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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions_of_horticulture_and_types_of_horticulturists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_of_horticulture_and_types_of_horticulturists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Divisions of horticulture and types of horticulturists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_of_horticulture_and_types_of_horticulturists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_practices_in_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_practices_in_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early practices in horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_practices_in_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonized_North_and_Central_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonized_North_and_Central_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pre-colonized North and Central America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonized_North_and_Central_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_uses_for_plants_in_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_uses_for_plants_in_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Historical uses for plants in horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_uses_for_plants_in_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspects_of_horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects_of_horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aspects of horticulture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aspects_of_horticulture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aspects of horticulture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aspects_of_horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propagation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Propagation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plant selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlling_environmental/growing_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlling_environmental/growing_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Controlling environmental/growing variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlling_environmental/growing_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_media_and_soil_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_media_and_soil_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Growing media and soil management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_media_and_soil_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_by_use_of_enclosed_environments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_by_use_of_enclosed_environments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Control by use of enclosed environments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_by_use_of_enclosed_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abiotic_stresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abiotic_stresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abiotic stresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abiotic_stresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotic_stresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotic_stresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biotic stresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotic_stresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Harvest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emerging_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emerging_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emerging technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emerging_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horticulture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortologie" title="Hortologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hortologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9" title="بستنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بستنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուսաբուծութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բուսաբուծութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultura" title="Horticultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Horticultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitki%C3%A7ilik" title="Bitkiçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bitkiçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="উদ্যানতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্যানতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Раслінаводства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Раслінаводства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Растениевъдство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Растениевъдство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultura" title="Horticultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horticultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahradnictv%C3%AD" title="Zahradnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zahradnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garddwriaeth" title="Garddwriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Garddwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartneri" title="Gartneri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gartneri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartenbau" title="Gartenbau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gartenbau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taimekasvatus" title="Taimekasvatus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taimekasvatus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultura" title="Horticultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horticultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikulturo" title="Hortikulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hortikulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratzezaintza" title="Baratzezaintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baratzezaintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C" title="باغبانی علمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باغبانی علمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horticulture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairneoireacht" title="Gairneoireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gairneoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultura" title="Horticultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Horticultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%98%88" title="원예 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원예" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noman_Kayan_Lambu_(Horticulture)" title="Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Noman Kayan Lambu (Horticulture)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուսաբուծություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուսաբուծություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="उद्यान विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उद्यान विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubi_ugbo" title="Ubi ugbo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ubi ugbo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orticoltura" title="Orticoltura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orticoltura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הורטיקולטורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הורטיקולטורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೋಟಗಾರಿಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მემცენარეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მემცენარეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Өсімдік шаруашылығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өсімдік шаруашылығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Багбанчылык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Багбанчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augkop%C4%ABba" title="Augkopība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augkopība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хортикултура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хортикултура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="ഉദ്യാനവിജ്ഞാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉദ്യാനവിജ്ഞാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultur" title="Hortikultur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hortikultur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuinbouw" title="Tuinbouw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tuinbouw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E8%8A%B8" title="園芸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="園芸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartneri" title="Gartneri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gartneri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਗਬਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortologia" title="Hortologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hortologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultura" title="Horticultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horticultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticultur%C4%83" title="Horticultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Horticultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Растениеводство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Растениеводство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopshtaria" title="Kopshtaria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kopshtaria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urticultura" title="Urticultura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Urticultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="උද්‍යාන විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උද්‍යාන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horticulture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastlinn%C3%A1_v%C3%BDroba" title="Rastlinná výroba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rastlinná výroba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хортикултура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хортикултура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puutarhatalous" title="Puutarhatalous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puutarhatalous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultur" title="Hortikultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hortikultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தோட்டக்கலை அறிவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோட்டக்கலை அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Үсемлекчелек – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үсемлекчелек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="ఉద్యానకృషి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉద్యానకృషి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="พืชกรรมสวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชกรรมสวน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortik%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Hortikültür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hortikültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рослинництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рослинництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orticultura" title="Orticultura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Orticultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%93ng_tr%E1%BB%8Dt" title="Trồng trọt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trồng trọt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hortikultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="园艺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="園藝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="園藝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%AD%E8%89%BA" title="园艺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="园艺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q48803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Small-scale cultivation of plants</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg/220px-Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg/330px-Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg/440px-Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>A horticulture student tending to plants in a <a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceville,_Georgia" title="Lawrenceville, Georgia">Lawrenceville, Georgia</a>, March 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrub,_Topiary_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shrub%2C_Topiary_Garden.jpg/220px-Shrub%2C_Topiary_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shrub%2C_Topiary_Garden.jpg/330px-Shrub%2C_Topiary_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Shrub%2C_Topiary_Garden.jpg/440px-Shrub%2C_Topiary_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The Rock Garden, Leonardslee Gardens</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Horticulture</b> is the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants. Horticulture is commonly associated with the more professional and technical aspects of plant cultivation on a smaller and more controlled scale than <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a>. There are various divisions of horticulture because plants are grown for a variety of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These divisions include, but are not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">arboriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a> maintenance. For each of these, there are various professions, aspects, tools used and associated challenges; Each requiring highly specialized skills and knowledge of the horticulturist. </p><p>Typically, horticulture is characterized as the ornamental, small-scale/non-industrial cultivation of plants; horticulture is distinct from gardening by its emphasis on scientific methods, plant breeding, and technical cultivation practices, while gardening, even at a professional level, tends to focus more on the aesthetic care and maintenance of plants in gardens or landscapes. However, there are aspects of horticulture that are industrialized/commercial such as greenhouse production or CEA. </p><p>Horticulture began with the <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication of plants</a> around 10,000-20,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, only plants for sustenance were grown and maintained, but eventually as humanity became increasingly sedentary, plants were grown for their ornamental value. Horticulture emerged as a distinct field from agriculture when humans sought to cultivate plants for pleasure on a smaller scale rather than for mere sustenance. </p><p>Emerging technologies are moving the industry forward, especially in the way of altering plants to be more adverse to parasites, disease and drought. Modifying technologies such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9), are also improving the nutrition, taste and yield of crops. </p><p>There are many horticultural organizations and societies found around the world, that are formed by horticulturists and those within the industry. These include the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Horticultural_Science" title="International Society for Horticultural Science">International Society for Horticultural Science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Horticultural_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Horticultural Science">American Society of Horticultural Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions_of_horticulture_and_types_of_horticulturists">Divisions of horticulture and types of horticulturists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Divisions of horticulture and types of horticulturists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are divisions and sub-divisions within horticulture, this is because plants are grown for many different reasons. Some of the divisions in horticulture include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">plant production and propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a> and maintenance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf" class="mw-redirect" title="Turf">turf</a> maintenance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">plant conservation</a> and landscape restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Preece-Biology-2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preece-Biology-2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p> It includes the cultivation of all plants including, but not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental trees/shrubs/plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">turf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">medicinal/edible plants.</a> This cultivation may occur in <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> spaces, <a href="/wiki/Plant_nursery" title="Plant nursery">nurseries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parks</a>, recreation areas, etc. </p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt,_Breda,_Netherlands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt%2C_Breda%2C_Netherlands.jpg/200px-027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt%2C_Breda%2C_Netherlands.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt%2C_Breda%2C_Netherlands.jpg/300px-027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt%2C_Breda%2C_Netherlands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt%2C_Breda%2C_Netherlands.jpg/400px-027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt%2C_Breda%2C_Netherlands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Flower seedlings at a market in <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Horticulturists, are those who study and practice the cultivation of plant material professionally. There are many different types of horticulturists with different job-titles, including: <a href="/wiki/Gardener" title="Gardener">gardener</a>, grower, <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">arborist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">floriculturist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaper</a>, agronomist, designer, landscape architect, lawn-care specialist, nursery manager, botanical garden curator, horticulture therapist, and much more.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be hired by a variety of companies/institutions including, but not limited to: botanical gardens, private/public gardens, parks, cemeteries, greenhouses, golf courses, vineyards, estates, landscaping companies, nurseries, educational institutions, etc. They may also be self-employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horticulture began with the domestication of plants 10,000-20,000 years ago, and has since, been deeply integrated into humanity's history.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The domestication of plants occurred independently within various civilizations across the globe. The history of horticulture overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">history of agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">history of botany</a>, as all three originated with the domestication of various plants for food.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, agriculture and horticulture diverged at some point during the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_practices_in_horticulture">Early practices in horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early practices in horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early practices in horticulture include a number of various ways that people managed the land (using an assortment of tools), with a variety of methods and types of plants cultivated for a number of uses. Methods, tools and plants grown, have always depended on the culture and climate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-colonized_North_and_Central_America">Pre-colonized North and Central America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-colonized North and Central America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of traditional horticultural practices that we know of today: such as the Indigenous peoples of pre-colonized North America using <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a> to enhance soil productivity by smoldering plant waste<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - European settlers called this soil <i><a href="/wiki/Terra_Preta_de_Indio" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Preta de Indio">Terra Preta de Indio</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In North America, Indigenous people grew maize, squash, and sunflower - among other crops. <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> cultures focused on the cultivating of crops on a small scale, such as the <a href="/wiki/Milpa" title="Milpa">milpa</a> or maize field, around their dwellings or in specialized plots which were visited occasionally during migrations from one area to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Hagen,_V.W._19572_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hagen,_V.W._19572-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Central America, the <a href="/wiki/Maya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya people">Maya</a> involved augmentation of the forest with useful trees such as <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">cacao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceiba" title="Ceiba">ceiba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sapodilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapodilla">sapodilla</a>. In the fields, multiple crops such as beans, squash, pumpkins and chili peppers were grown. The first <i>horticulturists</i> in many cultures, were mainly or exclusively women.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_uses_for_plants_in_horticulture">Historical uses for plants in horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical uses for plants in horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the medicinal and nutritional values that plants hold, plants have also been grown for their beauty, and to impress and demonstrate power, knowledge, status and even wealth of those in-control of the cultivated plant material. This symbolic power that plants hold has existed even before the beginnings of their cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that various gardens maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> were sacred, as they grew plants that held religious value. Plants were grown for their metaphorical relation to Gods and Goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flowers held symbolic power in religious rites, as they were offered to the Gods, as well as were given in ceremonies to leaders to demonstrate their connection to the Gods.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aspects_of_horticulture">Aspects of horticulture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aspects of horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagation">Propagation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Propagation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">Plant propagation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">Plant propagation</a> in horticulture is the process in which the multiplication of a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> is performed, increasing the number of individual plants. Propagation involves both sexual and <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual</a> methods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sexual propagation seeds are used, while asexual propagation involves the division of plants, separation of tubers, corms, and bulbs - by use of techniques such as cutting, layering, grafting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_selection">Plant selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Plant selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When selecting plants to cultivate, a horticulturist may consider aspects based on the plants intended use and can include plant morphology, rarity, and utility.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When selecting plants for the landscape, there are necessary observations of the location that must be made first. Considerations as to soil-type, temperature/climate, light, moisture, and pre-existing plants are made. These evaluations of the given environment are taken into consideration when selecting plant material for the location. Plant selection may be for annual displays, or they may be for more permanent plantings. Characteristics of the plant such as mature height/size, colour, growth habit, ornamental value, flowering time and invasive potential are what finalizes the plant selection process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlling_environmental/growing_variables"><span id="Controlling_environmental.2Fgrowing_variables"></span>Controlling environmental/growing variables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controlling environmental/growing variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental factors that effect plant development include: temperature, light, water, pH, nutrient availability, weather events (rain, snow, sleet, hail and freezing rain, dew, wind and frost) humidity, elevation, terrain, and micro-climate effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In horticulture, these environmental variables may be avoided, controlled or manipulated in an indoor growing environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants require specific temperatures to grow and develop properly. Temperature control can be done through a variety of methods. Covering plants with plastic in the form of cones - called hot caps, or tunnels, can help to manipulate the surrounding temperature. Mulching is also an effective method to protect outdoor plants from frost during the wintertime. Inside, other frost prevention methods include the use of wind machines, heaters, and sprinklers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light">Light</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants have evolved to require different amounts of light, and lengths of daytime; their growth and development is determined by the amount of light/light intensity that they receive. Control of this may be achieved artificially through the use of fluorescent lights in an indoor setting. Manipulating the amount of light also controls flowering. Lengthening the day encourages the flowering of long-day plants and discourages the flowering of short-day plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water management methods involve employing irrigation/drainage systems, and controlling soil moisture to the needs of the species. Methods of irrigation include surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, sub-irrigation, and trickle irrigation. Volume of water, pressure, and frequency are changed to optimize the growing environment. On a small scale watering can be done manually.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growing_media_and_soil_management">Growing media and soil management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Growing media and soil management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The choice of growing media and components to the media help support plant life. Within a greenhouse environment, growers may choose to grow their plants in an <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponic</a> system where there is no soil used. Growers within a greenhouse setting will often opt for a soilless mix which does not include any actual components of naturally occurring soil. These mixes offer advantages such as water absorption, sterility, and are generally very available within the industry. </p><p>Soil management methods are broad, but includes the use of fertilizers, planned crop rotation to prevent the degradation of soils that are seen in monocultures, applying fertilizers, and soil analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/CULTAN_Fertilization" title="CULTAN Fertilization">CULTAN Fertilization</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Control_by_use_of_enclosed_environments">Control by use of enclosed environments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Control by use of enclosed environments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abiotic factors such as weather, light and temperature are all things that can be manipulated with enclosed environments such as cold frames, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatory_(greenhouse)" title="Conservatory (greenhouse)">conservatories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytunnel" title="Polytunnel">poly houses</a> and shade houses. Materials that are used in the construction of these buildings are chosen based on the climate, purpose and budget. </p><p>Cold frames provide an enclosed environment, they are built close to the ground and with a top made of glass or plastic. The glass or plastic allows sunlight into the frame during the day and prevents heat loss that would have been lost as long-wave radiation at night. This allows plants to start to be grown before the growing season starts. Greenhouses/conservatories are similar in function, but are larger in construction and heated with an external energy source. They can be built out of glass, although they are now primarily made from plastic sheets. More expensive and modern greenhouses can include temperature control through shade and light control or air-conditioning as well as automatic watering. Shade houses provide shading to limit water loss by evapotranspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abiotic_stresses">Abiotic stresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Abiotic stresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial horticulture is required to support a rapidly growing population with demands for its products.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to global climate change, extremes in temperatures, strength of precipitation events, flood frequency, and drought length and frequency are increasing. Together with other abiotic stressors such salinity, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal toxicity">heavy metal toxicity</a>, UV damage, and air pollution, stressful environments are created for crop production. This is extrapolated as evapotranspiration is increased, soils are degraded of their nutrients, and oxygen levels are depleted, resulting in up to a 70% loss in crop yield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotic_stresses">Biotic stresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biotic stresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Living organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, weeds and native plants are sources of biotics stresses and can deprive the host of its nutrients.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants respond to these stresses using defence mechanisms such as morphological and structural barriers, chemical compounds, proteins, enzymes and hormones.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of biotic stresses can be prevented using practices such as incorporate tilling, spraying or Integrated Pest Management (IPM).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest_management">Harvest management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Harvest management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Care is required to reduce damages and losses to horticultural crops during harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compression forces occur during harvesting, and horticultural goods can be hit in a series of impacts during transport and packhouse operations. Different techniques are used to minimize mechanical injuries and wounding to plants such as:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Manual harvesting: This is the process of harvesting horticultural crops by hand. Fruits, such as apples, pears and peaches, can be harvested by clippers</li> <li>Sanitation: Harvest bags, crates, clippers and other equipment must be cleaned prior to harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emerging_technology">Emerging technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Emerging technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) has recently gained recognition as a highly efficient, simplified, precise, and low cost method of altering the genomes of species.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2013, CRISPR has been used to enhance a variety of species of grains, fruits, and vegetables. Crops are modified to increase their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors such as parasites, disease, and drought as well as increase yield, nutrition, and flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, CRISPR has been used to edit undesirable traits, for example, reducing the browning and production of toxic and bitter substances of potatoes. CRISPR has also been employed to solve issues of low pollination rates and low fruit yield common in greenhouses. As compared to <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically Modified Organisms</a> (GMO), CRISPR does not add any alien DNA to the plant's genes.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various organizations worldwide that focus on promoting and encouraging research and education in all branches of horticultural science; such organizations include the <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Horticultural_Science" title="International Society for Horticultural Science">International Society for Horticultural Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-:6_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Horticultural_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Horticultural Science">American Society of Horticultural Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, there are two main horticulture societies. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Society_of_York_Florists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Society of York Florists (page does not exist)">Ancient Society of York Florists</a> is the oldest horticultural society in the world and was founded in 1768; this organization continues to host four horticultural shows annually in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">The Royal Horticultural Society</a>, established in 1804, is a charity in United Kingdom that leads on the encouragement and improvement of the science, art, and practice of horticulture in all its branches.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization shares the knowledge of horticulture through its community, learning programs, and world-class gardens and shows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horticulture.org.uk/">Chartered Institute of Horticulture</a> (CIH) is the Chartered professional body for horticulturists and horticultural scientists representing all sectors of the horticultural industry across Great Britain, Ireland and overseas.  It is the only horticultural professional body where its top professionals can achieve Chartered status and become a Chartered Horticulturist. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Institute_of_Horticulture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Institute of Horticulture (page does not exist)">Australian Institute of Horticulture</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Society_of_Horticultural_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Society of Horticultural Science (page does not exist)">Australian Society of Horticultural Science</a> was established in 1990 as a professional society to promote and enhance Australian horticultural science and industry.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the New Zealand Horticulture Institute is another known horticultural organization.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, the Horticultural Society of India (now Indian Academy of Horticultural Sciences) is the oldest society which was established in 1941 at Lyallpur, Punjab (now in Pakistan) but was later shifted to Delhi in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other notable organization in operation since 2005 is the Society for Promotion of Horticulture based at Bengaluru.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these societies publish scholarly journals – Indian Journal of Horticulture and <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Horticultural_Sciences" title="Journal of Horticultural Sciences">Journal of Horticultural Sciences</a> for the advancement of horticultural sciences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Horticulture in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> is spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Horticulture_Mission" title="Kerala State Horticulture Mission">Kerala State Horticulture Mission</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Junior_Horticultural_Association" title="National Junior Horticultural Association">National Junior Horticultural Association</a> (NJHA) was established in 1934 and was the first organization in the world dedicated solely to youth and horticulture. NJHA programs are designed to help young people obtain a basic understanding of horticulture and develop skills in this ever-expanding art and science.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort) fosters partnerships and collective action among different stakeholders in horticulture. This organization has a special focus on horticulture for development (H4D), which involves using horticulture to reduce poverty and improve nutrition worldwide. GlobalHort is organized in a consortium of national and international organizations which collaborate in research, training, and technology-generating activities designed to meet mutually-agreed-upon objectives. GlobalHort is a non-profit organization registered in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomics of domestication">Genomics of domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe-farming" title="Hoe-farming">Hoe-farming</a></li> <li>Horticultural botany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Horticultural flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_oil" title="Horticultural oil">Horticultural oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_therapy" title="Horticultural therapy">Horticultural therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">Landscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(horticulture)" title="Plug (horticulture)">Plug (horticulture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_farming" title="Vertical farming">Vertical farming</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRice1980" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Laura W. (1980). <i>Practical Horticulture; A Guide to Growing Indoor and Outdoor Plants</i>. USA: Reston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Horticulture%3B+A+Guide+to+Growing+Indoor+and+Outdoor+Plants&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Reston&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Laura+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/domestication/">"Domestication"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. October 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Domestication&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fdomestication%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2022" class="citation book cs1">Carey, John, ed. (2022-11-15). "Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind". <i>Sunday Best</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 283–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2Fyale%2F9780300266689.003.0077">10.12987/yale/9780300266689.003.0077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26668-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26668-9"><bdi>978-0-300-26668-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sapiens%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Humankind&rft.btitle=Sunday+Best&rft.pages=283-286&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2Fyale%2F9780300266689.003.0077&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26668-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922225337/http://ishs.org/about">"ISHS"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASHS&rft.pub=ashs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashs.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preece-Biology-2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Preece-Biology-2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreeceRead2005" class="citation book cs1">Preece, John E.; Read, Paul E. (2005). <i>The biology of horticulture: an introductory textbook</i> (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-46579-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-46579-8"><bdi>0-471-46579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+biology+of+horticulture%3A+an+introductory+textbook&rft.pages=4-6&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-471-46579-8&rft.aulast=Preece&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft.au=Read%2C+Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArteca2015" class="citation book cs1">Arteca, Richard N. (2015). <i>Introduction to Horticultural Science</i> (2 ed.). 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University of Minnesota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://horticulture.umn.edu/students/why-horticulture">the original</a> on 2019-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Horticultural+Science&rft.atitle=Why+Horticulture%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhorticulture.umn.edu%2Fstudents%2Fwhy-horticulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/careers-in-horticulture">"22 Jobs in Horticulture (With Salaries and Primary Duties)"</a>. <i>Indeed</i>. February 2, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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T<i>HE DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE.</i> Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e6-156-07-00.pdf">https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e6-156-07-00.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon, Dawit, Johannes Lehmann, Janice Thies, Thorsten Schafer, Biqing Liang, James Kinyangi, Eduardo Neves, James Petersen, Flavio Luizao, and Jan Skjemstad, <i>Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic carbone in Amazonian Dark Earths</i>, Geochemica et cosmochemica ACTA 71.9 2285–2286 (2007) ("Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin.") (internal citations omitted)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glaser, Bruno, Johannes Lehmann, and Wolfgang Zech,<i> Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review</i>, Biology and Fertility of Soils 35.4 219-220 (2002) ("These so called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques.") (internal citations omitted)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hagen,_V.W._19572-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hagen,_V.W._19572_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Hagen, V.W. (1957) The Ancient Sun Kingdoms Of The Americas. Ohio: The World Publishing Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, S.I. (1977) Women, Horticulture, and Society in Tropical America. American Anthropologist, N.S., 79: 908–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollan2001" class="citation book cs1">Pollan, Michael (2001). <i>The Botany of Desire</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50129-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50129-0"><bdi>0-375-50129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Botany+of+Desire&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-375-50129-0&rft.aulast=Pollan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArteca2014" class="citation book cs1">Arteca, Richard N. (2014-02-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=84XAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>Introduction to Horticultural Science</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-305-17780-2"><bdi>978-1-305-17780-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181036/https://books.google.com/books?id=84XAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Horticultural+Science&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-305-17780-2&rft.aulast=Arteca&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D84XAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2009" class="citation book cs1">Peter, K. V. (2009-02-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWMa741kG_gC&pg=PA338"><i>Basics Of Horticulture</i></a>. New India Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89422-55-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89422-55-4"><bdi>978-81-89422-55-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119181048/https://books.google.com/books?id=NWMa741kG_gC&pg=PA338">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basics+Of+Horticulture&rft.pub=New+India+Publishing&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.isbn=978-81-89422-55-4&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=K.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNWMa741kG_gC%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/parks-recreation-community/parks/horticulture/horticultural-practices.html">"Horticultural Practices"</a>. <i>District of Saanich</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206230537/https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/parks-recreation-community/parks/horticulture/horticultural-practices.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=District+of+Saanich&rft.atitle=Horticultural+Practices&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saanich.ca%2FEN%2Fmain%2Fparks-recreation-community%2Fparks%2Fhorticulture%2Fhorticultural-practices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture">"Horticulture | Definition, Types, Techniques, & Uses | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207032531/https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Horticulture+%7C+Definition%2C+Types%2C+Techniques%2C+%26+Uses+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fhorticulture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvinash_Chandra_Rai2021" class="citation book cs1">Avinash Chandra Rai, ed. (2021). <i>Stress tolerance in horticultural crops: challenges and mitigation strategies</i>. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-85363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-85363-7"><bdi>978-0-323-85363-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1251764903">1251764903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stress+tolerance+in+horticultural+crops%3A+challenges+and+mitigation+strategies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1251764903&rft.isbn=978-0-323-85363-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_W._WrigleyHarold_CorkeKoushik_SeetharamanJonathan_Faubion2016" class="citation book cs1">Colin W. Wrigley; Harold Corke; Koushik Seetharaman; Jonathan Faubion, eds. (2016). <i>Encyclopedia of food grains</i> (Second ed.). Kidlington, Oxford, UK: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394786-4"><bdi>978-0-12-394786-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939553708">939553708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+food+grains&rft.place=Kidlington%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939553708&rft.isbn=978-0-12-394786-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhadi_M._YahiaArmando_Carrillo-Lopez2019" class="citation book cs1">Elhadi M. Yahia; Armando Carrillo-Lopez, eds. (2019). <i>Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables</i>. Duxford: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813279-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-813279-1"><bdi>978-0-12-813279-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1061148070">1061148070</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postharvest+physiology+and+biochemistry+of+fruits+and+vegetables&rft.place=Duxford&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1061148070&rft.isbn=978-0-12-813279-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantaziDimitrios_MoshouDionysis_Bochtis2020" class="citation book cs1">Pantazi, Xanthoula-Eirini; Dimitrios Moshou; Dionysis Bochtis (2020). <i>Intelligent data mining and fusion systems in agriculture</i>. London: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814392-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-814392-6"><bdi>978-0-12-814392-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1124761701">1124761701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intelligent+data+mining+and+fusion+systems+in+agriculture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1124761701&rft.isbn=978-0-12-814392-6&rft.aulast=Pantazi&rft.aufirst=Xanthoula-Eirini&rft.au=Dimitrios+Moshou&rft.au=Dionysis+Bochtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusseinFawoleOpara2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hussein, Zaharan; Fawole, Olaniyi A.; Opara, Umezuruike Linus (2020-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014119301943">"Harvest and Postharvest Factors Affecting Bruise Damage of Fresh Fruits"</a>. <i>Horticultural Plant Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020HorPJ...6....1H">2020HorPJ...6....1H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hpj.2019.07.006">10.1016/j.hpj.2019.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10019.1%2F125649">10019.1/125649</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-0141">2468-0141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202847840">202847840</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207070417/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014119301943">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horticultural+Plant+Journal&rft.atitle=Harvest+and+Postharvest+Factors+Affecting+Bruise+Damage+of+Fresh+Fruits&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10019.1%2F125649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202847840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020HorPJ...6....1H&rft.issn=2468-0141&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.hpj.2019.07.006&rft.aulast=Hussein&rft.aufirst=Zaharan&rft.au=Fawole%2C+Olaniyi+A.&rft.au=Opara%2C+Umezuruike+Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2468014119301943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElhadi_M._Yahia2019" class="citation book cs1">Elhadi M. Yahia, ed. (2019). <i>Postharvest technology of perishable horticultural commodities</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=CRISPR%2FCas9-Mediated+Gene+Editing+Revolutionizes+the+Improvement+of+Horticulture+Food+Crops&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=13260-13269&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.issn=0021-8561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232302738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33734711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jafc.1c00104&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Tian&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Chunjiao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hongyan&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Hongliang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jafc.1c00104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerjee2023" class="citation web cs1">Mookerjee, Sonali (2023-11-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2023/11/30/gene-editing-primer-whats-the-difference-between-crispr-crops-and-gmos/">"Gene-editing primer: What's the difference between CRISPR crops and GMOs?"</a>. <i>Genetic Literacy Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Literacy+Project&rft.atitle=Gene-editing+primer%3A+What%27s+the+difference+between+CRISPR+crops+and+GMOs%3F&rft.date=2023-11-30&rft.aulast=Mookerjee&rft.aufirst=Sonali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeneticliteracyproject.org%2F2023%2F11%2F30%2Fgene-editing-primer-whats-the-difference-between-crispr-crops-and-gmos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk/">"Ancient society of York Florists,oldest horticultural society in world,longest running horticultural show in world established 1768, flower shows in york yorkshire uk,horticultural shows in york yorkshire uk, vegetable shows in york yorkshire uk, fruit shows in york yorkshire uk, floral art shows in york yorkshire uk,handicrafts and baking shows in york uk,dahlia shows in york yorkshire uk,gladioli shows in york yorkshire uk,chrysanthemum shows in york yorkshire uk, auricula shows in york yorkshire uk, sweet pea shows in york yorkshire uk"</a>. <i>www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181112171754/http://ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ancient+society+of+York+Florists%2Coldest+horticultural+society+in+world%2Clongest+running+horticultural+show+in+world+established+1768%2C+flower+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2Chorticultural+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2C+vegetable+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2C+fruit+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2C+floral+art+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2Chandicrafts+and+baking+shows+in+york+uk%2Cdahlia+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2Cgladioli+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2Cchrysanthemum+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2C+auricula+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk%2C+sweet+pea+shows+in+york+yorkshire+uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/science">"The Royal Horticultural Society, UK charity focussed on the art, science and practice of horticulture"</a>. <i>The Royal Horticultural Society Website</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190526150441/https://www.rhs.org.uk/science">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Society+of+Horticultural+Science+%E2%80%93+Australian+Society+of+Horticultural+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faushs.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzih.org.nz/">"RNZIH – Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture – Home Page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180944/https://www.rnzih.org.nz/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RNZIH+%E2%80%93+Royal+New+Zealand+Institute+of+Horticulture+%E2%80%93+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnzih.org.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iahs.org.in/headquarters/">"Headquarters"</a>. <i>IAHS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171137/https://www.iahs.org.in/headquarters/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAHS&rft.atitle=Headquarters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iahs.org.in%2Fheadquarters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sph.iihr.res.in/about_us.php">"SPH"</a>. <i>sph.iihr.res.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171138/https://sph.iihr.res.in/about_us.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+NJHA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njha.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalhort.org/">"The Global Horticulture Initiative"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413061926/http://www.globalhort.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Horticulture+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhort.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorticulture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>C.R. Adams, <i>Principles of Horticulture</i> Butterworth-Heinemann; 5th edition (11 Aug 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-8694-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-8694-4">0-7506-8694-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horticulture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907015307/http://www.horticulture.org.uk/">The Institute of Horticulture</a> (archived 7 September 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ishs.org/">ISHS – International Society for Horticultural Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhs.org.uk/">The Royal Horticultural Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060626042637/http://www.bl.uk/collections/business/hortindu.html">British Library</a> – information on the <a href="/wiki/Horticulture_industry" title="Horticulture industry">horticulture industry</a> (archived 26 June 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910033023/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/history/default.html">History of Horticulture</a> (archived 10 September 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/hortivar">HORTIVAR – The FAO Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalhort.org/">Global Horticulture Initiative – GlobalHort</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004103903/http://www.hin.com.au/">Horticulture Information & Resource Library</a> (archived 4 October 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passel.unl.edu/">Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Forestry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Forestry">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/16px-Climate_change_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/24px-Climate_change_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Climate_change_icon.png/32px-Climate_change_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1056" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climate_change" title="Portal:Climate change">Climate change portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/16px-Leaf_1_web.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/24px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Leaf_1_web.jpg/32px-Leaf_1_web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Plants" title="Portal:Plants">Plants portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/16px-Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/24px-Tree_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_template.svg/32px-Tree_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Forestry" title="Category:Forestry">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">Cultivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">Grex</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">International Association for Plant Taxonomy</a> (IAPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">Phytochemical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botanical terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists" title="List of botanists">Botanists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(W%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)">by author abbreviation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_expeditions" title="Botanical expeditions">Botanical expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_trees" title="List of individual trees">Individual trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Botany" title="Category:Botany">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_societies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_societies" title="Template:Types of societies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Subarctic" title="Indigenous peoples of the Subarctic">Subarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_society" title="Pastoral society">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horticultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">Agricultural/Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_society" title="Complex society">Complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Age" title="Industrial Age">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4019294-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85062204">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Horticulture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320437">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Horticulture"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119320437">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561945">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529264505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/013939">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637846">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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