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</li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modernity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fall of civilizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Future </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-human_civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-human_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Non-human civilizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-human_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Civilization</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" > 153 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskawing" title="Beskawing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beskawing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilisation" title="Zivilisation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zivilisation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%A3%E1%8A%94" title="ሥልጣኔ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥልጣኔ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folctil%C3%BE" title="Folctilþ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Folctilþ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حضارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n" title="Civilización – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Civilización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisacion" title="Civilisacion – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Civilisacion" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n" title="Civilización – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Civilización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3ngatu" title="Tetãngatu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãngatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasiya" title="Sivilizasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sivilizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86" title="تمدون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تمدون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সভ্যতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-b%C3%AAng" title="Bûn-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Цывілізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цывілізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Цывілізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цывілізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सभ्यता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilisasyon" title="Sibilisasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sibilisasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadurezh" title="Sevenadurezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Эргэншэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эргэншэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitzaci%C3%B3" title="Civilització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Civilització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilisasyon" title="Sibilisasyon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sibilisasyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizace" title="Civilizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Civilizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwareiddiad" title="Gwareiddiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwareiddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation" title="Civilisation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Civilisation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="حضارة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حضارة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilisation" title="Zivilisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zivilisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsivilisatsioon" title="Tsivilisatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsivilisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Πολιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Ошондямо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ошондямо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n" title="Civilización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Civilización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizo" title="Civilizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Civilizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibilizazio" title="Zibilizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zibilizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86" title="تمدن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabhyata" title="Sabhyata – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sabhyata" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation" title="Civilisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beskaving" title="Beskaving – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beskaving" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n" title="Civilización – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Civilización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Цивилизаци – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Цивилизаци" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="સંસ્કૃતિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંસ્કૃતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukunhunhun" title="Nukunhunhun – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Nukunhunhun" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-m%C3%ACn" title="Vùn-mìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-mìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="문명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayewa" title="Wayewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wayewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքակրթություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքակրթություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सभ्यता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilisasion" title="Sibilisasion – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sibilisasion" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation" title="Civilisation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Civilisation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B0menning" title="Siðmenning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Siðmenning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0" title="Civiltà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Civiltà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="ציוויליזציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציוויליזציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban" title="Peradaban – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Peradaban" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90sakuliye" title="Ɛsakuliye – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɛsakuliye" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ನಾಗರೀಕತೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಗರೀಕತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცივილიზაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცივილიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BD_(%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96)_%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шағын (жергілікті) өркениеттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шағын (жергілікті) өркениеттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwarheans" title="Hwarheans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hwarheans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustaarabu" title="Ustaarabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ustaarabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasyon" title="Sivilizasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sivilizasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasyon" title="Sivilizasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Sivilizasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Earistan%C3%AE" title="Şaristanî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şaristanî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3" title="ອາລະຍະທຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາລະຍະທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultus_humanus" title="Cultus humanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultus humanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliz%C4%81cija" title="Civilizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Civilizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilisatioun" title="Zivilisatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zivilisatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besjaving" title="Besjaving – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Besjaving" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilizazzion" title="Zivilizazzion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zivilizazzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Civilizáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Civilizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Цивилизација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifomba" title="Haifomba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haifomba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="നാഗരികത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാഗരികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सांस्कृतिक सभ्यता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सांस्कृतिक सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ცივილიზაცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ცივილიზაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="حضاره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حضاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamadun" title="Tamadun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamadun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯂꯩꯆꯥꯎꯔꯣꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯩꯆꯥꯎꯔꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebliza%C3%A7on" title="Ceblizaçon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ceblizaçon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Соёл иргэншил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Соёл иргэншил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beschaving" title="Beschaving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beschaving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सभ्यता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="लहना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लहना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%90%DF%AF%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߛߏߡߐ߯ߦߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߏߡߐ߯ߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Цивилизаци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цивилизаци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilisasjon" title="Sivilisasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sivilisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilisasjon" title="Sivilisasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sivilisasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Civilizacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaddun" title="Tamaddun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamaddun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੱਭਿਅਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਭਿਅਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="تہذیب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تہذیب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilisashon" title="Sivilisashon – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sivilisashon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86" title="تمدن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تمدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siblaizieshan" title="Siblaizieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Siblaizieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C" title="អរិយធម៌ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អរិយធម៌" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilt%C3%A0" title="Siviltà – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Siviltà" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilisatschoon" title="Zivilisatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zivilisatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywilizacja" title="Cywilizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cywilizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Civilização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Civilização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaciya" title="Civilizaciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Civilizaciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C8%9Bie" title="Civilizație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Civilizație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaykawsay" title="Hawaykawsay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hawaykawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Цівілізація – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Цівілізація" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="सभ्यता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9C" title="ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱥᱱᱚᱜ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qytet%C3%ABrimi" title="Qytetërimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qytetërimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ශිෂ්ටාචාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශිෂ්ටාචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Civilization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تھذيب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تھذيب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliz%C3%A1cia" title="Civilizácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Civilizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilbaxaysi" title="Ilbaxaysi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ilbaxaysi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شارستانێتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارستانێتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Цивилизација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizacija" title="Civilizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Civilizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilisaatio" title="Sivilisaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sivilisaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation" title="Civilisation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Civilisation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabihasnan" title="Kabihasnan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabihasnan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நாகரிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாகரிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3rma" title="Taɣrma – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taɣrma" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цивилизация – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Цивилизация" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="నాగరికత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నాగరికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="อารยธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อารยธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uygarl%C4%B1k" title="Uygarlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uygarlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat-a%CC%B1ghyi" title="Tat-a̱ghyi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tat-a̱ghyi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Цивілізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цивілізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="تہذیب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تہذیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA" title="مەدەنيەت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مەدەنيەت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzmingz" title="Vwnzmingz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzmingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilt%C3%A0" title="Siviltà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Siviltà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh" title="Văn minh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsivilisats%27uun" title="Tsivilisats'uun – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsivilisats'uun" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliz%C3%A5cion" title="Civilizåcion – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Civilizåcion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilisasyon" title="Sibilisasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sibilisasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xay" title="Xay – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xay" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ציוויליזאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ציוויליזאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Civilization_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Civilization (disambiguation)">Civilization (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Uncivilised" redirects here. For the novel and film, see <a href="/wiki/Uncivilised_(novel)" title="Uncivilised (novel)">Uncivilised (novel)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uncivilised_(film)" title="Uncivilised (film)">Uncivilised (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg/220px-Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg/330px-Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg/440px-Standard_of_Ur_-_Peace_Panel_-_Sumer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3526" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumerians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerians">Sumerians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> were the oldest civilization in the world, beginning about 4000 BCE, here depicted around 2500 BCE, showing the different social roles in the Sumerian society of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/220px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/330px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg/440px-Egypt.Giza.Sphinx.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> is an example of one of the first civilizations, building <a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">pyramids</a> starting in the 3rd millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-ucl-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> A civilization (also spelled civilisation in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is any <a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">complex society</a> characterized by the development of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">the state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urbanization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbolic</a> systems of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> beyond <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">signed or spoken languages</a> (namely, <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Haviland_2013-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernández-Armesto_2001-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyden_2004-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solms-Laubach_2007-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbdelRahim-6">[6]</a> Civilizations are organized around densely-populated settlements (as with <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>), divided into more or less rigid <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>, often with a ruling elite and a subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, small-scale manufacture and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of the nature, including over other human beings.<a href="#cite_note-:5-7">[7]</a> Civilizations are characterized with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">technological advancement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>, and specialization of labour.<a href="#cite_note-Solms-Laubach_2007-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbdelRahim-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Historically, a civilization has often been understood as a larger and "more advanced" <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, in implied contrast to smaller, supposedly less advanced cultures,<a href="#cite_note-Adams_1966-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright_2004-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Llobera_2003-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> even societies within civilizations themselves and within their histories. Generally civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic pastoralist">nomadic pastoralists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> societies, or <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. The word civilization relates to the Latin <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> or '<a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>'. As the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> has explained it: "This is why the most basic definition of the word civilization is 'a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> made up of cities.'"<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally connected with the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, culminating in the relatively rapid process of <a href="/wiki/Urban_revolution" title="Urban revolution">urban revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">state formation</a>, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg/220px-Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg/330px-Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg/440px-Gr%C3%BCn_-_The_End_of_Dinner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2568" /></a><figcaption>The End of Dinner by <a href="/wiki/Jules-Alexandre_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Jules-Alexandre Grün">Jules-Alexandre Grün</a> (1913). The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Table_manners" title="Table manners">table manners</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self-restraint" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-restraint">self-restraint</a> are presented as a characteristic of civilized society by <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process" title="The Civilizing Process">The Civilizing Process</a> (1939).</figcaption></figure> The English word civilization comes from the French civilisé ('civilized'), from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: civilis ('civil'), related to civis ('citizen') and civitas ('city').<a href="#cite_note-:6-14">[14]</a> The fundamental treatise is <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Civilizing_Process" title="The Civilizing Process">The Civilizing Process</a> (1939), which traces social <a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">mores</a> from <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">medieval courtly society</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[a]</a> In The Philosophy of Civilization (1923), <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> outlines two opinions: one purely <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">material</a> and the other material and <a href="/wiki/Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic">ethical</a>. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, "the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress".<a href="#cite_note-:8-17">[16]</a> Related words like "civility" developed in the mid-16th century. The abstract noun "civilization", meaning "civilized condition", came in the 1760s, again from French. The first known use in French is in 1757, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Riqueti,_marquis_de_Mirabeau" title="Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau">Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau</a>, and the first use in English is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a>, who in his 1767 <a href="/wiki/Essay_on_the_History_of_Civil_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay on the History of Civil Society">Essay on the History of Civil Society</a> wrote, "Not only the individual advances from infancy to manhood but the species itself from rudeness to civilisation".<a href="#cite_note-Benveniste-18">[17]</a> The word was therefore opposed to barbarism or rudeness, in the active pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Progress_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress (history)">progress</a> characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. In the late 1700s and early 1800s, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, "civilization" was used in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, never in the plural, and meant the progress of humanity as a whole. This is still the case in French.<a href="#cite_note-velkley-19">[18]</a> The use of "civilizations" as a countable noun was in occasional use in the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> but has become much more common in the later 20th century, sometimes just meaning culture (itself in origin an uncountable noun, made countable in the context of <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:10-21">[19]</a> Only in this generalized sense does it become possible to speak of a "medieval civilization", which in Elias's sense would have been an oxymoron. Using the terms "civilization" and "culture" as equivalents are controversial and generally rejected so that for example some types of culture are not normally described as civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> Already in the 18th century, civilization was not always seen as an improvement. One historically important distinction between culture and civilization is from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, particularly his work about education, <a href="/wiki/Emile:_or,_On_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile: or, On Education">Emile</a>. Here, civilization, being more rational and socially driven, is not fully in accord with <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>, and "human wholeness is achievable only through the recovery of or approximation to an original discursive or pre-rational natural unity" (see <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savage</a>). From this, a new approach was developed, especially in Germany, first by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> and later by philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>. This sees cultures as natural organisms, not defined by "conscious, rational, deliberative acts", but a kind of pre-rational "folk spirit". Civilization, in contrast, though more rational and more successful in material progress, is unnatural and leads to "vices of social life" such as guile, hypocrisy, envy and avarice.<a href="#cite_note-velkley-19">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, having fled Germany, argued in New York that this opinion of civilization was behind <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg/350px-AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg/525px-AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg/700px-AthensAcropolisDawnAdj06028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>: <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> is traditionally seen as the cradle of a distinct European or <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">"Western" civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Social scientists such as <a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">V. Gordon Childe</a> have named a number of traits that distinguish a civilization from other kinds of society.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Civilizations have been distinguished by their means of subsistence, types of <a href="/wiki/Livelihood" title="Livelihood">livelihood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> patterns, <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">forms of government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, economic systems, <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> and other cultural traits. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Nikiforuk" title="Andrew Nikiforuk">Andrew Nikiforuk</a> argues that "civilizations relied on shackled human muscle. It took the energy of slaves to plant crops, clothe emperors, and build cities" and considers <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> to be a common feature of pre-modern civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-Nikiforuk-28">[26]</a> All civilizations have depended on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> for subsistence, with the possible exception of some early civilizations in Peru which may have depended upon maritime resources.<a href="#cite_note-:14-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-30">[28]</a> The traditional "surplus model" postulates that cereal farming results in accumulated storage and a surplus of food, particularly when people use intensive agricultural techniques such as artificial <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>. It is possible but more difficult to accumulate horticultural production, and so civilizations based on horticultural gardening have been very rare.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Grain surpluses have been especially important because <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">grain can be stored</a> for a long time. Research from the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a> contradicts the surplus model. It postulates that horticultural gardening was more productive than cereal farming. However, only cereal farming produced civilization because of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appropriability" class="extiw" title="wikt:appropriability">appropriability</a> of yearly harvest. Rural populations that could only grow cereals could be taxed allowing for a taxing elite and urban development. This also had a negative effect on rural population, increasing relative agricultural output per farmer. Farming efficiency created food surplus and sustained the food surplus through decreasing rural population growth in favour of urban growth. Suitability of highly productive roots and tubers was in fact a curse of plenty, which prevented the emergence of states and impeded economic development.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-JOPE-33">[31]</a> A surplus of food permits some people to do things besides producing food for a living: early civilizations included <a href="/wiki/Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldiers">soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> and priestesses, and other people with specialized careers. A surplus of food results in a division of labour and a more diverse range of human activity, a defining trait of civilizations. However, in some places hunter-gatherers have had access to food surpluses, such as among some of the indigenous peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and perhaps during the Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a>. It is possible that food surpluses and relatively large scale social organization and division of labour predates plant and animal domestication.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> Civilizations have distinctly different settlement patterns from other societies. The word civilization is sometimes defined as "living in cities".<a href="#cite_note-6_glasses-35">[33]</a> Non-farmers tend to gather in cities to work and to trade. Compared with other societies, civilizations have a more complex political structure, namely the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> State societies are more stratified<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> than other societies; there is a greater difference among the social classes. The <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>, normally concentrated in the cities, has control over much of the surplus and exercises its will through the actions of a government or <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morton_Fried" title="Morton Fried">Morton Fried</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">conflict theorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elman_Service" title="Elman Service">Elman Service</a>, an integration theorist, have classified human cultures based on political systems and <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a>. This system of classification contains four categories.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a> bands, which are generally <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticultural</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> societies in which there are generally two inherited social classes: chief and commoner.</li> <li>Highly stratified structures, or <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>, with several inherited social classes: king, noble, freemen, serf and slave.</li> <li>Civilizations, with complex <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchies</a> and organized, institutional <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">forms of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></li></ul> Economically, civilizations display more complex patterns of ownership and exchange than less organized societies. Living in one place allows people to accumulate more <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">personal possessions</a> than nomadic people. Some people also acquire <a href="/wiki/Landed_property" title="Landed property">landed property</a>, or private ownership of the land. Because a percentage of people in civilizations do not grow their own food, they must <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> their goods and services for food in a <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> system, or receive food through the levy of <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a>, redistributive <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> from the food producing segment of the population. Early human cultures functioned through a <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift economy</a> supplemented by limited <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> systems. By the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, contemporary civilizations developed <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> as a medium of exchange for increasingly complex transactions. In a village, the potter makes a pot for the brewer and the brewer compensates the potter by giving him a certain amount of beer. In a city, the potter may need a new roof, the roofer may need new shoes, the cobbler may need new horseshoes, the blacksmith may need a new coat and the tanner may need a new pot. These people may not be personally acquainted with one another and their needs may not occur all at the same time. A monetary system is a way of organizing these obligations to ensure that they are fulfilled. From the days of the earliest monetarized civilizations, monopolistic controls of monetary systems have benefited the social and political elites. The transition from simpler to more complex economies does not necessarily mean an improvement in the living standards of the populace. For example, although the Middle Ages is often portrayed as an era of decline from the Roman Empire, studies have shown that the average stature of males in the Middle Ages (c. 500 to 1500 CE) was greater than it was for males during the preceding Roman Empire and the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a> (c. 1500 to 1800 CE).<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> of North America in the 19th century were taller than their "civilized" American and European counterparts. The average stature of a population is a good measurement of the adequacy of its access to necessities, especially food, and its freedom from disease.<a href="#cite_note-Leutwyler-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a>, developed first by people in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>, is considered a hallmark of civilization and "appears to accompany the rise of complex administrative bureaucracies or the conquest state".<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Traders and bureaucrats relied on writing to keep accurate records. Like money, the writing was necessitated by the size of the population of a city and the complexity of its commerce among people who are not all personally acquainted with each other. However, writing is not always necessary for civilization, as shown by the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilization of the Andes, which did not use writing at all but except for a complex recording system consisting of knotted strings of different lengths and colours: the "<a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipus</a>", and still functioned as a civilized society. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/170px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/255px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/340px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> philosopher and scientist</figcaption></figure> Aided by their division of labour and central government planning, civilizations have developed many other diverse cultural traits. These include organized <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, development in the arts, and countless new advances in science and technology. Assessments of what level of civilization a polity has reached are based on comparisons of the relative importance of agricultural as opposed to trading or manufacturing capacities, the territorial extensions of its power, the complexity of its <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Urban_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban centre">urban centres</a>. Secondary elements include a developed transportation system, writing, standardized measurement, currency, contractual and <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a>-based legal systems, art, architecture, mathematics, scientific understanding, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, political structures, and organized religion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_contrast_with_other_societies">As a contrast with other societies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As a contrast with other societies">edit</a>]</div> The idea of civilization implies a progression or development from a previous "uncivilized" state. Traditionally, cultures that defined themselves as "civilized" often did so in contrast to other societies or human groupings viewed as less civilized, calling the latter <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/savages" class="extiw" title="wikt:savages">savages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">primitives</a>. Indeed, the modern Western idea of civilization developed as a contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> cultures European settlers encountered during the European colonization of the Americas and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Smithers-45">[43]</a> The term "primitive," though once used in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, has now been largely condemned by anthropologists because of its derogatory connotations and because it implies that the cultures it refers to are relics of a past time that do not change or progress.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Because of this, societies regarding themselves as "civilized" have sometimes sought to dominate and assimilate "uncivilized" cultures into a "civilized" way of living.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> In the 19th century, the idea of European culture as "civilized" and superior to "uncivilized" non-European cultures was fully developed, and civilization became a core part of European identity.<a href="#cite_note-Heraclides-48">[46]</a> The idea of civilization can also be used as a justification for dominating another culture and dispossessing a people of their land. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, British settlers justified the displacement of Indigenous Australians by observing that the land appeared uncultivated and wild, which to them reflected that the inhabitants were not civilized enough to "improve" it.<a href="#cite_note-Smithers-45">[43]</a> The behaviours and modes of subsistence that characterize civilization have been spread by <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>, the extension of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, and by the introduction of new technologies to cultures that did not previously have them. Though aspects of culture associated with civilization can be freely adopted through contact between cultures, since early modern times Eurocentric ideals of "civilization" have been widely imposed upon cultures through coercion and dominance. These ideals complemented a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">philosophy</a> that assumed there were innate differences between "civilized" and "uncivilized" peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Heraclides-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_identity">Cultural identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></div> "Civilization" can also refer to the culture of a complex society, not just the society itself. Every society, civilization or not, has a specific set of ideas and customs, and a certain set of manufactures and arts that make it unique. Civilizations tend to develop intricate cultures, including a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> apparatus, a <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, professional <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, organized <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and complex customs of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> and control associated with maintaining the elite. The intricate culture associated with civilization has a tendency to spread to and influence other cultures, sometimes assimilating them into the civilization, a classic example being <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese</a> civilization and its influence on nearby civilizations such <a href="/wiki/Chinese_influence_on_Korean_culture" title="Chinese influence on Korean culture">as Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_influence_on_Japanese_culture" title="Chinese influence on Japanese culture">Japan and</a> Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Many civilizations are actually large cultural spheres containing many nations and regions. The civilization in which someone lives is that person's broadest cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-clash-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg/220px-Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg/330px-Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg/440px-Blue_Shield_Fact_Finding_Mission_Libyen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shield_International" title="Blue Shield International">Blue Shield International</a> mission in Libya during the war in 2011 to protect the cultural assets there.</figcaption></figure> It is precisely the protection of this cultural identity that is becoming increasingly important nationally and internationally. According to international law, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> try to set up and enforce relevant rules. The aim is to preserve the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> of humanity and also the cultural identity, especially in the case of war and armed conflict. According to <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg" title="Karl von Habsburg">Karl von Habsburg</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shield_International" title="Blue Shield International">Blue Shield International</a>, the destruction of cultural assets is also part of psychological warfare. The target of the attack is often the opponent's cultural identity, which is why symbolic cultural assets become a main target. It is also intended to destroy the particularly sensitive cultural memory (museums, archives, monuments, etc.), the grown cultural diversity, and the economic basis (such as tourism) of a state, region or community.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> Many historians have focused on these broad cultural spheres and have treated civilizations as discrete units. Early twentieth-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-decline_two-58">[56]</a> uses the German word Kultur, "culture", for what many call a "civilization". Spengler believed a civilization's coherence is based on a single primary cultural symbol. Cultures experience cycles of birth, life, decline, and death, often supplanted by a potent new culture, formed around a compelling new cultural symbol. Spengler states civilization is the beginning of the decline of a culture as "the most external and artificial states of which a species of developed humanity is capable".<a href="#cite_note-decline_two-58">[56]</a> This "unified culture" concept of civilization also influenced the theories of historian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> in the mid-twentieth century. Toynbee explored civilization processes in his multi-volume <a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_History" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a>, which traced the rise and, in most cases, the decline of 21 civilizations and five "arrested civilizations". Civilizations generally declined and fell, according to Toynbee, because of the failure of a "creative minority", through moral or religious decline, to meet some important challenge, rather than mere economic or environmental causes. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> defines civilization as "the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes humans from other species".<a href="#cite_note-clash-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complex_systems">Complex systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Complex systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana,_Persepolis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana%2C_Persepolis.JPG/330px-Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana%2C_Persepolis.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana%2C_Persepolis.JPG/495px-Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana%2C_Persepolis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana%2C_Persepolis.JPG/660px-Medes_and_Persians_at_eastern_stairs_of_the_Apadana%2C_Persepolis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of united <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</figcaption></figure> Another group of theorists, making use of <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">systems theory</a>, looks at a civilization as a <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex system</a>, i.e., a framework by which a group of objects can be analysed that work in concert to produce some result. Civilizations can be seen as networks of cities that emerge from pre-urban cultures and are defined by the economic, political, military, diplomatic, social and cultural interactions among them. Any organization is a complex <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> and a civilization is a large organization. Systems theory helps guard against superficial and misleading analogies in the study and description of civilizations. Systems theorists look at many types of relations between cities, including economic relations, cultural exchanges and political/diplomatic/military relations. These spheres often occur on different scales. For example, trade networks were, until the nineteenth century, much larger than either cultural spheres or political spheres. Extensive trade routes, including the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> through <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> sea routes linking the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian Empire</a>, India and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, were well established 2000 years ago when these civilizations scarcely shared any political, diplomatic, military, or cultural relations. The first evidence of such long-distance trade is in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient world</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>, Guillermo Algaze has argued that trade relations connected Egypt, Mesopotamia, Iran and Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Resin found later in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cemetery_at_Ur" title="Royal Cemetery at Ur">Royal Cemetery at Ur</a> is suggested was traded northwards from Mozambique. Many theorists argue that the entire world has already become integrated into a single "<a href="/wiki/World-system_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="World-system theory">world system</a>", a process known as <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. Different civilizations and societies all over the globe are economically, politically, and even culturally interdependent in many ways. There is debate over when this integration began, and what sort of integration – cultural, technological, economic, political, or military-diplomatic – is the key indicator in determining the extent of a civilization. <a href="/wiki/David_Wilkinson_(political_scientist)" title="David Wilkinson (political scientist)">David Wilkinson</a> has proposed that economic and military-diplomatic integration of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> civilizations resulted in the creation of what he calls the "Central Civilization" around 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> Central Civilization later expanded to include the entire Middle East and Europe, and then expanded to a global scale with European colonization, integrating the Americas, Australia, China and Japan by the nineteenth century. According to Wilkinson, civilizations can be culturally heterogeneous, like the Central Civilization, or homogeneous, like the Japanese civilization. What Huntington calls the "clash of civilizations" might be characterized by Wilkinson as a clash of cultural spheres within a single global civilization. Others point to the <a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a> as the first step in globalization. The more conventional viewpoint is that networks of societies have expanded and shrunk since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>, and that the current globalized economy and culture is a product of recent <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></div> The notion of human history as a succession of "civilizations" is an entirely modern one. In the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, emerging <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a> was put into stark contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> stage of the cultures of many of the peoples they encountered.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS">obsolete source</a>] Nonetheless, developments in the Neolithic stage, such as agriculture and sedentary settlement, were critical to the development of modern conceptions of civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Eagly99-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_Revolution">Urban Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Urban Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a> provides the earliest case of a Neolithic Revolution, with the planting of cereal crops attested from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11,000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> The earliest neolithic technology and lifestyle were established first in Western Asia (for example at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, from about 9,130 BCE), later in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> basins in China (for example the <a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengtoushan">Pengtoushan</a> cultures), and from these cores spread across Eurasia. <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> is the site of the earliest civilizations developing from 7,400 years ago. This area has been evaluated by Beverley Milton-Edwards as having "inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the building of the earliest cities and the development of written cursive script".<a href="#cite_note-historyandpolicy-66">[64]</a> Similar pre-civilized "neolithic revolutions" also began independently from 7,000 BCE in northwestern <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral-Supe civilization">Caral-Supe civilization</a>)<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> area served as a cradle of European civilization. The site of <a href="/wiki/Solnitsata" title="Solnitsata">Solnitsata</a> – a prehistoric fortified (<a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">walled</a>) stone settlement (prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Proto-city" title="Proto-city">proto-city</a>) (5500–4200 BCE) – is believed by some archaeologists to be the oldest known town in present-day Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Maugh-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Squires-71">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/8.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="8.2 kiloyear event">8.2 Kiloyear Arid Event</a> and the <a href="/wiki/5.9_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="5.9 kiloyear event">5.9 Kiloyear</a> Inter-pluvial saw the drying out of semiarid regions and a major spread of <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> shifted the cost-benefit ratio of endemic violence between communities, which saw the abandonment of unwalled village communities and the appearance of walled cities, seen by some as a characteristic of early civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_(4566574277).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/220px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/330px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/440px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> city <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></figcaption></figure> This "<a href="/wiki/Urban_revolution" title="Urban revolution">urban revolution</a>"—a term introduced by Childe in the 1930s—from the 4th millennium BCE,<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> marked the beginning of the accumulation of transferable <a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">economic surpluses</a>, which helped economies and cities develop. Urban revolutions were associated with the state <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_of_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopoly of violence">monopoly of violence</a>, the appearance of a <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warrior</a>, or soldier, class and <a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">endemic warfare</a> (a state of continual or frequent warfare), the rapid development of <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">hierarchies</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> The civilized urban revolution in turn was dependent upon the development of <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> of grains, plants and animals, the permanence of <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a> and development of <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyles</a> that facilitated <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> and accumulation of surplus production by particular social sectors. The transition from complex cultures to civilizations, while still disputed, seems to be associated with the development of state structures, in which power was further monopolized by an elite <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> who practiced human sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-79">[77]</a> Towards the end of the Neolithic period, various elitist <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> civilizations began to rise in various <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">"cradles"</a> from around 3600 BCE beginning with <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, expanding into large-scale <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> in the course of the Bronze Age (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sumerian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sumerian Empire">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a>, and to some degree the territorial expansions of the <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>). Outside the Old World, development took place independently in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian Americas">Pre-Columbian Americas</a>. Urbanization in the <a href="/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral-Supe civilization">Caral-Supe civilization</a> in what is now coastal Peru began about 3500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> In North America, the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> civilization emerged about 1200 BCE; the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Mayan_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan civilization">Mayan</a> city, located in what is now Guatemala, dates to about 750 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> (near the modern <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>) was one of the largest cities in the world in 350 CE, with a population of about 125,000.<a href="#cite_note-:3-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axial_Age">Axial Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Axial Age">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Buddhism">Spread of Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> was followed by the Iron Age around 1200 BCE, during which a number of new civilizations emerged, culminating in a period from the 8th to the 3rd century BCE which <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> termed the <a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a>, presented as a critical transitional phase leading to <a href="/wiki/Classical_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical civilization">classical civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modernity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major religious groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_language" title="World language">World language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></div> A major technological and cultural transition to <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> began approximately 1500 CE in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and from this beginning new approaches to <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and law spread rapidly around the world, incorporating earlier cultures into the technological and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a> of the present.<a href="#cite_note-nature.com-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_civilizations">Fall of civilizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fall of civilizations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></div> Civilizations are traditionally understood as ending in one of two ways; either through incorporation into another expanding civilization (e.g. as Ancient Egypt was incorporated into Hellenistic Greek, and subsequently Roman civilizations), or by collapsing and reverting to a simpler form of living, as happens in so-called Dark Ages.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> There have been many explanations put forward for the collapse of civilization. Some focus on historical examples, and others on general theory. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a> influenced theories of the analysis, growth, and decline of the Islamic civilization.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> He suggested repeated invasions from nomadic peoples limited development and led to social collapse.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/310px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/465px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png/620px-Invasions_of_the_Roman_Empire_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Barbarian invasions</a> played an important role in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>'s work <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a> is a well-known and detailed analysis of the fall of Roman civilization. Gibbon suggested the final act of the collapse of Rome was the fall of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> in 1453 CE. For Gibbon, "The decline of Rome was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness. Prosperity ripened the principle of decay; the cause of the destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest; and, as soon as time or accident had removed the artificial supports, the stupendous fabric yielded to the pressure of its own weight. The story of the ruin is simple and obvious; and instead of inquiring why the Roman Empire was destroyed, we should rather be surprised that it has subsisted for so long".<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> in his <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome_(Mommsen)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rome (Mommsen)">History of Rome</a> suggested Rome collapsed with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 CE and he also tended towards a biological analogy of "genesis", "growth", "senescence", "collapse" and "decay".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the West">Decline of the West</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>'s chronological division, and suggested that there had been only eight "mature civilizations". Growing cultures, he argued, tend to develop into imperialistic civilizations, which expand and ultimately collapse, with democratic forms of government ushering in <a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">plutocracy</a> and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> in his <a href="/wiki/A_Study_of_History" title="A Study of History">A Study of History</a> suggested that there had been a much larger number of civilizations, including a small number of arrested civilizations, and that all civilizations tended to go through the cycle identified by Mommsen. The cause of the fall of a civilization occurred when a cultural <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> elite, leading to the rise of internal and external <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariats</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tainter" title="Joseph Tainter">Joseph Tainter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">The Collapse of Complex Societies</a> suggested that there were <a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">diminishing returns</a> to <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a>, due to which, as states achieved a maximum permissible complexity, they would decline when further increases actually produced a negative return. Tainter suggested that Rome achieved this figure in the 2nd century CE.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a> in his 2005 book <a href="/wiki/Collapse:_How_Societies_Choose_to_Fail_or_Succeed" title="Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed">Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed</a> suggests five major reasons for the collapse of 41 studied cultures: environmental damage, such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>; <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>; dependence upon <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">long-distance trade</a> for needed resources; increasing levels of internal and external violence, such as war or invasion; and societal responses to internal and environmental problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Turchin" title="Peter Turchin">Peter Turchin</a> in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060830212141/http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/faculty/turchin/HistDyn.htm">Historical Dynamics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Andrey Korotayev</a> et al. in their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22215616/Introduction_to_Social_Macrodynamics_Secular_Cycles_and_Millennial_Trends">Introduction to Social Macrodynamics, Secular Cycles, and Millennial Trends</a> suggest a number of mathematical models describing collapse of agrarian civilizations. For example, the basic logic of Turchin's "fiscal-demographic" model can be outlined as follows: during the initial phase of a sociodemographic <a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">cycle</a> we observe relatively high levels of per capita production and consumption, which leads not only to relatively high <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> rates, but also to relatively high rates of surplus production. As a result, during this phase the population can afford to pay taxes without great problems, the taxes are quite easily collectible, and the population growth is accompanied by the growth of state revenues. During the intermediate phase, the increasing <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> leads to the decrease of per capita production and consumption levels, it becomes more and more difficult to collect taxes, and state revenues stop growing, whereas the state expenditures grow due to the growth of the population controlled by the state. As a result, during this phase the state starts experiencing considerable fiscal problems. During the final pre-collapse phases the overpopulation leads to further decrease of per capita production, the surplus production further decreases, state revenues shrink, but the state needs more and more resources to control the growing (though with lower and lower rates) population. Eventually this leads to famines, epidemics, state breakdown, and demographic and civilization collapse.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Peter Heather</a> argues in his book <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire#Peter_Heather" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">The Fall of the Roman Empire: a New History of Rome and the Barbarians</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> that this civilization did not end for moral or economic reasons, but because centuries of contact with barbarians across the frontier generated its own nemesis by making them a more sophisticated and dangerous adversary. The fact that Rome needed to generate ever greater revenues to equip and re-equip armies that were for the first time repeatedly defeated in the field, led to the dismemberment of the Empire. Although this argument is specific to Rome, it can also be applied to the Asiatic Empire of the Egyptians, to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> dynasties of China, to the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> and others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Ward-Perkins" title="Bryan Ward-Perkins">Bryan Ward-Perkins</a>, in his book The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization,<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> argues from mostly archaeological evidence that the collapse of Roman civilization in western Europe had deleterious impacts on the living standards of the population, unlike some historians who downplay this. The collapse of complex society meant that even basic plumbing for the elite disappeared from the continent for 1,000 years. Similar impacts have been postulated for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_dark_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek dark ages">Dark Age</a> after the Late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> in the Eastern Mediterranean, the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and elsewhere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Demarest" title="Arthur Demarest">Arthur Demarest</a> argues in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_a_Rainforest_Civilization" title="Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization">Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rainforest Civilization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> using a holistic perspective to the most recent evidence from archaeology, <a href="/wiki/Paleoecology" title="Paleoecology">paleoecology</a>, and epigraphy, that no one explanation is sufficient but that a series of erratic, complex events, including loss of soil fertility, drought and rising levels of internal and external violence led to the disintegration of the courts of Mayan kingdoms, which began a spiral of decline and decay. He argues that the collapse of the Maya has lessons for civilization today.</li> <li>Jeffrey A. McNeely has recently suggested that "a review of historical evidence shows that past civilizations have tended to <a href="/wiki/Over-exploit" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-exploit">over-exploit</a> their forests, and that such abuse of important resources has been a significant factor in the decline of the over-exploiting society".<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Homer-Dixon" title="Thomas Homer-Dixon">Thomas Homer-Dixon</a> considers the fall in the <a href="/wiki/EROEI" class="mw-redirect" title="EROEI">energy return on investments</a>. The energy expended to energy yield ratio is central to limiting the survival of civilizations. The degree of social complexity is associated strongly, he suggests, with the amount of disposable energy environmental, economic and technological systems allow. When this amount decreases civilizations either have to access new energy sources or collapse.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feliks_Koneczny" title="Feliks Koneczny">Feliks Koneczny</a> in his work "On the Plurality of Civilizations" calls his study the science on civilizations. He asserts that civilizations fall not because they must or there exist some cyclical or a "biological" life span and that there stil exist two ancient civilizations – Brahmin-Hindu and Chinese – which are not ready to fall any time soon. Koneczny claimed that civilizations cannot be mixed into hybrids, an inferior civilization when given equal rights within a highly developed civilization will overcome it. One of Koneczny's claims in his study on civilizations is that "a person cannot be civilized in two or more ways" without falling into what he calls an "abcivilized state" (as in abnormal). He also stated that when two or more civilizations exist next to one another and as long as they are vital, they will be in an existential combat imposing its own "method of organizing social life" upon the other.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Absorbing alien "method of organizing social life" that is civilization and giving it equal rights yields a process of decay and decomposition.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Future">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png/220px-Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png/330px-Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png/440px-Clash_of_Civilizations_mapn2.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A world map of major civilizations according to the political hypothesis <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to political scientist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, the 21st century will be characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of civilizations">clash of civilizations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-clash-50">[48]</a> which he believes will replace the conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a> and ideologies that were prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, this viewpoint been strongly challenged by others such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, Muhammed Asadi and <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Inglehart" title="Ronald Inglehart">Ronald Inglehart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pippa_Norris" title="Pippa Norris">Pippa Norris</a> have argued that the "true clash of civilizations" between the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and the West is caused by the Muslim rejection of the West's more liberal sexual values, rather than a difference in political ideology, although they note that this lack of tolerance is likely to lead to an eventual rejection of (true) democracy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In Identity and Violence Sen questions if people should be divided along the lines of a supposed "civilization", defined by religion and culture only. He argues that this ignores the many others identities that make up people and leads to a focus on differences. Cultural Historian <a href="/wiki/Morris_Berman" title="Morris Berman">Morris Berman</a> argues in Dark Ages America: the End of Empire that in the corporate consumerist United States, the very factors that once propelled it to greatness―extreme individualism, territorial and economic expansion, and the pursuit of material wealth―have pushed the United States across a critical threshold where collapse is inevitable. Politically associated with over-reach, and as a result of the environmental exhaustion and polarization of wealth between rich and poor, he concludes the current system is fast arriving at a situation where continuation of the existing system saddled with huge deficits and a hollowed-out economy is physically, socially, economically and politically impossible.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Although developed in much more depth, Berman's thesis is similar in some ways to that of Urban Planner, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Jacobs" title="Jane Jacobs">Jane Jacobs</a> who argues that the five pillars of United States culture are in serious decay: community and family; higher education; the effective practice of science; taxation and government; and the self-regulation of the learned professions. The corrosion of these pillars, Jacobs argues, is linked to societal ills such as environmental crisis, racism and the growing gulf between rich and poor.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Jensen" title="Derrick Jensen">Derrick Jensen</a> argues that modern civilization is directed towards the domination of the environment and humanity itself in an intrinsically harmful, unsustainable, and self-destructive fashion.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Defending his definition both linguistically and historically, he defines civilization as "a culture... that both leads to and emerges from the growth of cities", with "cities" defined as "people living more or less permanently in one place in densities high enough to require the routine importation of food and other necessities of life".<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> This need for civilizations to import ever more resources, he argues, stems from their over-exploitation and diminution of their own local resources. Therefore, civilizations inherently adopt imperialist and expansionist policies and, to maintain these, highly militarized, hierarchically structured, and coercion-based cultures and lifestyles. The <a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a> classifies civilizations based on their level of technological advancement, specifically measured by the amount of energy a civilization is able to harness. The scale is only hypothetical, but it puts energy consumption in a cosmic perspective. The Kardashev scale makes provisions for civilizations far more technologically advanced than any currently known to exist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-human_civilizations">Non-human civilizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-human civilizations">edit</a>]</div> The current scientific consensus is that human beings are the only animal species with the cognitive ability to create civilizations that has emerged on Earth. A recent thought experiment, the <a href="/wiki/Silurian_hypothesis" title="Silurian hypothesis">silurian hypothesis</a>, however, considers whether it would "be possible to detect an industrial civilization in the geological record" given the paucity of geological information about eras before the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">quaternary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Astronomers speculate about the existence of communicating with intelligent civilizations within and beyond the Milky Way galaxy, usually using variants of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APJ-20200615-103">[101]</a> They conduct <a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">searches for such intelligences</a> – such as for technological traces, called "<a href="/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">technosignatures</a>".<a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.02.029-104">[102]</a> The proposed proto-scientific field "<a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">xenoarchaeology</a>" is concerned with the study of artifact remains of non-human civilizations to reconstruct and interpret past lives of alien societies if such get discovered and confirmed scientifically.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 19em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Shock" title="Future Shock">Future Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Region" title="Intermediate Region">Intermediate Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Life" title="Law of Life">Law of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tribalism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Tribalism">New Tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_community" title="World community">World community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> It remains the most influential sociological study of the topic, spawning its own body of secondary literature. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Peter_Duerr" title="Hans Peter Duerr">Hans Peter Duerr</a> attacked it in a major work (3,500 pages in five volumes, published 1988–2002). Elias, at the time a nonagenarian, was still able to respond to the criticism the year before his death. In 2002, Duerr was himself criticized by Michael Hinz's Der Zivilisationsprozeß: Mythos oder Realität (2002), saying that his criticism amounted to hateful defamation of Elias, through excessive standards of <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">political correctness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> For example, in the title A narrative of the loss of the Winterton East Indiaman wrecked on the coast of Madagascar in 1792; and of the sufferings connected with that event. To which is subjoined a short account of the natives of Madagascar, with suggestions as to their civilizations by J. Hatchard, L.B. Seeley and T. Hamilton, London, 1820. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ucl-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ucl_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/index.html">"Chronology"</a>. Digital Egypt for Universities. University College London. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015559/http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Egypt+for+Universities&rft.atitle=Chronology&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk%2Fchronology%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haviland_2013-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Haviland_2013_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaviland2013" class="citation book cs1">Haviland, William; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfEWAAAAQBAJ&q=%22civilization+refers+to+societies%22">Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-67530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-67530-5"><bdi>978-1-285-67530-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190713215613/https://books.google.com/books?id=DfEWAAAAQBAJ&q=%22civilization+refers+to+societies%22">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology%3A+The+Human+Challenge&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-67530-5&rft.aulast=Haviland&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDfEWAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522civilization%2Brefers%2Bto%2Bsocieties%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernández-Armesto_2001-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernández-Armesto_2001_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2001" class="citation book cs1">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNzi698aXwC">Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1650-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-1650-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401104653/https://books.google.com/books?id=3MNzi698aXwC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations%3A+Culture%2C+Ambition%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Nature&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1650-0&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3MNzi698aXwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyden_2004-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyden_2004_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyden2004" class="citation book cs1">Boyden, Stephen Vickers (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TX78DfVbM7kC&q=%22the+essential+precondition%22">The Biology of Civilisation</a>. UNSW Press. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-766-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-766-1"><bdi>978-0-86840-766-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230072508/https://books.google.com/books?id=TX78DfVbM7kC&q=%22the+essential+precondition%22">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Civilisation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-766-1&rft.aulast=Boyden&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Vickers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTX78DfVbM7kC%26q%3D%2522the%2Bessential%2Bprecondition%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solms-Laubach_2007-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solms-Laubach_2007_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solms-Laubach_2007_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolms-Laubach2007" class="citation book cs1">Solms-Laubach, Franz (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTITNduFc4C">Nietzsche and Early German and Austrian Sociology</a>. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 115, 117, 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018109-8"><bdi>978-3-11-018109-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074441/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxTITNduFc4C&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Early+German+and+Austrian+Sociology&rft.pages=115%2C+117%2C+212&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018109-8&rft.aulast=Solms-Laubach&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxTITNduFc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbdelRahim-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbdelRahim_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbdelRahim_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelRahim2015" class="citation book cs1">AbdelRahim, Layla (2015). Children's literature, domestication and social foundation: Narratives of civilization and wilderness. New York: Routledge. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66110-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66110-2"><bdi>978-0-415-66110-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897810261">897810261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+literature%2C+domestication+and+social+foundation%3A+Narratives+of+civilization+and+wilderness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897810261&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66110-2&rft.aulast=AbdelRahim&rft.aufirst=Layla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Mann, Michael</a> (1986). The Sources of Social Power. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sources+of+Social+Power&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2013" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Ian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691155685/the-measure-of-civilization">The Measure of Civilization: How Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15568-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15568-5"><bdi>978-0-691-15568-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529174320/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691155685/the-measure-of-civilization">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measure+of+Civilization%3A+How+Social+Development+Decides+the+Fate+of+Nations&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15568-5&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691155685%2Fthe-measure-of-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1966-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1966_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_Robert_McCormick1966" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Robert McCormick (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JrZOwKU0TlsC&q=%22civilizations+are+associated%22">The Evolution of Urban Society</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36594-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36594-7"><bdi>978-0-202-36594-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230073713/https://books.google.com/books?id=JrZOwKU0TlsC&q=%22civilizations+are+associated%22">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Urban+Society&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36594-7&rft.au=Adams%2C+Robert+McCormick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJrZOwKU0TlsC%26q%3D%2522civilizations%2Bare%2Bassociated%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright_2004-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_2004_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Ronald (2004). A Short History anthropological. House of Anansi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88784-706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88784-706-6"><bdi>978-0-88784-706-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+anthropological.&rft.pub=House+of+Anansi+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-88784-706-6&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Llobera_2003-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Llobera_2003_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlobera2003" class="citation book cs1">Llobera, Josep (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_-LDyWxODjAC&q=%22best-known+definition%22">An Invitation to Anthropology</a>. Berghahn Books. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-597-2"><bdi>978-1-57181-597-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230074407/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-LDyWxODjAC&q=%22best-known+definition%22">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Invitation+to+Anthropology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-597-2&rft.aulast=Llobera&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_-LDyWxODjAC%26q%3D%2522best-known%2Bdefinition%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolesti2013" class="citation book cs1">Bolesti, Maria (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZZKabXvWAC">Barbarism and Its Discontents</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8537-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-8537-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121220741/https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZZKabXvWAC">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbarism+and+Its+Discontents&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8537-2&rft.aulast=Bolesti&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpZZKabXvWAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/civilizations/">"Civilizations"</a>. National Geographic Education. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. 20 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529174213/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/civilizations/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Education&rft.atitle=Civilizations&rft.date=2022-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fcivilizations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2009" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Larry E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3041K2Zv76AC&pg=PT73">The SAGE Glossary of the Social and Behavioral Sciences</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5143-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5143-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-5143-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230003359/https://books.google.com/books?id=3041K2Zv76AC&pg=PT73">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Glossary+of+the+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5143-2&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Larry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3041K2Zv76AC%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228225831/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-25327104.html">"Denker: Entlarvende Briefe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German). Vol. 2002, no. 40. 30 September 2002. 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Contribution to the history of the word], 1954, published in Problèmes de linguistique générale, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Éditions Gallimard</a>, 1966, pp. 336–345 (translated by Mary Elizabeth Meek as Problems in general linguistics, 2 vols., 1971). </li> <li id="cite_note-velkley-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-velkley_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-velkley_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelkley2002" class="citation book cs1">Velkley, Richard (2002). "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy". Being after Rousseau: Philosophy and Culture in Question. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 11–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tension+in+the+Beautiful%3A+On+Culture+and+Civilization+in+Rousseau+and+German+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Being+after+Rousseau%3A+Philosophy+and+Culture+in+Question&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Velkley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-21"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_21-0">^</a> "Civilization" (1974), <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> 15th ed. Vol. II, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 956. Retrieved 25 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLottick1950" class="citation journal cs1">Lottick, Kenneth V. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2572007">"Some Distinctions between Culture and Civilization as Displayed in Sociological Literature"</a>. Social Forces. 28 (3): 240–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2572007">10.2307/2572007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2572007">2572007</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024040544/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2572007">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Some+Distinctions+between+Culture+and+Civilization+as+Displayed+in+Sociological+Literature&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2572007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2572007&rft.aulast=Lottick&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2572007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_23-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LeoStraussGermanNihilismIntegral1941">On German Nihilism</a>" (1999, originally a 1941 lecture), Interpretation 26, no. 3 edited by David Janssens and Daniel Tanguay. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40773/Athens">"Athens"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106054445/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40773/Athens">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 31 December 2008. <q>Ancient Greek Athenai, historic city and capital of Greece. Many of classical civilization's intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Athens&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F40773%2FAthens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1975" class="citation thesis cs1">Brown, Thomas J. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/handle/178425">The Athenian furies: Observations on the major factors effecting politics in modern Greece, 1973–1974</a> (Thesis). Ball State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522072827/https://cardinalscholar.bsu.edu/handle/handle/178425">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022. <q>Greece is a picturesque country on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula straddling the always-blue Agean, Ionian and Adriatic Seas. Considered by many to be the cradle of Western Civilization and the birthplace of democracy, her ancient past has long been the source and inspiration of Western thought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Athenian+furies%3A+Observations+on+the+major+factors+effecting+politics+in+modern+Greece%2C+1973%E2%80%931974&rft.inst=Ball+State+University&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcardinalscholar.bsu.edu%2Fhandle%2Fhandle%2F178425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilde1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">Childe, Gordon</a> (1950) [1923]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100247/page/n5/mode/2up">What Happened In History</a>. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Happened+In+History&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex%2C+England&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Childe&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.100247%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilde1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._Gordon_Childe" title="V. Gordon Childe">Childe, V. Gordon [Vere Gordon]</a> (1951) [1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manmakeshimself00chil">Man makes himself</a>. New York: New American Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+makes+himself&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Childe&rft.aufirst=V.+Gordon+%5BVere+Gordon%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanmakeshimself00chil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikiforuk-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikiforuk_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikiforuk2012" class="citation book cs1">Nikiforuk, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/energyofslavesoi0000niki">The Energy of Slaves: Oil and the new servitude</a>. 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Menlo Park: Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8465-4800-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8465-4800-3"><bdi>978-0-8465-4800-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maritime+Foundations+of+Andean+Civilization&rft.place=Menlo+Park&rft.pub=Cummings&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8465-4800-3&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadjikoumisRobinsonViner-Daniels2011" class="citation book cs1">Hadjikoumis, Angelos; Robinson, Erick; Viner-Daniels, Sarah, eds. (2011). The dynamics of neolithisation in Europe: Studies in honour of Andrew Sherratt (1st ed.). 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Retrieved 25 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Study+sheds+new+light+on+the+origin+of+civilization&rft.aulast=Kiggins&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2022-04-civilization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JOPE-33"><a href="#cite_ref-JOPE_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaysharMoavPascali2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mayshar, Joram; Moav, Omer; Pascali, Luigi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/718372#:~:text=The%20conventional%20theory%20about%20the,elites%20and%2C%20eventually%2C%20states.">"The Origin of the State: Land Productivity or Appropriability?"</a>. Journal of Political Economy. 130 (4): 1091–1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F718372">10.1086/718372</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F57736">10230/57736</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244818703">244818703</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417220207/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/718372#:~:text=The%20conventional%20theory%20about%20the,elites%20and%2C%20eventually%2C%20states">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+State%3A+Land+Productivity+or+Appropriability%3F&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1091-%3C%2Fspan%3E1144&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10230%2F57736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244818703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-3808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F718372&rft.aulast=Mayshar&rft.aufirst=Joram&rft.au=Moav%2C+Omer&rft.au=Pascali%2C+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F718372%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520conventional%2520theory%2520about%2520the%2Celites%2520and%252C%2520eventually%252C%2520states.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Mann, Charles C. (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227040742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text/1">"Göbekli Tepe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/06/gobekli-tepe/mann-text/1">the original</a> on 27 February 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6bekli+Tepe&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2011%2F06%2Fgobekli-tepe%2Fmann-text%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6_glasses-35"><a href="#cite_ref-6_glasses_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandage2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Standage" title="Tom Standage">Standage, Tom</a> (2005). A History of the World in 6 Glasses. New York: Walker & Company. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-1447-3"><bdi>978-0-8027-1447-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57009997">57009997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+6+Glasses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57009997&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1447-3&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrighton2005" class="citation episode cs1">Brighton, Jack (producer) (7 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/a-history-of-the-world-in-6-glasses.iF3xPI.popuparchive.org">"A History of the World in 6 Glasses"</a>. Focus 580 (Radio interview – audio). Illinois Public Media. <a href="/wiki/WILL_(AM)" title="WILL (AM)">WILL-AM 580</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+580&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=Jack+%28producer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fa-history-of-the-world-in-6-glasses.iF3xPI.popuparchive.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> (With guest: Tom Standage, technology editor at The Economist). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-16-w66930pg67">American Archive of Public Broadcasting record</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinin2004" class="citation book cs1">Grinin, Leonid (2004). "The Early State and Its Analogues: A Comparative Analysis". In Leonid Grinin; Robert Carneiro; Dmitri Bondarenko; Nikolay Kradin; Andrey Korotayev (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com.au/Early-State-Its-Alternatives-Analogues-ebook/dp/B075FGDS6Z">The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues</a>. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 88–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7057-0547-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7057-0547-4"><bdi>978-5-7057-0547-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56596768">56596768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026223451/https://www.amazon.com.au/Early-State-Its-Alternatives-Analogues-ebook/dp/B075FGDS6Z">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+State+and+Its+Analogues%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.btitle=The+Early+State%2C+Its+Alternatives+and+Analogues&rft.place=Volgograd&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=Uchitel+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56596768&rft.isbn=978-5-7057-0547-4&rft.aulast=Grinin&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com.au%2FEarly-State-Its-Alternatives-Analogues-ebook%2Fdp%2FB075FGDS6Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondarenkoGrininKorotayev2004" class="citation book cs1">Bondarenko, Dmitri; Grinin, Leonid; Korotayev, Andrey V. (2004). "Alternatives of Social Evolution". In Leonid Grinin; Robert Carneiro; Dmitri Bondarenko; Nikolay Kradin; Andrey Korotayev (eds.). The Early State, Its Alternatives and Analogues. Volgograd: Uchitel Publishing House. pp. 3–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7057-0547-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7057-0547-4"><bdi>978-5-7057-0547-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56596768">56596768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alternatives+of+Social+Evolution&rft.btitle=The+Early+State%2C+Its+Alternatives+and+Analogues&rft.place=Volgograd&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Uchitel+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56596768&rft.isbn=978-5-7057-0547-4&rft.aulast=Bondarenko&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rft.au=Grinin%2C+Leonid&rft.au=Korotayev%2C+Andrey+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogucki1999" class="citation book cs1">Bogucki, Peter (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofhumanso0000bogu_g4c9">The Origins of Human Society</a>. Malden, Mass. (U.S.): Wiley Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-349-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-349-2"><bdi>978-1-55786-349-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Human+Society&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass.+%28U.S.%29&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-349-2&rft.aulast=Bogucki&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofhumanso0000bogu_g4c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeDeVore1968" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Richard Borshay; DeVore, Irven, eds. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ManTheHunter/page/n3/mode/2up">Man the Hunter: The First Intensive Survey of a Single, Crucial Stage of Human Development ― Man's Once Universal Hunting Way of Life</a>. With the assistance of Jill Nash-Mitchell (1st ed.). Aldine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-33032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-33032-7"><bdi>978-0-202-33032-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+the+Hunter%3A+The+First+Intensive+Survey+of+a+Single%2C+Crucial+Stage+of+Human+Development+%E2%80%95+Man%27s+Once+Universal+Hunting+Way+of+Life&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Aldine&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-202-33032-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FManTheHunter%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckLinda_BlackLarry_S._KriegerPhillip_C._Naylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black; Larry S. Krieger; Phillip C. Naylor; Dahia Ibo Shabaka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck">World History: Patterns of Interaction</a>. Evanston, Ill.: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-87274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-87274-1"><bdi>978-0-395-87274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Patterns+of+Interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-395-87274-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft.au=Linda+Black&rft.au=Larry+S.+Krieger&rft.au=Phillip+C.+Naylor&rft.au=Dahia+Ibo+Shabaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcdougallittellw00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteckel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Steckel, Richard H. (4 January 2016). "New Light on the 'Dark Ages'". Social Science History. 28 (2): 211–229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0145553200013134">10.1017/S0145553200013134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143128051">143128051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+%27Dark+Ages%27&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0145553200013134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143128051%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Steckel&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoepkeBaten2005" class="citation journal cs1">Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (1 April 2005). "The biological standard of living in Europe during the last two millennia". European Review of Economic History. 9 (1): 61–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1361491604001388">10.1017/S1361491604001388</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F47594">10419/47594</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41378413">41378413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+biological+standard+of+living+in+Europe+during+the+last+two+millennia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F47594&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41378413%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1361491604001388&rft.aulast=Koepke&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft.au=Baten%2C+Joerg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leutwyler-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Leutwyler_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeutwyler2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Leutwyler, Kristen (30 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/american-plains-indians-h/">"American Plains Indians had Health and Height"</a>. Scientific American. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420155130/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/american-plains-indians-h/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=American+Plains+Indians+had+Health+and+Height&rft.date=2001-05-30&rft.aulast=Leutwyler&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Famerican-plains-indians-h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauketat2004" class="citation book cs1">Pauketat, Timothy R. (2004). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52066-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cahokia+and+the+Mississippians&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52066-9&rft.aulast=Pauketat&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithers-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithers_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithers_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Smithers, Gregory D. (2009). "The 'Pursuits of the Civilized Man': Race and the Meaning of Civilization in the United States and Australia, 1790s–1850s". Journal of World History. 20 (2): 245–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0047">10.1353/jwh.0.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143956999">143956999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=The+%27Pursuits+of+the+Civilized+Man%27%3A+Race+and+the+Meaning+of+Civilization+in+the+United+States+and+Australia%2C+1790s%E2%80%931850s&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.0.0047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143956999%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smithers&rft.aufirst=Gregory+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111114155909/http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa">"ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups"</a>. Association of Social Anthropologists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa">the original</a> on 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASA+Statement+on+the+use+of+%27primitive%27+as+a+descriptor+of+contemporary+human+groups&rft.pub=Association+of+Social+Anthropologists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theasa.org%2Fnews.shtml%23asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2015" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Brett (2015). "Civilization and its Consequences". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41327/chapter/352326100">Oxford Handbook Topics in Politics</a>. Oxford Academic. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935307.013.30">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935307.013.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993530-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993530-7"><bdi>978-0-19-993530-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729013409/https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/41327/chapter/352326100">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civilization+and+its+Consequences&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+Topics+in+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199935307.013.30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993530-7&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F41327%2Fchapter%2F352326100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heraclides-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heraclides_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heraclides_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeraclidesDialla2015" class="citation book cs1">Heraclides, Alexis; Dialla, Ada (2015). "3 Eurocentrism, 'civilization' and the 'barbarians'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mf71b8.7">Humanitarian Intervention in the Long Nineteenth Century: Setting the Precedent</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 31–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1mf71b8.7">10.2307/j.ctt1mf71b8.7</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mf71b8.7">j.ctt1mf71b8.7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729013403/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1mf71b8.7">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3+Eurocentrism%2C+%E2%80%98civilization%E2%80%99+and+the+%E2%80%98barbarians%E2%80%99&rft.btitle=Humanitarian+Intervention+in+the+Long+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Setting+the+Precedent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1mf71b8.7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1mf71b8.7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Heraclides&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft.au=Dialla%2C+Ada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1mf71b8.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2020" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2020). A concise history of Korea: From antiquity to the present (Third ed.). Lanham, Maryland, U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2897-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2897-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-2897-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104409379">1104409379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Korea%3A+From+antiquity+to+the+present&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%2C+U.S.&rft.pages=67&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1104409379&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2897-8&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2004" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Peter N. (2004). "Chapter 13 - The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://course-notes.org/world_history/outlines/world_civilizations_the_global_experience_4th_edition_outlines/chapter_13_the">World civilizations: the global experience</a> (4th ed.). New York: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-18281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-18281-4"><bdi>978-0-321-18281-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024040551/https://course-notes.org/world_history/outlines/world_civilizations_the_global_experience_4th_edition_outlines/chapter_13_the">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2023. 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Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-6124-8&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO4xG-bH1CQC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/key-components-civilization/">"Key Components of Civilization"</a>. National Geographic Education. 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Comparative Civilizations Review. Vol. 17. pp. 31–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151553/https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/CCR/article/view/12262/12162">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Civilizations+Review&rft.atitle=Central+Civilization&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.byu.edu%2Fspc%2Findex.php%2FCCR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12262%2F12162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarneiro1970" class="citation journal cs1">Carneiro, Robert L. (21 August 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140530140606/http://72.52.202.216/~fenderse/Carneiro.htm">"A Theory of the Origin of the State"</a>. Science. 169 (3947): 733–738. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970Sci...169..733C">1970Sci...169..733C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733">10.1126/science.169.3947.733</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17820299">17820299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11536431">11536431</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://72.52.202.216/~fenderse/Carneiro.htm">the original</a> on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014. <q>Explicit theories of the origin of the state are relatively modern [...] the age of exploration, by making Europeans aware that many peoples throughout the world lived, not in states, but in independent villages or tribes, made the state seem less natural, and thus more in need of explanation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Theory+of+the+Origin+of+the+State&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=3947&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E733-%3C%2Fspan%3E738&rft.date=1970-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11536431%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970Sci...169..733C&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.169.3947.733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17820299&rft.aulast=Carneiro&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F72.52.202.216%2F~fenderse%2FCarneiro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eagly99-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Eagly99_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagly,_Alice_H.Wood,_Wendy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Eagly, Alice H.; Wood, Wendy (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000817071347/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm">"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles"</a>. American Psychologist. 54 (6): 408–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066x.54.6.408">10.1037/0003-066x.54.6.408</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/fiske/facets/eagly&wood.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Sex+Differences+in+Human+Behavior%3A+Evolved+Dispositions+Versus+Social+Roles&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E408-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066x.54.6.408&rft.au=Eagly%2C+Alice+H.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Wendy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fanthro%2Ffaculty%2Ffiske%2Ffacets%2Feagly%26wood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml">"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512115703/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/british_prehistory/overview_british_prehistory_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Ancient+History+in+depth%3A+Overview%3A+From+Neolithic+to+Bronze+Age%2C+8000%E2%80%93800+BC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fbritish_prehistory%2Foverview_british_prehistory_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Moore, Andrew M. T.; Hillman, Gordon C.; Legge, Anthony J. (2000). Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra.(Oxford University Press). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Hillman, Gordon; Hedges, Robert; Moore, Andrew; Colledge, Susan; Pettitt, Paul (27 July 2016). "New evidence of Lateglacial cereal cultivation at Abu Hureyra on the Euphrates". Holocene. 11 (4): 383–393. </li> <li id="cite_note-historyandpolicy-66"><a href="#cite_ref-historyandpolicy_66-0">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilton-Edwards2003" class="citation web cs1">Milton-Edwards, Beverley (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208112958/http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-13.html">"Iraq, past, present and future: a thoroughly-modern mandate?"</a>. History & Policy. United Kingdom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyandpolicy.org/papers/policy-paper-13.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010. <q>The fertile land between the Tigris and the Euphrates has inspired some of the most important developments in human history including the invention of the wheel, the planting of the first cereal crops and the development of cursive script.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Iraq%2C+past%2C+present+and+future%3A+a+thoroughly-modern+mandate%3F&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Milton-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Beverley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandpolicy.org%2Fpapers%2Fpolicy-paper-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaasCreamerRuiz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Haas, Jonathan; Creamer, Winifred; Ruiz, Alvaro (December 2004). "Dating the Late Archaic occupation of the Norte Chico region in Peru". Nature. 432 (7020): 1020–1023. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.432.1020H">2004Natur.432.1020H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03146">10.1038/nature03146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15616561">15616561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4426545">4426545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dating+the+Late+Archaic+occupation+of+the+Norte+Chico+region+in+Peru&rft.volume=432&rft.issue=7020&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1020-%3C%2Fspan%3E1023&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4426545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.432.1020H&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15616561&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Creamer%2C+Winifred&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Alvaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Kennett, Douglas J.; Winterhalder, Bruce (2006). Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture. University of California Press. pp. 121–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24647-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24647-8">978-0-520-24647-8</a>. Retrieved 27 December 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maugh-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Maugh_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaugh_II2012" class="citation news cs1">Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/la-xpm-2012-nov-01-la-sci-sn-oldest-european-town-20121101-story.html">"Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504234136/https://www.latimes.com/science/la-xpm-2012-nov-01-la-sci-sn-oldest-european-town-20121101-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Bulgarians+find+oldest+European+town%2C+a+salt+production+center&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.aulast=Maugh+II&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fla-xpm-2012-nov-01-la-sci-sn-oldest-european-town-20121101-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman" class="citation cs1">Norman, Jeremy M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120702232530/http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?category=Survival+of+Information#entry_3305">"The Earliest Prehistoric Town in Europe Circa 4700 to 4200 BCE"</a>. Jeremy Norman's History of Information: Exploring the History of Information and Media through Timelines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofinformation.com/">the original</a> on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jeremy+Norman%27s+History+of+Information%3A+Exploring+the+History+of+Information+and+Media+through+Timelines&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Prehistoric+Town+in+Europe+Circa+4700+to+4200+BCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofinformation.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988">. . Previously at: Jeremy Norman's 'From Cave Paintings to the Internet': Chronological and Thematic Studies on the History of Information and Media. . (Archived record from 2 July 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-Squires-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Squires_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2012" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/Bulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.html">"Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101020609/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/9646541/Bulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 1 November 2012. <q>Archaeologists in Bulgaria believe they have discovered Europe's oldest prehistoric town, a settlement that was founded nearly 5,000 years before the birth of Christ [...] The "town", known as Provadia-Solnitsata, was small by modern standards and would have had around 350 inhabitants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Archaeologists+find+Europe%27s+most+prehistoric+town&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fbulgaria%2F9646541%2FBulgaria-archaeologists-find-Europes-most-prehistoric-town-Provadia-Solnitsata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolov" class="citation web cs1">Nikolov, Vassil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naim.bg/contentFiles/ARH_2012_1_res1.pdf">"Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500–4200 BC) (Abstract)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123192648/http://naim.bg/contentFiles/ARH_2012_1_res1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012. <q>According to the criteria, accepted for the period, the prehistoric settlement of Provadia-Solnitsata could be defined as a prehistoric city that existed in the middle and the second half of the 5th millennium BC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salt%2C+early+complex+society%2C+urbanization%3A+Provadia-Solnitsata+%285500%E2%80%934200+BC%29+%28Abstract%29&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aulast=Nikolov&rft.aufirst=Vassil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaim.bg%2FcontentFiles%2FARH_2012_1_res1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> De Meo, James (2nd Edition), "Saharasia" </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye2019" class="citation book cs1">Frye, David (27 August 2019) [2018]. "Midwife to Civilization: Wall Builders at the Dawn of History: The Ancient Near East, 2500–500 BC". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiemDwAAQBAJ">Walls: A History of Civilization in Blood and Brick</a> (reprint ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7271-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7271-7"><bdi>978-1-5011-7271-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506015946/https://books.google.com/books?id=FiemDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Midwife+to+Civilization%3A+Wall+Builders+at+the+Dawn+of+History%3A+The+Ancient+Near+East%2C+2500%E2%80%93500+BC&rft.btitle=Walls%3A+A+History+of+Civilization+in+Blood+and+Brick&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2019-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-7271-7&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiemDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortugali2012" class="citation book cs1">Portugali, Juval (6 December 2012) [2000]. "Self-Organization and Urban Revolutions: From the Urban Revolution to La Revolution Urbaine". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ln9CAAAQBAJ">Self-Organization and the City</a> (reprint ed.). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-04099-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-04099-7"><bdi>978-3-662-04099-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415045244/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ln9CAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023. <q>The urban revolution of 5500 years ago is at the very same time the rise of civilization. [...] there is general consensus among scientists about the overall picture of Childe's revolution as portrayed above [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Self-Organization+and+Urban+Revolutions%3A+From+the+Urban+Revolution+to+La+Revolution+Urbaine&rft.btitle=Self-Organization+and+the+City&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=306&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-3-662-04099-7&rft.aulast=Portugali&rft.aufirst=Juval&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ln9CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilde1950" class="citation journal cs1">Childe, V. Gordon (1950). "The Urban Revolution". 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Nature. 532 (7598): 228–231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.532..228W">2016Natur.532..228W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17159">10.1038/nature17159</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27042932">27042932</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4450246">4450246</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415143549/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.532..228W/abstract">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2023. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life Books">Time-Life Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-0060-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7054-0060-2"><bdi>978-0-7054-0060-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sea+Traders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7054-0060-2&rft.aulast=Edey&rft.aufirst=Maitland+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseatraders00edey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Currie_Elles1908" class="citation cs1">J. 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Thomas & Co. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106369892" class="extiw" title="d:Q106369892">Q106369892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+commerce+on+civilization%3A+the+Joseph+Fisher+lecture+on+commerce+delivered+at+the+University+of+Adelaide+by+J.+Currie+Elles+esq.%2C+April+23rd%2C+1908&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+K.+Thomas+%26%2338%3B+Co.&rft.date=1908&rft.au=J.+Currie+Elles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairservis1975" class="citation book cs1">Fairservis, Walter A. Jr. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thresholdofcivil00fair">The Threshold of Civilization: An Experiment in Prehistory</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-12775-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-12775-0"><bdi>978-0-684-12775-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Threshold+of+Civilization%3A+An+Experiment+in+Prehistory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-684-12775-0&rft.aulast=Fairservis&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthresholdofcivil00fair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-Armesto2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto" title="Felipe Fernández-Armesto">Fernández-Armesto, Felipe</a> (2000). Civilizations. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90171-7"><bdi>978-0-333-90171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilizations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-333-90171-7&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Armesto&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrill1985" class="citation book cs1">Ferrill, Arther (1985). The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great. New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25093-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-25093-8"><bdi>978-0-500-25093-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+War%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+Alexander+the+Great&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-500-25093-8&rft.aulast=Ferrill&rft.aufirst=Arther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald1969" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, C.P. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/horizonhistoryof00fitz">The Horizon History of China</a>. New York: American Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8281-0005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8281-0005-2"><bdi>978-0-8281-0005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horizon+History+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Heritage&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-8281-0005-2&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhorizonhistoryof00fitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1954–1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J.F.C._Fuller" class="mw-redirect" title="J.F.C. Fuller">Fuller, J.F.C.</a> (1954–1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/militaryhistoryo01full">A Military History of the Western World</a>. 3 vols. New York: <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="Funk & Wagnalls">Funk & Wagnalls</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+Western+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1954%2F1957&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=J.F.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilitaryhistoryo01full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"> <ol><li>From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80304-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80304-6">0-306-80304-6</a> (1987 reprint).</li> <li>From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle of Waterloo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80305-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80305-4">0-306-80305-4</a> (1987 reprint).</li> <li>From the American Civil War to the End of World War II. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80306-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80306-2">0-306-80306-2</a> (1987 reprint).</li></ol></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlett1984" class="citation book cs1">Gowlett, John (1984). Ascent to Civilization. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-217090-1"><bdi>978-0-00-217090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascent+to+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-00-217090-1&rft.aulast=Gowlett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkes1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_Hawkes" title="Jacquetta Hawkes">Hawkes, Jacquetta</a> (1968). Dawn of the Gods. London: <a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-1332-2"><bdi>978-0-7011-1332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+the+Gods&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-1332-2&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Jacquetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkesDavid_Trump1993" class="citation book cs1">Hawkes, Jacquetta; David Trump (1993) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofearlyman0000hawk">The Atlas of Early Man</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09746-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09746-2"><bdi>978-0-312-09746-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Early+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-312-09746-2&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Jacquetta&rft.au=David+Trump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofearlyman0000hawk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1974" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Jim (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empirebuilders00hick">The Empire Builders</a>. New York: Time-Life Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+Builders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempirebuilders00hick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1975" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Jim (1975). The Persians. New York: Time-Life Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1987). A History of the Jews. London: <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_and_Nicolson" class="mw-redirect" title="Weidenfeld and Nicolson">Weidenfeld and Nicolson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-79091-4"><bdi>978-0-297-79091-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-297-79091-4&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Jensen" title="Derrick Jensen">Jensen, Derrick</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/Endgame_(Derrick_Jensen_books)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endgame (Derrick Jensen books)">Endgame</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press" title="Seven Stories Press">Seven Stories Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-730-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-730-5"><bdi>978-1-58322-730-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-730-5&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeppie1984" class="citation book cs1">Keppie, Lawrence (1984). The Making of the Roman Army: From Republic to Empire. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20447-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-389-20447-3"><bdi>978-0-389-20447-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Roman+Army%3A+From+Republic+to+Empire&rft.place=Totowa%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-389-20447-3&rft.aulast=Keppie&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev, Andrey</a>, World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-6310-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-6310-0">0-7734-6310-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kradin" title="Nikolay Kradin">Kradin, Nikolay</a>. Archaeological Criteria of Civilization. <a href="/wiki/Social_Evolution_%26_History" title="Social Evolution & History">Social Evolution & History</a>, Vol. 5, No 1 (2006): 89–108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1681-4363">1681-4363</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLansing1971" class="citation book cs1">Lansing, Elizabeth (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumeriansinvento00lans">The Sumerians: Inventors and Builders</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-036357-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-036357-1"><bdi>978-0-07-036357-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Inventors+and+Builders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-07-036357-1&rft.aulast=Lansing&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumeriansinvento00lans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofkore0000leek">A New History of Korea</a>. trans. Edward W. Wagner, with Edward J. Shultz. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61575-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61575-5"><bdi>978-0-674-61575-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61575-5&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewhistoryofkore0000leek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2013" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Ian (2013). The Measure of Civilization: how Social Development Decides the Fate of Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15568-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15568-5"><bdi>978-0-691-15568-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Measure+of+Civilization%3A+how+Social+Development+Decides+the+Fate+of+Nations&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15568-5&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahm1983" class="citation book cs1">Nahm, Andrew C. (1983). A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History. Elizabeth, N.J.: Hollym International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930878-23-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930878-23-8"><bdi>978-0-930878-23-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+5000+Years%3A+Korean+History&rft.place=Elizabeth%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Hollym+International&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-930878-23-8&rft.aulast=Nahm&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant1992" class="citation book cs1">Oliphant, Margaret (1992). The Atlas of the Ancient World: Charting the Great Civilizations of the Past. London: Ebury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-177040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-177040-2"><bdi>978-0-09-177040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+Charting+the+Great+Civilizations+of+the+Past&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-09-177040-2&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson1985" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warmovies00garl">Atlas of the Bible</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1206-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1206-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-1206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Bible&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-1206-0&rft.aulast=Rogerson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarmovies00garl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandall2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sandall" title="Roger Sandall">Sandall, Roger</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecultdesig00sand_0">The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays</a>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3863-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-3863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+Cult%3A+Designer+Tribalism+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3863-7&rft.aulast=Sandall&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecultdesig00sand_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSansom1958" class="citation book cs1">Sansom, George (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjapanto00sans">A History of Japan: To 1334</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0523-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-0523-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japan%3A+To+1334&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0523-3&rft.aulast=Sansom&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjapanto00sans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthworth1968" class="citation book cs1">Southworth, John Van Duyn (1968). The Ancient Fleets: The Story of Naval Warfare Under Oars, 2600 B.C.–1597 A.D. New York: <a href="/wiki/Twayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Twayne">Twayne</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Fleets%3A+The+Story+of+Naval+Warfare+Under+Oars%2C+2600+B.C.%E2%80%931597+A.D.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Southworth&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Duyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1981). An Unfinished History of the World (rev. ed.). London: Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-26458-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-26458-7"><bdi>978-0-330-26458-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Unfinished+History+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-330-26458-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterellCotterell1975" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Yong Yap; Cotterell, Arthur (1975). The Early Civilization of China. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-11595-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-11595-0"><bdi>978-0-399-11595-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Civilization+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-399-11595-0&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=Yong+Yap&rft.au=Cotterell%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurdusev2003" class="citation book cs1">Yurdusev, A. Nuri (2003). International Relations and the Philosophy of History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403938404">10.1057/9781403938404</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40304-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-40304-2"><bdi>978-1-349-40304-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Relations+and+the+Philosophy+of+History&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403938404&rft.isbn=978-1-349-40304-2&rft.aulast=Yurdusev&rft.aufirst=A.+Nuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACivilization" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gribbin" title="John Gribbin">Gribbin, John</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-humans-alone-in-the-milky-way/">"Alone in the Milky Way: Why We Are Probably the Only Intelligent Life in the Galaxy"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, vol. 319, no. 3 (September 2018), pp. 94–99. "Is life likely to exist elsewhere in the [Milky Way] galaxy? Almost certainly yes, given the speed with which it appeared on Earth. Is another technological civilization likely to exist today? Almost certainly no, given the chain of circumstances that led to our existence. These considerations suggest that we are unique not just on our planet but in the whole Milky Way. And if our planet is so special, it becomes all the more important to preserve this unique world for ourselves, our descendants and the many creatures that call Earth home." (p. 99.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Civilization" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Civilization">Civilization</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/civilization" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/civilization">civilization</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/interactive/civilisations/">BBC on civilization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historyten.com/ancient-civilization/oldest-civilizations-of-all-time/">Top 10 oldest civilizations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture577" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and 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