Lee P. Brown</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>: <a href="/wiki/Preston_Daniels" title="Preston Daniels">Preston Daniels</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_G._Barnes" title="Martin G. Barnes">Martin G. Barnes</a></li> <li>First African American to succeed to the office of mayor of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>, after the resignation of his predecessor: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Young_(mayor)" title="Leon Young (mayor)">Leon Young</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-born black mayor in the United States, elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio" title="East Cleveland, Ohio">East Cleveland, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Onunwor" title="Emmanuel Onunwor">Emmanuel Onunwor</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/District_Heights,_Maryland" title="District Heights, Maryland">District Heights, Maryland</a>: Jack Sims Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998">1998</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: 1998"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Jasper,_Texas" title="Jasper, Texas">Jasper, Texas</a>: R. C. Horn<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/E._Denise_Simmons" title="E. Denise Simmons">E. Denise Simmons</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia" title="Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_W._Harris" title="Curtis W. Harris">Curtis West Harris</a></li> <li>First African-American and first female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lecompte,_Louisiana" title="Lecompte, Louisiana">Lecompte, Louisiana</a>: Rosa Mae Scott Jones</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999">1999</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: 1999"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pineville,_Louisiana" title="Pineville, Louisiana">Pineville</a>, Louisiana: Clarence R. Fields (became interim mayor in 1999; was elected to a partial term in 2000 and re-elected to full terms in 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014)</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria</a>, Ohio: Thomas O. Shores</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Forest_Park,_Ohio" title="Forest Park, Ohio">Forest Park, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Summerow_Dumas" title="Stephanie Summerow Dumas">Stephanie Summerow Dumas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000">2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_B._Coleman" title="Michael B. Coleman">Michael B. Coleman</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Perkins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="James Perkins, Jr.">James Perkins, Jr.</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside, California</a>: Terry Johnson<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor in the state of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Worland,_Wyoming" title="Worland, Wyoming">Worland, Wyoming</a>: LaVertha Gotier<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001">2001</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: 2001"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi" title="Hattiesburg, Mississippi">Hattiesburg, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_DuPree" title="Johnny DuPree">Johnny DuPree</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female mayor of a major Southern city, and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Franklin" title="Shirley Franklin">Shirley Franklin</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Southfield,_Michigan" title="Southfield, Michigan">Southfield, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brenda_L._Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenda L. Lawrence">Brenda L. Lawrence</a></li> <li>First African American elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Pitts_Jr." title="Marshall Pitts Jr.">Marshall Pitts Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-campusecho_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-campusecho-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tchula,_Mississippi" title="Tchula, Mississippi">Tchula, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brown" title="Yvonne Brown">Yvonne Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-twsPressRegister_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsPressRegister-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey">Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Cunningham_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="Glenn Cunningham (New Jersey politician)">Glenn Cunningham</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia" title="Gainesville, Georgia">Gainesville, Georgia</a>: Myrtle Figueras<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_California" title="Pittsburg, California">Pittsburg, California</a>: Yvonne Beals<sup id="cite_ref-PastMayors_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastMayors-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002">2002</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: 2002"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhine_McLin" title="Rhine McLin">Rhine McLin</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ford_(politician)" title="Jack Ford (politician)">Jack Ford</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2003">2003</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California" title="Palm Springs, California">Palm Springs, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Oden" title="Ron Oden">Ron Oden</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected by citizens as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Marks_(mayor)" title="John Marks (mayor)">John Marks</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor, and first elected mayor, of <a href="/wiki/San_Ramon,_California" title="San Ramon, California">San Ramon, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/H._Abram_Wilson" title="H. Abram Wilson">H. Abram Wilson</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004">2004</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: 2004"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Midway,_Alabama" title="Midway, Alabama">Midway, Alabama</a>: James N. Robbins, Sr.</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kip_Holden" title="Kip Holden">Kip Holden</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee, Wisconsin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Pratt" title="Marvin Pratt">Marvin Pratt</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pine_Bluff,_Arkansas" title="Pine Bluff, Arkansas">Pine Bluff, Arkansas</a>: Carl A. Redus Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco, Texas</a>: Mae Jackson<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American female to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/East_Cleveland,_Ohio" title="East Cleveland, Ohio">East Cleveland, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saratha_Goggins" title="Saratha Goggins">Saratha Goggins</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005">2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Byron_Brown" title="Byron Brown">Byron Brown</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Jones_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam Jones (mayor)">Sam Jones</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Terry_Bellamy" title="Terry Bellamy">Terry Bellamy</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mallory" title="Mark Mallory">Mark Mallory</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jay_Williams_(politician)" title="Jay Williams (politician)">Jay Williams</a></li> <li>First African American and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Mississippi" title="Greenwood, Mississippi">Greenwood, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheriel_F._Perkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheriel F. Perkins (page does not exist)">Sheriel F. Perkins</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to succeed to the office of mayor of <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Page" title="Ernest Page">Ernest Page</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006">2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: 2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Glover" title="Cedric Glover">Cedric Glover</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina" title="Anderson, South Carolina">Anderson, South Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Terence_Roberts" title="Terence Roberts">Terence Roberts</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Duarte,_California" title="Duarte, California">Duarte, California</a>: Lois Gaston</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen, Texas</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Hancock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy Hancock (page does not exist)">Timothy Hancock</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_California" title="Lancaster, California">Lancaster, California</a>: Henry Hearns</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007">2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American woman and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Dixon" title="Sheila Dixon">Sheila Dixon</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Johnson" title="Yvonne Johnson">Yvonne Johnson</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Brewer_(politician)" title="Carl Brewer (politician)">Carl Brewer</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/South_Harrison_Township,_New_Jersey" title="South Harrison Township, New Jersey">South Harrison Township, New Jersey</a>: Charles Tyson<sup id="cite_ref-ap11-10-09_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap11-10-09-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: 2008"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Springs,_Missouri" title="Blue Springs, Missouri">Blue Springs, Missouri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carson_Ross" title="Carson Ross">Carson Ross</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lancaster,_Texas" title="Lancaster, Texas">Lancaster, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Knight" title="Marcus Knight">Marcus Knight</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Culliver" title="Donald Culliver">Donald Culliver</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Johnson_(basketball)" title="Kevin Johnson (basketball)">Kevin Johnson</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Festus,_Missouri" title="Festus, Missouri">Festus, Missouri</a>: Earl Cook<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Maryland" title="Cambridge, Maryland">Cambridge, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson-Stanley" title="Victoria Jackson-Stanley">Victoria Jackson-Stanley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009">2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Mississippi" title="Philadelphia, Mississippi">Philadelphia, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Young_(mayor)" title="James Young (mayor)">James Young</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_New_York" title="Freeport, New York">Freeport, New York</a>: Andrew Hardwick<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Maryland" title="Brentwood, Maryland">Brentwood, Maryland</a>: Xzavier Montgomery-Wright<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Linda_D._Thompson" title="Linda D. Thompson">Linda D. Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2010s">2010s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fontana,_California" title="Fontana, California">Fontana, California</a>: Acquanetta Warren<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_K._Benjamin" title="Stephen K. Benjamin">Stephen K. Benjamin</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeton,_New_Jersey" title="Bridgeton, New Jersey">Bridgeton, New Jersey</a>: Albert B. Kelly<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lakeland,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Lakeland, Florida">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Florida" title="Lakeland, Florida">Lakeland, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gow_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Gow Fields">Gow Fields</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: 2011"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Brown" title="Alvin Brown">Alvin Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Brown_(politician)" title="Daniel Brown (politician)">Daniel Brown</a></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edna_Jackson_(politician)" title="Edna Jackson (politician)">Edna Jackson</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012">2012</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: 2012"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Myrick" title="Svante Myrick">Svante Myrick</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Antioch,_California" title="Antioch, California">Antioch, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wade_Harper" title="Wade Harper">Wade Harper</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American and first female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Orrville,_Alabama" title="Orrville, Alabama">Orrville, Alabama</a>: Louvenia Diane Lumpkin<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Phenix_City,_Alabama" title="Phenix City, Alabama">Phenix City, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Lowe_(Canadian_football)" title="Eddie Lowe (Canadian football)">Eddie Lowe</a></li> <li>First African-American woman and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Freeman-Wilson" title="Karen Freeman-Wilson">Karen Freeman-Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2013">2013</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: 2013"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_LaRosiliere" title="Harry LaRosiliere">Harry LaRosiliere</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Meridian,_Mississippi" title="Meridian, Mississippi">Meridian, Mississippi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bland" title="Percy Bland">Percy Bland</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_California" title="Hawthorne, California">Hawthorne, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brown_(California_politician)" title="Chris Brown (California politician)">Chris Brown</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014">2014</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: 2014"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Quitman,_Georgia" title="Quitman, Georgia">Quitman, Georgia</a>: James C. Brown III<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Adairsville,_Georgia" title="Adairsville, Georgia">Adairsville, Georgia</a>: Kenneth J. Carson</li> <li>First African-American female mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, and first woman: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Harp" title="Toni Harp">Toni Harp</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia" title="Brunswick, Georgia">Brunswick, Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Harvey" title="Cornell Harvey">Cornell Harvey</a></li> <li>First African-American female mayor of <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Taylor" title="Ivy Taylor">Ivy Taylor</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a>: Ollie Tyler</li> <li>First African-American female <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Teaneck,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey">Mayor of Teaneck, New Jersey</a>, as well as the first African-American female mayor of any municipality in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey" title="Bergen County, New Jersey">Bergen County, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lizette_Parker" title="Lizette Parker">Lizette Parker</a><sup id="cite_ref-brecord_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brecord-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Rochester,_New_York" title="List of mayors of Rochester, New York">First African-American female mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lovely_Warren" title="Lovely Warren">Lovely Warren</a>, also second African-American mayor of Rochester.</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Linden,_New_Jersey" title="Linden, New Jersey">Linden, New Jersey</a>: Derek Armstead<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015">2015</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: 2015"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American and first African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pearsall,_Texas" title="Pearsall, Texas">Pearsall, Texas</a>: Mary Moore<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American and first African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Conway,_South_Carolina" title="Conway, South Carolina">Conway, South Carolina</a>: Barbara Blain-Bellamy<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Camilla,_Georgia" title="Camilla, Georgia">Camilla, Georgia</a>: Rufus L Davis II<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paula_Hicks-Hudson" title="Paula Hicks-Hudson">Paula Hicks-Hudson</a></li> <li>First African-American woman and first woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Weaver" title="Karen Weaver">Karen Weaver</a></li> <li>First African American and first African-American woman to be appointed as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Grove_Hill,_Alabama" title="Grove Hill, Alabama">Grove Hill, Alabama</a>: Cynthia McGill Jackson</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016">2016</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: 2016"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County">San Diego County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemon_Grove,_California" title="Lemon Grove, California">Lemon Grove, California</a>: Racquel Vasquez<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American and first African-American female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Midland_City,_Alabama" title="Midland City, Alabama">Midland City, Alabama</a>: Jo Ann Bennett Grimsley<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Cooper_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Cooper Alexander">Kenneth Alexander</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tubbs" title="Michael Tubbs">Michael Tubbs</a><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American and first African-American woman to be elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Grove_Hill,_Alabama" title="Grove Hill, Alabama">Grove Hill, Alabama</a>: Cynthia McGill Jackson</li> <li>First African American to be elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff, Arizona</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coral_Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coral Evans (page does not exist)">Coral Evans</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene, Texas</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Williams_(Texas_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Williams (Texas politician) (page does not exist)">Anthony Williams</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martine_Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martine Watkins (page does not exist)">Martine Watkins</a>, also first biracial mayor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017">2017</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: 2017"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Stamps,_Arkansas" title="Stamps, Arkansas">Stamps, Arkansas</a>: Brenda Davis<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vi_Lyles" title="Vi Lyles">Vi Lyles</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Carter_(politician)" title="Melvin Carter (politician)">Melvin Carter</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois" title="Waukegan, Illinois">Waukegan, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cunningham_(mayor)" title="Sam Cunningham (mayor)">Sam Cunningham</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois" title="Aurora, Illinois">Aurora, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Irvin_(Illinois_politician)" title="Richard Irvin (Illinois politician)">Richard Irvin</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to succeed to the office of mayor of <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>: Ruby Cotton</li> <li>First African-American and first female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Mound_City,_Illinois" title="Mound City, Illinois">Mound City, Illinois</a>: Allison Madison<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be appointed as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Williams-Warren" title="Jane Williams-Warren">Jane Williams-Warren</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kankakee,_Illinois" title="Kankakee, Illinois">Kankakee, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chastity_Wells-Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chastity Wells-Armstrong">Chastity Wells-Armstrong</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gardena,_California" title="Gardena, California">Gardena, California</a>: Tasha Cerda, also the first native American mayor in the state of California</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pelahatchie,_Mississippi" title="Pelahatchie, Mississippi">Pelahatchie, Mississippi</a> and first African-American mayor in <a href="/wiki/Rankin_County,_Mississippi" title="Rankin County, Mississippi">Rankin County, Mississippi</a>: Ryshonda Harper Beechem<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2018">2018</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: 2018"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Scott_Jr." title="Frank Scott Jr.">Frank Scott Jr.</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Brookneal,_Virginia" title="Brookneal, Virginia">Brookneal, Virginia</a>: James Nowlin</li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_Florida" title="Orange County, Florida">Orange County, Florida</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Demings" title="Jerry Demings">Jerry Demings</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Collins" title="Wilmot Collins">Wilmot Collins</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Illinois" title="Danville, Illinois">Danville, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rickey_Williams_Jr." title="Rickey Williams Jr.">Rickey Williams Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Pennsylvania" title="Bridgeport, Pennsylvania">Bridgeport, Pennsylvania</a>: Mark Barbee <sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lathrup_Village,_Michigan" title="Lathrup Village, Michigan">Lathrup Village, Michigan</a>: Mykale (Kelly) Garrett<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hercules,_California" title="Hercules, California">Hercules, California</a>: Dion Bailey<sup id="cite_ref-PastMayors_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastMayors-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019">2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Manor,_Texas" title="Manor, Texas">Mayor of Manor, Texas</a>: Larry Wallace Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman and first openly gay person to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago" title="Mayor of Chicago">Mayor of Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lori_Lightfoot" title="Lori Lightfoot">Lori Lightfoot</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lewisburg,_West_Virginia" title="Lewisburg, West Virginia">Lewisburg, West Virginia</a>: Beverly White</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Elyria,_Ohio" title="Elyria, Ohio">Elyria, Ohio</a>: Frank Whitfield<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Montgomery,_Alabama" title="List of mayors of Montgomery, Alabama">Mayor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Reed_(judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Reed (judge)">Steven Reed</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Talladega,_Alabama" title="Talladega, Alabama">Talladega, Alabama</a>: Timothy Ragland</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Irmo,_South_Carolina" title="Irmo, South Carolina">Irmo, South Carolina</a>: Barry Walker</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Eastpointe,_Michigan" title="Eastpointe, Michigan">Eastpointe, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monique_Owens" title="Monique Owens">Monique Owens</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/New_Castle,_Pennsylvania" title="New Castle, Pennsylvania">New Castle, Pennsylvania</a>: Chris Frye</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming,_Ohio" title="Wyoming, Ohio">Wyoming, Ohio</a>: Thaddeus Hoffmeister</li> <li>First African-American mayor of, and first mayor elected by popular vote in, <a href="/wiki/Camden,_Arkansas" title="Camden, Arkansas">Camden, Arkansas</a>: Julian Lott (also president of Arkansas Black Mayors Association 2020–present)</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Illinois" title="Danville, Illinois">Danville, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rickey_Williams_Jr." title="Rickey Williams Jr.">Rickey Williams Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas" title="Fort Smith, Arkansas">Fort Smith, Arkansas</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGill_(Arkansas_politician)" title="George McGill (Arkansas politician)">George McGill</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020s">2020s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri" title="Ferguson, Missouri">Ferguson, Missouri</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ella_Jones" title="Ella Jones">Ella Jones</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Lake_View,_Alabama" title="Lake View, Alabama">Lake View, Alabama</a>: Adrain Dudley</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches, Louisiana</a>: Ronnie Williams, Jr.</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a>: <a href="/wiki/Corey_Woods_(mayor)" title="Corey Woods (mayor)">Corey Woods</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Williamsport,_Pennsylvania" title="Williamsport, Pennsylvania">Williamsport, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Slaughter" title="Derek Slaughter">Derek Slaughter</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos, California</a>: Neysa Fligor<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First elected African-American female mayor of <a href="/wiki/Carson,_California" title="Carson, California">Carson, California</a>: Lula Davis-Holmes</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton, Texas</a>: Gerard Hudspeth</li> <li>First African American to be elected Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma" title="Muskogee, Oklahoma">Muskogee, Oklahoma</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Coleman" title="Marlon Coleman">Marlon Coleman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021">2021</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: 2021"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Goins" title="David Goins">David Goins</a><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mboka_Mwilambwe" title="Mboka Mwilambwe">Mboka Mwilambwe</a><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Calumet_City,_Illinois" title="Calumet City, Illinois">Calumet City, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Jones_(politician)" title="Thaddeus Jones (politician)">Thaddeus Jones</a><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American and first woman to serve as acting <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Boston" title="Mayor of Boston">mayor of Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Janey" title="Kim Janey">Kim Janey</a> (upon the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Marty_Walsh" title="Marty Walsh">Marty Walsh</a> to take the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Joe_Biden" title="Cabinet of Joe Biden">Cabinet of Joe Biden</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Mayor of Kansas City, Kansas">mayor of Kansas City, Kansas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Garner_(politician)" title="Tyrone Garner (politician)">Tyrone Garner</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Libertyville,_Illinois" title="Libertyville, Illinois">Libertyville, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donna_Johnson_(mayor)" title="Donna Johnson (mayor)">Donna Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Maplewood,_Missouri" title="Maplewood, Missouri">Maplewood, Missouri</a>: Nikylan Knapper<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Ed_Gainey" title="Ed Gainey">Edward C. Gainey</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Little_Elm,_Texas" title="Little Elm, Texas">Little Elm, Texas</a>: <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Cornelious" title="Curtis Cornelious">Curtis Cornelious</a><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_St._Louis" title="Mayor of St. Louis">mayor of St. Louis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tishaura_Jones" title="Tishaura Jones">Tishaura Jones</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Peekskill,_New_York" title="Peekskill, New York">Peekskill, New York</a>: Vivian MacKenzie<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Willard,_Missouri" title="Willard, Missouri">Willard, Missouri</a>: Samuel Snider</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Wiggins,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiggins, Mississippi">Wiggins, Mississippi</a>: Darrell Berry<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gresham,_Oregon" title="Gresham, Oregon">Gresham, Oregon</a>: Travis Stovall</li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor, and first elected mayor, of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Heights,_Ohio" title="Cleveland Heights, Ohio">Cleveland Heights, Ohio</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Seren" title="Kahlil Seren">Kahlil Seren</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Newbern,_Alabama" title="Newbern, Alabama">Newbern, Alabama</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Braxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Braxton">Patrick Braxton</a></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Falls,_Pennsylvania" title="Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania">Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania</a>: Kenya Johns<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2022">2022</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: 2022"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be elected <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Milwaukee" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Milwaukee">mayor of Milwaukee</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Johnson" title="Cavalier Johnson">Cavalier Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Summerton,_South_Carolina" title="Summerton, South Carolina">Summerton, South Carolina</a>: Tony Junious<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First woman to be elected mayor and first African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a>: Rita Frealing<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor in the state of <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and first African American to be elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/North_Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="North Las Vegas, Nevada">North Las Vegas, Nevada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Goynes-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamela Goynes-Brown">Pamela Goynes-Brown</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Osceola,_Arkansas" title="Osceola, Arkansas">Osceola, Arkansas</a>: Joe Harris Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Park,_Minnesota" title="Brooklyn Park, Minnesota">Brooklyn Park, Minnesota</a>: Hollies Winston<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky" title="Danville, Kentucky">Danville, Kentucky</a>: James J. H. Atkins<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Long_Beach,_California" title="List of mayors of Long Beach, California">mayor of Long Beach, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rex_Richardson" title="Rex Richardson">Rex Richardson</a><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American woman to be elected as mayor of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karen_Bass" title="Karen Bass">Karen Bass</a></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>: Daniel Lee<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_California" title="Santa Rosa, California">Santa Rosa, California</a>: Natalie Rogers<sup id="cite_ref-PastMayors_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastMayors-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First Afro-Filipino mayor of <a href="/wiki/Hercules,_California" title="Hercules, California">Hercules, California</a>: Alexander Walker-Griffin<sup id="cite_ref-PastMayors_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PastMayors-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_City,_Mississippi" title="Calhoun City, Mississippi">Calhoun City, Mississippi</a>: Marshall W. Coleman<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/Baldwyn,_Mississippi" title="Baldwyn, Mississippi">Baldwyn, Mississippi</a>: Roslynn Clark<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African-American mayor of <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_Mississippi" title="West Point, Mississippi">West Point, Mississippi</a>: Rod Bobo<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023">2023</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: 2023"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Waynesville,_Missouri" title="Waynesville, Missouri">Waynesville, Missouri</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/sean-avery-wilson-ma-b0b08253/">Sean Avery Wilson</a></li> <li>First African American to be appointed mayor of <a href="/wiki/Carbondale,_Illinois" title="Carbondale, Illinois">Carbondale, Illinois</a>: Carolin Harvey<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>First African American to be elected mayor of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yemi_Mobolade" title="Yemi Mobolade">Yemi Mobolade</a><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_officeholders_during_and_following_the_Reconstruction_era" title="African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era">African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">List of African-American firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">List of African-American U.S. state firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">List of African-American United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">Timeline of the civil rights movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_African-American_mayors&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=ebony+mayors+1975&pg=PA164">"Black Mayors"</a>. <i>EBONY</i>. Johnson Publishing Company. November 26, 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EBONY&rft.atitle=Black+Mayors&rft.date=1975-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbdQDAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3Debony%2Bmayors%2B1975%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnjpGu0dPpIC&dq=Ebony+Black+Mayors+1970&pg=PA135">"Black Mayors A Growing Political Force"</a>. <i>EBONY</i>. Johnson Publishing Company. March 26, 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EBONY&rft.atitle=Black+Mayors+A+Growing+Political+Force&rft.date=1982-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnjpGu0dPpIC%26dq%3DEbony%2BBlack%2BMayors%2B1970%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jet-Foley-21Jun1973_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">Johnson, John H.</a>, ed. (June 21, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qK8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18">"Once on welfare, black woman now mayor of her hometown in Taft, Okla"</a>. <i>Jet</i>. <b>45</b> (13). Chicago, Illinois: Johnson Publishing Company, Inc.: 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Once+on+welfare%2C+black+woman+now+mayor+of+her+hometown+in+Taft%2C+Okla.&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1973-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqK8DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHS-Foley-Davis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OHS-Foley-Davis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Dell,_Larry" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Dell, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306215429/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FO001.html">"Lelia Kasenia Smith Foley-Davis (1942-)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture</i>. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/F/FO001.html">the original</a> on March 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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June 23, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834982,00.html">the original</a> on June 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Careers+Beginning+%26+Ending+-+TIME&rft.date=2008-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C834982%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatcher, Richard G. (1933– ) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2016, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.blackpast.org/aah/hatcher-richard-g-1933">http://www.blackpast.org/aah/hatcher-richard-g-1933</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Veronica (September 4, 2009). "John Burton, One of the First African American Mayors in Michigan". <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_District_Library" title="Ann Arbor District Library">Ann Arbor District Library</a>. ypsigleanings.aadl.org. Retrieved June 9, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtimes-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mtimes_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel2012" class="citation news cs1">Orel, Gwen (March 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northjersey.com/news/143858036_Matthew_Carter_dies.html?page=all">"Matthew G. Carter, Montclair's first African American mayor, dies at 98"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montclair_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montclair Times (page does not exist)">Montclair Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/North_Jersey_Media_Group" title="North Jersey Media Group">NorthJersey.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Montclair+Times&rft.atitle=Matthew+G.+Carter%2C+Montclair%27s+first+African+American+mayor%2C+dies+at+98&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Gwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northjersey.com%2Fnews%2F143858036_Matthew_Carter_dies.html%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncuc.commerce.state.nc.us/overview/uclee.htm">Howard N. Lee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613200713/http://www.ncuc.commerce.state.nc.us/overview/uclee.htm">Archived</a> June 13, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, North Carolina Utilities Commission. Retrieved May 25, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egDocn9COn8C&pg=PA25">Neil R. McMillen, <i>Dark Journey: Black Mississippians in the Age of Jim Crow</i></a>, Chicago: University of Illinois, 1990, p.26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildstein2022" class="citation web cs1">Wildstein, David (January 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newjerseyglobe.com/trailblazer/trailblazers-11-black-politicians-from-n-j-you-should-know-about/">"Trailblazers: 11 Black politicians from New Jersey you should know about"</a>. <i>New Jersey Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Jersey+Globe&rft.atitle=Trailblazers%3A+11+Black+politicians+from+New+Jersey+you+should+know+about&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.aulast=Wildstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewjerseyglobe.com%2Ftrailblazer%2Ftrailblazers-11-black-politicians-from-n-j-you-should-know-about%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KN4DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ebony+Black+Mayors+1970&pg=PA94">"Ebony"</a>. Johnson Publishing Company. November 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ebony&rft.pub=Johnson+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1973-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKN4DAAAAMBAJ%26dq%3DEbony%2BBlack%2BMayors%2B1970%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wichita.gov/Government/CityCouncil/Mayor/PreviousMayors/1950-1989.htm#APWoodard">" Previous Wichita Mayors 1950–1989"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528162532/http://www.wichita.gov/Government/CityCouncil/Mayor/PreviousMayors/1950-1989.htm">Archived</a> May 28, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> City of Wichita</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/afamlegislators/caldwell.html">"Robert C. Caldwell"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> Libraries <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Spencer" title="Kenneth A. Spencer">Kenneth Spencer</a> Research Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds1971" class="citation book cs1">Edmonds, Helen G. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXgOAQAAMAAJ&q=Chesilhurst,+New+Jersey+african+american+mayor+George+J.+Phillips"><i>Black Faces in High Places: Negroes in Government</i></a>. 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Walter Taylor, ex-mayor in Jersey led drive for rights"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York City<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>. <q>The Rev. Walter Scott Taylor, a civil-rights leader and the first black mayor of Englewood, N.J., died of cancer Saturday at Englewood Hospital. He was 67 years old.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rev.+Walter+Taylor%2C+ex-mayor+in+Jersey+led+drive+for+rights&rft.date=1984-06-18&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F06%2F18%2Fobituaries%2Frev-walter-taylor-ex-mayor-in-jersey-led-drive-for-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leavenworthks.org/community/page/leavenworths-first-black-mayor-benjamin-day#:~:text=Benjamin%20Day%2C%20lifelong%20educator%2C%20was,one%20year%20later%20in%201972.">"Leavenworth's First Black Mayor Benjamin Day"</a>. <i>City of Leavenworth, Kansas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Leavenworth%2C+Kansas&rft.atitle=Leavenworth%27s+First+Black+Mayor+Benjamin+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leavenworthks.org%2Fcommunity%2Fpage%2Fleavenworths-first-black-mayor-benjamin-day%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBenjamin%2520Day%252C%2520lifelong%2520educator%252C%2520was%2Cone%2520year%2520later%2520in%25201972.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollings1983" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings, Ernest</a> (April 14, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt7/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1983-pt7-2-2.pdf">"Voting Rights Act Progress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. pp. 8628–8629<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2018</span>. <q>... the Honorable Richmond Daniel Hill, mayor of Greenville, Ga., and, incidentally, the first elected black mayor of Georgia, will be honored upon his retirement from public life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=Voting+Rights+Act+Progress&rft.pages=8628-8629&rft.date=1983-04-14&rft.aulast=Hollings&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1983-pt7%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1983-pt7-2-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2002" class="citation web cs1">Byrd, Rubye (September 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mwv.stparchive.com/Archive/MWV/MWV09202002P04.php">"Plan to Attend Special Dedication"</a>. <i>Meriwether Vindicator</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In October, Hayes became the first black mayor of Fairbanks, winning a nearly uncontested election with more than 80 percent of the vote. He had token opposition from <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write-in candidate</a> Bill Preising.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fairbanks+Daily+News-Miner&rft.atitle=%27Nice+guy%27+moves+into+City+Hall&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1992-12-28&rft.aulast=Troyer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffairbanks-daily-news-miner.newspaperarchive.com%2Ffairbanks-daily-news-miner%2F1992-12-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu" class="citation web cs1">Zhu, Alissa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2018/12/17/growing-list-council-hopefuls-include-first-openly-lgbtq-candidate/2304128002/">"Growing list of council hopefuls includes Springfield's first openly LGBTQ candidate, more"</a>. <i>Springfield News-Leader</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Horn, Jasper's first black mayor, dies"</a>, <i>Beaumont Enterprise</i>, August 2, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2020" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Lola (December 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/local-history/story/2020-12-07/from-the-archives-first-black-mayor-in-county-history-took-office-20-years-ago">"From the Archives: First Black mayor in county history took office 20 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=From+the+Archives%3A+First+Black+mayor+in+county+history+took+office+20+years+ago&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Lola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-history%2Fstory%2F2020-12-07%2Ffrom-the-archives-first-black-mayor-in-county-history-took-office-20-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProvost2006" class="citation news cs1">Provost, Ruffin (July 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/wyoming/candidates-downplay-race-gender-issues/article_f4ca1e7f-3728-5d7d-ace7-2a0f871e917f.html">"Candidates downplay race, gender issues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billings_Gazette" title="Billings Gazette">Billings Gazette</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billings+Gazette&rft.atitle=Candidates+downplay+race%2C+gender+issues&rft.date=2006-07-17&rft.aulast=Provost&rft.aufirst=Ruffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillingsgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Fwyoming%2Fcandidates-downplay-race-gender-issues%2Farticle_f4ca1e7f-3728-5d7d-ace7-2a0f871e917f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, Lacey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/index.php/print_view/46795">"Democrats: The Mayor or the Businessman?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117141818/http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/index.php/print_view/46795">Archived</a> January 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Free_Press" title="Jackson Free Press">Jackson Free Press</a></i> July 13, 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2014</span>. <q>...Brown is proud of being the first African-American female Republican to be elected mayor – not only in Mississippi, but also the United States – ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+the+RNC+with+Party+Chair+Ed+Gillespie&rft.pub=Press+Register&rft.date=2002-07-15&rft.au=Donald+Adderton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressregister.com%2Farticle_773268ac-9c1f-5bc0-acbd-dadd467b2f44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj.com/jerseyjournal150/2017/04/jersey_city_mayor_glenn_cunningham_a_life_filled_w.html">"Jersey City Mayor Glenn Cunningham: A life filled with firsts"</a>. <i>The Star-Ledger</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bergen+Record+%28NorthJersey.com%29&rft.atitle=Death+of+Teaneck+Mayor+Lizette+Parker+sends+shock+waves+through+Teaneck&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northjersey.com%2Fnews%2Fdeath-of-teaneck-mayor-lizette-parker-sends-shock-waves-through-teaneck-1.1551889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/union/2014/11/linden_mayor-elect_will_leave_county_job_serve_as_full_time_head_of_the_city.html">"Armstead becomes Linden's first black mayor, will leave county job behind"</a>. 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November 3, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2015+Southwest+Georgia+Election+Results&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwfxl.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2015-southwest-georgia-election-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasquez2020" class="citation news cs1">Vasquez, Racquel (July 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/commentary/story/2020-07-23/commentary-lemon-grove-mayor-systemic-racism">"Commentary: Black and Brown Americans continue to experience systemic racism. It's in our history even here in Lemon Grove"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i>. <q>Vasquez is the first Black woman mayor in Lemon Grove and in San Diego County (footnote by The San Diego Union-Tribune</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Black+and+Brown+Americans+continue+to+experience+systemic+racism.+It%27s+in+our+history+even+here+in+Lemon+Grove.&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Vasquez&rft.aufirst=Racquel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fstory%2F2020-07-23%2Fcommentary-lemon-grove-mayor-systemic-racism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailors" class="citation news cs1">Sailors, Jimmy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dothaneagle.com/news/local/midland-city-mayor-denies-she-made-racially-charged-facebook-comment/article_e5d0f51c-6b0c-11e6-af36-77afbcac0113.html">"Midland City mayor denies she made racially charged Facebook comment"</a>. <i>Dothan Eagle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York. November 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Liberian-American+candidate+becomes+first+black+mayor+in+Montana&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fliberian-american-candidate-black-mayor-montana-article-1.3619163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2019" class="citation news cs1">Bailey, Jennifer (April 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commercial-news.com/news/local_news/residents-elect-williams-as-mayor/article_c721e462-e3b3-5e5f-a104-04ee7708618d.html">"Residents elect Williams as mayor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial News">Commercial News</a></i>. <q>Williams, 41, and the other elected officials who won Tuesday night will be sworn in on May 7</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commercial+News&rft.atitle=Residents+elect+Williams+as+mayor&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercial-news.com%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Fresidents-elect-williams-as-mayor%2Farticle_c721e462-e3b3-5e5f-a104-04ee7708618d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/pennsylvania/mark-barbee-mayor-bridgeport-pennsylvania-race-divide-20181012.html">"Bridgeport elected its first black mayor. Then the town divided"</a>. October 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bridgeport+elected+its+first+black+mayor.+Then+the+town+divided&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquirer.com%2Fphilly%2Fnews%2Fpennsylvania%2Fmark-barbee-mayor-bridgeport-pennsylvania-race-divide-20181012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wonfoundation.net/mykale-kelly-garrett-ndash-brief-bio.html">"Mykale (Kelly) Garrett – Brief Bio"</a>. <i>Women Officials Network Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+Officials+Network+Foundation&rft.atitle=Mykale+%28Kelly%29+Garrett+%E2%80%93+Brief+Bio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wonfoundation.net%2Fmykale-kelly-garrett-ndash-brief-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kxan.com/news/local/manors-first-african-american-mayor-takes-office">"Manor's first African American mayor takes office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KXAN" class="mw-redirect" title="KXAN">KXAN</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Smith+swears+in+its+first+black+mayor%3B+leader+intent+on+progress+for+city%2C+he+says&rft.date=2019-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fjan%2F05%2Fmayor-intent-on-progress-for-city-20190-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrange2020" class="citation news cs1">Prange, Rich (March 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.12news.com/article/news/local/valley/corey-woods-defeats-incumbent-to-become-tempes-first-african-american-mayor/75-4badb019-2788-45c0-82c4-0cab638cf63c">"Corey Woods defeats incumbent to become Tempe's first African American mayor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KPNX" title="KPNX">KPNX</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Corey+Woods+defeats+incumbent+to+become+Tempe%27s+first+African+American+mayor&rft.date=2020-03-11&rft.aulast=Prange&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.12news.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fvalley%2Fcorey-woods-defeats-incumbent-to-become-tempes-first-african-american-mayor%2F75-4badb019-2788-45c0-82c4-0cab638cf63c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauling2020" class="citation news cs1">Pauling, Carrie (January 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northcentralpa.com/news/williamsports-new-mayor-discusses-challenges-and-the-positive-impact-he-can-make/article_6b3206c4-330a-11ea-bb08-bb4bab1891cb.html">"Williamsport's new mayor discusses challenges and the positive impact he can make"</a>. <i>NorthcentralPa.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NorthcentralPa.com&rft.atitle=Williamsport%27s+new+mayor+discusses+challenges+and+the+positive+impact+he+can+make&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northcentralpa.com%2Fnews%2Fwilliamsports-new-mayor-discusses-challenges-and-the-positive-impact-he-can-make%2Farticle_6b3206c4-330a-11ea-bb08-bb4bab1891cb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHe2020" class="citation news cs1">He, Eric (December 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.losaltosonline.com/news/neysa-fligor-blazes-a-trail-as-los-altos-first-black-mayor/article_7f81b7f8-077f-54fe-b836-150d1e635a54.html">"Neysa Fligor blazes a trail as Los Altos' first Black mayor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_Town_Crier" title="Los Altos Town Crier">Los Altos Town Crier</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Altos+Town+Crier&rft.atitle=Neysa+Fligor+blazes+a+trail+as+Los+Altos%27+first+Black+mayor&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.losaltosonline.com%2Fnews%2Fneysa-fligor-blazes-a-trail-as-los-altos-first-black-mayor%2Farticle_7f81b7f8-077f-54fe-b836-150d1e635a54.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kim+Janey+%27thrilled%27+to+become+Boston%27s+first+Black%2C+first+female+mayor&rft.pub=WCVB&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcvb.com%2Farticle%2Fcityline-city-councilor-kim-janey-set-to-become-first-black-first-female-mayor-of-boston%2F35894990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Mignot2021" class="citation news cs1">Le Mignot, Suzanne (May 23, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2021/05/23/libertyville-first-black-mayor-donna-johnson/">"An Interview With Donna Johnson, Libertyville's First Black Woman Mayor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Chicago">CBS Chicago</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+Chicago&rft.atitle=An+Interview+With+Donna+Johnson%2C+Libertyville%27s+First+Black+Woman+Mayor&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft.aulast=Le+Mignot&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicago.cbslocal.com%2F2021%2F05%2F23%2Flibertyville-first-black-mayor-donna-johnson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemphill2021" class="citation news cs1">Hemphill, Evie (April 13, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stlpublicradio.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2021-04-13/nikylan-knapper-will-be-maplewoods-1st-black-mayor">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Have To Do Something': Nikylan Knapper On Becoming Maplewood's 1st Black Mayor"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Louis_Public_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Louis Public Radio (page does not exist)">Saint Louis Public Radio</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saint+Louis+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=%27I+Have+To+Do+Something%27%3A+Nikylan+Knapper+On+Becoming+Maplewood%27s+1st+Black+Mayor&rft.date=2021-04-13&rft.aulast=Hemphill&rft.aufirst=Evie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stlpublicradio.org%2Fshow%2Fst-louis-on-the-air%2F2021-04-13%2Fnikylan-knapper-will-be-maplewoods-1st-black-mayor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/little-elm-mayor-elect-curtis-cornelious-historic-victory-inspires-youth/">"Little Elm Mayor-Elect Curtis Cornelious Hopes Historic Victory Inspires Youth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Milwaukee+was+decades+behind+similar+cities+in+electing+a+Black+mayor&rft.date=2022-04-06&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Yuriko&rft.au=Dirr%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fin-depth%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F04%2F06%2Fmilwaukee-elects-first-black-mayor-decades-after-similar-cities%2F9470604002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2022" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Tai (April 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wltx.com/article/news/community/town-of-summerton-elects-first-black-mayor-in-towns-south-carolina/101-33a6acb3-1178-42cf-a2b6-358d41a955da">"First Black mayor elected in South Carolina town's history"</a>. 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November 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KTNV&rft.atitle=Pat+Spearman+concedes+to+Pamela+Goynes-Brown+in+North+Las+Vegas+mayor+race&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktnv.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2Felections-local%2Fpat-spearman-concedes-to-pamela-goynes-brown-in-north-las-vegas-mayor-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2022" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Imani (November 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kait8.com/2022/11/11/mississippi-county-town-elects-first-african-american-mayor/">"Mississippi County town elects first African American mayor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KAIT" title="KAIT">KAIT</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KAIT&rft.atitle=Mississippi+County+town+elects+first+African+American+mayor&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Imani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kait8.com%2F2022%2F11%2F11%2Fmississippi-county-town-elects-first-african-american-mayor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuggan2022" class="citation news cs1">Duggan, JD (November 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahanjournal.com/democracy-politics/hollies-winston-brooklyn-park-mayor-wynfred-russell-election-2022/">"Hollies Winston elected as Brooklyn Park's first Black mayor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sahan_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahan Journal">Sahan Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sahan+Journal&rft.atitle=Hollies+Winston+elected+as+Brooklyn+Park%27s+first+Black+mayor&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft.aulast=Duggan&rft.aufirst=JD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahanjournal.com%2Fdemocracy-politics%2Fhollies-winston-brooklyn-park-mayor-wynfred-russell-election-2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnews.com/2022/11/08/atkins-wins-bid-to-become-danvilles-next-mayor/">"Atkins wins bid to become Danville's next mayor, Bottom will be next Judge-Executive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate-Messenger" title="The Advocate-Messenger">The Advocate-Messenger</a></i>. November 8, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advocate-Messenger&rft.atitle=Atkins+wins+bid+to+become+Danville%27s+next+mayor%2C+Bottom+will+be+next+Judge-Executive&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnews.com%2F2022%2F11%2F08%2Fatkins-wins-bid-to-become-danvilles-next-mayor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-11-15/first-black-mayor-long-beach-rex-richardson">"Long Beach to elect first Black mayor, Rex Richardson, after opponent concedes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. November 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Long+Beach+to+elect+first+Black+mayor%2C+Rex+Richardson%2C+after+opponent+concedes&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fcalifornia%2Fstory%2F2022-11-15%2Ffirst-black-mayor-long-beach-rex-richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCagle2022" class="citation news cs1">Cagle, Kate (January 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/politics/2022/01/21/culver-city-s-first-black-mayor-is-a-milestone-for-former-sundown-town">"Culver City's first Black mayor is a milestone for former sundown town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_News" title="Spectrum News">Spectrum News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrum+News&rft.atitle=Culver+City%27s+first+Black+mayor+is+a+milestone+for+former+sundown+town&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Cagle&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrumnews1.com%2Fca%2Fla-west%2Fpolitics%2F2022%2F01%2F21%2Fculver-city-s-first-black-mayor-is-a-milestone-for-former-sundown-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McArthur-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McArthur_162-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcArthur2022" class="citation news cs1">McArthur, Danny (February 13, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.djournal.com/news/local/black-elected-officials-break-barriers-as-firsts-in-their-positions/article_49ad56d1-30c2-58a2-a599-809b12730c6f.html">"Black elected officials break barriers as firsts in their positions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Mississippi_Daily_Journal" title="Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal">Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+Mississippi+Daily+Journal&rft.atitle=Black+elected+officials+break+barriers+as+firsts+in+their+positions&rft.date=2022-02-13&rft.aulast=McArthur&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.djournal.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fblack-elected-officials-break-barriers-as-firsts-in-their-positions%2Farticle_49ad56d1-30c2-58a2-a599-809b12730c6f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaillie2023" class="citation news cs1">Baillie, Colin (April 4, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kfvs12.com/2023/04/05/carolin-harvey-wins-election-become-first-black-mayor-carbondale/">"Carolin Harvey wins election to become first Black mayor of Carbondale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KFVS-TV" title="KFVS-TV">KFVS-TV</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KFVS-TV&rft.atitle=Carolin+Harvey+wins+election+to+become+first+Black+mayor+of+Carbondale&rft.date=2023-04-04&rft.aulast=Baillie&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kfvs12.com%2F2023%2F04%2F05%2Fcarolin-harvey-wins-election-become-first-black-mayor-carbondale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish2023" class="citation news cs1">Fish, Sandra (May 16, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradosun.com/2023/05/16/yemi-mobolade-colorado-springs-mayor/">"Yemi Mobolade elected mayor of Colorado Springs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colorado_Sun" title="The Colorado Sun">The Colorado Sun</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Sun&rft.atitle=Yemi+Mobolade+elected+mayor+of+Colorado+Springs&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradosun.com%2F2023%2F05%2F16%2Fyemi-mobolade-colorado-springs-mayor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+first+African-American+mayors" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African-American_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African-American_politics" title="Template:African-American politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African-American_politics" title="Template talk:African-American politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African-American_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African-American politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African-American_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">African-American politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officeholders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African Americans in the United States Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus_Foundation" title="Congressional Black Caucus Foundation">Congressional Black Caucus Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_majority-minority_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of majority-minority United States congressional districts">Majority-minority congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">Cabinet members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State and local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_statewide_elected_officials" title="List of African-American statewide elected officials">Statewide elected officials</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mayors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Black_Mayors" title="National Conference of Black Mayors">National Conference of Black Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">Statewide and local firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of first African-American U.S. state legislators">First state legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">National Black Caucus of State Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_speakers_of_U.S._state_legislatures" title="List of African-American speakers of U.S. state legislatures">Speakers and presidents of state legislatures</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legislative_Caucuses" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Caucus_of_State_Legislators" title="National Black Caucus of State Legislators">Legislative Caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="California Legislative Black Caucus">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Black_Caucus" title="Delaware Black Caucus">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Georgia Legislative Black Caucus">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Illinois Legislative Black Caucus">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Black_Legislative_Caucus" title="Indiana Black Legislative Caucus">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_African_American_Legislative_Caucus" title="Kansas African American Legislative Caucus">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Black_Caucus_of_Maryland" title="Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Missouri Legislative Black Caucus">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Louisiana Legislative Black Caucus">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Ohio Legislative Black Caucus">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Pennsylvania Legislative Black Caucus">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Legislative_Black_Caucus" title="Virginia Legislative Black Caucus">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_officeholders_in_the_United_States,_1789%E2%80%931866" title="African-American officeholders in the United States, 1789–1866">Officeholders 1789–1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_officeholders_during_and_following_the_Reconstruction_era" title="African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era">1866–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_officeholders_(1900%E2%80%931959)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American officeholders (1900–1959)">1900–1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_women_in_American_politics" title="Black women in American politics">Black women in American politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="African-American candidates for President of the United States">Candidates for President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_presidential_and_vice_presidential_candidates" title="List of African-American United States presidential and vice presidential candidates">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Senate_candidates" title="List of African-American United States Senate candidates">Candidates for U.S. Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_fist" class="mw-redirect" title="Black fist">Black fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mute_R._Kelly" title="Mute R. Kelly">Mute R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_statehood_movement" title="District of Columbia statehood movement">District of Columbia statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">African-American self-determination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" 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