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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance_and_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Renaissance and the Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enlightenment_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enlightenment_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Enlightenment period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enlightenment_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Napoleonic Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Industrial age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 1945–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Municipal government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Major corporations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Shopping malls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Aviation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Rail and bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture and landmarks </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and landmarks subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Town" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Town"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Old Town </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Town-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Tourism and places of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films,_music_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films,_music_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Films, music and theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films,_music_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Men's_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Men's sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men's_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Women's sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Diplomatic missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wrocław</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AD%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%BD%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="ቭሮጽወፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቭሮጽወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresl%C5%AB" title="Breslū – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Breslū" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81" title="فروتسواف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فروتسواف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Վրոցլավ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վրոցլավ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrotslav" title="Vrotslav – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vrotslav" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81" title="وروتسواف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وروتسواف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB" title="ভ্রৎসওয়াফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্রৎসওয়াফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Уроцлаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уроцлаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Уроцлаў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уроцлаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_(kapital_sa_gingsakopan)" title="Wrocław (kapital sa gingsakopan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Wrocław (kapital sa gingsakopan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislav_(m%C4%9Bsto)" title="Vratislav (město) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vratislav (město)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B2" title="Βρότσλαβ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρότσλαβ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Вроцлав ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вроцлав ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclavo" title="Vroclavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vroclavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81" title="وروتسواف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وروتسواف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%9C%EC%B8%A0%EC%99%80%ED%94%84" title="브로츠와프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브로츠와프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE" title="Վրոցլավ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վրոցլավ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="व्रोकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्रोकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wr%C3%B3c%C5%82aw" title="Wrócław – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wrócław" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91" title="ורוצלב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ורוצלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ვროცლავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვროცლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislavia" title="Vratislavia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vratislavia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclava" title="Vroclava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vroclava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclavas" title="Vroclavas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vroclavas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="व्रोत्सवाफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्रोत्सवाफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ვროცლავი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვროცლავი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81" title="فروتسواف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فروتسواف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%84%E3%83%AF%E3%83%95" title="ヴロツワフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴロツワフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="وروسلاو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وروسلاو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresl%C3%A1via" title="Breslávia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Breslávia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrotslav" title="Vrotslav – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vrotslav" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslau" title="Breslau – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Breslau" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclavi" title="Vroclavi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vroclavi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclav" title="Vroclav – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vroclav" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclav" title="Vroclav – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vroclav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81" title="ڤرۆتسواف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤرۆتسواف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslavia" title="Breslavia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Breslavia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D" title="விராத்ஸ்சாஃப் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விராத்ஸ்சாஃப்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroklave" title="Vroklave – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Vroklave" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9F" title="วรอตสวัฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรอตสวัฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вротслав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вротслав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Вроцлав – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вроцлав" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88" title="وروسلاو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وروسلاو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroklaw" title="Wroklaw – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Wroklaw" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vroclav" title="Vroclav – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vroclav" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wrocław" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB" title="弗罗茨瓦夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗罗茨瓦夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99" title="ברעסלוי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברעסלוי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%85%E6%B4%9B%E8%8C%A8%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="傅洛茨華夫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傅洛茨華夫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vruoclavs" title="Vruoclavs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vruoclavs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BD%97%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%AB" title="弗罗茨瓦夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗罗茨瓦夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Wroc%C5%82aw" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wroc%C5%82aw&params=51_06_36_N_17_01_57_E_region:PL_type:city">51°06′36″N 17°01′57″E / 51.11000°N 17.03250°E / 51.11000; 17.03250</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Breslau" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Breslau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Breslau (disambiguation)">Breslau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braslaw" title="Braslaw">Braslaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bratslav" title="Bratslav">Bratslav</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C5%99eclav" title="Břeclav">Břeclav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a> or <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Wrocław</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cathedral Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg/258px-Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg/387px-Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg/516px-Wroclaw_-_Ostrow_Tumski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4441" data-file-height="1791" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Island,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Cathedral Island, Wrocław">Cathedral Island</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Cathedral" title="Wrocław Cathedral">Wrocław Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Old City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/123px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/185px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/246px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Wrocław Town Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Market Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg/131px-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg/197px-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg/262px-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="699" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">Market Square</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Puppet Theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg/151px-PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg/227px-PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg/302px-PL_-_Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Teatr_Lalek_-_Kroton_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2887" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Puppet_Theater" title="Wrocław Puppet Theater">Puppet Theatre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="University of Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG/103px-Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG/155px-Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG/206px-Wroc%C5%82aw_Breslau_University.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monopol Hotel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg/117px-Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg/176px-Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg/234px-Hotel_Monopol_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3447" data-file-height="2420" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Monopol_Hotel" title="Monopol Hotel">Monopol Hotel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wrocław Główny railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG/137px-WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG/206px-WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG/274px-WK14_Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_Travelarz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="3158" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Wrocław Główny railway station">Wrocław Główny station</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Wrocław"><img alt="Flag of Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg/100px-POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg/150px-POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg/200px-POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Flag of Wrocław">Flag</a></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_wroclaw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Wrocław"><img alt="Coat of arms of Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/84px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/126px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/168px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="905" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Coat of arms of Wrocław">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Wrocław"><img alt="Official logo of Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wroclaw_Logo.svg/100px-Wroclaw_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wroclaw_Logo.svg/150px-Wroclaw_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Wroclaw_Logo.svg/200px-Wroclaw_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Brandmark</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Wrocław – miasto spotkań (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> for "Wrocław – The Meeting Place")</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrocław is located in Poland"><img alt="Wrocław is located in Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Poland_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Poland_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="837" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.923%;left:30.21%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Wrocław</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Poland</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrocław is located in Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><img alt="Wrocław is located in Lower Silesian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg/250px-Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg/375px-Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg/500px-Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="886" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.573%;left:72.161%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Wrocław</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Lower Silesian Voivodeship</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrocław is located in Europe"><img alt="Wrocław is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.926%;left:46.51%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Wrocław</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wroc%C5%82aw&params=51_06_36_N_17_01_57_E_region:PL_type:city">51°06′36″N 17°01′57″E / 51.11000°N 17.03250°E / 51.11000; 17.03250</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">Voivodeship</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data">City county</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">10th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City rights</th><td class="infobox-data">1214</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_local_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Seat of local government">City Hall</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nowy_Ratusz_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nowy Ratusz we Wrocławiu (page does not exist)">Nowy Ratusz we Wrocławiu</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Ratusz_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Nowy Ratusz we Wrocławiu">pl</a>]</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Districts of Wrocław">48 districts</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_City_Council" title="Wrocław City Council">Wrocław City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="List of city mayors of Wrocław">City mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Sutryk" title="Jacek Sutryk">Jacek Sutryk</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">(Ind.)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">292.81 km2 (113.05 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,627 km2 (1,400 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">155 m (509 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">105 m (344 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (30 June 2023)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">674,132 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">3rd</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,302/km2 (5,960/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,250,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">340/km2 (890/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wrocławian, Vratislavian (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) wrocławianin (male) wrocławianka (female) (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">pl</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">€15.222 billion (2020)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">50-041 to 54–612</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+48 71</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Poland" title="Vehicle registration plates of Poland">Car plates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">DW, DX</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary airport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Airport" title="Wrocław Airport">Wrocław Airport</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclaw.pl">www.wroclaw.pl</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Hall_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Centennial Hall (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall in Wrocław</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription#2006_(30th_session)" title="List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription">2006</a> (30th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1165">1165</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Wrocław (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈvrɔt͡swaf]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/65\/Pl-Wroc%C5%82aw-2.ogg\/Pl-Wroc%C5%82aw-2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Wroc\u0142aw-2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/65/Pl-Wroc%C5%82aw-2.ogg/Pl-Wroc%C5%82aw-2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Wroc%C5%82aw-2.ogg" title="File:Pl-Wrocław-2.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Breslau <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʁɛslaʊ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/De-Breslau.ogg\/De-Breslau.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Breslau.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/De-Breslau.ogg/De-Breslau.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Breslau.ogg" title="File:De-Breslau.ogg">ⓘ</a>; also known by <a href="#Etymology">other names</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the largest city and historical capital of the region of <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. It lies on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, roughly 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudeten Mountains</a> to the south. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit">[update]</a>, the official population of Wrocław is 674,132 making it the third largest city in Poland. The population of the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_metropolitan_area" title="Wrocław metropolitan area">Wrocław metropolitan area</a> is around 1.25 million. Wrocław is the historical capital of Silesia and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>. Today, it is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a>. The history of the city dates back over 1,000 years;<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> at various times, it has been part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> of Austria, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">Germany</a>, until it became again part of Poland in 1945 as the result of <a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Poland_immediately_after_World_War_II" title="Territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II">territorial changes of Poland immediately after World War II</a>. Wrocław is a <a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">university city</a> with a student population of over 130,000, making it one of the most youth-oriented cities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Since the beginning of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a>, previously the German Breslau University, has produced nine <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize laureate">Nobel Prize laureates</a> and is renowned for its high quality of teaching.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Wrocław also possesses numerous historical landmarks, including the <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">Main Market Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław">Cathedral Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Opera" title="Wrocław Opera">Wrocław Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="National Museum, Wrocław">National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall</a>, which is listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>. The city is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Zoo" title="Wrocław Zoo">Wrocław Zoo</a>, the oldest zoological garden in Poland. Wrocław is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Sufficiency" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Sufficiency global city</a> by <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">GaWC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> It is often featured in lists of the most livable places in the world,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> and was ranked 1st among all medium and small cities by <a href="/wiki/FDi_Intelligence" title="FDi Intelligence">fDi Intelligence</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In 1989, 1995 and 2019 Wrocław hosted the European Youth Meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9_Community" title="Taizé Community">Taizé Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic Congress">Eucharistic Congress</a> in 1997, and the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">2012 European Football Championship</a>. In 2016, the city was a <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Also in that year, Wrocław hosted the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Olympics" title="Theatre Olympics">Theatre Olympics</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Olympiad" title="World Team Olympiad">World Bridge Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Film_Awards" title="European Film Awards">European Film Awards</a>. In 2017, the city was host to the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">IFLA</a> Annual Conference and the <a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a>. In 2019, it was named a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg/170px-Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg/255px-Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg/340px-Lauf_Wappen_Civitas_Wratislaviensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="3069" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Coat of arms of Wrocław">Coat of arms of Wrocław</a> (with the inscription Civitas Wratislaviensis) in <a href="/wiki/Lauf_Castle" title="Lauf Castle">Lauf Castle</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1360</figcaption></figure> The origin of the city's name is disputed. The city was believed to be named after Duke <a href="/wiki/Vratislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Vratislav I of Bohemia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a>, who supposedly ruled the region between 915 and 921.<a href="#cite_note-inyourpocket.com-16">[15]</a> However, modern scholars and historians dispute this theory; recent archeological studies prove that even if Vratislav once ruled over the area, the city was not founded until at least 20 years after his death. They suggest that the founder of the city might have simply been a local prince who only shared the popular <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> name with the <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a> Duke. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Further evidence against Czech origin is that the oldest surviving documents containing the recorded name, such as the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> from the early 11th century, records the city's name as Wrotizlava and Wrotizlaensem, characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Old_Polish" title="Old Polish">Old Polish</a> -ro-, unlike <a href="/wiki/Old_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Czech">Old Czech</a> -ra-.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>, the city's name Wrocław derives from the given name <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrocis%C5%82aw" class="extiw" title="pl:Wrocisław">Wrocisław</a>, which is the Polish equivalent of the Czech Vratislav. Also, the earliest variations of this name in the Old Polish language would have used the letter l instead of the modern Polish ł. The <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Old Czech</a> language version of the name was used in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> documents, as Vratislavia or Wratislavia. The city's first municipal seal was inscribed with Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> By the 15th century, the <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a> variations of the name, Breslau, first began to be used. Despite the noticeable differences in spelling, the numerous German forms were still based on the original <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> name of the city, with the -Vr- sound being replaced over time by -Br-,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and the suffix -slav- replaced with -slau-. These variations included Wrotizla, Vratizlau, Wratislau, Wrezlau, Breßlau or Bresslau among others.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> description from 1819 mentions two names of the city – Polish and German – stating "Breslau (polnisch Wraclaw)”.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In other languages, the city's name is: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Breslau <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʁɛslaʊ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/De-Breslau.ogg\/De-Breslau.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Breslau.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/De-Breslau.ogg/De-Breslau.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Breslau.ogg" title="File:De-Breslau.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a>: Brassel; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: ברעסלוי, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: Bresloi; <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>: Wrocław; modern <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: Vratislav <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">[ˈvracɪslaf]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Boroszló <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈborosloː]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: ורוצלב, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Vrotsláv; and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Wratislavia or Vratislavia.<a href="#cite_note-Orbis_latinus-22">[21]</a> People born or resident in the city are known as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="List of people from Wrocław">Wrocławians</a>" or "Vratislavians" (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: wrocławianie). The now little-used German equivalent is "<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Breslau" title="List of people from Breslau">Breslauer</a>." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="History of Wrocław">History of Wrocław</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Timeline of Wrocław">Timeline of Wrocław</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> times, there was a place called Budorigum at or near the site of Wrocław. It was already mapped on <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemy</a>'s map of AD 142–147.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Settlements in the area existed from the 6th century onward during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">migration period</a>. The <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99%C5%BCanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ślężanie">Ślężans</a>, a <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> tribe, settled on the <a href="/wiki/Oder_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder river">Oder river</a> and erected a fortified <a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">gord</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław">Ostrów Tumski</a>. Wrocław originated at the intersection of two <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Via_Regia" title="Via Regia">Via Regia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>. Archeological research conducted in the city indicates that it was founded around 940.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> In 985, Duke <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a> conquered Silesia, and constructed new fortifcations on Ostrów.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The town was mentioned by Thietmar explicitly in the year <a href="/wiki/AD_1000" title="AD 1000">1000 AD</a> in connection with its promotion to an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">Congress of Gniezno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> During Wrocław's early history, control over it changed hands between the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> (1038–1054), the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland_(c._960%E2%80%931025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland (c. 960–1025)">Duchy of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Kingdom of Poland</a> (985–1038 and 1054–1320). Following the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(966%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (966–1385)">fragmentation of the Kingdom of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchy of Silesia</a>. One of the most important events during this period was the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Wrocław">Diocese of Wrocław</a> in 1000. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Bishoprics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Ko%C5%82obrzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, Wrocław was placed under the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Gniezno" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Gniezno">Archbishopric of Gniezno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a> through the intercession of Polish duke (and later king) <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a>, during the Gniezno Congress.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In the years 1034–1038 the city was affected by the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_reaction_in_Poland" title="Pagan reaction in Poland">pagan reaction in Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mikrokosmos-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslau,_Martinskirche_von_Norden,_3.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Breslau%2C_Martinskirche_von_Norden%2C_3.jpeg/220px-Breslau%2C_Martinskirche_von_Norden%2C_3.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Breslau%2C_Martinskirche_von_Norden%2C_3.jpeg/330px-Breslau%2C_Martinskirche_von_Norden%2C_3.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Breslau%2C_Martinskirche_von_Norden%2C_3.jpeg/440px-Breslau%2C_Martinskirche_von_Norden%2C_3.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamek_na_Ostrowie_Tumskim_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Zamek na Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu">St Martin's Church</a>, the only remaining part of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Piast" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast">Piast</a> castle that once stood in Wrocław</figcaption></figure> The city became a commercial centre and expanded to <a href="/wiki/Wyspa_Piasek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyspa Piasek">Wyspa Piasek</a> (Sand Island), and then onto the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="River Oder">River Oder</a>. Around 1000, the town had about 1,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-weczerka-29">[28]</a> In 1109 during the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_polsko-niemiecka_1109" class="extiw" title="pl:Wojna polsko-niemiecka 1109">Polish-German war</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a> defeated the King of Germany <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hundsfeld" title="Battle of Hundsfeld">Battle of Hundsfeld</a>, stopping the German advance into Poland. The medieval chronicle, <a href="/wiki/Gesta_principum_Polonorum" title="Gesta principum Polonorum">Gesta principum Polonorum</a> (1112–1116) by <a href="/wiki/Gallus_Anonymus" title="Gallus Anonymus">Gallus Anonymus</a>, named Wrocław, along with <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, as one of three capitals of the Polish Kingdom. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a>, a book written by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi in 1154, describes Wrocław as one of the Polish cities, alongside Kraków, <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santok" title="Santok">Santok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> By 1139, a settlement belonging to Governor <a href="/wiki/Piotr_W%C5%82ostowic" title="Piotr Włostowic">Piotr Włostowic</a> (also known as Piotr Włast <a href="/wiki/Dunin_(surname)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunin (surname)">Dunin</a>) was built, and another on the left bank of the River Oder, near the present site of the university. While the city was largely Polish, it also had communities of Bohemians (Czechs), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weczerka1-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-mikrokosmos-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulak-32">[31]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Church of Saint Giles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-SM_Wroc%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw_Idziego_2016_ID_598584_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4757" data-file-height="3329" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:PL-DS,_Wroc%C5%82aw,_pl._Katedralny_18;_Plebania;_58.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Church of Saint Giles seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PL-DS%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_pl._Katedralny_18%3B_Plebania%3B_58.jpg/220px-PL-DS%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_pl._Katedralny_18%3B_Plebania%3B_58.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PL-DS%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_pl._Katedralny_18%3B_Plebania%3B_58.jpg/330px-PL-DS%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_pl._Katedralny_18%3B_Plebania%3B_58.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PL-DS%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_pl._Katedralny_18%3B_Plebania%3B_58.jpg/440px-PL-DS%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_pl._Katedralny_18%3B_Plebania%3B_58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4977" data-file-height="3318" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Idziego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Kościół św. Idziego we Wrocławiu">Church of Saint Giles (pl)</a> erected in the 1220s at <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław">Ostrów Tumski</a>, the oldest section of Wrocław</div></div></div></div> In the 13th century, Wrocław was the political centre of the divided Polish kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Henryk_Brodaty_i_jego_czasy-33">[32]</a> In April 1241, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">first Mongol invasion of Poland</a>, the city was abandoned by its inhabitants and burnt down for strategic reasons. During the battles with the Mongols <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamek_na_Ostrowie_Tumskim_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Zamek na Ostrowie Tumskim we Wrocławiu">Wrocław Castle</a> was successfully defended by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mikrokosmos2-34">[33]</a> In 1245, in Wrocław, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Poland" title="Benedict of Poland">Benedict of Poland</a>, considered one of the first Polish explorers, joined Italian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Giovanni da Pian del Carpine</a>, on his journey to the seat of the Mongol Khan near <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, in what is considered the first such journey by Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-nie-35">[34]</a> After the Mongol invasion the town was partly populated by <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">German settlers</a> who, in the ensuing centuries, gradually became its dominant population.<a href="#cite_note-Thum,_p._316-36">[35]</a> The city, however, retained its multi-ethnic character, a reflection of its importance as a trading post on the junction of the Via Regia and the Amber Road.<a href="#cite_note-mikrokosmos3-37">[36]</a> With the influx of settlers, the town expanded and in 1242 came under <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> used both Latin and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and the early forms of the name Breslau, the German name of the city, appeared for the first time in its written records.<a href="#cite_note-Thum,_p._316-36">[35]</a> Polish gradually ceased to be used in the town books, while it survived in the courts until 1337, when it was banned by the new rulers, the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">House of Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kulak-32">[31]</a> The enlarged town covered around 60 hectares (150 acres), and the new <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">main market square</a>, surrounded by timber-frame houses, became the trade centre of the town. The original foundation, <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław">Ostrów Tumski</a>, became its religious centre. The city gained <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg rights</a> in 1261. While the Polish Piast dynasty remained in control of the region, the city council's ability to <a href="/wiki/Self-Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Government">govern</a> independently had increased.<a href="#cite_note-HenrykowBook-38">[37]</a> In 1274 prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV Probus">Henry IV Probus</a> gave the city its <a href="/wiki/Staple_right" title="Staple right">staple right</a>. In the 13th century, two Polish monarchs were buried in Wrocław churches founded by them, Henry II the Pious in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Vincent_and_St._James,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Vincent and St. James, Wrocław">St. Vincent church</a><a href="#cite_note-gosc-39">[38]</a> and Henryk IV Probus in the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_and_St_Bartholomew,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross and St Bartholomew, Wrocław">Holy Cross church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG/170px-Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG/255px-Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG/340px-Modlitwy_drukowane_po_polsku_w_r._1475.JPG 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The oldest printed text in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>–Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensis, printed in Wrocław by Kasper Elyan, 1475</figcaption></figure> Wrocław, which for 350 years had been mostly under Polish <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>, fell in 1335, after the death of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_the_Good" title="Henry VI the Good">Henry VI the Good</a>, to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John of Luxembourg</a>. His son Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a> in 1348 formally incorporated the city into the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Between 1342 and 1344, two fires destroyed large parts of the city. In 1387 the city joined the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. On 5 June 1443, the city was rocked by an earthquake, estimated at magnitude 6, which destroyed or seriously damaged many of its buildings. Between 1469 and 1490, Wrocław was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, and king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> was said to have had a Vratislavian mistress who bore him a son.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In 1474, after almost a century, the city left the Hanseatic League. Also in 1474, the city was besieged by combined Polish-Czech forces. However, in November 1474, Kings <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV of Poland</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Vladislaus_II_of_Hungary" title="Vladislaus II of Hungary">Vladislaus II of Bohemia</a>, and Matthias Corvinus of Hungary met in the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Muchob%C3%B3r_Wielki" title="Muchobór Wielki">Muchobór Wielki</a> (present-day a district of Wrocław), and in December 1474 a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> was signed according to which the city remained under Hungarian rule.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The following year was marked by the publication in Wrocław of the Statuta Synodalia Episcoporum Wratislaviensium (1475) by Kasper Elyan, the first ever <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunable</a> in Polish, containing the proceedings and prayers of the Wrocław bishops.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_the_Reformation">Renaissance and the Reformation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Renaissance and the Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslau1562Weihner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breslau1562Weihner.jpg/200px-Breslau1562Weihner.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breslau1562Weihner.jpg/300px-Breslau1562Weihner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breslau1562Weihner.jpg/400px-Breslau1562Weihner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8861" data-file-height="8821" /></a><figcaption>Map of the city from 1562, with its fortifications on the <a href="/wiki/Oder_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder River">Oder River</a></figcaption></figure> In the 16th century, the Breslauer Schöps <a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">beer style</a> was created in Breslau.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> reached the city in 1518 and it converted to the new rite. However, starting in 1526 <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> was ruled by the Catholic <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. In 1618, it supported the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt</a> out of fear of losing the right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>. During the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, the city was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> troops and lost thousands of inhabitants to the <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> brought in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> by encouraging Catholic orders to settle in the city, starting in 1610 with the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursuline nuns</a> in 1687.<a href="#cite_note-inyourpocket.com-16">[15]</a> These orders erected buildings that shaped the city's appearance until 1945. At the end of the Thirty Years' War, however, it was one of only a few Silesian cities to stay Protestant. The Polish Municipal school opened in 1666 and lasted until 1766. Precise record-keeping of births and deaths by the city fathers led to the use of their data for analysis of mortality, first by <a href="/wiki/John_Graunt" title="John Graunt">John Graunt</a> and then, based on data provided to him by Breslau professor <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neumann" title="Caspar Neumann">Caspar Neumann</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Halley's tables and analysis, published in 1693, are considered to be the first true actuarial tables, and thus the foundation of modern <a href="/wiki/Actuarial_science" title="Actuarial science">actuarial science</a>. During the Counter-Reformation, the intellectual life of the city flourished, as the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeoisie</a> lost some of its dominance to the Catholic orders as patrons of the arts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment_period">Enlightenment period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Enlightenment period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg/220px-Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg/330px-Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg/440px-Stammbuch_Johann_Gottfried_R%C3%BCde_Illustration_Breslau_1760.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Battle of Breslau</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third Silesian War</a> 1756–1763)</figcaption></figure> One of two main routes connecting <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> ran through the city in the 18th century and Kings <a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III of Poland</a> often traveled that route.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The city became the centre of German <a href="/wiki/Baroque_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque literature">Baroque literature</a> and was home to the First and Second Silesian school of poets.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 1742, the <a href="/wiki/Schlesische_Zeitung" title="Schlesische Zeitung">Schlesische Zeitung</a> was founded in Breslau. In the 1740s the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> annexed the city and most of Silesia during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Empress <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> ceded most of the territory in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau" title="Treaty of Breslau">Treaty of Breslau</a> in 1742 to Prussia. Austria attempted to recover Silesia during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breslau_(1757)" title="Battle of Breslau (1757)">Battle of Breslau</a>, but they were unsuccessful. The Venetian Italian adventurer, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Casanova" title="Giacomo Casanova">Giacomo Casanova</a>, stayed in Breslau in 1766.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Napoleonic Wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG/220px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG/330px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG/440px-Entr%C3%A9e_du_Prince_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_%C3%A0_Breslau_le_7_janvier_1807.PNG 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Entry of Prince <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a> into the city, 7 January 1807</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> army. The fortifications of the city were levelled, and monasteries and cloisters were seized.<a href="#cite_note-inyourpocket.com-16">[15]</a> The Protestant <a href="/wiki/Viadrina_European_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Viadrina European University">Viadrina European University</a> at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a> was relocated to Breslau in 1811, and united with the local Jesuit University to create the new Silesian Frederick-William University (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Schlesische Friedrich-Wilhelm-Universität, now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a>). The city became a centre of the German Liberation movement against Napoleon, and a gathering place for volunteers from all over Germany. The city was the centre of Prussian mobilisation for the campaign which ended at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_age">Industrial age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Industrial age">edit</a>]</div> The Confederation of the Rhine had increased prosperity in Silesia and in the city. The removal of fortifications opened room for the city to expand beyond its former limits. Breslau became an important railway hub and industrial centre, notably for linen and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> manufacture and the metal industry. The reconstructed university served as a major centre of science; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> later wrote his <a href="/wiki/Academic_Festival_Overture" title="Academic Festival Overture">Academic Festival Overture</a> to thank the university for an honorary doctorate awarded in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> In 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław">(Arch)Diocese of Breslau</a> withdrew from dependence on the Polish archbishopric of Gniezno, and Breslau became an exempt see. In 1822, the Prussian police discovered the Polonia Polish youth resistance organization and carried out arrests of its members and searches of their homes.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1848, many local Polish students joined the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Poland uprising (1848)">Greater Poland uprising</a> against Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> On 5 May 1848, a convention of Polish activists from the Prussian and Austrian partitions of Poland was held in the city.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> On 10 October 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_Breslau" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau">Jewish Theological Seminary</a> opened. The institution was the first modern rabbinical seminary in Central Europe. In 1863 the brothers Karl and Louis Stangen founded the travel agency Stangen, the second travel agency in the world.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg/220px-Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg/330px-Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg/440px-Wroc%C5%82aw_-_Pa%C5%82ac_Kr%C3%B3lewski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Royal Palace, Wrocław">Royal Palace</a> from 1717 was once the residence of Prussian monarchs. Today, the building houses the City Museum.</figcaption></figure> The city was an important centre of the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movements_in_partitioned_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance movements in partitioned Poland (1795–1918)">Polish secret resistance movement</a> and the seat of a Polish uprising committee before and during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> of 1863–1864 in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russian Partition</a> of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in February 1861, and also organized several patriotic Polish church services throughout 1861.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Secret Polish correspondence, weapons, and insurgents were transported through the city.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> After the outbreak of the uprising in 1863, the Prussian police carried out mass searches of Polish homes, especially those of Poles who had recently come to the city.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The city's inhabitants, both Poles and Germans, excluding the German aristocracy, largely sympathized with the uprising, and some Germans even joined local Poles in their secret activities.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In June 1863 the city was officially confirmed as the seat of secret Polish insurgent authorities.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> In January 1864, the Prussian police arrested a number of members of the Polish insurgent movement.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslau_um_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Breslau_um_1900.jpg/220px-Breslau_um_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Breslau_um_1900.jpg/330px-Breslau_um_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Breslau_um_1900.jpg/440px-Breslau_um_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3438" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Old Town Hall</a>, 1900</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a> in 1871 turned Breslau into the sixth-largest city in the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. Its population more than tripled to over half a million between 1860 and 1910. The 1900 census listed 422,709 residents.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In 1890, construction began of Breslau Fortress as the city's defenses. Important landmarks were inaugurated in 1910, the Kaiser bridge (today <a href="/wiki/Grunwald_Bridge" title="Grunwald Bridge">Grunwald Bridge</a>) and the Technical University, which now houses the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław University of Technology">Wrocław University of Technology</a>. The 1900 census listed 98% of the population as German-speakers, with 5,363 Polish-speakers (1.3%), and 3,103 (0.7%) as bilingual in German and Polish,<a href="#cite_note-konversationslexikon394-64">[63]</a> although some estimates put the number of <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> in the city at the time at 20,000 to 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19998-65">[64]</a> The population was 58% Protestant, 37% Catholic (including at least 2% Polish)<a href="#cite_note-harasimowicz-66">[65]</a> and 5% Jewish (totaling 20,536 in the 1905 census).<a href="#cite_note-konversationslexikon394-64">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community">Jewish community</a> of Breslau was among the most important in Germany, producing several distinguished artists and scientists.<a href="#cite_note-wisc-67">[66]</a> From 1912, the head of the university's Department of Psychiatry and director of the Clinic of Psychiatry (Königlich Psychiatrischen und Nervenklinik) was <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a> and, that same year, professor <a href="/wiki/William_Stern_(psychologist)" title="William Stern (psychologist)">William Stern</a> introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_(1890-1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/220px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/330px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg/440px-Breslau_Ring_Ostseite_%281890-1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">Market Square</a>, 1890–1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31,32.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31%2C32.JPG/220px-Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31%2C32.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31%2C32.JPG/330px-Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31%2C32.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31%2C32.JPG/440px-Dom_Towarowy_%22Feniks%22_Rynek_31%2C32.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barasch_Brothers%27_Department_Store" title="Barasch Brothers' Department Store">Feniks Department Store</a>, built in 1902–1904</figcaption></figure> In 1913, the newly built <a href="/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall</a> housed an exhibition commemorating the 100th anniversary of the historical <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">German Wars of Liberation</a> against <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> and the first award of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The Centennial Hall was built by Max Berg (1870–1947), since 2006 it is part of the world heritage of UNESCO.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> The central station (by Wilhelm Grapow, 1857) was one of the biggest in Germany and one of the first stations with electrified railway services.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Since 1900 modern department stores like Barasch (today "Feniks") or Petersdorff (built by architect Erich Mendelsohn) were erected. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in 1914, a branch of the Organizacja Pomocy Legionom ("Legion Assistance Organization") operated in the city with the goal of gaining support and recruiting volunteers for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I" title="Polish Legions in World War I">Polish Legion</a>, but three Legions' envoys were arrested by the Germans in November 1914 and deported to Austria, and the organization soon ended its activities in the city.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> During the war, the Germans operated seven forced labour camps for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">prisoners of war</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Following the war, Breslau became the capital of the newly created Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Province of Lower Silesia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in 1919. After the war the Polish community began holding masses in Polish at the Church of Saint Anne, and, as of 1921, at St. Martin's and a Polish School was founded by Helena Adamczewska.<a href="#cite_note-Microcosm,_page_361-74">[73]</a> In 1920 a Polish <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulate</a> was opened on the Main Square. In August 1920, during the Polish <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, the Polish Consulate and School were destroyed, while the Polish Library was burned down by a mob. The number of Poles as a percentage of the total population fell to just 0.5% after the re-emergence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Poland (1918–1939)">Poland</a> as a state in 1918, when many moved to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-harasimowicz-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitic</a> riots occurred in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-Microcosm_396-75">[74]</a> The city boundaries were expanded between 1925 and 1930 to include an area of 175 km2 (68 sq mi) with a population of 600,000. In 1929, the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Werkbund</a> opened <a href="/wiki/WUWA_(Breslau)" class="mw-redirect" title="WUWA (Breslau)">WuWa</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Wohnungs- und Werkraumausstellung) in Breslau-Scheitnig, an international showcase of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> by architects of the Silesian branch of the Werkbund. In June 1930, Breslau hosted the <a href="/wiki/German_Combat_Games" title="German Combat Games">Deutsche Kampfspiele</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sporting</a> event for German athletes after Germany was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> after World War I. The number of Jews remaining in Breslau fell from 23,240 in 1925 to 10,659 in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Up to the beginning of World War II, Breslau was the largest city in Germany east of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg/220px-Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg/330px-Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg/440px-Breslau_NARA-68155041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Pre-war aerial view of the city, 1920</figcaption></figure> Known as a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left wing liberalism</a> during the German Empire, Breslau eventually became one of the strongest support bases of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, which in the 1932 elections received 44% of the city's vote, their third-highest total in all Germany.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-mikrokosmos4-79">[78]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NSDAP#In_power:_1933–1945" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">appointment as German Chancellor</a> in 1933, political enemies of the Nazis were persecuted, and their institutions closed or destroyed. <a href="/wiki/KZ_D%C3%BCrrgoy" class="mw-redirect" title="KZ Dürrgoy">KZ Dürrgoy</a>, one of the first concentration camps in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, was set up in the city in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Ziesak-80">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> began actions against Polish and Jewish students (see: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_Breslau" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau">Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau</a>), <a href="/wiki/KPD" class="mw-redirect" title="KPD">Communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionists">trade unionists</a>. Arrests were made for speaking Polish in public, and in 1938 the Nazi-controlled police destroyed the Polish cultural centre.<a href="#cite_note-Microcosm_395-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulak_252-82">[81]</a> In June 1939, Polish students were expelled from the university.<a href="#cite_note-mc-83">[82]</a> Also many other people seen as "undesirable" by Nazi Germany were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Microcosm_395-81">[80]</a> A network of <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">concentration camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbeitslager" title="Arbeitslager">forced labour camps</a> was established around Breslau to serve industrial concerns, including <a href="/wiki/FAMO" title="FAMO">FAMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>. Tens of thousands of forced laborers were imprisoned there.<a href="#cite_note-RM-84">[83]</a> The last big event organized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Turn-_und_Sportfest_1938" title="Deutsches Turn- und Sportfest 1938">Deutsches Turn-und-Sportfest</a> (Gym and Sports Festivities), took place in Breslau from 26 to 31 July 1938. The Sportsfest was held to commemorate the 125th anniversary of the German Wars of Liberation against Napoleon's invasion.<a href="#cite_note-SF-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg/220px-Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg/330px-Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg/440px-Cathedral_of_Wroclaw_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Wartime destruction around the cathedral, 1945</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, which started <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in September 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish activists and banned Polish organizations,<a href="#cite_note-mc-83">[82]</a> and the city was made the headquarters of the southern district of the <a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a>, whose task was to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">persecute Poles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> For most of the war, the fighting did not affect the city. During the war, the Germans opened the graves of medieval Polish monarchs and local dukes to carry out <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> research for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">propaganda</a> purposes, wanting to demonstrate German "<a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial purity</a>."<a href="#cite_note-gosc-39">[38]</a> The remains were transported to other places by the Germans, and they have not been found to this day.<a href="#cite_note-gosc-39">[38]</a> In 1941 the remnants of the pre-war Polish minority in the city, as well as Polish slave labourers, organised a resistance group called <a href="/wiki/Olimp_(organization)" title="Olimp (organization)">Olimp</a>. The organisation gathered intelligence, carrying out sabotage and organising aid for Polish slave workers. In September 1941 the city's 10,000 Jews were expelled from their homes and soon deported to concentration camps. Few survived the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> As the war continued, refugees from bombed-out German cities, and later refugees from farther east, swelled the population to nearly one million,<a href="#cite_note-wroclaw-88">[87]</a> including 51,000 forced labourers in 1944, and 9,876 Allied PoWs. At the end of 1944 an additional 30,000–60,000 Poles were moved into the city after the Germans crushed the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mikrokosmos5-89">[88]</a> During the war the Germans operated four <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen concentration camp</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-gr-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-ushm-91">[90]</a> Approximately 3,400–3,800 men were imprisoned in three subcamps, among them Poles, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">Frenchmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutchmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, and about 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> women were imprisoned in the fourth camp.<a href="#cite_note-gr-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-ushm-91">[90]</a> Many prisoners died, and the remaining were evacuated to the main camp of Gross-Rosen in January 1945.<a href="#cite_note-gr-90">[89]</a> There were also three subcamps of the <a href="/wiki/Stalag_VIII-B" title="Stalag VIII-B">Stalag VIII-B/344</a> <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camp</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> and two Nazi prisons in the city, including a youth prison, with multiple forced labour subcamps.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In 1945, the city became part of the front lines and was the site of the brutal <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Siege of Breslau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Adolf Hitler had in 1944 declared Breslau to be a fortress (<a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a>), to be held at all costs. An attempted evacuation of the city took place in January 1945, with 18,000 people freezing to death in icy snowstorms of −20 °C (−4 °F) weather. In February 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Army</a> approached the city and the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> began an <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlift</a> to the besieged garrison. A large area of the city centre was demolished and turned into an airfield by the defenders.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> By the end of the three-month siege in May 1945, half the city had been destroyed. Breslau was the last major city in Germany to surrender, capitulating only two days before the end of the war in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Festung_Breslau-97">[96]</a> Civilian deaths amounted to as many as 80,000. In August the Soviets placed the city under the control of German <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mazower,_M_2008_P544-98">[97]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> held in February 1945, where the new <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> were decided, the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> decreed that along with almost all of Lower Silesia, the city would again become part of <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-Mazower,_M_2008_P544-98">[97]</a> in exchange for Poland's loss of the city of <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> along with the massive territory of <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a> in the east, which was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Europe_Since_1945_Encyclopedia-99">[98]</a> The Polish name of Wrocław was declared official. There had been discussion among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> to place the southern Polish-German boundary on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Neisse" title="Eastern Neisse">Eastern Neisse</a>, which meant post-war Germany would have been allowed to retain approximately half of Silesia, including those parts of Breslau that lay on the west bank of the Oder. However, the Soviet government insisted the border be drawn at the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Lusatian Neisse</a> farther west.<a href="#cite_note-Europe_Since_1945_Encyclopedia-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–present">1945–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1945–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WrocLovek_(WrocLover)_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WrocLovek_%28WrocLover%29_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG/170px-WrocLovek_%28WrocLover%29_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WrocLovek_%28WrocLover%29_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG/255px-WrocLovek_%28WrocLover%29_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/WrocLovek_%28WrocLover%29_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG/340px-WrocLovek_%28WrocLover%29_Wroclaw_dwarf_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw%27s_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław's dwarfs">Wrocław dwarf</a></figcaption></figure> The city's German inhabitants who had not fled, or who had returned to their home city after the war had ended, <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">were expelled</a> between 1945 and 1949 in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement and were settled in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation zone">Soviet occupation zone</a> or in the <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied Occupation Zones</a> in the remainder of Germany. The city's last pre-war German school was closed in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The Polish population was dramatically increased by the resettlement of Poles, partly due to postwar <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">population transfers</a> during the forced <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a> from <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">the east</a> region, some of whom came from <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> (Lwów), <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Region" title="Vilnius Region">Vilnius Region</a>. However, despite the prime role given to re-settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>, in 1949, only 20% of the new Polish population actually were refugees themselves.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> A small German minority (about 1,000 people, or 2% of the population) remains in the city, so that today the relation of Polish to German population is the reverse of what it was a hundred years ago.<a href="#cite_note-ntkswroclaw-102">[101]</a> Traces of the German past, such as inscriptions and signs, were removed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 1948, Wrocław organized the <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> Exhibition and the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Intellectuals_in_Defense_of_Peace" title="World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace">World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace</a>. <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>'s lithograph, La Colombe (The Dove), a traditional, realistic picture of a pigeon, without an olive branch, was created on a napkin at the <a href="/wiki/Monopol_Hotel" title="Monopol Hotel">Monopol Hotel</a> in Wrocław during the <a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Intellectuals_in_Defense_of_Peace" title="World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace">World Congress of Intellectuals in Defense of Peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 1963, Wrocław was declared a <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">closed city</a> because of <a href="/wiki/1963_smallpox_epidemic_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="1963 smallpox epidemic in Wrocław">a smallpox epidemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewiza-SW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dewiza-SW.jpg/170px-Dewiza-SW.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dewiza-SW.jpg/255px-Dewiza-SW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dewiza-SW.jpg/340px-Dewiza-SW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a> logo</figcaption></figure> In 1982, during <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> underground organizations <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Solidarity" title="Fighting Solidarity">Fighting Solidarity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_Alternative" title="Orange Alternative">Orange Alternative</a> were founded in Wrocław. <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw%27s_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław's dwarfs">Wrocław's dwarves</a>, made of bronze, famously grew out of and commemorate Orange Alternative.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In 1983 and 1997, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> visited the city.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> PTV Echo, the first non-state television station in Poland and in the post-communist countries, began to broadcast in Wrocław on 6 February 1990.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In May 1997, Wrocław hosted the 46th International <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharistic Congress">Eucharistic Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In July 1997, the city was heavily affected by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Central_European_flood" title="1997 Central European flood">Millennium Flood</a>, the worst flooding in post-war Poland, Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. About one-third of the area of the city was flooded.<a href="#cite_note-1997FloodPhoto-110">[109]</a> The smaller <a href="/wiki/Widawa" title="Widawa">Widawa River</a> also flooded the city simultaneously, worsening the damage. An earlier, equally devastating flood of the Oder river had taken place in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-1903FloodPhoto-111">[110]</a> A small part of the city was also flooded during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Central_European_floods" title="2010 Central European floods">flood of 2010</a>. From 2012 to 2015, the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82awski_w%C4%99ze%C5%82_wodny" class="extiw" title="pl:Wrocławski węzeł wodny">Wrocław water node</a> was renovated and redeveloped to prevent further flooding.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Stadium_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Stadium (Wrocław)">Municipal Stadium</a> in Wrocław, opened in 2011, hosted three matches in Group A of the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a> championship.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In 2016, Wrocław was declared the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In 2017, Wrocław hosted the <a href="/wiki/2017_World_Games" title="2017 World Games">2017 World Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Wrocław won the European Best Destination title in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Wrocław is now a unique European city of mixed heritage, with architecture influenced by Polish, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austrian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> traditions, such as Silesian <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style of court builders of Habsburg Austria (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach" title="Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach">Fischer von Erlach</a>). Wrocław has a number of notable buildings by German <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> architects including the famous <a href="/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall</a> (1911–1913) designed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Berg" title="Max Berg">Max Berg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> Wrocław is located in the three <a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geomorphology)" title="Mesoregion (geomorphology)">mesoregions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Plain" title="Wrocław Plain">Wrocław Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Valley" title="Wrocław Valley">Wrocław Valley</a>, Oleśnica Plain) at an elevation of around 105–156 metres (Gajowe Hill and Maślickie Hill) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The city lies on the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> River and its four tributaries, which supply it within the city limits – <a href="/wiki/Bystrzyca_(Odra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bystrzyca (Odra)">Bystrzyca</a>, <a href="/wiki/O%C5%82awa_(river)" title="Oława (river)">Oława</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za" title="Ślęza">Ślęza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widawa" title="Widawa">Widawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In addition, the Dobra River and many streams flow through the city. The city has a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plant on the Janówek estate.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg/220px-PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg/330px-PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg/440px-PL-Breslau-Holzkirche-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="2487" /></a><figcaption>John of Nepomuk Church in <a href="/wiki/Szczytnicki_Park" title="Szczytnicki Park">Szczytnicki Park</a>, 16th-century</figcaption></figure> There are 44 city parks and public green spaces covering around 800 hectares. The most notable are <a href="/wiki/Szczytnicki_Park" title="Szczytnicki Park">Szczytnicki Park</a>, Park Południowy (South Park) and <a href="/wiki/Wladyslaw_Anders" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladyslaw Anders">Anders</a> Park. In addition, Wrocław University runs an historical <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw_Botanical_Garden" title="University of Wrocław Botanical Garden">Botanical garden</a> (founded in 1811), with a salient Alpine garden, a lake and a valley.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In Wrocław, the presence of over 200 species of birds has been registered, of which over 100 have nesting places there.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> As in other large Polish cities, the most numerous are <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">pigeons</a>. Other common species are the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_tree_sparrow" title="Eurasian tree sparrow">tree sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_siskin" title="Eurasian siskin">siskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">rook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooded_crow" title="Hooded crow">crow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_jackdaw" title="Western jackdaw">jackdaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_magpie" title="Eurasian magpie">magpie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_swift" title="Common swift">swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_house_martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Common house martin">martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barn_swallow" title="Barn swallow">swallow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_kestrel" title="Common kestrel">kestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mute_swan" title="Mute swan">mute swan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_coot" title="Eurasian coot">coot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_merganser" title="Common merganser">merganser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-headed_gull" title="Black-headed gull">black-headed gull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_tit" title="Great tit">great tit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_blue_tit" title="Eurasian blue tit">blue tit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_tit" title="Long-tailed tit">long-tailed tit</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_greenfinch" title="European greenfinch">greenfinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawfinch" title="Hawfinch">hawfinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_collared_dove" title="Eurasian collared dove">collared dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">common wood pigeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fieldfare" title="Fieldfare">fieldfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redwing" title="Redwing">redwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_starling" title="Common starling">common starling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_heron" title="Grey heron">grey heron</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_stork" title="White stork">white stork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_chaffinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chaffinch">common chaffinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">blackbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_jay" title="Eurasian jay">jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nuthatch" title="Eurasian nuthatch">nuthatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_bullfinch" title="Eurasian bullfinch">bullfinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_cuckoo" title="Common cuckoo">cuckoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_waxwing" title="Bohemian waxwing">waxwing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_spotted_woodpecker" title="Lesser spotted woodpecker">lesser spotted woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_spotted_woodpecker" title="Great spotted woodpecker">great spotted woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-backed_woodpecker" title="White-backed woodpecker">white-backed woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_wagtail" title="White wagtail">white wagtail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_blackcap" title="Eurasian blackcap">blackcap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_redstart" title="Black redstart">black redstart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_world_flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Old world flycatcher">old world flycatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emberizidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emberizidae">emberizidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_goldfinch" title="European goldfinch">goldfinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_marsh_harrier" title="Western marsh harrier">western marsh harrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_bittern" title="Little bittern">little bittern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_moorhen" title="Common moorhen">common moorhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_reed_bunting" title="Common reed bunting">reed bunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remiz" title="Remiz">remiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_reed_warbler" title="Great reed warbler">great reed warbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_crake" title="Little crake">little crake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_ringed_plover" title="Little ringed plover">little ringed plover</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_eagle" title="White-tailed eagle">white-tailed eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FaunaFloraWroclawiu-122">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg/220px-Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg/330px-Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg/440px-Jesienny_Park_Poludniowy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="3110" /></a><figcaption>Wrocław South Park – Park Południowy</figcaption></figure> In addition, the city is periodically plagued by the <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a>, especially in the Market Square and in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Eatery" class="mw-redirect" title="Eatery">eateries</a>. Otherwise, due to the proximity of wooded areas, there are <a href="/wiki/Erinaceidae" title="Erinaceidae">hedgehogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">martens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">squirrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leporidae" title="Leporidae">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">beavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">polecats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">weasels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">stoats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raccoon_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Raccoon dog">raccoon dogs</a>. There are also occasional sightings of escaped <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">american mink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FaunaFloraWroclawiu-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, Wrocław has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb), bordering on a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (Dfb) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. The position of Wrocław in the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a>, which are themselves located just north of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> and to the southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Trzebnickie_Hills" title="Trzebnickie Hills">Trzebnickie Hills</a>, creates a favourable environment for accumulation of heat in the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river valley between Wrocław and <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eko_Org_Klimat-124">[123]</a> Wrocław is therefore the warmest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Poland">city in Poland</a>, among those tracked by the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instytut_Meteorologii_i_Gospodarki_Wodnej" class="extiw" title="pl:Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej">Institute of Meteorology and Water Management</a> (IMGW), with the mean annual temperature of 9.7 °C (49 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Normals-125">[124]</a> The city experiences relatively mild and dry winters, but with the skies frequently overcast; summers are warm and generally sunny, however, that is the period when most precipitation occurs, which often falls during thunderstorms. The city also sometimes experiences <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">foehn</a>-like conditions, particularly when the wind blows from the south or the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-Eko_Org_Klimat-124">[123]</a> In addition to that, the temperatures in the city centre often tend to be higher than on the outskirts due to the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eko_Org_Klimat-124">[123]</a> Snow may fall in any month from October to May but normally does so in winter; the snow cover of at least 1 cm (0.39 in) stays on the ground for an average of 27.5 days per year – one of the lowest in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Normals-125">[124]</a> The highest temperature in Wrocław recognised by IMGW was noted on 8 August 2015 (37.9 °C (100 °F)),<a href="#cite_note-Normals-125">[124]</a> though thermometers at the meteorological station managed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a> indicated 38.9 °C (102 °F) on that day.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The lowest temperature was recorded on 11 February 1956 (−32 °C (−26 °F)). <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Wrocław (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Airport" title="Wrocław Airport">Wrocław Airport</a>), elevation: 120 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3 (95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.9 (102.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 (51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5 (88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6 (81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBB77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.3 (57.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 (58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.1 (28.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6 (5.7) </td> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4 (11.5) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3 (18.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 (42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4 (20.5) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.5 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.8 (1.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #4444FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.0 (−22.0) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.0 (−25.6) </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.8 (−10.8) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.2 (−0.8) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.4 (−11.9) </td> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32.0 (−25.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (1.11) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (1.01) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0 (1.38) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.2 (1.23) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.4 (2.57) </td> <td style="background: #76FF76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.4 (3.60) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.5 (2.34) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6 (1.48) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (1.24) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (1.10) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">541.1 (21.30) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 (1.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 (0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (0.6) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (1.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.6 (1.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) </th> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.50 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.99 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.50 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.90 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.03 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.97 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.00 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.80 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.30 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.27 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.17 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.77 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">156.19 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days (≥ 0.0 cm) </th> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.4 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000B6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #6B6B6B; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58.8 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.2 </td> <td style="background: #BABA46; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.2 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">202.6 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">245.5 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">247.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.4 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">250.8 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170.1 </td> <td style="background: #B5B564; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.5 </td> <td style="background: #7E7E7E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.9 </td> <td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.8 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,882.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: IMGW (normals, except humidity)<a href="#cite_note-Normals-125">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (humidity and extremes)<a href="#cite_note-recordhigh-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-recordlow-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-relativehumidity-130">[129]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Wrocław (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Airport" title="Wrocław Airport">Wrocław Airport</a>), elevation: 120 m, 1961–1990 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2 (73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 (37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.3 (47.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.0 (24.8) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9 (30.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 (37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 (33.1) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.1 (26.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26 (1.0) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64 (2.5) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #B5FFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #CCFFCC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">590 (23.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">99.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #595959; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0 </td> <td style="background: #828282; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.0 </td> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">107.0 </td> <td style="background: #C2C216; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">205.0 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197.0 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.0 </td> <td style="background: #B0B080; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.0 </td> <td style="background: #626262; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.0 </td> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,495 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><a href="#cite_note-noaa-131">[130]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Wrocław">List of mayors of Wrocław</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022.jpg/220px-New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022.jpg/330px-New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022.jpg/440px-New_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Wrocław New City Hall – the seat of the city mayor</figcaption></figure> Wrocław is the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a>, a province (<a href="/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland" title="Voivodeships of Poland">voivodeship</a>) created in 1999. It was previously the capital of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław Voivodeship">Wrocław Voivodeship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The city is a separate urban <a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">gmina</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">city-county</a>. It is also the seat of <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_County" title="Wrocław County">Wrocław County</a>, which adjoins but does not include the city.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Districts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Districts of Wrocław">Districts of Wrocław</a></div> Wrocław was previously subdivided into five <a href="/wiki/Dzielnica" title="Dzielnica">boroughs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: dzielnice): <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Wroc%C5%82aw_(former_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town, Wrocław (former district)">Old Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Downtown, Wrocław">Downtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzyki" title="Krzyki">Krzyki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabryczna" title="Fabryczna">Fabryczna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psie_Pole" title="Psie Pole">Psie Pole</a>. Although they were abolished in 1991 and have not existed as public administration units since then, areas of borders and names similar/identical to the former districts still exist in the practice of operation of various types of authorities and administrations (e.g. as divisions of territorial competencies of courts, prosecutors' offices, tax offices, etc.). The present Wrocław <a href="/wiki/Osiedle" title="Osiedle">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: osiedla) were all created on 21 March 1991, and are a type of local government district. <table style="width=100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png/400px-WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png/600px-WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png/800px-WroclawDistrictsNumbered.png 2x" data-file-width="8141" data-file-height="5926" /></a> </td> <td><ol> <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Wroc%C5%82aw_(borough)" title="Old Town, Wrocław (borough)">Old Town</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Wroc%C5%82aw_(district)" title="Old Town, Wrocław (district)">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_%C5%9Awidnickie" title="Przedmieście Świdnickie">Przedmieście Świdnickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczepin" title="Szczepin">Szczepin</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Downtown, Wrocław">Downtown</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadodrze" title="Nadodrze">Nadodrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleczk%C3%B3w" title="Kleczków">Kleczków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82bin" title="Ołbin">Ołbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald_Square_(district)" title="Grunwald Square (district)">Grunwald Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki" title="Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki">Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskupin-S%C4%99polno-D%C4%85bie-Bartoszowice" title="Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice">Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Krzyki" title="Krzyki">Krzyki</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_O%C5%82awskie" title="Przedmieście Oławskie">Przedmieście Oławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnogaj" title="Tarnogaj">Tarnogaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huby,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Huby, Wrocław">Huby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_%C5%9Al%C4%85skich" title="Powstańców Śląskich">Powstańców Śląskich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Gaj, Wrocław">Gaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borek,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Borek, Wrocław">Borek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCe" title="Księże">Księże</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch%C3%B3w" title="Brochów">Brochów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%84kowice,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Bieńkowice, Wrocław">Bieńkowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagodno,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Jagodno, Wrocław">Jagodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojszyce" title="Wojszyce">Wojszyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82taszyn" title="Ołtaszyn">Ołtaszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzyki-Partynice" title="Krzyki-Partynice">Krzyki-Partynice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klecina" title="Klecina">Klecina</a></li> </ol> </td> <td><ol start="24"> <a href="/wiki/Fabryczna" title="Fabryczna">Fabryczna</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilczyce-Kozan%C3%B3w-Popowice_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocne" title="Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Północne">Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Płn.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85d%C3%B3w-Popowice_Po%C5%82udniowe" title="Gądów-Popowice Południowe">Gądów-Popowice Płd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchob%C3%B3r_Ma%C5%82y" title="Muchobór Mały">Muchobór Mały</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajowice" title="Gajowice">Gajowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek" title="Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek">Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opor%C3%B3w" title="Oporów">Oporów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchob%C3%B3r_Wielki" title="Muchobór Wielki">Muchobór Wielki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Nowy Dwór, Wrocław">Nowy Dwór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%BAniki,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Kuźniki, Wrocław">Kuźniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBerniki,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Żerniki, Wrocław">Żerniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzmanowo-Jarno%C5%82t%C3%B3w-Strachowice-Osiniec" title="Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec">Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%9Bnica,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Leśnica, Wrocław">Leśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%9Blice" title="Maślice">Maślice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracze_Odrza%C5%84skie" title="Pracze Odrzańskie">Pracze Odrzańskie</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Psie_Pole" title="Psie Pole">Psie Pole</a> <li><a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%82owice-R%C3%B3%C5%BCanka" title="Karłowice-Różanka">Karłowice-Różanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowale,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Kowale, Wrocław">Kowale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojn%C3%B3w" title="Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów">Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psie_Pole-Zawidawie" title="Psie Pole-Zawidawie">Psie Pole-Zawidawie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paw%C5%82owice,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Pawłowice, Wrocław">Pawłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%C5%82tysowice" title="Sołtysowice">Sołtysowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polanowice-Po%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tne-Ligota" title="Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota">Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widawa,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Widawa, Wrocław">Widawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipa_Piotrowska" title="Lipa Piotrowska">Lipa Piotrowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiniary,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Świniary, Wrocław">Świniary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osobowice-R%C4%99dzin" title="Osobowice-Rędzin">Osobowice-Rędzin</a></li> </ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_government">Municipal government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Municipal government">edit</a>]</div> Wrocław is currently governed by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Wrocław">city's mayor</a> and a municipal legislature known as the city council. The city council is made up of 39 councilors and is directly elected by the city's inhabitants. The remit of the council and president extends to all areas of municipal policy and development planning, up to and including development of local infrastructure, transport and planning permission. However, it is not able to draw taxation directly from its citizens, and instead receives its budget from the Polish national government whose seat is in Warsaw. The city's current mayor is <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Sutryk" title="Jacek Sutryk">Jacek Sutryk</a>, who has served in this position since 2018. The first mayor of Wrocław after the war was <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Drobner" title="Bolesław Drobner">Bolesław Drobner</a>, appointed to the position on 14 March 1945, even before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">surrender of Festung Breslau</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/220px-2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/330px-2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/440px-2015_Sky_Tower_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sky_Tower_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Sky Tower (Wrocław)">Sky Tower</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Poland" title="List of tallest buildings in Poland">tallest buildings in Poland</a>. It offers office, commercial, residential and recreational space.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Economy of Poland</a></div> Wrocław is the second-wealthiest of the large cities in Poland after <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The city is also home to the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Leasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Leasing">leasing</a> and debt collection companies in the country, including the largest European Leasing Fund as well as numerous banks. Due to the proximity of the borders with Germany and the Czech Republic, Wrocław and the region of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> is a large import and export partner with these countries. Wrocław is one of the most innovative cities in Poland with the largest number of R&D centers, due to the cooperation between the municipality, business sector and numerous universities.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Currently, in Wrocław there are many organizations that are dealing with innovation–research institutions and technology transfer offices, incubators, technology and business parks, business support organizations, companies, start-ups and co-working spaces. The complex and varied infrastructure available in Wrocław facilitates the creation of innovative products and services and enables conducting research projects. The city has the biggest number of R&D centers in Poland, with many co-working spaces and business incubators offering great support to start a project fast and without high costs or too much paperwork. Wrocław's industry manufactures <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railroad cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a>, chemicals, and electronics. The city houses factories and development centres of many foreign and domestic corporations, such as <a href="/wiki/WAGO_Kontakttechnik" class="mw-redirect" title="WAGO Kontakttechnik">WAGO Kontakttechnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opera_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Software">Opera Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/WABCO_Vehicle_Control_Systems" title="WABCO Vehicle Control Systems">WABCO</a> and others. Wrocław is also the location of offices for large Polish companies including <a href="/wiki/Getin_Holding" title="Getin Holding">Getin Holding</a>, <a href="/wiki/AmRest" title="AmRest">AmRest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polmos" title="Polmos">Polmos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MCI_Management_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="MCI Management SA">MCI Management SA</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Kaufland" title="Kaufland">Kaufland</a> Poland has its main headquarters in the city.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg/220px-2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg/330px-2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg/440px-2020_Wroc%C5%82aw_Business_Garden_Centrala_CABP-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="2583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a> Poland headquarters in Wrocław</figcaption></figure> Since the beginning of the 21st century, the city has had a developing <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">high-tech</a> sector. Many high-tech companies are located in the Wrocław Technology Park, such as Baluff, CIT Engineering, Caisson Elektronik, ContiTech, Ericsson, Innovative Software Technologies, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, IT-MED, IT Sector, <a href="/wiki/Livechat_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Livechat Software">LiveChat Software</a>, Mitsubishi Electric, Maas, PGS Software, Technology Transfer Agency Techtra and Vratis. In <a href="/wiki/Biskupice_Podg%C3%B3rne" title="Biskupice Podgórne">Biskupice Podgórne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gmina_Kobierzyce" title="Gmina Kobierzyce">Community Kobierzyce</a>) there are factories of <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a> (LG Display, LG Electronics, LG Chem, LG Innotek), Dong Seo Display, Dong Yang Electronics, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, and many other companies, mainly from the electronics and home appliances sectors, while the <a href="/wiki/Nowa_Wie%C5%9B_Wroc%C5%82awska" title="Nowa Wieś Wrocławska">Nowa Wieś Wrocławska</a> factory and distribution centre of <a href="/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9" title="Nestlé">Nestlé</a> Purina and factories a few other enterprises. The city is the seat of Wrocław Research Centre <a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">EIT</a>+, which contains, inter alia, geological research laboratories to the unconventional and Lower Silesian Cluster of Nanotechnology.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The logistics centres <a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a>, <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a> are based in Wrocław.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Furthermore, it is a major centre for the pharmaceutical industry (U.S. Pharmacia, Hasco-Lek, Galena, Avec Pharma, <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, Labor, S-Lab, Herbapol, and Cezal). Wrocław is home to Poland's largest <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a> – <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleja_Bielany" class="extiw" title="pl:Aleja Bielany">Bielany Avenue</a> (pl. Aleja Bielany) and Bielany Trade Center, located in <a href="/wiki/Bielany_Wroc%C5%82awskie" title="Bielany Wrocławskie">Bielany Wrocławskie</a> where stores such as <a href="/wiki/Auchan" title="Auchan">Auchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decathlon_(retailer)" title="Decathlon (retailer)">Decathlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Merlin" title="Leroy Merlin">Leroy Merlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makro" title="Makro">Makro</a>, <a href="/wiki/IKEA" title="IKEA">IKEA</a>, Jula, <a href="/wiki/Obi_(store)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obi (store)">OBI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castorama" title="Castorama">Castorama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Red_White" title="Black Red White">Black Red White</a>, Poco, <a href="/wiki/E._Wedel" title="E. Wedel">E. Wedel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prologis" title="Prologis">Prologis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panattoni" title="Panattoni">Panattoni</a> can be found.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> In February 2013, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> launched its Wrocław European Customer Service.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_corporations">Major corporations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major corporations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a></li> <li>Aira</li> <li>Akwawit–<a href="/wiki/Polmos" title="Polmos">Polmos</a> S.A. – Wratislavia vodka plant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bank_of_New_York_Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bank of New York Mellon">The Bank of New York Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier Transportation</a> Poland</li> <li>BSH – Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Projekt" title="CD Projekt">CD Projekt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_Robinson_Worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="CH Robinson Worldwide">CH Robinson Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a> Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a><a href="#cite_note-polishmarket-141">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deichmann_SE" title="Deichmann SE">Deichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeLaval" title="DeLaval">DeLaval</a> Operations Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHL" title="DHL">DHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolby Labs">Dolby Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young" title="Ernst & Young">Ernst & Young</a></li> <li>Fantasy Expo – owner <a href="/wiki/CD-Action" title="CD-Action">CD-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigaset" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigaset">Gigaset</a> Communications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a><a href="#cite_note-warsawvoice-142">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufland" title="Kaufland">Kaufland</a> Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGHM_Polska_Mied%C5%BA" title="KGHM Polska Miedź">KGHM Polska Miedź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKinsey_%26_Company" title="McKinsey & Company">McKinsey & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><a href="#cite_note-polishmarket9-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Networks" title="Nokia Networks">Nokia Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> Business Services Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Software">Opera Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Hannifin" title="Parker Hannifin">Parker Hannifin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZ_Cussons" title="PZ Cussons">PZ Cussons</a> Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powszechny_Zak%C5%82ad_Ubezpiecze%C5%84" title="Powszechny Zakład Ubezpieczeń">PZU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAD_Inc." title="QAD Inc.">QAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiagen" title="Qiagen">Qiagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Robert Bosch GmbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP SE">SAP</a> Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander_Consumer_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander Consumer Bank">Santander Consumer Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdzucker" title="Südzucker">Südzucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techland" title="Techland">Techland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_(company)" title="Text (company)">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tieto">Tieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Technologies_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Technologies Corporation">United Technologies Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viessmann" title="Viessmann">Viessmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(Polish_software_company)" title="Vulcan (Polish software company)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WABCO_Vehicle_Control_Systems" title="WABCO Vehicle Control Systems">WABCO Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation" title="Whirlpool Corporation">Whirlpool Poland</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping_malls">Shopping malls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shopping malls">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg/220px-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg/440px-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%9E%D0%BA%D1%96_38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Market_Hall" title="Wrocław Market Hall">Wrocław Market Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/220px-Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/330px-Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/440px-Wroclavia_Shoping_Mall_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroclavia" title="Wroclavia">Wroclavia</a> Shopping Mall with a central bus station located underground</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_Park" class="extiw" title="pl:Magnolia Park">Magnolia Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroclavia" title="Wroclavia">Wroclavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeria_Dominika%C5%84ska" class="extiw" title="pl:Galeria Dominikańska">Galeria Dominikańska</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasa%C5%BC_Grunwaldzki" class="extiw" title="pl:Pasaż Grunwaldzki">Pasaż Grunwaldzki</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrum_Korona" class="extiw" title="pl:Centrum Korona">Centrum Handlowe Korona</a></li> <li>Marino</li> <li>Centrum Handlowe Borek</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Tower_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Sky Tower (Wrocław)">Galeria Handlowa Sky Tower</a></li> <li>Wrocław Fashion Outlet</li> <li>Factoria Park</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renoma_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Renoma (Wrocław)">Renoma</a>, a 1930s department store of architectural interest over and above its shopping value</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Market_Hall" title="Wrocław Market Hall">Wrocław Market Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasch_Brothers%27_Department_Store" title="Barasch Brothers' Department Store">Feniks</a></li> <li>Park Handlowy Młyn</li> <li>Family Point</li> <li>Ferio Gaj</li> <li>Tarasy Grabiszyńskie</li> <li>Aleja Bielany in <a href="/wiki/Bielany_Wroc%C5%82awskie" title="Bielany Wrocławskie">Bielany Wrocławskie (suburb of Wrocław)</a> – the largest <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping mall</a> in Poland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WroclawDrogi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WroclawDrogi.svg/220px-WroclawDrogi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WroclawDrogi.svg/330px-WroclawDrogi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/WroclawDrogi.svg/440px-WroclawDrogi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>Map of Wrocław illustrating the <a href="/wiki/A8_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A8 autostrada (Poland)">A8 bypass</a> and surrounding arterial roads</figcaption></figure> Wrocław is a major <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">transport hub</a>, situated at the crossroad of many routes linking Western and Central Europe with the rest of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Jade_do_Wroclawia-144">[143]</a> The city is skirted on the south by the <a href="/wiki/A4_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A4 autostrada (Poland)">A4 highway</a>, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E40" title="European route E40">European route E40</a>, extending from the Polish-German to the Polish-Ukrainian border across southern Poland. The 672-kilometre highway beginning at <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzychowice,_Zgorzelec_County" title="Jędrzychowice, Zgorzelec County">Jędrzychowice</a> connects Lower Silesia with <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> and the industrial <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesian</a> metropolis, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a>. It also provides easy access to German cities such as <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/A18_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A18 autostrada (Poland)">A18 highway</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jade_do_Wroclawia-144">[143]</a> The toll-free <a href="/wiki/A8_autostrada_(Poland)" title="A8 autostrada (Poland)">A8 bypass</a> (Wrocław <a href="/wiki/Beltway" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway">ring road</a>) around the west and north of the city connects the A4 highway with three major routes – <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S5_(Poland)" title="Expressway S5 (Poland)">S5 expressway</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Expressway_S8_(Poland)" title="Expressway S8 (Poland)">S8 express road</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Ole%C5%9Bnica" title="Oleśnica">Oleśnica</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/National_road_8_(Poland)" title="National road 8 (Poland)">National Road 8</a> to <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> and other townships in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> is a significant issue in Wrocław as in most Polish cities; in early 2020 it was ranked as the fifth-most congested city in Poland, and 41st in the world.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> On average, a car driver in Wrocław annually spends seven days and two hours in a traffic jam.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roadblock" title="Roadblock">Roadblocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gridlock" title="Gridlock">gridlocks</a> and narrow <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestone</a> streets around the Old Town are considerable obstacles for drivers. The lack of parking space is also a major setback; private lots or on-street pay bays are the most common means of parking.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> A study in 2019 has revealed that there are approximately 130 vehicles per each parking spot, and the search for an unoccupied bay takes on average eight minutes.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation">Aviation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Aviation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Terminal_T2_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Airport" title="Wrocław Airport">Wrocław Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strachowice,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Strachowice, Wrocław">Strachowice</a></figcaption></figure> The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Airport" title="Wrocław Airport">Wrocław Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>:WRO <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>:EPWR) situated around 10 kilometres southwest from the city centre. The airport handles passenger flights with <a href="/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines" title="LOT Polish Airlines">LOT Polish Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buzz_(Ryanair)" title="Buzz (Ryanair)">Buzz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air" title="Wizz Air">Wizz Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurowings" title="Eurowings">Eurowings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>, <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines" title="Swiss International Air Lines">Swiss International Air Lines</a> and air <a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">cargo</a> connections. In 2019 over a 3.5 million passengers passed through the airport, placing it fifth on the list of busiest airports in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Among the permanent and traditional destinations are <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen-151">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">Low-cost flights</a> are common among British, Italian, Spanish and Ukrainian travellers, based on the number of destinations.<a href="#cite_note-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen-151">[150]</a> Seasonal charter flights are primarily targeted at Polish holidaymakers travelling to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_and_bus">Rail and bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rail and bus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impuls_45WE-024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Impuls_45WE-024.jpg/220px-Impuls_45WE-024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Impuls_45WE-024.jpg/330px-Impuls_45WE-024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Impuls_45WE-024.jpg/440px-Impuls_45WE-024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koleje_Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie" title="Koleje Dolnośląskie">Koleje Dolnośląskie</a> train at <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Wrocław Główny railway station">Wrocław Main Station</a></figcaption></figure> The main rail station is <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Wrocław Główny railway station">Wrocław Główny</a>, which is the largest railway station in Poland by the number of passengers served (21,2 million passengers a year), and perhaps the most important railroad junction alongside <a href="/wiki/Warszawa_Centralna" class="mw-redirect" title="Warszawa Centralna">Warsaw Central station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> The station is supported by <a href="/wiki/PKP_Intercity" title="PKP Intercity">PKP Intercity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polregio" title="Polregio">Polregio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koleje_Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie" title="Koleje Dolnośląskie">Koleje Dolnośląskie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Express" title="Leo Express">Leo Express</a>. There are direct connections to <a href="/wiki/Szczecin_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Szczecin Główny railway station">Szczecin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Główny">Poznań</a>, and to Warsaw Central through <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Fabryczna_railway_station" title="Łódź Fabryczna railway station">Łódź Fabryczna station</a>. There is also a regular connection to <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Hauptbahnhof" title="Berlin Hauptbahnhof">Berlin Hauptbahnhof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wien_Hauptbahnhof" title="Wien Hauptbahnhof">Wien Hauptbahnhof</a> (Vienna), as well as indirect to <a href="/wiki/Praha_hlavn%C3%AD_n%C3%A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Praha hlavní nádraží">Praha hlavní nádraží</a> (Prague) and <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Nyugati_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest Nyugati railway station">Budapest-Nyugati</a> with one transfer depending on the carrier. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw,_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw%2C_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg/220px-Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw%2C_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw%2C_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg/330px-Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw%2C_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw%2C_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg/440px-Bus_Volvo_Wroclaw%2C_7700A_n%C2%B08142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bus transport in Wrocław</figcaption></figure> Adjacent to the railway station, is a central bus station located in the basement of the shopping mall <a href="/wiki/Wroclavia" title="Wroclavia">Wroclavia</a>, with services offered by <a href="/wiki/Przedsi%C4%99biorstwo_Komunikacji_Samochodowej" title="Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej">PKS</a>, Neobus, <a href="/wiki/Flixbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flixbus">Flixbus</a>, Sindbad, and others.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> The public transport in Wrocław comprises 99 bus lines and a well-developed network of 23 <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Wrocław">tram lines</a> (with a length over 200 kilometres) operated by the Municipal Transport Company MPK (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne).<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPK_Wroclaw-156">[155]</a> Rides are paid for, tickets can be purchased in vending machines, which are located at bus stops, as well as in the vending machines located in the vehicle (payment contactless <a href="/wiki/Payment_card" title="Payment card">payment card</a>, the ticket is saved on the card). The tickets are available for purchase in the electronic form via mobile app: <a href="/wiki/MPay" class="mw-redirect" title="MPay">mPay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Pay" title="Apple Pay">Apple Pay</a>, SkyCash, Mobill, <a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(payment_method)" title="Google Pay (payment method)">Google Pay</a>. Tickets are one-ride or temporary (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 24, 48, 72, or 168 hours). All buses and big part of trams is low-floor. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3306Moderus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/3306Moderus.jpg/220px-3306Moderus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/3306Moderus.jpg/330px-3306Moderus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/3306Moderus.jpg/440px-3306Moderus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moderus_Gamma" title="Moderus Gamma">Moderus Gamma LF07AC</a> tram</figcaption></figure> Over a dozen traditional <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">taxicab</a> firms operate in the city as well as <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, iTaxi, <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(company)" title="Bolt (company)">Bolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Now_(service)" title="Free Now (service)">Free Now</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nextbike,_6001-Rynek,_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nextbike%2C_6001-Rynek%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/220px-Nextbike%2C_6001-Rynek%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nextbike%2C_6001-Rynek%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/330px-Nextbike%2C_6001-Rynek%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nextbike%2C_6001-Rynek%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg/440px-Nextbike%2C_6001-Rynek%2C_Wroc%C5%82aw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3997" data-file-height="2422" /></a><figcaption>Wrocław City Bike</figcaption></figure> There are 1200 km of <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling paths</a> including about 100 km paths on flood embankments. Wrocław has a bike rental network called the City Bike (Wrocławski Rower Miejski). It has 2000 bicycles and 200 self-service stations.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> In addition to regular bicycles, tandem, cargo, electric, folding, tricycles, children's, and handbikes are available, operating every year from 1 March to 30 November. During winter (December – February) 200 bikes are available in the system. Wrocław possesses a <a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">scooter-sharing system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lime_(transportation_company)" title="Lime (transportation company)">Lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird_Global" title="Bird Global">Bird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(company)" title="Bolt (company)">Bolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Now_(service)" title="Free Now (service)">Hive Free Now</a> – <a href="/wiki/Motorized_scooter" title="Motorized scooter">motorized scooter</a> rental is available using a mobile application. Electronic car rental systems include Traficar, Panek CarSharing (hybrid cars),<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> GoScooter and hop.city electric <a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooters</a> using the mobile application. A <a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">gondola lift</a> over the Oder called Polinka began operation in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Wrocław also has a <a href="/wiki/Inland_port" title="Inland port">river port</a> on the Oder and several <a href="/wiki/Marinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinas">marinas</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Poland#Largest_metropolitan_and_urban_areas" title="Demographics of Poland">Urban demographics of Poland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Wroc%C5%82aw_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Wrocław population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure> In December 2020, the population of Wrocław was estimated at 641,928 individuals, of which 342,215 were women and 299,713 were men.<a href="#cite_note-population-161">[160]</a> Since 2011, the population has been steadily rising, with a 0.142% increase between 2019 and 2020, and a 2.167% increase in the years 2011–2020.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> In 2018, the crude <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> stood at 11.8 and the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a> at 11.1 per 1,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-stat_miasto_wroclaw-163">[162]</a> The median age in 2018 was 43 years.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The city's population is aging significantly; between 2013 and 2018, the number of <a href="/wiki/Senior_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior citizen">seniors</a> (per <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Poland" title="Statistics Poland">Statistics Poland</a> – men aged 65 or above and women aged 60 or above) surged from 21.5% to 24.2%.<a href="#cite_note-stat_miasto_wroclaw-163">[162]</a> Historically, the city's population grew rapidly throughout the 19th and 20th centuries; in the year 1900 approximately 422,709 people were registered as residents and by 1933 the population was already 625,000.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The strongest growth was recorded from 1900 to 1910, with almost 100,000 new residents within the city limits. Although the city was overwhelmingly German-speaking, the ethnic composition based on heritage or place of birth was mixed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19998–9-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> According to a statistical report from 2000, around 43% of all inhabitants in 1910 were born outside Silesia and migrated into the city, mostly from the contemporary regions of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Partition" title="Prussian Partition">Prussian Partition</a> of Poland) or <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19999-168">[167]</a> Poles and Jews were among the most prominent active minorities. Simultaneously, the city's territorial expansion and incorporation of surrounding townships further strengthened population growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19999-168">[167]</a> Following the end of the Second World War and <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans">post-1945 expulsions</a> of the remaining pre-war population, Wrocław became again predominantly <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>-speaking. New incomers were primarily resettled from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Borderlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Borderlands">areas in the east which Poland lost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>), or from other provinces, notably the regions of Greater Poland, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910-169">[168]</a> At the end of 1947, the city's population was estimated at 224,800 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910-169">[168]</a> In the following years, Wrocław had the largest <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_natural_increase" title="Rate of natural increase">rate of natural increase</a> among the five largest Polish cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910-169">[168]</a> German nationals who stayed were either resettled in the late 1940s and 1950s, or assimilated,<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> though a <a href="/wiki/German_Socio-Cultural_Organisation_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="German Socio-Cultural Organisation in Wrocław">cultural society</a> now exists to promote German culture in the still-existing German minority.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeGermanWroclaw-171">[170]</a> In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Greek_Civil_War" title="Refugees of the Greek Civil War">refugees of the Greek Civil War</a>, also settled in the city.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Contemporary Wrocław has one of the highest concentration of foreigners in Poland alongside <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>; a significant majority are migrant workers from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>; others came from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> No exact statistic exists on the number of temporary residents from abroad. Many are students studying at Wrocław's schools and institutions of higher learning. <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_shgb2thrv826vm0e2h5x293mhy1q5q1"></map><img usemap="#timeline_shgb2thrv826vm0e2h5x293mhy1q5q1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/shgb2thrv826vm0e2h5x293mhy1q5q1.png" /></div><a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Four_Denominations_District" title="Four Denominations District">Four Denominations District</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_San_Juan,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Catedral_de_San_Juan%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg/220px-Catedral_de_San_Juan%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Catedral_de_San_Juan%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg/330px-Catedral_de_San_Juan%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Catedral_de_San_Juan%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg/440px-Catedral_de_San_Juan%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_09-11_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7581" data-file-height="5103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Cathedral" title="Wrocław Cathedral">Wrocław Cathedral</a>, which dates back to the 13th century</figcaption></figure> Wrocław's population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, like the rest of Poland. The <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> was founded in the city as early as 1000, it was one of the first dioceses in the country at that time. Now the city is the seat of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław">Catholic Archdiocese</a>. Prior to World War II, Breslau was mostly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, followed by a large Roman Catholic and a significant Jewish minority. In 1939, of 620,976 inhabitants 368,464 were Protestants (<a href="/wiki/United_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestants">United Protestants</a>; mostly <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> and minority <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Union_of_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Union of churches">Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union</a>), 193,805 Catholics, 2,135 other Christians and 10,659 Jews. Wrocław had the third largest Jewish population of all cities in Germany before the war.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelsynagogue-176">[175]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/White_Stork_Synagogue" title="White Stork Synagogue">White Stork Synagogue</a> was completed in 1840,<a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelsynagogue-176">[175]</a> and rededicated in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelsynagogue-176">[175]</a> Four years later, in 2014, it celebrated its first ordination of four rabbis and three cantors since the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelsynagogue-176">[175]</a> The Polish authorities together with the German Foreign Minister attended the official ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-timesofisraelsynagogue-176">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg/220px-Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg/330px-Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg/440px-Synagoge_zum_Wei%C3%9Fen_Storch_Fotografin_Isabelle_Knispel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5361" data-file-height="3578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Stork_Synagogue" title="White Stork Synagogue">White Stork Synagogue</a>, initially opened in 1829</figcaption></figure> Post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories (known in Polish as <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>) and the eastern parts of post-1945 Poland (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a>) account for a comparatively large portion of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Christians of mostly <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Poland" title="Ukrainians in Poland">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a> descent. Wrocław is also unique for its "Dzielnica Czterech Świątyń" (Borough of Four Temples) — a part of <a href="/wiki/Stare_Miasto,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare Miasto, Wrocław">Stare Miasto</a> (Old Town) where a synagogue, a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran church</a>, a Roman Catholic church and an Eastern Orthodox church stand near each other. Other Christian denominations present in Wrocław include Seventh Day Adventists, Baptists, Free Christians, Reformed (Clavinist), Methodists, Pentecostals, Jehovah's Witnesses and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Non-christian congregations include Buddhists. There are also minor associations practicing and promoting <a href="/wiki/Slavic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic neopaganism">Rodnovery neopaganism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> In 2007, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wrocław established the Pastoral Centre for English Speakers, which offers Mass on Sundays and Holy Days of Obligation, as well as other sacraments, fellowship, retreats, catechesis and pastoral care for all English-speaking Catholics and non-Catholics interested in the Catholic Church. The Pastoral Centre is under the care of <a href="/wiki/Conventual_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventual Franciscans">Order of Friars Minor, Conventual (Franciscans)</a> of the Kraków Province in the parish of <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Karola_Boromeusza_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Kościół św. Karola Boromeusza we Wrocławiu">St Charles Borromeo (Św Karol Boromeusz)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="List of universities and colleges in Wrocław">List of universities and colleges in Wrocław</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg/220px-Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg/330px-Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg/440px-Wroclaw-_Uniwersytet_i_Kosciol_Uniwersytecki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4454" data-file-height="2790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg/220px-Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg/330px-Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg/440px-Wroclaw-_Budynek_Politechniki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5357" data-file-height="3359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław University of Technology">Wrocław University of Technology</a> – Faculty of Architecture</figcaption></figure> Wrocław is the third largest educational centre of Poland, with 135,000 students in 30 colleges which employ some 7,400 staff.<a href="#cite_note-rating-180">[179]</a> The city is home to ten <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public colleges and universities</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a> (Uniwersytet Wrocławski):<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> over 47,000 students, ranked fourth among public universities in Poland by the <a href="/wiki/Wprost" title="Wprost">Wprost</a> weekly ranking in 2007;<a href="#cite_note-wprost-182">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław University of Technology">Wrocław University of Technology</a> (Politechnika Wrocławska):<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> over 40,000 students, the best university of technology in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007;<a href="#cite_note-wprost6-184">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Medical_University" title="Wrocław Medical University">Wrocław Medical University</a> (Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu);<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_Wychowania_Fizycznego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego we Wrocławiu">University School of Physical Education in Wrocław</a>;<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Economics" title="Wrocław University of Economics">Wrocław University of Economics</a> (Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu)<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> over 18,000 students, ranked fifth best among public economic universities in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007;<a href="#cite_note-wprost7-188">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Environmental_and_Life_Sciences" title="Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences">Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences</a> (Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu):<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> over 13,000 students, ranked third best among public agricultural universities in Poland by the Wprost weekly ranking in 2007;<a href="#cite_note-wprost8-190">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Fine Arts in Wrocław">Academy of Fine Arts in Wrocław</a> (Akademia Sztuk Pięknych we Wrocławiu);<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski_University_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Karol Lipiński University of Music">Karol Lipiński University of Music</a> (Akademia Muzyczna im. Karola Lipińskiego we Wrocławiu);<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwik_Solski_Academy_for_the_Dramatic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts">Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts</a>, Wrocław Campus (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna w Krakowie filia we Wrocławiu);<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Land_Forces_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko Land Forces Military Academy">Tadeusz Kościuszko Land Forces Military Academy</a> (Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych).<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Private universities in the city include Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa (University of Business in Wrocław); <a href="/wiki/University_of_Social_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Social Sciences and Humanities">University of Social Sciences and Humanities</a> (SWPS Uniwersytet Humanistycznospołeczny); University of Law (Wyższa Szkoła Prawa);<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> and Coventry University Wrocław<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> (Branch campus of the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a>, UK). Other cultural institutions based in Wrocław are <a href="/wiki/Alliance_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Alliance française">Alliance Française</a> in Wrocław; Austrian Institute in Wrocław; <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> in Wrocław; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dante.uni.wroc.pl/">Dante Alighieri Society in Wrocław</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grotowski_Institute_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Grotowski Institute in Wrocław">Grotowski Institute in Wrocław</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_landmarks">Culture and landmarks</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture and landmarks">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Town">Old Town</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Old Town">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław">Ostrów Tumski, Wrocław</a>; <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">Market Square, Wrocław</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław Old Town">Wrocław Old Town</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_(152991773).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Market Square and Old Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg/220px-Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg/330px-Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg/440px-Rynek_Starego_Miasta_We_Wroclawiu_%28152991773%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="772" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław Old Town">Wrocław Old Town</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera,_Breslavia,_Polonia,_2017-12-20,_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Opera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Opera%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg/220px-Opera%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Opera%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg/330px-Opera%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Opera%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg/440px-Opera%2C_Breslavia%2C_Polonia%2C_2017-12-20%2C_DD_23-25_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6874" data-file-height="3839" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Opera" title="Wrocław Opera">Wrocław Opera</a> by night</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jaś i Małgosia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg/220px-Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg/330px-Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg/440px-Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_e83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamienice_Ja%C5%9B_i_Ma%C5%82gosia_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Kamienice Jaś i Małgosia we Wrocławiu">Two houses known as Jaś i Małgosia</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Old Town of Wrocław is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Objects_of_Cultural_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Registry of Objects of Cultural Heritage">Registry of Objects of Cultural Heritage</a> and is, since 1994, on Poland's prestigious list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Historic_Monuments_(Poland)" title="List of Historic Monuments (Poland)">National Monuments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> Several architectural landmarks and edifices are one of the best examples of <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> architecture in the country.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> Fine examples of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a> are also scattered across the city's central precinct. The <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Opera" title="Wrocław Opera">Wrocław Opera House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monopol_Hotel" title="Monopol Hotel">Monopol Hotel</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmach_Biblioteki_Uniwersytetu_Wroc%C5%82awskiego_przy_ul._Karola_Szajnochy_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Gmach Biblioteki Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego przy ul. Karola Szajnochy we Wrocławiu">University Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="National Museum, Wrocław">National Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>-like District Court are among some of the grandest and most recognizable historic structures. There are several examples of <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">Modernism</a> in pre-war retail establishments such as the <a href="/wiki/Barasch_Brothers%27_Department_Store" title="Barasch Brothers' Department Store">Barasch-Feniks</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Handlowy_Kameleon" class="extiw" title="pl:Dom Handlowy Kameleon">Petersdorff-Kameleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renoma_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Renoma (Wrocław)">Renoma</a> department stores.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Tumski_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrów Tumski in Wrocław">Ostrów Tumski</a> (Cathedral Island) is the oldest section of the city; it was once an isolated islet between the branches of the Oder River. The <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Cathedral" title="Wrocław Cathedral">Wrocław Cathedral</a>, one of the tallest churches in Poland, was erected in the mid 10th century and later expanded over the next hundreds of years. The island is also home to five other Christian temples and churches, the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%82ac_arcybiskupi_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Pałac arcybiskupi we Wrocławiu">Archbishop's Palace</a>, the Archdiocese Museum, a 9.5-metre 18th-century monument dedicated to Saint <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk" title="John of Nepomuk">John of Nepomuk</a>, historic tenements and the steel <a href="/wiki/Tumski_Bridge" title="Tumski Bridge">Tumski Bridge</a> from 1889.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> A notable attraction are 102 original <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lanterns</a> which are manually lit each evening by a cloaked <a href="/wiki/Lamplighter" title="Lamplighter">lamplighter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> The early 13th-century Main Market Square (Rynek) is the oldest medieval public square in Poland, and also one of the largest (the area of the main square together with the auxiliary square is 48,500 m²).<a href="#cite_note-polskazachwyca-203">[202]</a> It features the ornate Gothic <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Old Town Hall</a>, the oldest of its kind in the country.<a href="#cite_note-polskazachwyca-203">[202]</a> In the north-west corner of the square is <a href="/wiki/St._Elisabeth%27s_Church,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Elisabeth's Church, Wrocław">St. Elisabeth's Church</a> (Bazylika Św. Elżbiety) with its 91.5-metre-high tower and an observation deck at an altitude of 75 metres. Beneath the basilica are two small medieval houses connected by an arched gate that once led into a <a href="/wiki/Churchyard" title="Churchyard">churchyard</a>; these were reshaped into their current form in the 1700s. Today, the two connected buildings are known to the city's residents as "Jaś i Małgosia," named after the children's fairy tale characters from <a href="/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel" title="Hansel and Gretel">Hansel and Gretel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> North of the church are so-called "<a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">shambles</a>" (Polish: jatki), a former meat market with a <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomnik_Pami%C4%99ci_Zwierz%C4%85t_Rze%C5%BAnych" class="extiw" title="pl:Pomnik Pamięci Zwierząt Rzeźnych">Monument of Remembrance for Slaughtered Animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> The Salt Square (now a flower market) opened in 1242 is located at the south-western corner of the Market Square – close to the square, between Szewska and Łaciarska streets, is the domeless 13th-century <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_Magdalene_Church_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary Magdalene Church (Wrocław)">St. Mary Magdalene Church</a>, which during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> (1523) was converted into Wrocław's first Protestant temple.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Vincent_and_St._James,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. Vincent and St. James, Wrocław">Cathedral of St. Vincent and St. James</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_and_St._Bartholomew,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew, Wrocław">Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew's Collegiate Church</a> are burial sites of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Polish monarchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV Probus">Henry IV Probus</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> The Pan Tadeusz Museum, open since May 2016, is located in the "House under the Golden Sun" at 6 Market Square. The manuscript of the national <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a>, is housed there as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum National Institute</a>, with multimedia and interactive educational opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_places_of_interest">Tourism and places of interest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Tourism and places of interest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw%27s_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław's dwarfs">Wrocław's dwarfs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg/220px-Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg/330px-Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg/440px-Wroc%C5%82awska_fontanna_Piotr_Walczak2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1831" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław Fountain">Wrocław Multimedia Fountain</a></figcaption></figure> The Tourist Information Centre (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Centrum Informacji Turystycznej) is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Wrocław">Main Market Square</a> (Rynek) in building no 14. In 2011, Wrocław was visited by about 3 million tourists, and in 2016 about 5 million.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Free <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(Wi-Fi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotspot (Wi-Fi)">wireless Internet (Wi-Fi)</a> is available at a number of places around town.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Wrocław is a major attraction for both domestic and international tourists. Noteworthy landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław Fountain">Multimedia Fountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczytnicki_Park" title="Szczytnicki Park">Szczytnicki Park</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Garden_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Garden (Wrocław)">Japanese Garden</a>, miniature park and <a href="/wiki/List_of_dinosaur_parks" title="List of dinosaur parks">dinosaur park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw_Botanical_Garden" title="University of Wrocław Botanical Garden">Botanical Garden</a> founded in 1811, Poland's largest railway model Kolejkowo, <a href="/wiki/Hydropolis_Centre_for_Ecological_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropolis Centre for Ecological Education">Hydropolis Centre for Ecological Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a> with Mathematical Tower, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Imienia_Jezus_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Kościół Imienia Jezus we Wrocławiu">Church of the Name of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_water_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław water tower">Wrocław water tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Royal Palace, Wrocław">the Royal Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropes_course" title="Ropes course">ropes course</a> on the Opatowicka Island, <a href="/wiki/White_Stork_Synagogue" title="White Stork Synagogue">White Stork Synagogue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Jewish_Cemetery,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Old Jewish Cemetery, Wrocław">Old Jewish Cemetery</a> and the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmentarz_%C5%BBo%C5%82nierzy_W%C5%82oskich" class="extiw" title="pl:Cmentarz Żołnierzy Włoskich">Cemetery of Italian Soldiers</a>. An interesting way to explore the city is seeking out Wrocław's dwarfs – over 800 small bronze <a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">figurines</a> can be found across the city, on pavements, walls and lampposts.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> They first appeared in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Szczytnicki,_A-2791-194;_PL,_DS,_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw,_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw,_Szczytnicki_Park;_Kriskros;_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Park_Szczytnicki%2C_A-2791-194%3B_PL%2C_DS%2C_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Szczytnicki_Park%3B_Kriskros%3B_03.jpg/220px-Park_Szczytnicki%2C_A-2791-194%3B_PL%2C_DS%2C_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Szczytnicki_Park%3B_Kriskros%3B_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Park_Szczytnicki%2C_A-2791-194%3B_PL%2C_DS%2C_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Szczytnicki_Park%3B_Kriskros%3B_03.jpg/330px-Park_Szczytnicki%2C_A-2791-194%3B_PL%2C_DS%2C_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Szczytnicki_Park%3B_Kriskros%3B_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Park_Szczytnicki%2C_A-2791-194%3B_PL%2C_DS%2C_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Szczytnicki_Park%3B_Kriskros%3B_03.jpg/440px-Park_Szczytnicki%2C_A-2791-194%3B_PL%2C_DS%2C_powiat_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_gmina_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Szczytnicki_Park%3B_Kriskros%3B_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a> within the city's <a href="/wiki/Szczytnicki_Park" title="Szczytnicki Park">Szczytnicki Park</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rac%C5%82awice_Panorama" title="Racławice Panorama">Racławice Panorama</a> is a monumental <a href="/wiki/Cyclorama" title="Cyclorama">cycloramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, done by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Styka" title="Jan Styka">Jan Styka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kossak" title="Wojciech Kossak">Wojciech Kossak</a>, depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rac%C5%82awice" title="Battle of Racławice">Battle of Racławice</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> in 1794. The 15×114 meter panorama was originally located in <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> and following the end of World War II it was brought to Wrocław.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Zoo" title="Wrocław Zoo">Wrocław Zoo</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Africarium" title="Africarium">Africarium</a> – the only space devoted solely to exhibiting the <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Africa" title="Fauna of Africa">fauna of Africa</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Oceanarium" title="Oceanarium">oceanarium</a>. It is the oldest <a href="/wiki/List_of_zoos_by_country" title="List of zoos by country">zoological garden</a> in Poland established in 1865. It is also the third-largest zoo in the world in terms of the number of animal <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> on display.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> Small passenger vessels on the Oder offer river tours, as do historic <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Wrocław">trams</a> or the converted open-topped historic buses <a href="/wiki/Jelcz" title="Jelcz">Jelcz</a> 043.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> In 2021, the Odra Centrum has opened, an educational centre on the river which is offering workshops, a library and kayak rentals.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hala_Stulecia_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hala Stulecia (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall</a> (Hala Stulecia), designed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Berg" title="Max Berg">Max Berg</a> in 1911–1913, is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museums">Museums</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg/220px-Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg/330px-Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg/440px-Wroc%C5%82aw_MuzeumNarodowe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4749" data-file-height="3322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="National Museum, Wrocław">National Museum</a> at night</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="National Museum, Wrocław">National Museum</a> at Powstańców Warszawy Square, one of Poland's main branches of <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Poland" title="National Museum of Poland">the National Museum</a> system, holds one of the largest collections of contemporary art in the country.<a href="#cite_note-mnwr-218">[217]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a> is a National Institute and Library incorporating the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%85t_Lubomirskich_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Książąt Lubomirskich we Wrocławiu">Lubomirski Museum (pl)</a>, partially salvaged from the formerly Polish city of <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> (now Lviv in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>), containing items of international and national significance. It has a history of major World War II theft of collections after the invasion and takeover of Lwów by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Major museums also include the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Miejskie_Wroc%C5%82awia" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Miejskie Wrocławia">City Museum of Wrocław (pl)</a>, Museum of Bourgeois Art in the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Old Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Architecture,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Museum of Architecture, Wrocław">Museum of Architecture</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Archeologiczne_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Archeologiczne we Wrocławiu">Archaeological Museum (pl)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Natural_History_at_University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Natural History at University of Wrocław">Museum of Natural History at University of Wrocław</a>, Museum of Contemporary Art in Wrocław, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Archidiecezjalne_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Archidiecezjalne we Wrocławiu">Archdiocese Museum (pl)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galeria_Awangarda" title="Galeria Awangarda">Galeria Awangarda</a>, the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsena%C5%82_Miejski_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Arsenał Miejski we Wrocławiu">Arsenal</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Farmacji_Uniwersytetu_Medycznego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Farmacji Uniwersytetu Medycznego we Wrocławiu">Museum of Pharmacy (pl)</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Poczty_i_Telekomunikacji_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Poczty i Telekomunikacji we Wrocławiu">Post and Telecommunications Museum (pl)</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Geologiczne_im._Henryka_Teisseyre_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Geologiczne im. Henryka Teisseyre we Wrocławiu">Geological Museum (pl)</a>, the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Mineralogiczne_im._Kazimierza_Ma%C5%9Blankiewicza_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Mineralogiczne im. Kazimierza Maślankiewicza we Wrocławiu">Mineralogical Museum (pl)</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum_Etnograficzne_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Muzeum Etnograficzne we Wrocławiu">Ethnographic Museum (pl)</a>. Recent openings of museums were the Historical Centrum Zajezdnia (opened in 2016), the OP ENHEIM Gallery (opened in 2018), and the Museum of Illusions (opened in 2021).<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Entertainment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg/170px-2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg/255px-2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg/340px-2010_Schweidnitzer_Keller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="3592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piwnica_%C5%9Awidnicka" class="mw-redirect" title="Piwnica Świdnicka">Świdnica Cellar</a> (Piwnica Świdnicka), one of the oldest restaurant establishments in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-krn-220">[219]</a></figcaption></figure> The city is well known for its large number of <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>. Many are in or near the <a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">Market Square</a>, and in the Niepolda passage, the <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estakada_kolejowa_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu" class="extiw" title="pl:Estakada kolejowa we Wrocławiu">railway wharf</a> on the Bogusławskiego street. The basement of the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">old City Hall</a> houses one of the oldest restaurants in Europe—<a href="/wiki/Piwnica_%C5%9Awidnicka" class="mw-redirect" title="Piwnica Świdnicka">Piwnica Świdnicka</a> (operating since around 1273),<a href="#cite_note-krn-220">[219]</a> while the basement of the new City Hall contains the <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">brewpub</a> Spiż. There are also 3 other brewpubs – Browar Stu Mostów, Browar Staromiejski Złoty Pies, Browar Rodzinny Prost. Every year on the second weekend of June the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Good_Beer" title="Festival of Good Beer">Festival of Good Beer</a> takes place.<a href="#cite_note-Festiwal_Dobrego_Piwa-221">[220]</a> It is the biggest beer festival in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Festiwal_Dobrego_Piwa-221">[220]</a> Each year in November and December the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a> is held at the Main Market Square.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> The history of Wrocław is described in minute detail in the monograph <a href="/wiki/Microcosm:_Portrait_of_a_Central_European_City" title="Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City">Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moorhouse" title="Roger Moorhouse">Roger Moorhouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> A number of books have been written about Wrocław following World War II. Wrocław philologist and writer <a href="/wiki/Marek_Krajewski" title="Marek Krajewski">Marek Krajewski</a> wrote a series of <a href="/wiki/Crime_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime novel">crime novels</a> about detective <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Mock" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberhard Mock">Eberhard Mock</a>, a fictional character from the city of Breslau.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> Accordingly, Michał Kaczmarek published Wrocław according to Eberhard Mock – Guide based on the books by Marek Krajewski. In 2011 appeared the 1104-page Lexicon of the architecture of Wrocław and in 2013 a 960-page Lexicon about the greenery of Wrocław. In March 2015 Wrocław filed an application to become a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> and received it in 2019. Wrocław was designated as the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a> for 2016 by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films,_music_and_theatre">Films, music and theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Films, music and theatre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/220px-Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/330px-Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg/440px-Narodowe_Forum_Muzyki_im._Witolda_Lutos%C5%82awskiego_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Forum_of_Music" title="National Forum of Music">National Forum of Music</a></figcaption></figure> Wrocław is home to the Wroclaw Feature Film Studio (Wytwórnia Filmów Fabularnych), the Film Stuntman School, ATM Grupa, Grupa 13, and Polot Media (formerly Tako Media).<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Film directors <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylwester_Ch%C4%99ci%C5%84ski" title="Sylwester Chęciński">Sylwester Chęciński</a>, among others, made their film debuts in Wrocław. Numerous movies shot around the city include <a href="/wiki/Ashes_and_Diamonds" title="Ashes and Diamonds">Ashes and Diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Saragossa_Manuscript_(film)" title="The Saragossa Manuscript (film)">The Saragossa Manuscript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sami_swoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami swoi">Sami swoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Doll_(1968_film)" title="The Doll (1968 film)">Lalka</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Lonely_Woman" title="A Lonely Woman">A Lonely Woman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Character_(film)" title="Character (film)">Character</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_%26_Jaguar" title="Aimée & Jaguar">Aimée & Jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalon_(2001_film)" title="Avalon (2001 film)">Avalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_in_Berlin_(film)" title="A Woman in Berlin (film)">A Woman in Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_Room" title="Suicide Room">Suicide Room</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Winner_(2011_film)" title="The Winner (2011 film)">The Winner</a>, <a href="/wiki/80_Million" title="80 Million">80 Million</a>, <a href="/wiki/Run_Boy_Run_(film)" title="Run Boy Run (film)">Run Boy Run</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Spies_(film)" title="Bridge of Spies (film)">Bridge of Spies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Limits" title="Breaking the Limits">Breaking the Limits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> Numerous Polish TV-series were also shot in Wrocław, notably <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiat_wed%C5%82ug_Kiepskich" class="mw-redirect" title="Świat według Kiepskich">Świat według Kiepskich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierwsza_mi%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierwsza miłość">Pierwsza miłość</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfer_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfer (TV series)">Belfer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Tank-Men_and_a_Dog" title="Four Tank-Men and a Dog">Four Tank-Men and a Dog</a>. There are several theatres and theatre groups, including <a href="/wiki/Polish_Theatre_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Theatre in Wrocław">Polish Theatre</a> (Teatr Polski) with three stages, and Contemporary Theatre (Wrocławski Teatr Współczesny). The International Theatre Festival Dialog-Wrocław is held every two years.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> Wrocław's opera traditions are dating back to the first half of the seventeenth century and sustained by the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Opera" title="Wrocław Opera">Wrocław Opera</a>, built between 1839 and 1841. Wrocław Philharmonic, established in 1954 by Wojciech Dzieduszycki is also important for music lovers. The <a href="/wiki/National_Forum_of_Music" title="National Forum of Music">National Forum of Music</a> was opened in 2015 and is a famous landmark, designed by the Polish architectural firm, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kury%C5%82owicz" title="Stefan Kuryłowicz">Kurylowicz & Associates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20150303-_MPF1394_www_(003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/20150303-_MPF1394_www_%28003%29.jpg/220px-20150303-_MPF1394_www_%28003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/20150303-_MPF1394_www_%28003%29.jpg/330px-20150303-_MPF1394_www_%28003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/20150303-_MPF1394_www_%28003%29.jpg/440px-20150303-_MPF1394_www_%28003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Stadium" title="Wrocław Stadium">Wrocław Stadium</a> – <a href="/wiki/Euro_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2012">Euro 2012</a> Stadium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg/220px-Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg/330px-Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg/440px-Wroclaw_Olympic_Stadium_aerial_photograph_2017_P03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Olympic Stadium (Wrocław)">Olympic Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> The area of Wrocław is home to many popular <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional sports</a> teams; the most popular sport is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Śląsk Wrocław">Śląsk Wrocław</a> club – Polish Champion in 1977 and 2012), followed by <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw_(basketball)" title="Śląsk Wrocław (basketball)">Śląsk Wrocław Basketball Club</a> – award-winning men's basketball team and 17-time Polish Champion).<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw,_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_(319051).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28319051%29.jpg/220px-Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28319051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28319051%29.jpg/330px-Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28319051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28319051%29.jpg/440px-Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_Euro_2012_we_Wroc%C5%82awiu_-_fotopolska.eu_%28319051%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a> fan zone in Wrocław</figcaption></figure> Matches of <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_Group_A" title="UEFA Euro 2012 Group A">Group A</a> <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012" title="UEFA Euro 2012">UEFA Euro 2012</a>'s were held at Wrocław at the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Miejski (Wrocław)">Municipal Stadium</a>. Matches of <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1963" title="EuroBasket 1963">EuroBasket 1963</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2009" title="EuroBasket 2009">EuroBasket 2009</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/2009_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship" title="2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship">2009 Women's European Volleyball Championship</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_European_Men%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2016 European Men's Handball Championship">2016 European Men's Handball Championship</a> were also held in Wrocław. Wrocław was the host of the <a href="/wiki/2013_World_Weightlifting_Championships" title="2013 World Weightlifting Championships">2013 World Weightlifting Championships</a> and will the host World Championship 2016 of <a href="/wiki/Duplicate_bridge" title="Duplicate bridge">Duplicate bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a> 2017, a competition in 37 non-Olympic sport disciplines. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Olympic Stadium (Wrocław)">Olympic Stadium</a> in Wrocław hosts the <a href="/wiki/Speedway_Grand_Prix_of_Poland" title="Speedway Grand Prix of Poland">Speedway Grand Prix of Poland</a>. It is also the home arena of the popular <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">motorcycle speedway</a> club <a href="/wiki/WTS_Sparta_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="WTS Sparta Wrocław">WTS Sparta Wrocław</a>, five-time <a href="/wiki/Team_Speedway_Polish_Championship" title="Team Speedway Polish Championship">Polish Champion</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> takes place in Wrocław every year in September.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Wrocław also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Open" title="Wrocław Open">Wrocław Open</a>, a professional tennis tournament that is part of the <a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">ATP Challenger Tour</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men's_sports">Men's sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Men's sports">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Śląsk Wrocław">Śląsk Wrocław</a>: men's <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Poland" title="Football in Poland">football</a> team, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_football_champions" title="List of Polish football champions">Polish Championship in Football</a> 1977, 2012; <a href="/wiki/Polish_Cup" title="Polish Cup">Polish Cup</a> winner 1976, 1987; <a href="/wiki/Polish_SuperCup" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish SuperCup">Polish SuperCup</a> winner 1987, 2012; <a href="/wiki/Ekstraklasa_Cup" title="Ekstraklasa Cup">Polish League Cup</a> winner 2009. Now in <a href="/wiki/Ekstraklasa" title="Ekstraklasa">Ekstraklasa</a> (Polish Premier League).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTS_Sparta_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="WTS Sparta Wrocław">WTS Sparta Wrocław</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">motorcycle speedway</a> team, five-time Polish Champion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw_(basketball)" title="Śląsk Wrocław (basketball)">Śląsk Wrocław</a>: men's <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team, 18 times Polish Champion, six times <a href="/wiki/Runner-up" title="Runner-up">runner-up</a>, 15 times third place; 12 times Polish Cup winner.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw_(handball)" title="Śląsk Wrocław (handball)">Śląsk Wrocław</a>: men's <a href="/wiki/Handball_in_Poland" title="Handball in Poland">handball</a> team, 15-time Polish Champion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Wroc%C5%82aw_(men%27s_volleyball)" title="Gwardia Wrocław (men's volleyball)">Gwardia Wrocław</a>: <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_in_Poland" title="Volleyball in Poland">volleyball</a> team, three-time Polish Champion.</li> <li>KS Rugby Wrocław: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> team.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthers_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Panthers Wrocław">Panthers Wrocław</a>: American football team. Panthers joined <a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a> (ELF) which is an eight-team professional league, the first league in Europe since the demise of <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> The Panthers will start playing games against teams from Germany and Spain in June 2021.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_sports">Women's sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Women's sports">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za_Wroc%C5%82aw_(women%27s_basketball)" title="Ślęza Wrocław (women's basketball)">Ślęza Wrocław</a>: women's <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> team, two-times Polish Champion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw_(women)" title="Śląsk Wrocław (women)">WKS Śląsk Wrocław</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/K%C5%9A_AZS_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="KŚ AZS Wrocław">KŚ AZS Wrocław</a>): women's <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Poland" title="Football in Poland">football</a> team.</li> <li>AZS AWF Wrocław: women's <a href="/wiki/Handball_in_Poland" title="Handball in Poland">handball</a> team.</li> <li>AZS AE Wrocław: women's <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a> team.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Category:People from Wrocław">Category:People from Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="List of people from Wrocław">List of people from Wrocław</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Breslau" title="List of people from Breslau">List of people from Breslau</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a>, psychiatrist and neuropathologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Anderssen" title="Adolf Anderssen">Adolf Anderssen</a>, chess master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Andrejevi%C4%87-Kun" class="mw-redirect" title="Đorđe Andrejević-Kun">Đorđe Andrejević-Kun</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Avelon" title="Natalia Avelon">Natalia Avelon</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Berg" title="Max Berg">Max Berg</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bielschowsky" title="Max Bielschowsky">Max Bielschowsky</a>, neuropathologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a>, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bojanowski" title="Edmund Bojanowski">Edmund Bojanowski</a>, blessed of the Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, theoretical physicist and mathematician, Nobel laureate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Czarnecki" title="Leszek Czarnecki">Leszek Czarnecki</a>, businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Sławomir Dobrzański">Sławomir Dobrzański</a>, pianist and musicologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Eichhorn" title="Hermann von Eichhorn">Hermann von Eichhorn</a>, Prussian field marshal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Artur Ekert</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Fernau" title="Hermann Fernau">Hermann Fernau</a>, lawyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Fraenkel-Conrat" title="Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat">Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat</a>, biochemist and virologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Frasyniuk" title="Władysław Frasyniuk">Władysław Frasyniuk</a>, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolanta_Fraszy%C5%84ska" title="Jolanta Fraszyńska">Jolanta Fraszyńska</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freeman" title="Hans Freeman">Hans Freeman</a>, biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Gulbinowicz" title="Henryk Gulbinowicz">Henryk Gulbinowicz</a>, archbishop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Grotowski" title="Jerzy Grotowski">Jerzy Grotowski</a>, theater director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara Immerwahr</a>, chemist <a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaudia_Jachira" title="Klaudia Jachira">Klaudia Jachira</a>, politician and comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Haas" title="Zygmunt Haas">Zygmunt Haas</a>, computer scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>, chemist and Nobel laureate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hartman_(philosopher)" title="Jan Hartman (philosopher)">Jan Hartman</a>, philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_Hermaszewski" title="Mirosław Hermaszewski">Mirosław Hermaszewski</a>, astronaut</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Hurkacz" title="Hubert Hurkacz">Hubert Hurkacz</a>, tennis player<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Janerka" title="Lech Janerka">Lech Janerka</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gotthard_Langhans" title="Carl Gotthard Langhans">Carl Gotthard Langhans</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kerr" title="Alfred Kerr">Alfred Kerr</a>, German-Jewish critic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_Kohn" title="Hedwig Kohn">Hedwig Kohn</a>, notable female physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kopisch" title="August Kopisch">August Kopisch</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a>, physicist, mathematician and inventor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urszula_Kozio%C5%82" title="Urszula Kozioł">Urszula Kozioł</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gerhard_Kuhn" title="Heinrich Gerhard Kuhn">Heinrich Gerhard Kuhn</a>, physicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marek_Krajewski" title="Marek Krajewski">Marek Krajewski</a>, writer and linguist<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Kurtyka" title="Wojciech Kurtyka">Wojciech Kurtyka</a>, mountaineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Kurzak" title="Aleksandra Kurzak">Aleksandra Kurzak</a>, operatic soprano<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>, initiator of the social-democratic movement in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Lubaszenko" title="Olaf Lubaszenko">Olaf Lubaszenko</a>, actor and film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Lubliner" title="Hugo Lubliner">Hugo Lubliner</a>, dramatist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Malinkiewicz" title="Olga Malinkiewicz">Olga Malinkiewicz</a>, physicist and inventor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_(rapper)" title="Mata (rapper)">Mata</a>, rapper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Mor" title="Aharon Mor">Aharon Mor</a>, Polish-born Israeli civil servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a>, politician, former <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Poland">Prime minister of Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Moszkowski" title="Alexander Moszkowski">Alexander Moszkowski</a>, satirist, writer and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moritz Moszkowski</a>, composer, pianist, and teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Neudeck" title="Ruth Neudeck">Ruth Neudeck</a>, German SS death camps supervisor and war criminal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Omelko" title="Rafał Omelko">Rafał Omelko</a>, athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pick" title="Heinrich Pick">Heinrich Pick</a> (1882-1947), jurist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Piontek" title="Sepp Piontek">Sepp Piontek</a>, football manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Ponikowski" title="Piotr Ponikowski">Piotr Ponikowski</a>, cardiologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pospiech" title="Margaret Pospiech">Margaret Pospiech</a>, writer, filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael Oser Rabin</a>, mathematician and computer scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a>, fighter pilot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz" title="Tadeusz Różewicz">Tadeusz Różewicz</a>, poet and dramatist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Rutkiewicz" title="Wanda Rutkiewicz">Wanda Rutkiewicz</a>, mountaineer<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Schmidt" title="Auguste Schmidt">Auguste Schmidt</a>, educationist and feminist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Schmidt" title="Marlene Schmidt">Marlene Schmidt</a>, Miss Germany 1961, Miss Universe 1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Siewert" title="Eva Siewert">Eva Siewert</a>, journalist and lesbian activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a> (Johann Scheffler), convert from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism, mystic and religious poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Simon" title="Max Simon">Max Simon</a>, Waffen-SS officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Slotta" title="Karl Slotta">Karl Slotta</a>, biochemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Sorma" title="Agnes Sorma">Agnes Sorma</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Speer" title="Daniel Speer">Daniel Speer</a>, author, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Stachniak" title="Eva Stachniak">Eva Stachniak</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a>, philosopher and Roman Catholic martyr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Charles Proteus Steinmetz</a>, electrical engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Fritz Stern</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Stern" title="Julius Stern">Julius Stern</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stern_(psychologist)" title="William Stern (psychologist)">William Stern</a>, psychologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Tholuck" title="August Tholuck">August Tholuck</a>, theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a>, writer, Nobel laureate in Literature <a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tomaszewski" title="Jan Tomaszewski">Jan Tomaszewski</a>, footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagmara_Wozniak" title="Dagmara Wozniak">Dagmara Wozniak</a> (born 1988), Polish-American U.S. Olympic sabre fencer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Zanth" title="Ludwig von Zanth">Ludwig von Zanth</a> (1796–1857), architect</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:382px;max-width:382px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Konsulat_podawale3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Konsulat_podawale3.jpg/94px-Konsulat_podawale3.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Konsulat_podawale3.jpg/141px-Konsulat_podawale3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Konsulat_podawale3.jpg/188px-Konsulat_podawale3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg/88px-Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg/132px-Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg/176px-Kamienica_pl._Nankiera_7_Wroc%C5%82aw_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="3056" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg/188px-Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg/282px-Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg/376px-Save_The_World_Business_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5411" data-file-height="3607" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_01.jpg/170px-32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_01.jpg/255px-32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_01.jpg/340px-32-33_Rze%C5%BAnicza_Street_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="2889" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:98px;max-width:98px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg/96px-Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg/144px-Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg/192px-Wroc%C5%82aw_Przej%C5%9Bcie_Garncarskie_12_sm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg/104px-House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg/156px-House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg/208px-House_of_the_Blue_Sun_in_Wroclaw_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1420" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top, left to right: Consulates general of Germany and Ukraine, Vice-Consulate of Hungary, honorary consulates of Luxembourg, Mexico and Norway</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomatic_missions">Diplomatic missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Diplomatic missions">edit</a>]</div> There are 2 general consulates in Wrocław – <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, a Vice-Consulate of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, and 23 honorary consulates – <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland">List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland</a></div> Wrocław is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Georgia (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, Netherlands (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, United States (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cheongju" title="Cheongju">Cheongju</a>, South Korea (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a>, Czech Republic (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, Lithuania (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, United Kingdom (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a>, Israel (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>, France (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Germany (1987)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Wroc%C5%82aw_football_riot" title="2003 Wrocław football riot">2003 Wrocław football riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_(bishop_of_Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Jan (bishop of Wrocław)">Jan (bishop of Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Global_Forum" title="Wrocław Global Forum">Wrocław Global Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcosm:_Portrait_of_a_Central_European_City" title="Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City">Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breslau,_Ontario" title="Breslau, Ontario">Breslau, Ontario</a> – former village (settled 1806, postal village 1857) and now community named after Wrocław</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Anglicized as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvrɒtswɑːf/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VROT-swahf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvrɔːtswɑːf, -slɑːf/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/08\/En-us-Wroclaw_from_Poland_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg\/En-us-Wroclaw_from_Poland_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Wroclaw from Poland pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/En-us-Wroclaw_from_Poland_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg/En-us-Wroclaw_from_Poland_pronunciation_%28Voice_of_America%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Wroclaw_from_Poland_pronunciation_(Voice_of_America).ogg" title="File:En-us-Wroclaw from Poland pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VRAWT-swahf, -⁠slahf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201103446/https://demografia.stat.gov.pl/BazaDemografia/Tables.aspx">Archived</a> 2023-02-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en">"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215185052/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+current+market+prices+by+metropolitan+regions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Fmet_10r_3gdp%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912145215/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Wroc%C5%82aw">"Wrocław"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Wroc%C5%82aw">the original</a> on 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FWroc%25C5%2582aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Wroclaw" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Wroclaw">"Wroclaw"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Wroclaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DWroclaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Wroc%C5%82aw">"Wrocław"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FWroc%25C5%2582aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703201746/http://wroclaw-info.pl/it/view/id/235/lang/EN">"Wrocław-info – oficjalny serwis informacji turystycznej Wrocławia"</a>. Wroclaw-info.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclaw-info.pl/it/view/id/235/lang/EN">the original</a> on 3 July 2017. 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Komitet Orientalistyczny, PWN, Kraków 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-weczerka1-31"><a href="#cite_ref-weczerka1_31-0">^</a> Weczerka, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulak-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kulak_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kulak_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulak2011" class="citation web cs1">Kulak, Teresa (21 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enrs.eu/article/wroclaw-in-the-history-and-memory-of-poles">"Wroclaw in the history and memory of Poles"</a>. enrs.eu. <a href="/wiki/European_Network_Remembrance_and_Solidarity" title="European Network Remembrance and Solidarity">European Network Remembrance and Solidarity</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204175942/https://enrs.eu/article/wroclaw-in-the-history-and-memory-of-poles">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enrs.eu&rft.atitle=Wroclaw+in+the+history+and+memory+of+Poles&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft.aulast=Kulak&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenrs.eu%2Farticle%2Fwroclaw-in-the-history-and-memory-of-poles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henryk_Brodaty_i_jego_czasy-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Henryk_Brodaty_i_jego_czasy_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedykt_Zientara1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benedykt Zientara (1997). Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy (in Polish). Warsaw: Trio. pp. 317–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85660-46-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85660-46-0"><bdi>978-83-85660-46-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henryk+Brodaty+i+jego+czasy&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=317-320&rft.pub=Trio&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-83-85660-46-0&rft.au=Benedykt+Zientara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikrokosmos2-34"><a href="#cite_ref-mikrokosmos2_34-0">^</a> Norman Davies "Mikrokosmos" p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-nie-35"><a href="#cite_ref-nie_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Maksymowicz" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adam Maksymowicz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/52270/nd/Niezwykla-wyprawa-Benedykta-Polaka">"Niezwykła wyprawa Benedykta Polaka"</a>. Niedziela.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niedziela.pl&rft.atitle=Niezwyk%C5%82a+wyprawa+Benedykta+Polaka&rft.au=Adam+Maksymowicz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niedziela.pl%2Fartykul%2F52270%2Fnd%2FNiezwykla-wyprawa-Benedykta-Polaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thum,_p._316-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thum,_p._316_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thum,_p._316_36-1">b</a> Thum, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-mikrokosmos3-37"><a href="#cite_ref-mikrokosmos3_37-0">^</a> Norman Davies "Mikrokosmos" p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-HenrykowBook-38"><a href="#cite_ref-HenrykowBook_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotr_Górecki2007" class="citation book cs1">Piotr Górecki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EzdSUYDdqQC&pg=PA27">A Local Society in Transition: The Henryków Book and Related Documents</a>. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 27, 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88844-155-3"><bdi>978-0-88844-155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Local+Society+in+Transition%3A+The+Henryk%C3%B3w+Book+and+Related+Documents&rft.pages=27%2C+62&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88844-155-3&rft.au=Piotr+G%C3%B3recki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EzdSUYDdqQC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gosc-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gosc_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gosc_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gosc_39-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman_Tomczak2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roman Tomczak (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legnica.gosc.pl/doc/4020451.Gdzie-jest-szkielet-bez-glowy">"Gdzie jest szkielet bez głowy?"</a>. Gość Legnicki (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116130323/https://legnica.gosc.pl/doc/4020451.Gdzie-jest-szkielet-bez-glowy">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go%C5%9B%C4%87+Legnicki&rft.atitle=Gdzie+jest+szkielet+bez+g%C5%82owy%3F&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.au=Roman+Tomczak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegnica.gosc.pl%2Fdoc%2F4020451.Gdzie-jest-szkielet-bez-glowy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagdalena_Lewandowska" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magdalena Lewandowska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/57346/nd/Kolegiata-Swietego-Krzyza">"Kolegiata Świętego Krzyża"</a>. Niedziela.pl (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426193147/https://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/57346/nd/Kolegiata-Swietego-Krzyza">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2023. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Niedziela.pl&rft.atitle=Kolegiata+%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego+Krzy%C5%BCa&rft.au=Magdalena+Lewandowska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niedziela.pl%2Fartykul%2F57346%2Fnd%2FKolegiata-Swietego-Krzyza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histmag.org/Maciej-Korwin-i-jego-imperium-7634">"Maciej Korwin i jego imperium"</a>. histmag.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208060214/https://histmag.org/Maciej-Korwin-i-jego-imperium-7634">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=histmag.org&rft.atitle=Maciej+Korwin+i+jego+imperium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistmag.org%2FMaciej-Korwin-i-jego-imperium-7634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciej_Łagiewski2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maciej Łagiewski (11 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.gazetawroclawska.pl/spotkanie-krolow/ar/12470562">"Spotkanie królów"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029230733/https://plus.gazetawroclawska.pl/spotkanie-krolow/ar/12470562">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Spotkanie+kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.au=Maciej+%C5%81agiewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.gazetawroclawska.pl%2Fspotkanie-krolow%2Far%2F12470562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C396513%2Cbiblioteka-uniwersytecka-we-wroclawiu-digitalizuje-unikatowe-zbiory.html">"Biblioteka Uniwersytecka we Wrocławiu digitalizuje unikatowe zbiory"</a>. Nauka w Polsce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119002510/https://naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news%2C396513%2Cbiblioteka-uniwersytecka-we-wroclawiu-digitalizuje-unikatowe-zbiory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nauka+w+Polsce&rft.atitle=Biblioteka+Uniwersytecka+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+digitalizuje+unikatowe+zbiory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaukawpolsce.pap.pl%2Faktualnosci%2Fnews%252C396513%252Cbiblioteka-uniwersytecka-we-wroclawiu-digitalizuje-unikatowe-zbiory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224632/http://probier.tv/2017/07/11/historisches-schoeps-von-browar-stu-mostow/">"Historisches Schöps von Browar Stu Mostow"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://probier.tv/2017/07/11/historisches-schoeps-von-browar-stu-mostow/">the original</a> on 5 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historisches+Sch%C3%B6ps+von+Browar+Stu+Mostow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprobier.tv%2F2017%2F07%2F11%2Fhistorisches-schoeps-von-browar-stu-mostow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpole2012" class="citation web cs1">Opole, Radio (11 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radio.opole.pl/357,131524,wojna-trzydziestoletnia-pustoszy-slask">"Wojna trzydziestoletnia pustoszy Śląsk"</a>. Wojna trzydziestoletnia pustoszy Śląsk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109075930/http://radio.opole.pl/357,131524,wojna-trzydziestoletnia-pustoszy-slask">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 2 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wojna+trzydziestoletnia+pustoszy+%C5%9Al%C4%85sk&rft.atitle=Wojna+trzydziestoletnia+pustoszy+%C5%9Al%C4%85sk&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft.aulast=Opole&rft.aufirst=Radio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fradio.opole.pl%2F357%2C131524%2Cwojna-trzydziestoletnia-pustoszy-slask&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1693-mortality.html">"Edmond Halley, An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, drawn from curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; with an Attempt to ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives, Philosophical Transactions, 196 (London, 1693), pp. 596–610. 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Dresden-Warszawa (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221110183554/https://www.dresden-warszawa.eu/pl/prolog/informacja-historyczna/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dresden-Warszawa&rft.atitle=Informacja+historyczna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dresden-warszawa.eu%2Fpl%2Fprolog%2Finformacja-historyczna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/how-wroc%C5%82aw-found-itself-by-saving-its-german-polish-literary-heritage/a-19212883">"How Wrocław found itself by saving its German-Polish literary heritage – Books – DW – 26.04.2016"</a>. DW.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316215241/http://www.dw.com/en/how-wroc%C5%82aw-found-itself-by-saving-its-german-polish-literary-heritage/a-19212883">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=How+Wroc%C5%82aw+found+itself+by+saving+its+German-Polish+literary+heritage+%E2%80%93+Books+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+26.04.2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fhow-wroc%25C5%2582aw-found-itself-by-saving-its-german-polish-literary-heritage%2Fa-19212883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiritedtravelers.com/2364/wroclaw-christmas/">"Wrocław's Christmas Market and Revolting Dwarves"</a>. Spirited Travelers. 21 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116211531/https://www.spiritedtravelers.com/2364/wroclaw-christmas/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spirited+Travelers&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82aw%27s+Christmas+Market+and+Revolting+Dwarves&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiritedtravelers.com%2F2364%2Fwroclaw-christmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316220058/https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/1813-and-the-lead-up-to-the-battle-of-leipzig/">"1813 and the lead up to the Battle of Leipzig"</a>. napoleon.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/1813-and-the-lead-up-to-the-battle-of-leipzig/">the original</a> on 16 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=napoleon.org&rft.atitle=1813+and+the+lead+up+to+the+Battle+of+Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.napoleon.org%2Fen%2Fhistory-of-the-two-empires%2Ftimelines%2F1813-and-the-lead-up-to-the-battle-of-leipzig%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasińska2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jasińska, Kamilla (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922060640/https://uni.wroc.pl/brahms-uwertura-i-uniwersytet/">"BRAHMS, UWERTURA I UNIWERSYTET"</a>. Uniwersytet Wrocławski-University of Wrocław (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni.wroc.pl/brahms-uwertura-i-uniwersytet/">the original</a> on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uniwersytet+Wroc%C5%82awski-University+of+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.atitle=BRAHMS%2C+UWERTURA+I+UNIWERSYTET&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Jasi%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Kamilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funi.wroc.pl%2Fbrahms-uwertura-i-uniwersytet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPater1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pater, Mieczysław (1976). "Polska poezja okolicznościowo-rewolucyjna we Wrocławiu (1812–1822)". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish). XXXI (2). Wrocław: <a href="/wiki/Zak%C5%82ad_Narodowy_im._Ossoli%C5%84skich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich">Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich</a>, Wydawnictwo <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polskiej Akademii Nauk</a>: 317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Polska+poezja+okoliczno%C5%9Bciowo-rewolucyjna+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+%281812%E2%80%931822%29&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Pater&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn1948" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hahn, Wiktor (1948). "Juliusz Słowacki w 1848 r.". Sobótka (in Polish). III (I). Wrocław: 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Juliusz+S%C5%82owacki+w+1848+r.&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=105&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Wiktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Hahn, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1999" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, K. K. (16 March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MTkH01uMiEkC&pg=PA57">Tourism and Culture</a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176250566" title="Special:BookSources/9788176250566"><bdi>9788176250566</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205604/https://books.google.com/books?id=MTkH01uMiEkC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+Culture&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999-03-16&rft.isbn=9788176250566&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMTkH01uMiEkC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPater1963" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pater, Mieczysław (1963). "Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish) (4): 405.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82awskie+echa+powstania+styczniowego&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Pater&rft.aufirst=Mieczys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Pater (1963), p. 407 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Pater (1963), pp. 405–406 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Pater (1963), p. 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Pater (1963), pp. 406, 415 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Pater (1963), p. 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Pater (1963), pp. 414–415 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/poland/breslau/city-of-breslau/">"City of Breslau"</a>. 9 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407172452/https://mahlerfoundation.org/mahler/locations/poland/breslau/city-of-breslau/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Breslau&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahlerfoundation.org%2Fmahler%2Flocations%2Fpoland%2Fbreslau%2Fcity-of-breslau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-konversationslexikon394-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-konversationslexikon394_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-konversationslexikon394_64-1">b</a> Cf. Meyers Großes Konversationslexikon: 20 vols., 6th ed., Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut, 1903–1908, vol. 3: Bismarck-Archipel bis Chemnitz (1903), article: Breslau (Stadt), pp. 394–399, here p. 396. No ISBN </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19998-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19998_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUS_Wrocław1999">US Wrocław 1999</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-harasimowicz-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harasimowicz_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harasimowicz_66-1">b</a> Harasimowicz, p. 466f </li> <li id="cite_note-wisc-67"><a href="#cite_ref-wisc_67-0">^</a> see Till van Rahden: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/2941.htm">Jews and Other Germans: Civil Society, Religious Diversity, and Urban Politics in Breslau, 1860–1925</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907195007/https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/2941.htm">Archived</a> 7 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22694-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22694-7">978-0-299-22694-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2017" class="citation web cs1">Sutherland, Jonathan (3 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bachtrack.com/postcard-wroclaw-music-travel-culture-history-food-city-poland">"Postcard from Wrocław: visually enchanting and historically fascinating"</a>. Bachtrack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422211938/https://bachtrack.com/postcard-wroclaw-music-travel-culture-history-food-city-poland">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bachtrack&rft.atitle=Postcard+from+Wroc%C5%82aw%3A+visually+enchanting+and+historically+fascinating&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbachtrack.com%2Fpostcard-wroclaw-music-travel-culture-history-food-city-poland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzafrański2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szafrański, Marek (11 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzieje.pl/rozmaitosci-historyczne/samochod-pancerny-fox-wjechal-do-muzeum-broni-pancernej">"200 lat temu ustanowiony został Krzyż Żelazny"</a>. Dzieje.pl (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927063338/https://dzieje.pl/rozmaitosci-historyczne/samochod-pancerny-fox-wjechal-do-muzeum-broni-pancernej">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=200+lat+temu+ustanowiony+zosta%C5%82+Krzy%C5%BC+%C5%BBelazny&rft.date=2013-03-11&rft.aulast=Szafra%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Frozmaitosci-historyczne%2Fsamochod-pancerny-fox-wjechal-do-muzeum-broni-pancernej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Breslau, S.67, Dumont(direkt)-Verlag, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Breslau, S.59, Dumont(direkt)-Verlag, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrzechowski1967" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orzechowski, Marian (1967). "Akcja legionowa we Wrocławiu w 1914 roku". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish). XXII (1–2). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich: 129, 134–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Akcja+legionowa+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+w+1914+roku&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=129%2C+134-135&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Orzechowski&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKujat2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kujat, Janusz Adam (2000). "Pieniądz zastępczy w obozach jenieckich na terenie rejencji wrocławskiej w czasie I i II wojny światowej". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 23. Opole: 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0137-5199">0137-5199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%81ambinowicki+rocznik+muzealny&rft.atitle=Pieni%C4%85dz+zast%C4%99pczy+w+obozach+jenieckich+na+terenie+rejencji+wroc%C5%82awskiej+w+czasie+I+i+II+wojny+%C5%9Bwiatowej&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0137-5199&rft.aulast=Kujat&rft.aufirst=Janusz+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microcosm,_page_361-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Microcosm,_page_361_74-0">^</a> Microcosm, p. 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-Microcosm_396-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Microcosm_396_75-0">^</a> Davies, Moorhouse, p. 396; van Rahden, Juden, pp. 323–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118101845/http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/sch_breslau.html">"Territorial organisation of Breslau (German)"</a>. Verwaltungsgeschichte.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/sch_breslau.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territorial+organisation+of+Breslau+%28German%29&rft.pub=Verwaltungsgeschichte.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verwaltungsgeschichte.de%2Fsch_breslau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThum2011" class="citation book cs1">Thum, Gregor (28 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9568.html">Thum, G.: Uprooted: How Breslau Became Wroclaw during the Century of Expulsions. (eBook and Paperback)</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691152912" title="Special:BookSources/9780691152912"><bdi>9780691152912</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145506/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9568.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thum%2C+G.%3A+Uprooted%3A+How+Breslau+Became+Wroclaw+during+the+Century+of+Expulsions.+%28eBook+and+Paperback%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-28&rft.isbn=9780691152912&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F9568.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rahden2008" class="citation book cs1">van Rahden, Till (2008). Jews and other Germans: civil society, religious diversity, and urban politics in Breslau, 1860–1925. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+other+Germans%3A+civil+society%2C+religious+diversity%2C+and+urban+politics+in+Breslau%2C+1860%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=van+Rahden&rft.aufirst=Till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikrokosmos4-79"><a href="#cite_ref-mikrokosmos4_79-0">^</a> Norman Davies, Mikrokosmos, p. 369 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ziesak-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Ziesak_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Katrin_Ziesak1999" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Katrin Ziesak (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwDnBQAAQBAJ&q=Breslau-D%C3%BCrrgoy&pg=PA246">"Silesian concentration camp Breslau-Dürrgoy"</a>. Walter de Gruyter Publishers: 1749–1999. Walter de Gruyter. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110816660" title="Special:BookSources/3110816660"><bdi>3110816660</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205604/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwDnBQAAQBAJ&q=Breslau-D%C3%BCrrgoy&pg=PA246#v=snippet&q=Breslau-D%C3%BCrrgoy&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Silesian+concentration+camp+Breslau-D%C3%BCrrgoy&rft.btitle=Walter+de+Gruyter+Publishers%3A+1749%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3110816660&rft.au=Anne-Katrin+Ziesak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwDnBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DBreslau-D%25C3%25BCrrgoy%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microcosm_395-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Microcosm_395_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Microcosm_395_81-1">b</a> Davies, Moorhouse, p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulak_252-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulak_252_82-0">^</a> Kulak, p. 252 </li> <li id="cite_note-mc-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mc_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mc_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCygański1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cygański, Mirosław (1984). "Hitlerowskie prześladowania przywódców i aktywu Związków Polaków w Niemczech w latach 1939-1945". Przegląd Zachodni (in Polish) (4): 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Przegl%C4%85d+Zachodni&rft.atitle=Hitlerowskie+prze%C5%9Bladowania+przyw%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+i+aktywu+Zwi%C4%85zk%C3%B3w+Polak%C3%B3w+w+Niemczech+w+latach+1939-1945&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cyga%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Miros%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM-84"><a href="#cite_ref-RM_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609171308/http://www.rogermoorhouse.com/article1.html">"see article "Concentration Camps in and around Breslau 1940–1945""</a>. Roger Moorhouse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogermoorhouse.com/article1.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=see+article+%22Concentration+Camps+in+and+around+Breslau+1940%E2%80%931945%22&rft.pub=Roger+Moorhouse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogermoorhouse.com%2Farticle1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SF-85"><a href="#cite_ref-SF_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportfest1938.prv.pl/">"Breslau bonczek sportfest"</a>. Sportfest1938.prv.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212213349/http://sportfest1938.prv.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breslau+bonczek+sportfest&rft.pub=Sportfest1938.prv.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportfest1938.prv.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/breslau">"Breslau, Poland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111750/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/breslau">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breslau%2C+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbreslau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wroclaw-88"><a href="#cite_ref-wroclaw_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwroclaw.pl2010" class="citation web cs1">wroclaw.pl (27 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclaw.pl/m6852/">"History of Wrocław"</a>. Wroclaw.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429203217/http://www.wroclaw.pl/m6852/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wroclaw.pl&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft.au=wroclaw.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fm6852%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikrokosmos5-89"><a href="#cite_ref-mikrokosmos5_89-0">^</a> Norman Davies, Mikrokosmos, p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-gr-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/">"Subcamps of KL Gross- Rosen"</a>. Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322131230/https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gross-Rosen+Museum+in+Rogo%C5%BAnica&rft.atitle=Subcamps+of+KL+Gross-+Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.gross-rosen.eu%2Fhistoria-kl-gross-rosen%2Ffilie-obozu-gross-rosen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushm-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushm_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushm_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2009" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2009). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 712–716. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos+1933%E2%80%931945.+Volume+I&rft.pages=712-716&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35328-3&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120001548/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html">"Working Parties"</a>. Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 – 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html">the original</a> on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lamsdorf%3A+Stalag+VIIIB+344+Prisoner+of+War+Camp+1940+%E2%80%93+1945&rft.atitle=Working+Parties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamsdorf.com%2Fworking-parties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=536">"Strafgefängnis und Jugendgefängnis Breslau"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407172455/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=536">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Strafgef%C3%A4ngnis+und+Jugendgef%C3%A4ngnis+Breslau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=537">"Untersuchungsgefängnis Breslau"</a>. Bundesarchiv.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407172448/https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=537">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundesarchiv.de&rft.atitle=Untersuchungsgef%C3%A4ngnis+Breslau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Fzwangsarbeit%2Fhaftstaetten%2Findex.php%3Faction%3D2.2%26tab%3D7%26id%3D537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves2015" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, Richard (2015). Hitler's Final Fortress – Breslau 1945. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Final+Fortress+%E2%80%93+Breslau+1945&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2005/10/A-Breslau">"Stalingrad an der Oder"</a> [Stalingrad on the Oder]. zeit.de (in German). <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a>. 3 March 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211190555/https://www.zeit.de/2005/10/A-Breslau">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zeit.de&rft.atitle=Stalingrad+an+der+Oder&rft.date=2005-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2005%2F10%2FA-Breslau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Festung_Breslau-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Festung_Breslau_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wratislavia.net/festung.htm">"Festung Breslau (Breslau Fortress) siege by the Soviet Army – photo gallery"</a>. Wratislavia.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051120062506/http://www.wratislavia.net/festung.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2005. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festung+Breslau+%28Breslau+Fortress%29+siege+by+the+Soviet+Army+%E2%80%93+photo+gallery&rft.pub=Wratislavia.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wratislavia.net%2Ffestung.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazower,_M_2008_P544-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazower,_M_2008_P544_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazower,_M_2008_P544_98-1">b</a> Mazower, M(2008) Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe, Penguin Press p. 544 </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe_Since_1945_Encyclopedia-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europe_Since_1945_Encyclopedia_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europe_Since_1945_Encyclopedia_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C">Europe Since 1945. An Encyclopedia – Volume 2</a>. Garland. p. 991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815340584" title="Special:BookSources/9780815340584"><bdi>9780815340584</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205604/https://books.google.com/books?id=hafLHZgZtt4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945.+An+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Volume+2&rft.pages=991&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780815340584&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhafLHZgZtt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowiak2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jankowiak, Stanisław (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H6oWAQAAIAAJ&q=szko%C5%82a%20niemiecka%20zamkni%C4%99ta%201963%20wroc%C5%82aw">Wysiedlenie i emigracja ludności niemieckiej w polityce władz polskich w latach 1945–1970</a> (in Polish). Poland: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389078803" title="Special:BookSources/9788389078803"><bdi>9788389078803</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422024414/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6oWAQAAIAAJ&q=szko%C5%82a%20niemiecka%20zamkni%C4%99ta%201963%20wroc%C5%82aw">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wysiedlenie+i+emigracja+ludno%C5%9Bci+niemieckiej+w+polityce+w%C5%82adz+polskich+w+latach+1945%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Poland&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej%2C+Komisja+%C5%9Acigania+Zbrodni+przeciwko+Narodowi+Polskiemu&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788389078803&rft.aulast=Jankowiak&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH6oWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dszko%25C5%2582a%2520niemiecka%2520zamkni%25C4%2599ta%25201963%2520wroc%25C5%2582aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp_Ther1998" class="citation book cs1">Philipp Ther (1998). Deutsche und polnische Vertriebene: Gesellschaft und Vertriebenenpolitik in der SBZ/DDR und in Polen 1945–1956. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+und+polnische+Vertriebene%3A+Gesellschaft+und+Vertriebenenpolitik+in+der+SBZ%2FDDR+und+in+Polen+1945%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Philipp+Ther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ntkswroclaw-102"><a href="#cite_ref-ntkswroclaw_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntkswroclaw.vdg.pl/onas.html">"NTKS Wrocław"</a>. Ntkswroclaw.vdg.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004152125/http://www.ntkswroclaw.vdg.pl/onas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NTKS+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Ntkswroclaw.vdg.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntkswroclaw.vdg.pl%2Fonas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZybura" class="citation web cs1">Zybura, Von Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://literaturkritik.de/id/20622">"Breslau wird Wrocław – Über die Wandlung(en) eines Stadtnamens : literaturkritik.de"</a>. literaturkritik.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426192322/https://literaturkritik.de/id/20622">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=literaturkritik.de&rft.atitle=Breslau+wird+Wroc%C5%82aw+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Cber+die+Wandlung%28en%29+eines+Stadtnamens+%3A+literaturkritik.de&rft.aulast=Zybura&rft.aufirst=Von+Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliteraturkritik.de%2Fid%2F20622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBłądekTulibacki2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Błądek, Zenon; Tulibacki, Tadeusz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5QgAQAAIAAJ&q=hotel%20monopol%20kongres%20%C5%9Bwiatowy">Dzieje krajowego hotelarstwa od zajazdu do współczesności</a> (in Polish). Poland: ALBUS. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389284020" title="Special:BookSources/9788389284020"><bdi>9788389284020</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422082354/https://books.google.com/books?id=U5QgAQAAIAAJ&q=hotel%20monopol%20kongres%20%C5%9Bwiatowy">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+krajowego+hotelarstwa+od+zajazdu+do+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesno%C5%9Bci&rft.place=Poland&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=ALBUS&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788389284020&rft.aulast=B%C5%82%C4%85dek&rft.aufirst=Zenon&rft.au=Tulibacki%2C+Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5QgAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhotel%2520monopol%2520kongres%2520%25C5%259Bwiatowy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanisławski2018" class="citation web cs1">Stanisławski, Piotr (17 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crazynauka.pl/epidemia-ospy-prawdziwej-we-wroclawiu-dzis-mija-55-lat/">"Epidemia ospy prawdziwej we Wrocławiu – dziś mija 55 lat"</a>. Crazy Nauka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203214151/https://www.crazynauka.pl/epidemia-ospy-prawdziwej-we-wroclawiu-dzis-mija-55-lat/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crazy+Nauka&rft.atitle=Epidemia+ospy+prawdziwej+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+%E2%80%93+dzi%C5%9B+mija+55+lat&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Stanis%C5%82awski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crazynauka.pl%2Fepidemia-ospy-prawdziwej-we-wroclawiu-dzis-mija-55-lat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarodowej" class="citation web cs1">Narodowej, Instytut Pamięci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/80184,Uroczystosc-wreczenia-Krzyzy-Wolnosci-i-Solidarnosci-we-Wroclawiu-30-pazdziernik.html">"Uroczystość wręczenia "Krzyży Wolności i Solidarności" we Wrocławiu – 30 października 2019"</a>. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111602/https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/aktualnosci/80184,Uroczystosc-wreczenia-Krzyzy-Wolnosci-i-Solidarnosci-we-Wroclawiu-30-pazdziernik.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Uroczysto%C5%9B%C4%87+wr%C4%99czenia+%22Krzy%C5%BCy+Wolno%C5%9Bci+i+Solidarno%C5%9Bci%22+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+%E2%80%93+30+pa%C5%BAdziernika+2019&rft.aulast=Narodowej&rft.aufirst=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Faktualnosci%2F80184%2CUroczystosc-wreczenia-Krzyzy-Wolnosci-i-Solidarnosci-we-Wroclawiu-30-pazdziernik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetawroclawska.pl/zobacz-unikatowe-zdjecia-papieza-jana-pawla-ii-z-pielgrzymek-do-wroclawia-w-1983-i-1997-roku-zdjecia/ar/13601406">"Zobacz unikatowe zdjęcia papieża Jana Pawła II z pielgrzymek do Wrocławia w 1983 i 1997 roku"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska. Polska Press, Wrocław. 19 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111602/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/zobacz-unikatowe-zdjecia-papieza-jana-pawla-ii-z-pielgrzymek-do-wroclawia-w-1983-i-1997-roku-zdjecia/ar/13601406">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Zobacz+unikatowe+zdj%C4%99cia+papie%C5%BCa+Jana+Paw%C5%82a+II+z+pielgrzymek+do+Wroc%C5%82awia+w+1983+i+1997+roku&rft.date=2018-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetawroclawska.pl%2Fzobacz-unikatowe-zdjecia-papieza-jana-pawla-ii-z-pielgrzymek-do-wroclawia-w-1983-i-1997-roku-zdjecia%2Far%2F13601406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1yAiAQAAIAAJ&q=ptv%20echo%201990%20wroc%C5%82aw">Kalendarz Wrocławski</a>. Vol. 35–36. Prasa. 1994. p. 136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512054925/https://books.google.com/books?id=1yAiAQAAIAAJ&q=ptv%20echo%201990%20wroc%C5%82aw">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalendarz+Wroc%C5%82awski&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Prasa&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1yAiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dptv%2520echo%25201990%2520wroc%25C5%2582aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111603/http://www.pwt.wroc.pl/index.php/81-linki/117-46-kongres-eucharystyczny">"46. KONGRES EUCHARYSTYCZNY"</a>. Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu (PWT) (in Polish). 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Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1903+great+flood+of+the+Oder+river+%E2%80%93+photo+gallery&rft.pub=Breslau-wroclaw.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breslau-wroclaw.de%2Fde%2Fbreslau%2Fpostcard%2Fprojektor%2Fprint.php%3FshowId%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220122154325/https://wroclaw.wody.gov.pl/aktualnosci/798-rejs-nowych-lodolamaczy-wod-polskich-przez-wroclawski-wezel-wodny">"Rejs nowych lodołamaczy Wód Polskich przez Wrocławski Węzeł Wodny"</a>. Regionalny Zarząd Gospodarki Wodnej we Wrocławiu (in Polish). Państwowe Gospodarstwo Wodne-Wody Polskie. 1 June 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wroclaw.wody.gov.pl/aktualnosci/798-rejs-nowych-lodolamaczy-wod-polskich-przez-wroclawski-wezel-wodny">the original</a> on 22 January 2022. 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Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Rok+z+Europejsk%C4%85+Stolic%C4%85+Kultury+Wroc%C5%82aw+2016+%5BPODSUMOWANIE%5D&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82ody%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Frok-z-europejska-stolica-kultury-wroclaw-2016-podsumowanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiesielski" class="citation web cs1">Ciesielski, Janek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121090919/http://www.azs.upwr.edu.pl/the-world-games-2017-10-swiatowe-igrzyska-sportowe-podbily-wroclaw/">"The World Games 2017– 10 Światowe Igrzyska Sportowe podbiły Wrocław! – AZS Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy we Wrocławiu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azs.upwr.edu.pl/the-world-games-2017-10-swiatowe-igrzyska-sportowe-podbily-wroclaw/">the original</a> on 21 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Games+2017%E2%80%93+10+%C5%9Awiatowe+Igrzyska+Sportowe+podbi%C5%82y+Wroc%C5%82aw%21+%E2%80%93+AZS+Uniwersytet+Przyrodniczy+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu&rft.aulast=Ciesielski&rft.aufirst=Janek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azs.upwr.edu.pl%2Fthe-world-games-2017-10-swiatowe-igrzyska-sportowe-podbily-wroclaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclaw.pl/portal/wroclaw-z-tytulem-european-best-destination-2018">"Wrocław z tytułem European Best Destination 2018! – www.wroclaw.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063622/https://www.wroclaw.pl/portal/wroclaw-z-tytulem-european-best-destination-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+z+tytu%C5%82em+European+Best+Destination+2018%21+%E2%80%93+www.wroclaw.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fportal%2Fwroclaw-z-tytulem-european-best-destination-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Śļaskie sprawozdania archeologiczne (in Polish). Poland: Katedra Archeologii Polski Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9A%C4%BCaskie+sprawozdania+archeologiczne&rft.place=Poland&rft.pub=Katedra+Archeologii+Polski+Uniwersytetu+Wroc%C5%82awskiego&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQyGBwAAQBAJ">Flood Issues in Contemporary Water Management</a>. Springer Netherlands. 6 December 2012. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401141406" title="Special:BookSources/9789401141406"><bdi>9789401141406</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512054944/https://books.google.com/books?id=OQyGBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flood+Issues+in+Contemporary+Water+Management&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=9789401141406&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQyGBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpwik.wroc.pl/o-nas/kanalizacja/">"Sieć kanalizacyjna"</a>. MPWiK Wrocław (in Polish). Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Wodociągów i Kanalizacji SA we Wrocławiu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025440/https://www.mpwik.wroc.pl/o-nas/kanalizacja/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. 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Financial Times, Opinion Homes and Gardens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/241840ec-25ff-11e3-8ef6-00144feab7de">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times%2C+Opinion+Homes+and+Gardens&rft.atitle=An+Alpine+garden+in+Poland+with+a+heavenly+Devil%27s+Lapfoot&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft.au=Robin+Lane+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F241840ec-25ff-11e3-8ef6-00144feab7de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchewka2020" class="citation web cs1">Marchewka, Celina (28 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetawroclawska.pl/we-wroclawiu-juz-ponad-200-gatunkow-ptakow-przybywa-tych-cieplolubnych-znacie-je-wszystkie/ar/c1-14942054">"We Wrocławiu już ponad 200 gatunków ptaków. Przybywa tych ciepłolubnych. Znacie je wszystkie?"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111625/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/we-wroclawiu-juz-ponad-200-gatunkow-ptakow-przybywa-tych-cieplolubnych-znacie-je-wszystkie/ar/c1-14942054">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=We+Wroc%C5%82awiu+ju%C5%BC+ponad+200+gatunk%C3%B3w+ptak%C3%B3w.+Przybywa+tych+ciep%C5%82olubnych.+Znacie+je+wszystkie%3F&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft.aulast=Marchewka&rft.aufirst=Celina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetawroclawska.pl%2Fwe-wroclawiu-juz-ponad-200-gatunkow-ptakow-przybywa-tych-cieplolubnych-znacie-je-wszystkie%2Far%2Fc1-14942054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaunaFloraWroclawiu-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FaunaFloraWroclawiu_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FaunaFloraWroclawiu_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823230422/http://www.wroclaw.pl/srodowisko/fauna-i-flora-we-wroclawiu">"Fauna i flora we Wroclawiu – Środowisko Wrocław"</a>. www.wroclaw.pl. 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Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Fauna+i+flora+we+Wroclawiu+%E2%80%93+%C5%9Arodowisko+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fsrodowisko%2Ffauna-i-flora-we-wroclawiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackowska" class="citation web cs1">Jackowska, Beata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclaw.pl/wroclaw-dzikie-zwierzeta-w-miescie">"Wrocław-dzikie zwierzęta w naszym mieście"</a>. www.wroclaw.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205632/https://www.wroclaw.pl/dla-mieszkanca/wroclaw-dzikie-zwierzeta-w-miescie">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. 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Gazetawroclawska.pl. 7 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040450/http://www.gazetawroclawska.pl/artykul/5200560,we-wroclawiu-padl-rekord-ciepla-389-stopnia-celsjusza,id,t.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetawroclawska.pl&rft.atitle=We+Wroc%C5%82awiu+pad%C5%82+rekord+ciep%C5%82a%3A+38%2C9+stopni+Celsjusza&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetawroclawska.pl%2Fartykul%2F5200560%2Cwe-wroclawiu-padl-rekord-ciepla-389-stopnia-celsjusza%2Cid%2Ct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-recordhigh-128"><a href="#cite_ref-recordhigh_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=tmax&max_empty=3">"Wrocław Absolutna temperatura maksymalna"</a> (in Polish). 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Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+Absolutna+temperatura+minimalna&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D351160424%26par%3Dtmin%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-relativehumidity-130"><a href="#cite_ref-relativehumidity_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351160424&par=rh&max_empty=3">"Wrocław Średnia wilgotność"</a> (in Polish). 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Retrieved 20 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+%C5%9Arednia+wilgotno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.pub=Meteomodel.pl&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeteomodel.pl%2Fdane%2Fsrednie-miesieczne%2F%3Fimgwid%3D351160424%26par%3Drh%26max_empty%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-noaa-131"><a href="#cite_ref-noaa_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12424.TXT">"Wroclaw (12424) – WMO Weather Station"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928205655/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12424.TXT">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wroclaw+%2812424%29+%E2%80%93+WMO+Weather+Station&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FPL%2F12424.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAWroclaw">Archived</a> 27 December 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dolnoslaskie">"Dolnośląskie Province"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetawroclawska.pl&rft.atitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska+%E2%80%93+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+Wroc%C5%82aw%2C+Informacje+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetawroclawska.pl%2Ftag%2Fnajbogatsze-miasta-w-polsce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Helman, Joanna (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu122310086">"Analysis of the Local Innovation and Entrepreneurial System Structure Towards the 'Wrocław Innovation Ecosystem' Concept Development"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Jad%C4%99+do+Wroc%C5%82awia+samochodem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fjade-do-wroclawia-samochodem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wroclife.pl/nasze-miasto/korki-we-wroclawiu-jestesmy-w-czolowce-najbardziej-zatloczonych-miast-ranking/#:~:text=Najbardziej%20zakorkowane%20miasta%20w%20Polsce&text=Wroc%C5%82aw%20uplasowa%C5%82%20si%C4%99%20na%20pi%C4%85tej,ca%C5%82ego%20%C5%9Bwiata%2C%20zaj%C4%99li%C5%9Bmy%2041%20miejsce.">"Korki we Wrocławiu. Jesteśmy w czołówce najbardziej zatłoczonych miast"</a>. 30 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227102108/https://wroclife.pl/nasze-miasto/korki-we-wroclawiu-jestesmy-w-czolowce-najbardziej-zatloczonych-miast-ranking/#:~:text=Najbardziej%20zakorkowane%20miasta%20w%20Polsce&text=Wroc%C5%82aw%20uplasowa%C5%82%20si%C4%99%20na%20pi%C4%85tej,ca%C5%82ego%20%C5%9Bwiata%2C%20zaj%C4%99li%C5%9Bmy%2041%20miejsce.">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korki+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu.+Jeste%C5%9Bmy+w+czo%C5%82%C3%B3wce+najbardziej+zat%C5%82oczonych+miast&rft.date=2020-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwroclife.pl%2Fnasze-miasto%2Fkorki-we-wroclawiu-jestesmy-w-czolowce-najbardziej-zatloczonych-miast-ranking%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNajbardziej%2520zakorkowane%2520miasta%2520w%2520Polsce%26text%3DWroc%25C5%2582aw%2520uplasowa%25C5%2582%2520si%25C4%2599%2520na%2520pi%25C4%2585tej%2Cca%25C5%2582ego%2520%25C5%259Bwiata%252C%2520zaj%25C4%2599li%25C5%259Bmy%252041%2520miejsce.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetawroclawska.pl/wroclaw-wsrod-najbardziej-zakorkowanych-miast-w-europie/ar/c1-14748292">"Wrocław wśród najbardziej zakorkowanych miast w Europie"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska. 29 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210731220101/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/wroclaw-wsrod-najbardziej-zakorkowanych-miast-w-europie/ar/c1-14748292">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+w%C5%9Br%C3%B3d+najbardziej+zakorkowanych+miast+w+Europie&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetawroclawska.pl%2Fwroclaw-wsrod-najbardziej-zakorkowanych-miast-w-europie%2Far%2Fc1-14748292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachalica2018" class="citation web cs1">Machalica, Adrianna (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetawroclawska.pl/samochody-we-wroclawiu-glownie-stoja-brakuje-miejsc-parkingowych/ar/13382724">"Samochody we Wrocławiu głównie stoją. Brakuje miejsc parkingowych"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409111653/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/samochody-we-wroclawiu-glownie-stoja-brakuje-miejsc-parkingowych/ar/13382724">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Samochody+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu+g%C5%82%C3%B3wnie+stoj%C4%85.+Brakuje+miejsc+parkingowych&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft.aulast=Machalica&rft.aufirst=Adrianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetawroclawska.pl%2Fsamochody-we-wroclawiu-glownie-stoja-brakuje-miejsc-parkingowych%2Far%2F13382724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuwroclaw.com/wiadomosci,we-wroclawiu-jest-wiecej-samochodow-niz-mieszkancow,wia5-3273-49561.html#:~:text=We%20Wroc%C5%82awiu%20na%201%20tys,z%20brakiem%20wolnych%20miejsc%20parkingowych.">"We Wrocławiu jest więcej samochodów niż mieszkańców"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415100643/https://www.tuwroclaw.com/wiadomosci,we-wroclawiu-jest-wiecej-samochodow-niz-mieszkancow,wia5-3273-49561.html#:~:text=We%20Wroc%C5%82awiu%20na%201%20tys,z%20brakiem%20wolnych%20miejsc%20parkingowych.">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Wroc%C5%82awiu+jest+wi%C4%99cej+samochod%C3%B3w+ni%C5%BC+mieszka%C5%84c%C3%B3w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuwroclaw.com%2Fwiadomosci%2Cwe-wroclawiu-jest-wiecej-samochodow-niz-mieszkancow%2Cwia5-3273-49561.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWe%2520Wroc%25C5%2582awiu%2520na%25201%2520tys%2Cz%2520brakiem%2520wolnych%2520miejsc%2520parkingowych.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129090914/http://airport.wroclaw.pl/lotnisko/o-lotnisku/statystyki/ruch-pasazerski/">"Ruch pasażerski | Port Lotniczy Wrocław"</a>. airport.wroclaw.pl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airport.wroclaw.pl/lotnisko/o-lotnisku/statystyki/ruch-pasazerski/">the original</a> on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airport.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Ruch+pasa%C5%BCerski+%26%23124%3B+Port+Lotniczy+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairport.wroclaw.pl%2Flotnisko%2Fo-lotnisku%2Fstatystyki%2Fruch-pasazerski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/ruch-lotniczy-w-polsce-w-2019-roku-liczba-pasazerow-statystyki-i-dane-ulc/kbt4ny9#:~:text=Najwi%C4%99ksze%20lotniska%20w%20Polsce,skorzysta%C5%82o%2018%2C8%20mln%20pasa%C5%BCer%C3%B3w.">"ULC: W 2019 roku polskie lotniska pobiły rekord. Obsłużyły 49 MLN pasażerów"</a>. 4 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412012159/https://businessinsider.com.pl/wiadomosci/ruch-lotniczy-w-polsce-w-2019-roku-liczba-pasazerow-statystyki-i-dane-ulc/kbt4ny9#:~:text=Najwi%C4%99ksze%20lotniska%20w%20Polsce,skorzysta%C5%82o%2018%2C8%20mln%20pasa%C5%BCer%C3%B3w.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ULC%3A+W+2019+roku+polskie+lotniska+pobi%C5%82y+rekord.+Obs%C5%82u%C5%BCy%C5%82y+49+MLN+pasa%C5%BCer%C3%B3w&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessinsider.com.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fruch-lotniczy-w-polsce-w-2019-roku-liczba-pasazerow-statystyki-i-dane-ulc%2Fkbt4ny9%23%3A~%3Atext%3DNajwi%25C4%2599ksze%2520lotniska%2520w%2520Polsce%2Cskorzysta%25C5%2582o%252018%252C8%2520mln%2520pasa%25C5%25BCer%25C3%25B3w.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airport_Mapa_Polaczen_151-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airport.wroclaw.pl/pasazer/mapa-polaczen/">"Mapa połączeń | Port Lotniczy Wrocław"</a>. airport.wroclaw.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127163128/http://airport.wroclaw.pl/pasazer/mapa-polaczen/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airport.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Mapa+po%C5%82%C4%85cze%C5%84+%26%23124%3B+Port+Lotniczy+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairport.wroclaw.pl%2Fpasazer%2Fmapa-polaczen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/najwiecej-pasazerow-w-2018-roku-skorzystalo-z-dworca-wroclaw-glowny-95265.html">"Najwięcej pasażerów w 2018 roku skorzystało z dworca Wrocław Główny"</a>. www.rynek-kolejowy.pl (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925202812/https://www.rynek-kolejowy.pl/wiadomosci/najwiecej-pasazerow-w-2018-roku-skorzystalo-z-dworca-wroclaw-glowny-95265.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rynek-kolejowy.pl&rft.atitle=Najwi%C4%99cej+pasa%C5%BCer%C3%B3w+w+2018+roku+skorzysta%C5%82o+z+dworca+Wroc%C5%82aw+G%C5%82%C3%B3wny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rynek-kolejowy.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fnajwiecej-pasazerow-w-2018-roku-skorzystalo-z-dworca-wroclaw-glowny-95265.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclavia.pl/store/Dworzec-Autobusowy/70115">"Dworzec Autobusowy Wroclavia"</a>. www.wroclavia.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115185040/https://www.wroclavia.pl/store/Dworzec-Autobusowy/70115">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wroclavia.pl&rft.atitle=Dworzec+Autobusowy+Wroclavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclavia.pl%2Fstore%2FDworzec-Autobusowy%2F70115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infobus.eu/pl/bus/station/info-987">"Dworzec PKS, ul. Sucha, 1 | Galeria Wroclavia (Wroclaw, Polska): rozkład jazdy, adres i telefon dworca"</a>. infobus.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113070029/https://infobus.eu/pl/bus/station/info-987">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infobus.eu&rft.atitle=Dworzec+PKS%2C+ul.+Sucha%2C+1+%26%23124%3B+Galeria+Wroclavia+%28Wroclaw%2C+Polska%29%3A+rozk%C5%82ad+jazdy%2C+adres+i+telefon+dworca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfobus.eu%2Fpl%2Fbus%2Fstation%2Finfo-987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.cmsmirage.pl" class="citation web cs1">www.cmsmirage.pl, CMSMirage sp z o o-. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclaw.pl/rozklady-jazdy">"Rozkłady jazdy Wrocław"</a>. www.wroclaw.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205212901/https://www.wroclaw.pl/rozklady-jazdy">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Rozk%C5%82ady+jazdy+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.aulast=www.cmsmirage.pl&rft.aufirst=CMSMirage+sp+z+o+o-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Frozklady-jazdy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPK_Wroclaw-156"><a href="#cite_ref-MPK_Wroclaw_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpk.wroc.pl/">"Home page"</a> (in Polish). Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713183333/http://www.mpk.wroc.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+page&rft.pub=Miejskie+Przedsi%C4%99biorstwo+Komunikacyjne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpk.wroc.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGadawa2018" class="citation web cs1">Gadawa, Malwina (8 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazetawroclawska.pl/wroclaw-stawia-na-rowery-bedzie-ich-az-2000-liczba-stacji/ar/13647533">"Wrocław stawia na rowery. Będzie ich aż 2000 (LICZBA STACJI)"</a>. Gazeta Wrocławska. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409112148/https://gazetawroclawska.pl/wroclaw-stawia-na-rowery-bedzie-ich-az-2000-liczba-stacji/ar/13647533">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazeta+Wroc%C5%82awska&rft.atitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+stawia+na+rowery.+B%C4%99dzie+ich+a%C5%BC+2000+%28LICZBA+STACJI%29&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft.aulast=Gadawa&rft.aufirst=Malwina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetawroclawska.pl%2Fwroclaw-stawia-na-rowery-bedzie-ich-az-2000-liczba-stacji%2Far%2F13647533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panekcs.pl/gdzie-jestesmy">"Gdzie jesteśmy – PANEK CarSharing | Auto na Minuty"</a>. panekcs.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602134508/https://panekcs.pl/gdzie-jestesmy">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2020. 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Retrieved 23 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Nowy+wypo%C5%BCyczalnia+aut+hybrydowych+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu&rft.date=2023-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fpanek-car-sharing-wypozyczalnia-aut-hybrydowych-wroclaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pwr.edu.pl/en/polinka">"Polinka – Wrocław University of Science and Technology"</a>. pwr.edu.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721204235/https://pwr.edu.pl/en/polinka/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pwr.edu.pl&rft.atitle=Polinka+%E2%80%93+Wroc%C5%82aw+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpwr.edu.pl%2Fen%2Fpolinka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-population-161"><a href="#cite_ref-population_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka">"Local Data Bank"</a>. Statistics Poland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710010911/https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Data+Bank&rft.pub=Statistics+Poland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdl.stat.gov.pl%2FBDL%2Fdane%2Fteryt%2Fjednostka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> Data for territorial unit 0264000. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isolatedtraveller.com/10-interesting-facts-about-wroclaw/">"10 Interesting Facts About Wrocław"</a>. www.isolatedtraveller.com. 10 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030071343/https://www.isolatedtraveller.com/10-interesting-facts-about-wroclaw/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isolatedtraveller.com&rft.atitle=10+Interesting+Facts+About+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.date=2020-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isolatedtraveller.com%2F10-interesting-facts-about-wroclaw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat_miasto_wroclaw-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stat_miasto_wroclaw_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat_miasto_wroclaw_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_dolnoslaskie/portrety_miast/miasto_Wroclaw.pdf">"Miasto Wroclaw"</a> (PDF). stat.gov.pl (in Polish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210184802/https://stat.gov.pl/vademecum/vademecum_dolnoslaskie/portrety_miast/miasto_Wroclaw.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Miasto+Wroclaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fvademecum%2Fvademecum_dolnoslaskie%2Fportrety_miast%2Fmiasto_Wroclaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclaw.pl/prezydent-wroclawia/raport-o-stanie-wroclawia-za-rok-2018#:~:text=%C5%9Arednia%20wieku%20wroc%C5%82awian%20to%20niemal%2043%20lata.">"Raport o stanie Wrocławia za rok 2018"</a>. 7 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205050209/https://www.wroclaw.pl/prezydent-wroclawia/raport-o-stanie-wroclawia-za-rok-2018#:~:text=%C5%9Arednia%20wieku%20wroc%C5%82awian%20to%20niemal%2043%20lata.">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raport+o+stanie+Wroc%C5%82awia+za+rok+2018&rft.date=2023-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fprezydent-wroclawia%2Fraport-o-stanie-wroclawia-za-rok-2018%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25C5%259Arednia%2520wieku%2520wroc%25C5%2582awian%2520to%2520niemal%252043%2520lata.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fotopolska.eu/384566,foto.html">"Mapy i plany (Karten, Pläne), Wrocław – 1934 rok, stare zdjęcia"</a>. fotopolska.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409112150/http://fotopolska.eu/384566,foto.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fotopolska.eu&rft.atitle=Mapy+i+plany+%28Karten%2C+Pl%C3%A4ne%29%2C+Wroc%C5%82aw+%E2%80%93+1934+rok%2C+stare+zdj%C4%99cia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffotopolska.eu%2F384566%2Cfoto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19998–9-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19998–9_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUS_Wrocław1999">US Wrocław 1999</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.porta-polonica.de/pl/atlas-miejsc-pami%C4%99ci/polacy-w-breslau-do-1939-roku">"Polacy w Breslau (do 1939 roku) | Porta Polonica"</a>. www.porta-polonica.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109095211/https://www.porta-polonica.de/pl/atlas-miejsc-pami%C4%99ci/polacy-w-breslau-do-1939-roku">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.porta-polonica.de&rft.atitle=Polacy+w+Breslau+%28do+1939+roku%29+%26%23124%3B+Porta+Polonica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.porta-polonica.de%2Fpl%2Fatlas-miejsc-pami%25C4%2599ci%2Fpolacy-w-breslau-do-1939-roku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19999-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19999_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław19999_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFUS_Wrocław1999">US Wrocław 1999</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUS_Wrocław199910_169-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFUS_Wrocław1999">US Wrocław 1999</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆwikła" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ćwikła, Katarzyna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831001217/http://opip.megiteam.pl/files/0003/1298/KW_pip_nr_9_s43.pdf">"Breslauerzy we Wrocławiu"</a> (PDF) (in Polish). 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Nationalities Papers. 45 (2): 274–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2016.1259295">10.1080/00905992.2016.1259295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Germans+in+Wroclaw%3A+%22Ethnic+minority%22+versus+hybrid+identity.+Historical+context+and+urban+milieu&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=274-291&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2016.1259295&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft.aulast=Pyrah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnationalities-papers%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fgermans-in-wroclaw-ethnic-minority-versus-hybrid-identity-historical-context-and-urban-milieu%2F085F08AEAFEF0DCAB658C3D261F7EEE2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubasiewicz2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kubasiewicz, Izabela (2013). 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Rodzimawiara.org.pl (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rodzimawiara.org.pl/aktualnosci/262-sprawozdanie-z-iii-ogolnopolskiego-zjazdu-rodzimowiercow.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2020. 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Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Prawa&rft.atitle=Studia+Prawo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prawowroclaw.edu.pl%2Fstrona-glowna%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coventry.ac.uk/wroclaw/">"Coventry University Wrocław"</a>. www.coventry.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141737/https://www.coventry.ac.uk/wroclaw/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. 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Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisitWroclaw.eu&rft.atitle=Tumski+Bridge+for+repair+%E2%80%93+padlocks+will+disappear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitwroclaw.eu%2Fen%2Ftumski-bridge-for-repair-padlocks-will-disappear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobczak2018" class="citation web cs1">Sobczak, Grzegorz (7 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://voxvratislaviensia.eu/wroclawskie-nepomuki-pomniki-jana-nepomucena-w-nadodrzanskim-wroclawiu/">"Wrocławskie Nepomuki – pomniki Jana Nepomucena w nadodrzańskim Wrocławiu"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229162716/http://voxvratislaviensia.eu/wroclawskie-nepomuki-pomniki-jana-nepomucena-w-nadodrzanskim-wroclawiu/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2020. 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Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APAKA&rft.atitle=Narodowe+Forum+Muzyki+%E2%80%93+Kury%C5%82owicz+%26+Associates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apaka.com.pl%2Fpl%2Fprojekty%2Fnarodowe-forum-muzyki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slaskwroclaw.pl/strona/aktualnosci/tak-slask-zdobyl-mistrzostwo-35-lat-temu-8487542">"Tak Śląsk zdobył mistrzostwo 35 lat temu"</a>. slaskwroclaw.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917165936/http://slaskwroclaw.pl/strona/aktualnosci/tak-slask-zdobyl-mistrzostwo-35-lat-temu-8487542">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slaskwroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Tak+%C5%9Al%C4%85sk+zdoby%C5%82+mistrzostwo+35+lat+temu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslaskwroclaw.pl%2Fstrona%2Faktualnosci%2Ftak-slask-zdobyl-mistrzostwo-35-lat-temu-8487542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclawmaraton.pl/">"wroclawmaraton.pl"</a>. wroclawmaraton.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305194317/http://www.wroclawmaraton.pl/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wroclawmaraton.pl&rft.pub=wroclawmaraton.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclawmaraton.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ran.de/american-football/elf/elf-news/football-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073">"Football-Comeback des Jahres: Hamburg Sea Devils und Frankfurt Galaxy starten in der ELF"</a>. ran.de (in German). 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ran.de&rft.atitle=Football-Comeback+des+Jahres%3A+Hamburg+Sea+Devils+und+Frankfurt+Galaxy+starten+in+der+ELF&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ran.de%2Famerican-football%2Felf%2Felf-news%2Ffootball-comeback-des-jahres-hamburg-sea-devils-und-frankfurt-galaxy-starten-in-der-elf-116073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html">"Neues Hamburger Footballteam spielt im Stadion Hoheluft"</a> (in German). Hamburger Abendblatt. 17 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210217163437/https://www.abendblatt.de/sport/article231587759/Neues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neues+Hamburger+Footballteam+spielt+im+Stadion+Hoheluft&rft.pub=Hamburger+Abendblatt&rft.date=2021-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abendblatt.de%2Fsport%2Farticle231587759%2FNeues-Hamburger-Footballteam-spielt-im-Stadion-Hoheluft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemantle,_Michael2014" class="citation book cs1">Freemantle, Michael (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1849739897">The Chemists' War: 1914–1918</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849739894" title="Special:BookSources/9781849739894"><bdi>9781849739894</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemists%27+War%3A+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781849739894&rft.au=Freemantle%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1849739897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atptour.com/en/players/hubert-hurkacz/hb71/bio">"Hubert Hurkacz"</a>. atptour.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112171555/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/hubert-hurkacz/hb71/bio">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atptour.com&rft.atitle=Hubert+Hurkacz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atptour.com%2Fen%2Fplayers%2Fhubert-hurkacz%2Fhb71%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/artist/marek-krajewski">"Marek Krajewski"</a>. culture.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112171603/https://culture.pl/en/artist/marek-krajewski">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culture.pl&rft.atitle=Marek+Krajewski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Fartist%2Fmarek-krajewski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/artist/aleksandra-kurzak">"Aleksandra Kurzak"</a>. culture.pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112171555/https://culture.pl/en/artist/aleksandra-kurzak">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=culture.pl&rft.atitle=Aleksandra+Kurzak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Fartist%2Faleksandra-kurzak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/10103523/rodzinna-lustracja-premiera.html">"Rodzinna lustracja premiera"</a>. Wprost (in Polish). 11 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112165156/https://www.wprost.pl/tygodnik/10103523/rodzinna-lustracja-premiera.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wprost&rft.atitle=Rodzinna+lustracja+premiera&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wprost.pl%2Ftygodnik%2F10103523%2Frodzinna-lustracja-premiera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamińska,_Anna,_1980-2017" class="citation book cs1">Kamińska, Anna, 1980- (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/994267404">Wanda : opowieść o sile życia i śmierci : historia Wandy Rutkiewicz</a> (Wydanie pirwsze ed.). Kraków. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-08-06357-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-08-06357-6"><bdi>978-83-08-06357-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994267404">994267404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wanda+%3A+opowie%C5%9B%C4%87+o+sile+%C5%BCycia+i+%C5%9Bmierci+%3A+historia+Wandy+Rutkiewicz&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.edition=Wydanie+pirwsze&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994267404&rft.isbn=978-83-08-06357-6&rft.au=Kami%C5%84ska%2C+Anna%2C+1980-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F994267404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzałagan2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szałagan, Alicja (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppibl.ibl.waw.pl/mediawiki/index.php?title=Olga_TOKARCZUK">"Olga Tokarczuk – Polscy pisarze i badacze literatury przełomu XX i XXI wieku"</a> [Olga Tokarczuk – Polish writers and researchers of literature at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries]. ppibl.ibl.waw.pl (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">PAN</a>'s Literary Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512234348/http://www.ppibl.ibl.waw.pl/mediawiki/index.php?title=Olga_TOKARCZUK">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ppibl.ibl.waw.pl&rft.atitle=Olga+Tokarczuk+%E2%80%93+Polscy+pisarze+i+badacze+literatury+prze%C5%82omu+XX+i+XXI+wieku&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=Sza%C5%82agan&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppibl.ibl.waw.pl%2Fmediawiki%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DOlga_TOKARCZUK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclaw.pl/urzad/konsulaty">"Konsulaty"</a> (in Polish). Retrieved 19 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Konsulaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Furzad%2Fkonsulaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitwroclaw.eu/miasta-partnerskie-wroclawia">"Miasta partnerskie"</a>. visitwroclaw.eu (in Polish). Wrocław. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421133002/https://visitwroclaw.eu/miasta-partnerskie-wroclawia">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitwroclaw.eu&rft.atitle=Miasta+partnerskie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitwroclaw.eu%2Fmiasta-partnerskie-wroclawia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wroclaw.pl/dla-mieszkanca/umowa-partnerska-miedzy-wroclawiem-a-cheongju">"Umowa partnerska Wrocławia z Cheongju"</a>. wroclaw.pl (in Polish). Wrocław. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108070921/https://www.wroclaw.pl/dla-mieszkanca/umowa-partnerska-miedzy-wroclawiem-a-cheongju">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wroclaw.pl&rft.atitle=Umowa+partnerska+Wroc%C5%82awia+z+Cheongju.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wroclaw.pl%2Fdla-mieszkanca%2Fumowa-partnerska-miedzy-wroclawiem-a-cheongju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Wroc%C5%82aw#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Wrocław">Bibliography of the history of Wrocław</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesRoger_Moorhouse2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Moorhouse" title="Roger Moorhouse">Roger Moorhouse</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microcosmportrai0000davi">Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-06243-5"><bdi>978-0-224-06243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microcosm%3A+Portrait+of+a+Central+European+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-224-06243-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Roger+Moorhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrocosmportrai0000davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Till van Rahden, Jews and Other Germans: Civil Society, Religious Diversity, and Urban Politics in Breslau, 1860–1925 (2008. Madison, WI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/2941.htm">The University of Wisconsin Press</a></li> <li>Gregor Thum, Uprooted. How Breslau Became Wrocław During the Century of Expulsions (2011. Princeton: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9568.html">Princeton University Press</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraucholdEysymontt2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Strauchold" title="Grzegorz Strauchold">Strauchold, Grzegorz</a>; Eysymontt, Rafał (2016). Wrocław/Breslau. Historical-Topographical Atlas of Silesian Towns. Vol. 5. Translated by Connor, William. Marburg: Herder Institute for Historical Research on East Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87969-411-2"><bdi>978-3-87969-411-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw%2FBreslau.&rft.place=Marburg&rft.series=Historical-Topographical+Atlas+of+Silesian+Towns&rft.pub=Herder+Institute+for+Historical+Research+on+East+Central+Europe&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-87969-411-2&rft.aulast=Strauchold&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft.au=Eysymontt%2C+Rafa%C5%82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarasimowiczSuleja2006" class="citation book cs1">Harasimowicz, Jan; Suleja, Włodzimierz (2006). Encyklopedia Wrocławia. Wrocław: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie" title="Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie">Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7384-561-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7384-561-9"><bdi>978-83-7384-561-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Wroc%C5%82awia&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-7384-561-9&rft.aulast=Harasimowicz&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Suleja%2C+W%C5%82odzimierz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulak2006" class="citation book cs1">Kulak, Teresa (2006). Wrocław. Przewodnik historyczny (A to Polska właśnie). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7384-472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7384-472-8"><bdi>978-83-7384-472-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw.+Przewodnik+historyczny+%28A+to+Polska+w%C5%82a%C5%9Bnie%29&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-7384-472-8&rft.aulast=Kulak&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gregor Thum, Obce miasto: Wrocław 1945 i potem, Wrocław: Via Nova, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheuermann1994" class="citation book cs1">Scheuermann, Gerhard (1994). Das Breslau-Lexikon (2 vols.). Dülmen: Laumann n. BidVerlagsgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89960-132-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89960-132-9"><bdi>978-3-89960-132-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Breslau-Lexikon+%282+vols.%29&rft.place=D%C3%BClmen&rft.pub=Laumann+n.+BidVerlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-89960-132-9&rft.aulast=Scheuermann&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rahden2000" class="citation book cs1">van Rahden, Till (2000). Judenbiskupln nund andere Breslauer: Die Beziehungen zwischen Juden, Protestanten und Katholiken in einer deutschen Großstadt von 1860 bis 1925. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-35732-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-35732-3"><bdi>978-3-525-35732-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judenbiskupln+nund+andere+Breslauer%3A+Die+Beziehungen+zwischen+Juden%2C+Protestanten+und+Katholiken+in+einer+deutschen+Gro%C3%9Fstadt+von+1860+bis+1925&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-525-35732-3&rft.aulast=van+Rahden&rft.aufirst=Till&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThum2002" class="citation book cs1">Thum, Gregor (2002). Die fremde Stadt: Breslau 1945. Berlin: Siedler. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-795-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88680-795-6"><bdi>978-3-88680-795-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+fremde+Stadt%3A+Breslau+1945&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Siedler&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-88680-795-6&rft.aulast=Thum&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeczerka2003" class="citation book cs1">Weczerka, Hugo (2003). Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Schlesien. Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-520-31602-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-520-31602-8"><bdi>978-3-520-31602-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+historischen+St%C3%A4tten%3A+Schlesien&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Alfred+Kr%C3%B6ner+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-520-31602-8&rft.aulast=Weczerka&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Wrocław1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbc.org.pl/Content/208447/546_wroclaw_liczby_2000-0000-00-0001.pdf">Wrocław w liczbach 2000</a> (PDF) (in Polish). Wrocław: Urząd Statystyczny we Wrocławiu. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-911967-7-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-911967-7-1"><bdi>83-911967-7-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829162200/http://sbc.org.pl/Content/208447/546_wroclaw_liczby_2000-0000-00-0001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2020 – via Śląska Biblioteka Cyfrowa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wroc%C5%82aw+w+liczbach+2000&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny+we+Wroc%C5%82awiu&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=83-911967-7-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.org.pl%2FContent%2F208447%2F546_wroclaw_liczby_2000-0000-00-0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWroc%C5%82aw" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Wroc%C5%82aw" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Wrocław">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Breslau" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Breslau">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" class="extiw" title="voy:Wrocław">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclaw.pl/">Municipal website</a> (in Polish, English, and French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wroclaw-info.pl/start/index/lang/PL">Tourist Information Centre website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921051557/http://www.wroclaw-info.pl/start/index/lang/PL">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpk.wroc.pl/">MPK Wrocław (transport company website)</a> (in Polish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jarmarkbozonarodzeniowy.com/">Christmas market</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005143813/http://www.jarmarkbozonarodzeniowy.com/">Archived</a> 5 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Polish and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Tourism-g274812-Wroclaw_Lower_Silesia_Province_Southern_Poland-Vacations.html">Wrocław in tripadvisor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-opak.pl/pomoc-drogowa/dolnoslaskie/wroclaw/">Roadside assistance in Wrocław</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wrocław" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Template:Wrocław"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Template talk:Wrocław"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wrocław"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wrocław" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Districts of Wrocław">Boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Wroc%C5%82aw_(borough)" title="Old Town, Wrocław (borough)">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Downtown, Wrocław">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzyki" title="Krzyki">Krzyki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabryczna" title="Fabryczna">Fabryczna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psie_Pole" title="Psie Pole">Psie Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_wroclaw.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/60px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/90px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/120px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="905" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Wrocław">Attractions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Historic city center</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rac%C5%82awice_Panorama" title="Racławice Panorama">Racławice Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renoma" title="Renoma">Renoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Dwarfs" title="Wrocław Dwarfs">Wrocław Dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław Old Town">Wrocław Old Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_Square,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Market Square, Wrocław">Market Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Wrocław Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Fountain,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Fountain, Wrocław">Bear Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro_Monument,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksander Fredro Monument, Wrocław">Aleksander Fredro Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="St. Elizabeth's Church, Wrocław">St. Elizabeth's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Island,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Cathedral Island, Wrocław">Cathedral Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Cathedral" title="Wrocław Cathedral">Wrocław Cathedral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Island,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Sand Island, Wrocław">Sand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_Magdalene,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene, Wrocław">Cathedral of St. Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Denominations_District" title="Four Denominations District">Four Denominations District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Stork_Synagogue" title="White Stork Synagogue">White Stork Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">Wrocław University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Royal Palace, Wrocław">Royal Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupid_on_the_Pegasus" title="Cupid on the Pegasus">Cupid on the Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Forum_of_Music" title="National Forum of Music">National Forum of Music</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Tower_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Sky Tower (Wrocław)">Sky Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczytnicki_Park" title="Szczytnicki Park">Szczytnicki Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Exhibition_Grounds" title="Wrocław Exhibition Grounds">Wrocław Exhibition Grounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Hall_(Wroc%C5%82aw)" title="Centennial Hall (Wrocław)">Centennial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Multimedia_Fountain" title="Wrocław Multimedia Fountain">Wrocław Multimedia Fountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Zoo" title="Wrocław Zoo">Wrocław Zoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africarium" title="Africarium">Africarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroclavia" title="Wroclavia">Wroclavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Stadium" title="Wrocław Stadium">Wrocław Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Category:Museums in Wrocław">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydropolis,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Hydropolis, Wrocław">Hydropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Architecture,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Museum of Architecture, Wrocław">Museum of Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Natural_History,_University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław">Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Museum of the University of Wrocław">Museum of the University of Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="National Museum, Wrocław">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Category:Transport in Wrocław">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Airport" title="Wrocław Airport">Wrocław Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Trams in Wrocław">Trams in Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_railway_station" title="Wrocław Główny railway station">Wrocław Główny railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_central_bus_station" title="Wrocław central bus station">Wrocław central bus station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Coat of arms of Wrocław">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="History of Wrocław">History of Wrocław</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Timeline of Wrocław">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Psie_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Psie Pole">Battle of Psie Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Siege of Breslau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="List of universities and colleges in Wrocław">Universities and colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Wrocław" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Wrocław" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Wrocław</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Poland#Cities" title="List of cities and towns in Poland">Cities of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">750,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">250,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsztyn" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabrze" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bytom" title="Bytom">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnik" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychy" title="Tychy">Tychy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82ock" title="Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Włocławek">Włocławek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">50,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalisz" title="Kalisz">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaworzno" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%82a" title="Piła">Piła</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konin" title="Konin">Konin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków Trybunalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Ostrów Wielkopolski">Ostrów Wielkopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubin" title="Lubin">Lubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrowiec_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyski" title="Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski">Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabianice" title="Pabianice">Pabianice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBory" title="Żory">Żory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Łomża">Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C5%82k" title="Ełk">Ełk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mielec" title="Mielec">Mielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tczew" title="Tczew">Tczew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalowa_Wola" title="Stalowa Wola">Stalowa Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_Podlaska" title="Biała Podlaska">Biała Podlaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica" title="Świdnica">Świdnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgierz" title="Zgierz">Zgierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionowo" title="Legionowo">Legionowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Ostrołęka">Ostrołęka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">35,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wejherowo" title="Wejherowo">Wejherowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie" title="Zawiercie">Zawiercie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skierniewice" title="Skierniewice">Skierniewice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starachowice" title="Starachowice">Starachowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogard_Gda%C5%84ski" title="Starogard Gdański">Starogard Gdański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy" title="Puławy">Puławy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnobrzeg" title="Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krosno" title="Krosno">Krosno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsko" title="Radomsko">Radomsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otwock" title="Otwock">Otwock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna" title="Skarżysko-Kamienna">Skarżysko-Kamienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w" title="Ciechanów">Ciechanów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutno" title="Kutno">Kutno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradz" title="Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdu%C5%84ska_Wola" title="Zduńska Wola">Zduńska Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec" title="Bolesławiec">Bolesławiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_S%C3%B3l" title="Nowa Sól">Nowa Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knur%C3%B3w" title="Knurów">Knurów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopot" title="Sopot">Sopot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The list includes the 107 urban municipalities governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor#Poland" title="Mayor">city mayor</a> (prezydent miasta) instead of a town mayor (burmistrz) · <a href="/wiki/City_with_powiat_rights" title="City with powiat rights">Cities with powiat rights</a> are in italics · Voivodeship cities are in bold</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counties_of_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Template:Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Template talk:Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counties_of_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">Counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian Voivodeship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a> (capital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legnica" title="Legnica">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lower Silesian Voivodeship"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lower Silesian Voivodeship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg/50px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg/75px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg/100px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="875" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82awiec_County" title="Bolesławiec County">Bolesławiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzier%C5%BConi%C3%B3w_County" title="Dzierżoniów County">Dzierżoniów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w_County" title="Głogów County">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_County" title="Góra County">Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawor_County" title="Jawor County">Jawor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamienna_G%C3%B3ra_County" title="Kamienna Góra County">Kamienna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkonosze_County" title="Karkonosze County">Karkonosze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_County" title="Kłodzko County">Kłodzko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legnica_County" title="Legnica County">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba%C5%84_County" title="Lubań County">Lubań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubin_County" title="Lubin County">Lubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3wek_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwówek Śląski County">Lwówek Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milicz_County" title="Milicz County">Milicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82awa_County" title="Oława County">Oława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole%C5%9Bnica_County" title="Oleśnica County">Oleśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polkowice_County" title="Polkowice County">Polkowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Środa Śląska County">Środa Śląska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelin_County" title="Strzelin County">Strzelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awidnica_County" title="Świdnica County">Świdnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzebnica_County" title="Trzebnica County">Trzebnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych_County" title="Wałbrzych County">Wałbrzych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82%C3%B3w_County" title="Wołów County">Wołów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_County" title="Wrocław County">Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%85bkowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ząbkowice Śląskie County">Ząbkowice Śląskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zgorzelec_County" title="Zgorzelec County">Zgorzelec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%82otoryja_County" title="Złotoryja County">Złotoryja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wrocław_County" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wroc%C5%82aw_County" title="Template:Wrocław County"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wroc%C5%82aw_County" title="Template talk:Wrocław County"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wroc%C5%82aw_County" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wrocław County"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wrocław_County" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_County" title="Wrocław County">Wrocław County</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Seat (not part of the county): <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban-rural gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_K%C4%85ty_Wroc%C5%82awskie" title="Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie">Gmina Kąty Wrocławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Siechnice" title="Gmina Siechnice">Gmina Siechnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Sob%C3%B3tka" title="Gmina Sobótka">Gmina Sobótka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg/50px-POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg/75px-POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg/100px-POL_powiat_wroc%C5%82awski_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural gminas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Czernica" title="Gmina Czernica">Gmina Czernica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_D%C5%82ugo%C5%82%C4%99ka" title="Gmina Długołęka">Gmina Długołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Jordan%C3%B3w_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski" title="Gmina Jordanów Śląski">Gmina Jordanów Śląski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Kobierzyce" title="Gmina Kobierzyce">Gmina Kobierzyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Mietk%C3%B3w" title="Gmina Mietków">Gmina Mietków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_%C5%BB%C3%B3rawina" title="Gmina Żórawina">Gmina Żórawina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_of_Wrocław" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Template:Districts of Wrocław"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Districts of Wrocław (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Wrocław"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_of_Wrocław" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg/23px-POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg/35px-POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg/46px-POL_Wroc%C5%82aw_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Districts of Wrocław">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner city districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Wroc%C5%82aw_(borough)" title="Old Town, Wrocław (borough)">Old Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Wroc%C5%82aw_(district)" title="Old Town, Wrocław (district)">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_%C5%9Awidnickie" title="Przedmieście Świdnickie">Przedmieście Świdnickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczepin" title="Szczepin">Szczepin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Downtown,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Downtown, Wrocław">Downtown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadodrze" title="Nadodrze">Nadodrze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleczk%C3%B3w" title="Kleczków">Kleczków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82bin" title="Ołbin">Ołbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunwald_Square_(district)" title="Grunwald Square (district)">Grunwald Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki" title="Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki">Zacisze-Zalesie-Szczytniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskupin-S%C4%99polno-D%C4%85bie-Bartoszowice" title="Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice">Biskupin-Sępolno-Dąbie-Bartoszowice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krzyki" title="Krzyki">Krzyki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_O%C5%82awskie" title="Przedmieście Oławskie">Przedmieście Oławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnogaj" title="Tarnogaj">Tarnogaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huby,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Huby, Wrocław">Huby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powsta%C5%84c%C3%B3w_%C5%9Al%C4%85skich" title="Powstańców Śląskich">Powstańców Śląskich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaj,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Gaj, Wrocław">Gaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borek,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Borek, Wrocław">Borek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCe" title="Księże">Księże</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch%C3%B3w" title="Brochów">Brochów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bie%C5%84kowice,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Bieńkowice, Wrocław">Bieńkowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagodno,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Jagodno, Wrocław">Jagodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojszyce" title="Wojszyce">Wojszyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82taszyn" title="Ołtaszyn">Ołtaszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzyki-Partynice" title="Krzyki-Partynice">Krzyki-Partynice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klecina" title="Klecina">Klecina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fabryczna" title="Fabryczna">Fabryczna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilczyce-Kozan%C3%B3w-Popowice_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocne" title="Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Północne">Pilczyce-Kozanów-Popowice Płn.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85d%C3%B3w-Popowice_Po%C5%82udniowe" title="Gądów-Popowice Południowe">Gądów-Popowice Płd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchob%C3%B3r_Ma%C5%82y" title="Muchobór Mały">Muchobór Mały</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajowice" title="Gajowice">Gajowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek" title="Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek">Grabiszyn-Grabiszynek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opor%C3%B3w" title="Oporów">Oporów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muchob%C3%B3r_Wielki" title="Muchobór Wielki">Muchobór Wielki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Dw%C3%B3r,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Nowy Dwór, Wrocław">Nowy Dwór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%BAniki,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Kuźniki, Wrocław">Kuźniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBerniki,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Żerniki, Wrocław">Żerniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzmanowo-Jarno%C5%82t%C3%B3w-Strachowice-Osiniec" title="Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec">Jerzmanowo-Jarnołtów-Strachowice-Osiniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%9Bnica,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Leśnica, Wrocław">Leśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%9Blice" title="Maślice">Maślice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracze_Odrza%C5%84skie" title="Pracze Odrzańskie">Pracze Odrzańskie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psie_Pole" title="Psie Pole">Psie Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%82owice-R%C3%B3%C5%BCanka" title="Karłowice-Różanka">Karłowice-Różanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowale,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Kowale, Wrocław">Kowale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojn%C3%B3w" title="Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów">Strachocin-Swojczyce-Wojnów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psie_Pole-Zawidawie" title="Psie Pole-Zawidawie">Psie Pole-Zawidawie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paw%C5%82owice,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Pawłowice, Wrocław">Pawłowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So%C5%82tysowice" title="Sołtysowice">Sołtysowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polanowice-Po%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tne-Ligota" title="Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota">Polanowice-Poświętne-Ligota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widawa,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Widawa, Wrocław">Widawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipa_Piotrowska" title="Lipa Piotrowska">Lipa Piotrowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awiniary,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Świniary, Wrocław">Świniary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osobowice-R%C4%99dzin" title="Osobowice-Rędzin">Osobowice-Rędzin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_wroclaw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrocław"><img alt="Wrocław" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/30px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/45px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Herb_wroclaw.svg/60px-Herb_wroclaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="905" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:World Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:World Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Games" title="World Games">World Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_World_Games" title="1981 World Games">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_World_Games" title="1985 World Games">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_World_Games" title="1989 World Games">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany"><img alt="West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_World_Games" title="1993 World Games">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_World_Games" title="1997 World Games">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lahti" title="Lahti">Lahti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_World_Games" title="2001 World Games">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akita,_Akita" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita, Akita">Akita</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_World_Games" title="2005 World Games">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_World_Games" title="2009 World Games">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei"><img alt="Chinese Taipei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chinese_Taipei_for_Olympic_games.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_World_Games" title="2013 World Games">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cali" title="Cali">Cali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_World_Games" title="2017 World Games">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_World_Games" title="2022 World Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_World_Games" title="2025 World Games">2025</a>: <a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1985</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt>1986</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt>1987</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt>1988</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt>1989</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt>1990</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt>1992</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt>1993</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt>1994</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt>1995</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt>1996</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt>1997</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt>1998</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt>1999</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt>2000</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt>2001</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt>2002</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt>2003</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt>2005</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt>2006</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt>2008</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt>2012</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt>2013</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt>2014</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt>2015</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt>2016</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt>2017</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt>2018</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt>2019</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt>2020-April 2021</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt>2022</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt>2023</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt>2024</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></dd> <dt>2025</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt>2026</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt>2027</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Book_Capitals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Book_Capital" title="Template talk:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Book_Capital" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Book Capital"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Book_Capitals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capitals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt" title="Port Harcourt">Port Harcourt</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wrocław</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea"><img alt="Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Conakry" title="Conakry">Conakry</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_UNESCO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/80px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/120px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_UNESCO.svg/160px-Flag_of_UNESCO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in smallcaps.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in italics.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde (Darłowo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp (Słupsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breslau (Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat (Tartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing (Elbląg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow (Kraków)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval (Tallinn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga (Rīga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn (Toruń)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>2 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitten</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li>2 The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145367499">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6492150033002511180009">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208518/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrWC7yDTh7p9HJVrByjmd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008216-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050802">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12109794w">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12109794w">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131413&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007547793605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/309f34c5-5df2-4bc7-9ad4-2ba4a78abb67">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045289">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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[\"CITEREFHargreaves2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwona_Gołaj,_Grzegorz_Wojturski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackowska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankowiak2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasińska2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Jaworski,_P._Rzeźnik1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamińska,_Anna,_1980-2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKołodyńska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubasiewicz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKujat2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachalica2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaciej_Łagiewski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagdalena_Lewandowska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarchewka2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMedia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMegargee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinihane\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarodowej\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpole2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrzechowski1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPater1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPater1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilipp_Ther1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiotr_Górecki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPixelirium.pl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyrah2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin_Lane_Fox2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman_Tomczak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamsonowicz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheuermann1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkupin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobczak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobczak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanisławski2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraucholdEysymontt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzafrański2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzałagan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThum2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThum2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Wrocław1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincenc2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWardzyńska2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeczerka2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWierzbicki2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZybura\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFnwalejac2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFpan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Rahden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Rahden2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwroclaw.pl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.cmsmirage.pl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĆwikła\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŁuciów2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite American Heritage Dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Merriam-Webster\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 166,\n [\"Cities of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Creative Commons text attribution notice\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Designation list\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Districts of Wrocław\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"European Capital of Culture\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 15,\n [\"Hanseatic League\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 5,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 15,\n [\"Lower Silesian Voivodeship\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Proper name\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"World Book Capital\"] = 1,\n [\"World Games Host Cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Wrocław\"] = 1,\n [\"Wrocław County\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","740","32.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","11.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","4.4"],["makeMessage 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-18T13:23:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T16:15:39Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg","headline":"city in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, southwestern Poland, and historical capital of Silesia"}</script> </body> </html>