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aria-controls="toc-Ingredients_and_dishes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ingredients and dishes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ingredients_and_dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Grains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breads,_cakes_and_biscuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breads,_cakes_and_biscuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Breads, cakes and biscuits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breads,_cakes_and_biscuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Wheat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Barley </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Millet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emmer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emmer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Emmer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emmer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Legumes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_and_vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_and_vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fruit and vegetables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_and_vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Meat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Fish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fowl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fowl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Fowl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fowl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eggs_and_dairy_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs_and_dairy_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Eggs and dairy products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs_and_dairy_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eggs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eggs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Eggs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eggs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Milk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Butter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheese_and_yogurt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheese_and_yogurt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Cheese and yogurt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheese_and_yogurt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spices_and_seasonings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spices_and_seasonings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Spices and seasonings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spices_and_seasonings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Recipes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Drink </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drink-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Drink subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Wine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kykeon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kykeon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Kykeon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kykeon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ancient writers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_beliefs_about_the_role_of_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_beliefs_about_the_role_of_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural beliefs about the role of food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_beliefs_about_the_role_of_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Specific diets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specific_diets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Specific diets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Specific_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Vegetarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athlete_diets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athlete_diets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Athlete diets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athlete_diets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ancient Greek cuisine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" > 21 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="مطبخ يوناني قديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ يوناني قديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan%C4%B1stan_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Yunanıstan mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yunanıstan mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Старажытнагрэцкая кухня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытнагрэцкая кухня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3_de_l%27antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Alimentació de l'antiga Grècia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alimentació de l'antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Διατροφή στην αρχαία Ελλάδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διατροφή στην αρχαία Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n_en_la_Antigua_Grecia" title="Alimentación en la Antigua Grecia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alimentación en la Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrado_en_antikva_Grekujo" title="Nutrado en antikva Grekujo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nutrado en antikva Grekujo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentation_en_Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Alimentation en Grèce antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alimentation en Grèce antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3n_na_Grecia_antiga" title="Alimentación na Grecia antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alimentación na Grecia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentazione_nell%27antica_Grecia" title="Alimentazione nell'antica Grecia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alimentazione nell'antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="המטבח ביוון העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח ביוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voeding_in_Hellas" title="Voeding in Hellas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voeding in Hellas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matstellet_i_antikkens_Hellas" title="Matstellet i antikkens Hellas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matstellet i antikkens Hellas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Alimentação na Grécia Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alimentação na Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Древнегреческая кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнегреческая кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Храна у старој Грчкој – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Храна у старој Грчкој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishrana_u_staroj_Gr%C4%8Dkoj" title="Ishrana u staroj Grčkoj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ishrana u staroj Grčkoj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikin_kreikkalainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Antiikin kreikkalainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiikin kreikkalainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Yunan_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Antik Yunan mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Yunan mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Давньогрецька кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецька кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古希腊饮食 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古希腊饮食" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Ancient Greek cuisine was characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">frugality</a> for most, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_of_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture of ancient Greece">agricultural</a> hardship, but a great diversity of ingredients was known, and wealthy Greeks were known to celebrate with elaborate meals and feasts.<a href="#cite_note-Athenaeus.UofChicago-1">[1]</a>: 95(129c)  The cuisine was founded on the "Mediterranean triad" of <a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Grapes">grapes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> which had many uses and great commercial value, but other ingredients were as important, if not more so, to the average diet: most notably <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a>. Research suggests that the agricultural system of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> could not have succeeded without the cultivation of legumes.<a href="#cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">[3]</a> Modern knowledge of ancient Greek cuisine and eating habits is derived from textual, archeological, and artistic evidence. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meals">Meals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Meals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg/220px-Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg/330px-Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg/440px-Terracotta_table_Louvre_Ly1607.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta model representing a lion's paw tripod table, 2nd–1st century BCE, from <a href="/wiki/Myrina_(Mysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrina (Mysia)">Myrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> In the Homeric epics of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, three meals are mentioned. <ol><li>Ariston (ἄριστον)</li> <li>Dorpon (δόρπον) or Dorpos (δόρπος)</li> <li>Deipnon (δεῖπνον)</li></ol> Ariston was the early meal, while dorpon was the late meal. Deipnon could be either, without reference to time.<a href="#cite_note-A_Smaller_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena-5">[5]</a> In the later age Greeks had the below meals: <ol><li>Acratisma (ἀκράτισμα)</li> <li>Ariston</li> <li>Deipnon</li></ol> Acratisma was the early meal (similar to the ariston of the homeric age), ariston was the middle meal and deipnon was the evening meal (similar to the dorpon of the homeric age).<a href="#cite_note-A_Smaller_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena-5">[5]</a> Prochoos (πρόχοος) was a <a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">jug</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewer">ewer</a> used for washing the hands before and after meals.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description_of_the_meals">Description of the meals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description of the meals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakfast">Breakfast</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breakfast">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">Breakfast</a> (ἀκρατισμός akratismós and ἀκράτισμα akratisma, acratisma<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>) consisted of <a href="/wiki/Barley_bread" title="Barley bread">barley bread</a> dipped in wine (ἄκρατος ákratos), sometimes complemented by <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Date fruit">dates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> They also ate a sort of <a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">pancake</a> called τηγανίτης (tēganítēs)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or ταγηνίας (tagēnías),<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> all words deriving from τάγηνον (tágēnon), "frying pan".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The earliest attested references on tagenias are in the works of the 5th century BCE poets <a href="/wiki/Cratinus" title="Cratinus">Cratinus</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnes_(comic_poet)" title="Magnes (comic poet)">Magnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Tagenites were made with <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">wheat flour</a>, olive oil, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curdled</a> milk, and were served for breakfast.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Another kind of pancake was σταιτίτης (staititēs), from σταίτινος (staitinos), "of flour or dough of <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a>",<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> derived from σταῖς (stais), "flour of spelt".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a> mentions staititas topped with honey, <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">sesame</a> and cheese.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lunch">Lunch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lunch">edit</a>]</div> A quick <a href="/wiki/Lunch" title="Lunch">lunch</a> (ἄριστον áriston<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>) was taken around noon or early afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-Fl206-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dinner">Dinner</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dinner">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Dinner" title="Dinner">Dinner</a> (δεῖπνον deīpnon), the most important meal of the day, was generally taken at nightfall.<a href="#cite_note-Fl206-23">[23]</a> An additional light meal (ἑσπέρισμα hespérisma) was sometimes taken in the late afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-Fl206-23">[23]</a> Ἀριστόδειπνον / aristódeipnon, literally "lunch-dinner", was served in the late afternoon instead of dinner.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Epideipnis (ἐπιδειπνίς) was a second course at dinner.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eating_customs">Eating customs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eating customs">edit</a>]</div> Men and women took their meals separately.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> When the house was small, the men ate first and the women afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Respect for the father who was the breadwinner was obvious.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slaves</a> waited at dinners. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> notes that "the poor, having no slaves, would ask their wives or children to serve food." The ancient Greek custom of placing <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> miniatures of furniture in children's graves gives a good idea of its style and design. The Greeks normally ate while seated on chairs; benches were used for banquets.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Tables - high for normal meals, low for banquets - were initially rectangular. By the 4th century BCE, most tables were round, often with animal-shaped legs (for example lion's paws). Loaves of flat bread were occasionally used as plates; terracotta bowls were more common.<a href="#cite_note-Fl209-30">[30]</a> Loaves were usually flat, circular and indented into four or more parts, but there are instances which were also made in other forms, such as cubes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Dishes became more refined over time, and by the Roman period plates were sometimes made out of precious metals or glass. Cutlery was not often used at the table. Use of the <a href="/wiki/Fork" title="Fork">fork</a> was unknown; people ate with their fingers.<a href="#cite_note-Sp132-32">[32]</a> Knives were used to cut the meat.<a href="#cite_note-Fl209-30">[30]</a> Spoons were used for soups and broths.<a href="#cite_note-Fl209-30">[30]</a> Pieces of bread (ἀπομαγδαλία apomagdalía) could be used to spoon the food<a href="#cite_note-Sp132-32">[32]</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">napkins</a> to wipe the fingers.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_dining">Social dining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social dining">edit</a>]</div> As with modern dinner parties, the host could simply invite friends or family; but two other forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_dining" title="Social dining">social dining</a> were well documented in ancient Greece: the entertainment of the all-male <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>, and the obligatory, regimental <a href="/wiki/Syssitia" title="Syssitia">syssitia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symposium">Symposium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symposium">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">Symposium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg/220px-Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg/330px-Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg/440px-Cottabos_player_Louvre_CA1585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Banqueter playing <a href="/wiki/Kottabos_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottabos (game)">kottabos</a>, a playful subversion of the <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>, ca. 510 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a> (συμπόσιον sympósion), traditionally translated as "banquet", but more literally "gathering of drinkers",<a href="#cite_note-Fl212-34">[34]</a> was one of the preferred pastimes for Greek men. It consisted of two parts: the first dedicated to food, generally rather simple, and a second part dedicated to drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Fl212-34">[34]</a> However, wine was consumed with the food, and the beverages were accompanied by snacks (τραγήματα tragēmata) such as <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, toasted wheat, or honey cakes, all intended to absorb alcohol and extend the drinking spree.<a href="#cite_note-Fl213-35">[35]</a> The second part was inaugurated with a <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>, most often in honor of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fl215-36">[36]</a> followed by conversation or table games, such as <a href="/wiki/Kottabos_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottabos (game)">kottabos</a>. The guests would recline on couches (κλίναι klínai); low tables held the food or game boards. Dancers, acrobats, and musicians would entertain the wealthy banqueters. A "king of the banquet" was drawn by lots; he had to direct the slaves as to how strong to mix the wine.<a href="#cite_note-Fl215-36">[36]</a> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira">courtesans</a>, the banquet was strictly reserved for men. It was an essential element of Greek social life. Great feasts could only be afforded by the rich; in most Greek homes, religious feasts or family events were the occasion of more modest banquets. The banquet became the setting of a specific genre of literature, giving birth to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s work of the same name, the Table Talk of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a>, and the Deipnosophists (Banquet of the Learned) of <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syssitia">Syssitia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syssitia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syssitia" title="Syssitia">Syssitia</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Syssitia" title="Syssitia">syssitia</a> (τὰ συσσίτια tà syssítia) were mandatory meals shared by social or religious groups for men and youths, especially in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. They were referred to variously as <a href="/wiki/Hetairia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetairia">hetairia</a>, pheiditia, or andreia (literally, "belonging to men"). They served as both a kind of aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_clubs" title="Ancient Greek clubs">club</a> and as a military <a href="/wiki/Mess" title="Mess">mess</a>. Like the symposium, the syssitia was the exclusive domain of men – although some references have been found to substantiate all-female <a href="/wiki/Syssitia" title="Syssitia">syssitia</a>. Unlike the symposium, these meals were hallmarked by simplicity and temperance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ingredients_and_dishes">Ingredients and dishes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ingredients and dishes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">First she set for them a fair and well made table that had feet of cyanus; On it there was a vessel of bronze and an onion to give relish to the drink, with honey and cakes of barley meal.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Homer, Iliad Book XI<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grains">Grains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Grains">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breads,_cakes_and_biscuits">Breads, cakes and biscuits</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breads, cakes and biscuits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg/220px-NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg/330px-NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg/440px-NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Woman kneading <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>, c. 500–475 BCE, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> Cereals formed the staple diet. The two main grains were <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (σῖτος sītos) and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> (κριθή krithē).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> When Greece was conquered by Rome during the 3rd century B.C., commercial bakeries were well known and spread. In fact <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> suggests that the production of bread moved from the family to the "industrial" thanks to the work of skilled artisans (according to Pliny, starting from 171 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> favored home production over commercial production and in <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a>, described Thearion the baker as an Athenian novelty who sells goods that could be made at home.<a href="#cite_note-wilkins-40">[40]</a> In ancient Greece, bread was served with accompaniments known as <a href="/wiki/Opson" class="mw-redirect" title="Opson">opson</a> ὄψον, sometimes rendered in English as "relish".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This was a generic term which referred to anything which accompanied this staple food, whether meat or fish, fruit or vegetable. Cakes may have been consumed for religious reasons as well as secular. <a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_of_Cythera" title="Philoxenus of Cythera">Philoxenus of Cythera</a> describes in detail some cakes that were eaten as part of an elaborate dinner using the traditional <a href="/wiki/Dithyrambic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dithyrambic">dithyrambic</a> style used for sacred <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysian</a> hymns: "mixed with safflower, toasted, wheat-oat-white-chickpea-little thistle-little-sesame-honey-mouthful of everything, with a honey rim". <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> says the charisios was eaten at the "all-night festival", but John Wilkins notes that the distinction between the sacred and secular can be blurred in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-wilkins-40">[40]</a> Melitoutta (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: μελιτοῦττα), was a honeycake<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and oinoutta (οἰνοῦττα) was a cake or porridge of barley mixed with wine, water, and oil.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Placenta_cake" title="Placenta cake">Placenta cake</a> was a thin, flat cake of flour, mixed with cheese and honey.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Itrion (ἴτριον), was a biscuit/cake made with sesame seeds and honey, similar to the modern <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seed_candy" title="Sesame seed candy">Sesame seed candy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Kopte sesamis (κοπτὴ σησαμίς), sometimes called simply κοπτὴ, was a cake made from pounded sesame.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Psammeta (ψάμμητα) were a kind of a cake.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wheat">Wheat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wheat">edit</a>]</div> Wheat grains were softened by soaking, then either reduced into <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a>, or ground into flour (ἀλείατα aleíata) and kneaded and formed into loaves (ἄρτος ártos) or flatbreads, either plain or mixed with cheese or honey.<a href="#cite_note-Mi62-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leavening" class="mw-redirect" title="Leavening">Leavening</a> was known; the Greeks later used an <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> (νίτρον nítron) and <a href="/wiki/Wine_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine yeast">wine yeast</a> as <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavening agents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Dough loaves were baked at home in a clay oven (ἰπνός ipnós) set on legs.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bread_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread wheat">Bread wheat</a>, difficult to grow in Mediterranean climates, and the white bread made from it, were associated with the upper classes in the ancient Mediterranean, while the poor ate coarse brown breads made from <a href="/wiki/Emmer_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmer wheat">emmer wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint-Hamilton1999371-53">[53]</a> A simpler baking method involved placing lighted coals on the floor and covering the heap with a dome-shaped lid (πνιγεύς pnigeús); when it was hot enough, the coals were swept aside, and dough loaves were placed on the warm floor. The lid was then put back in place, and the coals were gathered on the side of the cover.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The stone oven did not appear until the Roman period. <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a> lawmaker of the 6th century BCE, prescribed that leavened bread be reserved for feast days.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> By the end of the 5th century BCE, leavened bread was sold at the market, though it was expensive.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barley">Barley</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Barley">edit</a>]</div> Barley was easier to grow than wheat, but more difficult to make bread from. Barley-based breads were nourishing but very heavy.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Because of this, it was often roasted before being milled into coarse flour (ἄλφιτα álphita). Barley flour was used to make μᾶζα maza, the basic Greek dish. Maza could be served cooked or raw, as a broth, or made into dumplings or flatbreads.<a href="#cite_note-Mi62-50">[50]</a> Like wheat breads, it could also be augmented with cheese or honey. In <a href="/wiki/Peace_(play)" title="Peace (play)">Peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> employs the expression ἐσθίειν κριθὰς μόνας, literally "to eat only barley", with a meaning equivalent to the English "diet of bread and water".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Millet">Millet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Millet">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a> was growing wild in Greece as early as 3000 BCE, and bulk storage containers for millet have been found from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and northern Greece.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> describes that "the beards grow round the millet, which men sow in summer."<a href="#cite_note-Hesiod2013-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-61">[61]</a> Millet is listed along with wheat in the 3rd century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> in his "Enquiry into Plants"<a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emmer">Emmer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Emmer">edit</a>]</div> Black bread, made from <a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">emmer</a> (sometimes called "emmer wheat"), was cheaper (and easier to make) than wheat; it was associated with the lower classes and the poor.<a href="#cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legumes">Legumes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legumes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">Legumes</a> were essential to the Greek diet, and were harvested in the Mediterranean region from prehistoric times: the earliest and most common being <a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">lentils</a> - which have been found in archeological sites in Greece dating to the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> period. As one of the first domesticated crops to be introduced to Greece, lentils are commonly found at regional archaeological sites from the Upper Paleolithic.<a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a> Lentils and chickpeas are the most frequently mentioned legumes in classical literature.<a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicia_ervilia" title="Vicia ervilia">Bitter vetch</a><a href="#cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">[3]</a> – This plant was present in Greece from at least 8000 BCE, and was occasionally eaten in Classical times. Most ancient literature that mentions it describes it as animal food and having a disagreeable taste. Several classical authors suggest medicinal uses for it.<a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a>: 378 </li> <li>Black beans – <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> mentions the threshing a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/black_bean" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/black bean">black bean</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Black_turtle_bean" title="Black turtle bean">black turtle beans</a>) as a metaphor in the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a><a href="#cite_note-Homer.Butler1898-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad beans">Broad beans</a><a href="#cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">[3]</a> – Broad, or Fava Beans are rare in archeological sites, but are common in classical literature. They were eaten both as main dishes and also included in desserts (mixed with figs). In addition to describing them as food, classical authors attribute various medicinal qualities to the beans.<a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a>: 380 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickpeas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickpeas">Chickpeas</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[62]</a> – Chickpeas are mentioned almost as frequently in classical literature as lentils (by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> among others), but are found rarely in archeological sites in Greece. As they are found in prehistoric sites in the Middle East and India, it is likely their use was a late addition to the Ancient Greek diet<a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a>: 376 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathyrus_sativus" title="Lathyrus sativus">Grass peas</a><a href="#cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">[3]</a> – Like bitter vetch, grass peas were grown in ancient Greece mainly for animal fodder, however they were occasionally eaten in times of famine <a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a>: 381 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentils" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentils">Lentils</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[62]</a> – <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> states that "of the leguminous plants, the lentil is the most prolific"<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupin_bean" title="Lupin bean">Lupin bean</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[62]</a> – Lupin (or Lupine, Lupini) beans were present in the Mediterranean region from prehistoric times and were cultivated in Egypt by at least 2000 BCE. By classical times, the Greeks were using them for both food and animal fodder.<a href="#cite_note-Wright2012-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peas" class="mw-redirect" title="Peas">Garden peas</a><a href="#cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-libertyfund.org-67">[67]</a> – Peas are commonly found in some of the earliest archaeological sites in Greece, but are rarely mentioned in classical literature. However <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and Theophrastus both include them as food eaten by Greeks<a href="#cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">[63]</a>: 381 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_and_vegetables">Fruit and vegetables</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fruit and vegetables">edit</a>]</div> In ancient Greece, fruit and vegetables were a significant part of the diet, as the ancient Greeks consumed much less meat than in the typical diet of modern societies.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Legumes would have been important crops, as their ability to replenish exhausted soil was known at least by the time of <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> (7th-8th century BCE) describes many crops eaten by the ancient Greeks, among these are artichokes<a href="#cite_note-auto1-61">[61]</a> and peas.<a href="#cite_note-libertyfund.org-67">[67]</a> Vegetables were eaten as <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, boiled or mashed (ἔτνος etnos), seasoned with olive oil, <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> or γάρον <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1ron" class="mw-redirect" title="Gáron">gáron</a>, a fish sauce similar to <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">nước mắm</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">comedies</a> of Aristophanes, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> was portrayed as a glutton with a fondness for mashed beans.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Poor families ate oak <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a> (βάλανοι balanoi).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">Olives</a> were a common appetizer.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the cities, fresh vegetables were expensive, and therefore, the poorer city dwellers had to make do with <a href="/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">dried vegetables</a>. Lentil soup (φακῆ phakē) was the workman's typical dish.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Cheese, garlic, and onions were the soldier's traditional fare.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In Aristophanes' <a href="/wiki/Peace_(play)" title="Peace (play)">Peace</a>, the smell of onions typically represents soldiers; the chorus, celebrating the end of war, sings Oh! joy, joy! No more helmet, no more cheese nor onions!<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vicia_ervilia" title="Vicia ervilia">Bitter vetch</a> (ὄροβος orobos) was considered a <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a>, fresh or dried, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>, were eaten as <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>. Important fruits were <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, dates and <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>. In Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae, he describes a dessert made of figs and broad beans.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Dried figs were also eaten as an appetizer or when drinking wine. In the latter case, they were often accompanied by grilled <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chick_pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chick pea">chick peas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beechnuts</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Animals_in_ancient_Greece_and_Rome" title="Animals in ancient Greece and Rome">Animals in ancient Greece and Rome</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Meat">Meat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Meat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg/220px-Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg/330px-Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg/440px-Sacrifice_boar_Louvre_G112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Sacrifice; principal source of meat for city dwellers — here a <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a>; tondo of an <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> by the Epidromos Painter, c. 510–500 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the 8th century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> describes the ideal country feast in <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But at that time let me have a shady rock and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibline_wine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibline wine (page does not exist)">Bibline wine</a>, a clot of curds and milk of drained goats with the flesh of a heifer fed in the woods, that has never calved, and of firstling kids; then also let me drink bright wine…<a href="#cite_note-Works-78">[78]</a></blockquote> Meat is much less prominent in texts of the 5th century BCE onwards than in the earliest poetry[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], but this may be a matter of genre rather than real evidence of changes in farming and food customs. Fresh meat was most commonly eaten at sacrifices, though sausage was much more common, consumed by people across the economic spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In addition to the flesh of animals, the ancient Greeks often ate inner organs, many of which were considered delicacies such as <a href="/wiki/Paunches" class="mw-redirect" title="Paunches">paunches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripe" title="Tripe">tripe</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But above all I do delight in dishes Of paunches and of tripe from gelded beasts, And love a fragrant pig within the oven.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a> (c.190 – c.120 BCE), <a href="#cite_note-Athenaeus.attalus(III)-80">[80]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Hippolochus_(writer)" title="Hippolochus (writer)">Hippolochus</a> (3rd Century BCE) describes a wedding banquet in Macedonia with "chickens and ducks, and ringdoves, too, and a goose, and an abundance of suchlike viands piled high... following which came a second platter of silver, on which again lay a huge loaf, and geese, hares, young goats, and curiously moulded cakes besides, pigeons, turtle-doves, partridges, and other fowl in plenty..." and "a roast pig — a big one, too — which lay on its back upon it; the belly, seen from above, disclosed that it was full of many bounties. For, roasted inside it, were thrushes, ducks, and warblers in unlimited number, pease purée poured over eggs, oysters, and scallops"<a href="#cite_note-Athenaeus.UofChicago-1">[1]</a>: 95(129c)  <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> primarily ate a soup made from pigs' legs and blood, known as <a href="/wiki/Black_soup" title="Black soup">melas zōmos</a> (μέλας ζωμός), which means "black soup". According to Plutarch, it was "so much valued that the elderly men fed only upon that, leaving what flesh there was to the younger".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It was famous amongst the Greeks. "Naturally Spartans are the bravest men in the world," joked a Sybarite, "anyone in his senses would rather die ten thousand times than take his share of such a sorry diet".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It was made with <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> and blood.<a href="#cite_note-Fl209-30">[30]</a> The dish was served with maza, figs and cheese sometimes supplemented with game and fish.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The 2nd–3rd century author <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> claims that Spartan cooks were prohibited from cooking anything other than meat.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The consumption of fish and meat varied in accordance with the wealth and location of the household; in the country, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> (primarily trapping) allowed for consumption of birds and <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>. Peasants also had farmyards to provide them with chickens and geese. Slightly wealthier landowners could raise goats, pigs, or sheep. In the city, meat was expensive except for pork. In Aristophanes' day a piglet cost three drachmas,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> which was three days' wages for a public servant. Sausages were common both for the poor and the rich.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Archaeological excavations at <a href="/wiki/Kavousi_Kastro" title="Kavousi Kastro">Kavousi Kastro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lerna" title="Lerna">Lerna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kastanas" title="Kastanas">Kastanas</a> have shown that dogs were sometimes consumed in Bronze Age Greece, in addition to the more commonly-consumed pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish">Fish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fish">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg/220px-Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg/330px-Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg/440px-Fish_plate_Louvre_K588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>Fresh fish, one of the favourite dishes of the Greeks, platter with red figures, c. 350–325 BCE, Louvre</figcaption></figure> Herodotus describes a "large fish... of the sort called Antacaei, without any prickly bones, and good for pickling," probably <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">beluga</a><a href="#cite_note-ehw.gr-88">[88]</a> found in Greek colonies along the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Other ancient writers mention <a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack tuna</a> (pelamys); <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> (thynnoi); <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a> (xifiai); <a href="/wiki/Sea_raven" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea raven">sea raven</a> (korakinoi); <a href="/wiki/Black_carp" title="Black carp">black carp</a> (melanes kyprinoi), <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoise</a> (phykaina), and <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">mackerel</a> (scomber).<a href="#cite_note-ehw.gr-88">[88]</a> In the Greek islands and on the coast, fresh fish and seafood (<a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">octopus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>) were common. They were eaten locally but more often transported inland. <a href="/wiki/Sardine_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardine (food)">Sardines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchovy_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovy (food)">anchovies</a> were regular fare for the citizens of Athens. They were sometimes sold fresh, but more frequently salted. A stele of the late 3rd century BCE from the small Boeotian city of <a href="/wiki/Akraiphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Akraiphia">Akraiphia</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Lake Copais</a>, provides us with a list of fish prices. The cheapest was skaren (probably <a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">parrotfish</a>) whereas <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin tuna</a> was three times as expensive.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Common salt water fish were <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_mullet" title="Red mullet">red mullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, a delicacy which was eaten salted. Lake Copais itself was famous in all Greece for its <a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">eels</a>, celebrated by the hero of <a href="/wiki/The_Acharnians" title="The Acharnians">The Acharnians</a>. Other fresh water fish were <a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">pike-fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and the less appreciated <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>. In classical Athens, eels,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> conger-eels, and sea-perch (ὈρΦὸς) were considered to be great delicacies, while <a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a> were cheap and readily available.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fowl">Fowl</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fowl">edit</a>]</div> Ancient Greeks consumed a much wider variety of birds than is typical today. Pheasants were present as early as 2000 BCE. Domestic <a href="/wiki/Chickens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chickens">chickens</a> were brought to Greece from Asia Minor as early as 600 BCE, and domesticated <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a> are described in <a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a> (800 BCE). <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">Quail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorhen" title="Moorhen">moorhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capon" title="Capon">capon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallards" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallards">mallards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pheasants">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larks" class="mw-redirect" title="Larks">larks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">pigeons and doves</a> were all domesticated in classical times, and were even for sale in markets. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_blackbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Old World blackbirds">blackbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_chaffinch" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chaffinch">chaffinch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">lark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay" title="Jay">jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw">jackdaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siskin" title="Siskin">siskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackcap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackcap">blackcap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_partridge" title="Rock partridge">Rock partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grebe" title="Grebe">grebe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plover" title="Plover">plover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coot" title="Coot">coot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagtail" title="Wagtail">wagtail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francolin" title="Francolin">francolin</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a> were hunted, or trapped, and eaten, and sometimes available in markets.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby-93">[93]</a>: 63  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eggs_and_dairy_products">Eggs and dairy products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Eggs and dairy products">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eggs">Eggs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Eggs">edit</a>]</div> Greeks bred <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">hens</a>, partly for their <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>. Some authors also praise <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a> eggs and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_goose" title="Egyptian goose">Egyptian goose</a> eggs,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> which were presumably rather rare. Eggs were cooked <a href="/wiki/Boiled_eggs" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiled eggs">soft- or hard-boiled</a> as <a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27%C5%93uvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Hors d'œuvre">hors d'œuvre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">Whites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egg_yolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg yolk">yolks</a> and whole eggs were also used as ingredients in the preparation of dishes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milk">Milk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Milk">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> describes "milk cake, and milk of goats drained dry" in his <a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a>. Country dwellers drank <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> (γάλα gala), but it was seldom used in cooking.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butter">Butter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Butter">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a> (βούτυρον bouturon) was known but seldom used: Greeks saw it as a culinary trait of the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> of the northern <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> coast, whom the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Middle Comic poet</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaxandrides" title="Anaxandrides">Anaxandrides</a> dubbed "butter eaters".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cheese_and_yogurt">Cheese and yogurt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cheese and yogurt">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cheesemaking" title="Cheesemaking">Cheesemaking</a> was widespread by the 8th Century BCE, as the technical vocabulary associated with it is included in <a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="The Odyssey">The Odyssey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby-93">[93]</a>: 66  Greeks enjoyed other <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>. Πυριατή pyriatē and <a href="/wiki/Oxygala" title="Oxygala">Oxygala</a> (οξύγαλα) were curdled milk products, similar to <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> or perhaps to <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Most of all, goat's and ewe's <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> (τυρός tyros) was a staple food. Fresh cheeses (sometimes wrapped in <a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_vulgaris" title="Dracunculus vulgaris">dragon arum</a> leaves to retain freshness) and hard cheeses were sold in different shops; the former cost about two thirds of the latter's price.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Cheese was eaten alone or with honey or vegetables. It was also used as an ingredient in the preparation of many dishes, including fish dishes (see recipe below by <a href="/wiki/Mithaecus" title="Mithaecus">Mithaecus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> However, the addition of cheese seems to have been a controversial matter; <a href="/wiki/Archestratus" title="Archestratus">Archestratus</a> warns his readers that Syracusan cooks spoil good fish by adding cheese. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spices_and_seasonings">Spices and seasonings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spices and seasonings">edit</a>]</div> The first spice mentioned in Ancient Greek writings is <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">cassia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> (6th-7th Century BCE) mentions it in her poem on the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Hector" title="Hector">Hector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andromache" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>: 44, ln 30  The ancient Greeks made a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_verum" title="Cinnamomum verum">Ceylon cinnamon</a> and cassia.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-62">[62]</a> Ancient Greeks used at least two forms of pepper in cooking and medicine:<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> one of Aristotle's students, <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, in describing the plants that appeared in Greece as a result of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander's</a> conquest of India and Asia Minor,<a href="#cite_note-Toussaint-Samat2009-104">[104]</a> listed both <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a>, stating "one is round like bitter vetch...: the other is elongated and black and has seeds like those of a poppy : and this kind is much stronger than the other. Both however are heating...".<a href="#cite_note-auto-65">[65]</a> Theophrastus lists several plants in his book as "pot herbs" including <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Theophrastus.Hort1916-105">[105]</a>: 81  <a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">rue</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Theophrastus.Hort1916-105">[105]</a>: 27  <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a> and celery seed.<a href="#cite_note-Theophrastus.Hort1916-105">[105]</a>: 125  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recipes">Recipes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Recipes">edit</a>]</div> Homer describes the preparation of a wine and cheese drink: taking "Pramnian wine she grated goat's milk cheese into it with a bronze grater [and] threw in a handful of white barley meal."<a href="#cite_note-Iliad.Bk.11.(1898)-106">[106]</a> (Book 11 of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>) One fragment survives of the first known cookbook in any culture, it was written by <a href="/wiki/Mithaecus" title="Mithaecus">Mithaecus</a> (5th Century BCE) and is quoted in the "<a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>. It is a recipe for a fish called "tainia" (meaning "ribbon" in Ancient Greek - probably the species <a href="/wiki/Cepola_macrophthalma" title="Cepola macrophthalma">Cepola macrophthalma</a>),<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <dl><dd>"Tainia": gut, discard the head, rinse, slice; add cheese and [olive] oil.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Archestratus" title="Archestratus">Archestratus</a> (4th Century BCE), the self-titled "inventor of made dishes",<a href="#cite_note-Athenaeus1854-109">[109]</a> describes a recipe for paunch and tripe, cooked in "<a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a> juice, and <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> and sharp, strong-smelling <a href="/wiki/Silphium_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silphium (antiquity)">silphium</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Athenaeus.attalus(III)-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drink">Drink</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Drink">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg/220px-NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg/330px-NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg/440px-NAMA_Rhyton_Anavyssos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a>, c. 460–450 BCE, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> The most widespread drink was water. Fetching water was a daily task for women. Though wells were common, spring water was preferred: it was recognized as nutritious because it caused plants and trees to grow,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and also as a desirable beverage.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> called spring water "as agreeable as honey".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The Greeks would describe water as robust,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> heavy<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> or light,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> dry,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> acidic,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> pungent,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> wine-like,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> etc. One of the comic poet <a href="/wiki/Antiphanes_(comic_poet)" title="Antiphanes (comic poet)">Antiphanes</a>'s characters claimed that he could recognize <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> water by taste alone.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Athenaeus states that a number of philosophers had a reputation for drinking nothing but water, a habit combined with a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian diet</a> (see <a href="#Vegetarianism">below</a>).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Milk, usually <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goat" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic goat">goats' milk</a>, was not widely consumed, being considered barbaric. The usual drinking vessel was the <a href="/wiki/Skyphos" title="Skyphos">skyphos</a>, made out of wood, terra cotta, or metal. <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> also mentions the kothon, a Spartan goblet which had the military advantage of hiding the colour of the water from view and trapping mud in its edge. The ancient Greeks also used a vessel called a <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> (a shallow footed bowl), and for banquets the <a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a> (a deep cup with handles) or the <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a>, a drinking horn often moulded into the form of a human or animal head. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Wine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece and wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg/220px-Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg/330px-Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg/440px-Banquet_Louvre_Kylix_G133_by_Cage_Painter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A banqueter reaches into a <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Oenochoe" title="Oenochoe">oenochoe</a> to replenish his <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> with wine, c. 490–480 BCE, Louvre</figcaption></figure> The Greeks are thought to have made <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">rosé</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">white wines</a>. Like today, these varied in quality from common table wine to valuable vintages. It was generally considered that the best wines came from <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1sos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thásos">Thásos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cretan_wine" title="Cretan wine">Cretan wine</a> came to prominence later. A secondary wine made from water and <a href="/wiki/Pomace" title="Pomace">pomace</a> (the residue from squeezed grapes), mixed with <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a>, was made by country people for their own use. The Greeks sometimes sweetened their wine with honey and made medicinal wines by adding <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a> and other herbs. By the first century, if not before, they were familiar with wine flavoured with pine resin (modern <a href="/wiki/Retsina" title="Retsina">retsina</a>).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> also mentions a wine mixed with perfume.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Cooked wine was known,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> as well as a sweet wine from Thásos, similar to <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port wine</a>. Wine was generally cut with water. The drinking of akraton or "unmixed wine", though known to be practised by northern barbarians, was thought likely to lead to madness and death.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Wine was mixed in a <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">slaves</a> would fill the drinker's kylix with an <a href="/wiki/Oenochoe" title="Oenochoe">oinochoe</a> (jugs). Wine was also thought to have medicinal powers. Aelian mentions that the wine from Heraia in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a> rendered men foolish but women fertile; conversely, Achaean wine was thought to induce abortion.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Outside of these therapeutic uses, Greek society did not approve of women drinking wine. According to <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Massalian</a> law prohibited this and restricted women to drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Sparta was the only city where women routinely drank wine. Wine reserved for local use was kept in skins. That destined for sale was poured into πίθοι <a href="/wiki/Pithoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithoi">pithoi</a>, (large terra cotta jugs). From there they were decanted into <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphoras</a> sealed with pitch for retail sale.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Vintage wines carried stamps from the producers or city magistrates who guaranteed their origin. This is one of the first instances of indicating the geographical or qualitative provenance of a product. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kykeon">Kykeon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kykeon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg/220px-Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg/330px-Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg/440px-Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hecamede" title="Hecamede">Hecamede</a> preparing kykeon for <a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a>, kylix by the <a href="/wiki/Brygos_Painter" title="Brygos Painter">Brygos Painter</a>, ca. 490 BCE, Louvre</figcaption></figure> The Greeks also drank <a href="/wiki/Kykeon" title="Kykeon">kykeon</a> (κυκεών, from κυκάω kykaō, "to shake, to mix"), which was both a beverage and a meal. It was a barley gruel, to which water and herbs were added. In the Iliad, the beverage also contained grated <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A8vre_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Chèvre cheese">goat cheese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the Odyssey, <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a> adds honey and a magic potion to it.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, the goddess refuses red wine but accepts a kykeon made of water, flour, and <a href="/wiki/Mentha_pulegium" title="Mentha pulegium">pennyroyal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Used as a ritual beverage in the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>, kykeon was also a popular beverage, especially in the countryside: <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, in his Characters, describes a boorish peasant as having drunk much kykeon and inconveniencing the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Assembly</a> with his bad breath.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> It also had a reputation as a good digestive, and as such, in Peace, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> recommends it to the main character who has eaten too much dried fruit.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_writers">Ancient writers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ancient writers">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Timachidas the <a href="/wiki/Rhodian" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodian">Rhodian</a> wrote 11 books with dinner recipes.<a href="#cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Noumenios wrote cookbooks.<a href="#cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Matreas the <a href="/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)" title="Pitane (Aeolis)">Pitanean</a> wrote cookbooks.<a href="#cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Hegemon the <a href="/wiki/Thasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thasian">Thasian</a>, who was called Lentil-soup, wrote cookbooks.<a href="#cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Artemidoros, who was called the Pseudoaristophanean, wrote cookbooks.<a href="#cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">[136]</a></li> <li>Philoxenos, son of Leukadios wrote cookbooks. In addition, some flat-cakes took their names from him and were called Philoxenean (Φιλοξένειοι πλακοῦντες).<a href="#cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxamus" title="Paxamus">Paxamus</a> wrote a cookbook.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithaecus" title="Mithaecus">Mithaecus</a> wrote cookbooks.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Zopyrinus (Ζωπύρινος) wrote works on cookery.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> work called <a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a> is an important source of recipes in classical Greece. Furthermore, in his work he mentioned several ancient authors (termed δειπνολόγοι), but their writings have now lost and only fragments quoted by him survive.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena-5">[5]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_beliefs_about_the_role_of_food">Cultural beliefs about the role of food</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cultural beliefs about the role of food">edit</a>]</div> Food played an important part in the Greek mode of thought. Classicist John Wilkins notes that "in the Odyssey for example, good men are distinguished from bad and Greeks from foreigners partly in terms of how and what they ate. Herodotus identified people partly in terms of food and eating".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Up to the 3rd century BCE, the frugality imposed by the physical and climatic conditions of the country was held as virtuous. The Greeks did not ignore the pleasures of eating, but valued simplicity. The rural writer Hesiod, as cited above, spoke of his "flesh of a heifer fed in the woods, that has never calved, and of firstling kids" as being the perfect closing to a day. Nonetheless, <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a> is quoted as saying that the best meal was a free one.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">Culinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomical</a> research was rejected as a sign of decadence: the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> were considered so due to their luxurious taste, which manifested itself in their cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The Greek authors took pleasure in describing the table of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a> Great King and his court: <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus of Soli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> were unanimous in their descriptions. In contrast, Greeks as a whole stressed the austerity of their own diet. Plutarch tells how the king of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, eager to try the Spartan "black gruel", bought a <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconian</a> cook; 'but had no sooner tasted it than he found it extremely bad, which the cook observing, told him, "Sir, to make this broth relish, you should have bathed yourself first in the river Eurotas"'.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> on discovering the dining hall of the Persian royal palace, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> mocked their taste and blamed it for their defeat. <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pausanias (general)">Pausanias</a>, on discovering the dining habits of the Persian commander <a href="/wiki/Mardonius_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardonius (general)">Mardonius</a>, equally ridiculed the Persians, "who having so much, came to rob the Greeks of their miserable living".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In consequence of this cult of frugality, and the diminished regard for cuisine it inspired, the kitchen long remained the domain of women, free or enslaved. In the classical period, however, culinary specialists began to enter the written record. Both Aelian<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and Athenaeus mention the thousand cooks who accompanied Smindyride of <a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a> on his voyage to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athens</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a>, if only disapprovingly. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a>, mentions "Thearion the cook, <a href="/wiki/Mithaecus" title="Mithaecus">Mithaecus</a> the author of a treatise on Sicilian cooking, and Sarambos the wine merchant; three eminent connoisseurs of cake, kitchen and wine."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Some chefs also wrote treatises on cuisine. Over time, more and more Greeks presented themselves as gourmets. From the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period, the Greeks — at least the rich — no longer appeared to be any more austere than others. The cultivated guests of the feast hosted by Athenaeus in the 2nd or 3rd century devoted a large part of their conversation to wine and gastronomy. They discussed the merits of various wines, vegetables, and meats, mentioning renowned dishes (stuffed cuttlefish, red <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> belly, <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> watered with mead) and great cooks such as Soterides, chef to king <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> (who reigned from the 279 to 250 BCE). When his master was inland, he pined for <a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovies</a>; Soterides simulated them from carefully carved turnips, oiled, salted and sprinkled with poppy seeds.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suda" title="Suda">Suidas</a> (an encyclopaedia from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period) mistakenly attributes this exploit to the celebrated Roman gourmet <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a> (1st century BCE) —<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> which may be taken as evidence that the Greeks had reached the same level as the Romans. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_diets">Specific diets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Specific diets">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Vegetarianism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg/220px-NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg/330px-NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg/440px-NAMA_Triade_%C3%A9leusinienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a> received wheat sheaves from <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and blessings from <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, 5th century BCE relief, <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Orphicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphicism">Orphicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>, two common <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religions</a>, suggested a different way of life, based on a concept of purity and thus purification (κάθαρσις katharsis) — a form of asceticism in the original sense: ἄσκησις askēsis initially signifies a ritual, then a specific way of life. <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> was a central element of Orphicism and of several variants of Pythagoreanism. <a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a> (5th century BCE) justified vegetarianism by a belief in the transmigration of souls: who could guarantee that an animal about to be slaughtered did not house the soul of a human being? However, it can be observed that Empedocles also included plants in this transmigration, thus the same logic should have applied to eating them.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Vegetarianism was also a consequence of a dislike for killing: "For Orpheus taught us rights and to refrain from killing".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The information from <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> (6th century BCE) is more difficult to define. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy#Middle_Comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Comedic</a> authors such as <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_(poet)" title="Alexis (poet)">Alexis</a> described <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythagoreans">Pythagoreans</a> as strictly vegetarian, with some of them living on bread and water alone. Other traditions contented themselves with prohibiting the consumption of certain vegetables, such as the broad bean,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> or of sacred animals such as the white <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">cock</a> or selected animal parts. It follows that vegetarianism and the idea of ascetic purity were closely associated, and often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a>. In On the eating of flesh, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (1st–2nd century) elaborated on the barbarism of blood-spilling; inverting the usual terms of debate, he asked the meat-eater to justify his choice.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a> (3rd century) associates in <a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence</a> vegetarianism with the <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery cults</a>, and gives a census of past vegetarians, starting with the semi-mythical <a href="/wiki/Epimenides" title="Epimenides">Epimenides</a>. For him, the origin of vegetarianism was <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>'s gift of wheat to <a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a> so that he could teach agriculture to humanity. His three commandments were: "Honour your parents", "Honour the gods with fruit", and "Spare the animals".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athlete_diets">Athlete diets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Athlete diets">edit</a>]</div> Aelian claims that the first athlete to submit to a formal diet was Ikkos of Tarentum, a victor in the Olympic pentathlon (perhaps in 444 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> However, Olympic wrestling champion (62nd through 66th Olympiads) <a href="/wiki/Milo_of_Croton" title="Milo of Croton">Milo of Croton</a> was already said to eat twenty pounds of meat and twenty pounds of bread and to drink eight quarts of wine each day.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Before his time, athletes were said to practice ξηροφαγία xērophagía (from ξηρός xēros, "dry"), a diet based on dry foods such as dried figs, fresh cheese and bread.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Pythagoras (either the philosopher or a gymnastics master of the same name) was the first to direct athletes to eat meat.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Trainers later enforced some standard diet rules: to be an Olympic victor, "you have to eat according to regulations, keep away from desserts (…); you must not drink cold water nor can you have a drink of wine whenever you want".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> It seems this diet was primarily based on meat, for <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> (ca. 180 CE) accused athletes of his day of "always gorging themselves on flesh and blood".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Pausanias also refers to a "meat diet".<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greece" title="Portal:Greece">Greece portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dishes" title="List of ancient dishes">List of ancient dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_in_classical_antiquity" title="Nutrition in classical antiquity">Nutrition in classical antiquity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Athenaeus.UofChicago-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athenaeus.UofChicago_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athenaeus.UofChicago_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/4A*.html">"LacusCurtius - Athenaeus — Deipnosophistae, Book IV.128A‑138B"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+-+Athenaeus+%E2%80%94+Deipnosophistae%2C+Book+IV.128A%E2%80%91138B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FAthenaeus%2F4A%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The expression originates in Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Colin Renfrew</a>'s The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in The Third Millennium BC, 1972, p.280. </li> <li id="cite_note-ascsa.edu.gr-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ascsa.edu.gr_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ascsa.edu.gr_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ascsa.edu.gr_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ascsa.edu.gr_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ascsa.edu.gr_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ascsa.edu.gr_3-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999">Flint-Hamilton 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Smaller_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Smaller_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Smaller_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Smith2022" class="citation book cs1">William Smith (3 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hhx0EAAAQBAJ">A Smaller Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1017596977" title="Special:BookSources/978-1017596977"><bdi>978-1017596977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Smaller+Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Antiquities&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1017596977&rft.au=William+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHhx0EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities_-_Cena_5-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=cena-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Cena</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DG%3Aentry+group%3D7%3Aentry%3Dgutturnium-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Gutturnium</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=acratisma-cn">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Acratisma</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Flacelière, p.205. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dtaghni%2Fths">ταγηνίτης</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dtaghni%2Fas">ταγηνίας</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dta%2Fghnon">τάγηνον</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Cratinus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/comicorumatticor01kockuoft#page/52/mode/1up">125</a>, Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Magnes, 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Eugenia Salza Prina Ricotti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJWhUOazBvsC&dq=tagenites&pg=PA111">Meals and recipes from ancient Greece</a>, J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007, p.111 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Andrew Dalby, Siren feasts: a history of food and gastronomy in Greece, Routledge, 1996, p.91 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Gene A. Spiller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y9PAltb6B0C&dq=teganites++pancake&pg=PA34">The Mediterranean diets in health and disease</a>, AVI/Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991, p.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dstai%2Ftinos">σταίτινος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dstai%3Ds">σταῖς</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Atheneaus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Ath.+646b&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0405">The Deipnosophists, 646b</a>, on Perseus </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2003" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtIXAe2qYDgC&q=tagenites+staitites+pancake&pg=PA71">Food in the ancient world from A to Z</a>. Routledge. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415232593" title="Special:BookSources/9780415232593"><bdi>9780415232593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+ancient+world+from+A+to+Z&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415232593&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtIXAe2qYDgC%26q%3Dtagenites%2Bstaitites%2Bpancake%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Athenaeus and S. Douglas Olson, The Learned Banqueters, Volume VII: Books 13.594b-14, Loeb Classical Library, 2011, pp.277–278 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> At the time of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">tragedies</a>, the term signified the first meal of the day, which was not necessarily frugal: in <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> 24:124, <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>'s companions slaughter a sheep for breakfast. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fl206-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fl206_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl206_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl206_23-2">c</a> Flacelière, p.206. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Alexis fgt.214 Kock = Athenaeus 47e. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0062%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DE%3Aentry+group%3D5%3Aentry%3Depideipnis-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Epideipnis</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Dalby, p.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Dalby, p.15. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Politics 1323a4. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Dalby, pp.13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fl209-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fl209_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl209_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl209_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl209_30-3">d</a> Flacelière, p.209. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0063:entry=pistor-cn">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Pistor</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sp132-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sp132_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sp132_32-1">b</a> Sparkes, p.132. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Aristophanes Knights 413–16; Pollux 6.93. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fl212-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fl212_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl212_34-1">b</a> Flacelière, p.212. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fl213-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Fl213_35-0">^</a> Flacelière, p.213. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fl215-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fl215_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fl215_36-1">b</a> Flacelière, p.215. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomer1898" class="citation web cs1">Homer (26 February 1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9kpAAAAYAAJ&q=cheese">"The Iliad of Homer: Rendered Into English Prose for the Use of Those who Cannot Read the Original"</a>. Longman's, Green – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iliad+of+Homer%3A+Rendered+Into+English+Prose+for+the+Use+of+Those+who+Cannot+Read+the+Original&rft.pub=Longman%27s%2C+Green&rft.date=1898-02-26&rft.au=Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9kpAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcheese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Dalby, pp.90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cerealialudi.org/en/alimentazione/pane-e-panettieri-nellantica-roma/">"BREAD AND BAKERS IN ANCIENT ROME | Cerealia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BREAD+AND+BAKERS+IN+ANCIENT+ROME+%26%23124%3B+Cerealia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cerealialudi.org%2Fen%2Falimentazione%2Fpane-e-panettieri-nellantica-roma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilkins-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilkins_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilkins_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Wilkins, John M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodancientworld00wilk">Food in the Ancient World</a>. Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foodancientworld00wilk/page/n144">128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoodancientworld00wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Dalby, p.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/sol-entries/mu/526">Suda, mu, 526</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/athenee/livre3gr.htm#114a">Athenaeus, Deipnosophists, 3.114f</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=melito/eis">Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, μελιτό-εις</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Doi)nou%3Dtta">Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, οἰνοῦττα</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:id=placenta-harpers">Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), placenta</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Grant1999" class="citation book cs1">Mark Grant (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2CDwAAQBAJ">Roman Cookery: Ancient Recipes for Modern Kitchens</a>. Interlink Pub Group Inc. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1897959398" title="Special:BookSources/978-1897959398"><bdi>978-1897959398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Cookery%3A+Ancient+Recipes+for+Modern+Kitchens&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Interlink+Pub+Group+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1897959398&rft.au=Mark+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2CDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkopto%2Fs">Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κοπτός</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg1389.tlg001.perseus-grc1:e.hekates_nesos">Harpocration, Valerius, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, Hekates Nesos</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mi62-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mi62_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mi62_50-1">b</a> Migeotte, p.62. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Galen, On the properties of Food 1.10; Dalby p.91: "Much bread was unleavened, but raised bread was well known; baking powder, nitron and wine yeast were both later used as raising agents". </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Sparkes, p.127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint-Hamilton1999371-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlint-Hamilton1999371_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999">Flint-Hamilton 1999</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Sparkes, p.128. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Flacelière, p.207. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Aristophanes, Frogs 858 and Wasps 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Dalby, p.91. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Peace 449. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbittSummers1988" class="citation journal cs1">Nesbitt, Mark; Summers, Geoffrey (January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Records-of-millet-from-the-Ancient-Near-East-and-Greece_tbl1_234002850">"Some Recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum miliaceum L. and Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran"</a>. Anatolian Studies. 38 (38): 85–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642844">10.2307/3642844</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642844">3642844</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84670275">84670275</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Discoveries+of+Millet+%28Panicum+miliaceum+L.+and+Setaria+italica+%28L.%29+P.+Beauv.%29+at+Excavations+in+Turkey+and+Iran&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=85-97&rft.date=1988-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84670275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642844%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642844&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Summers%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FRecords-of-millet-from-the-Ancient-Near-East-and-Greece_tbl1_234002850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesiod2013-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Hesiod2013_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesiod2013" class="citation book cs1">Hesiod (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V9uungEACAAJ">Hesiod, the Poems and Fragments, Done Into English Prose</a>. Theclassics Us. pp. fragments S396–423. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-230-26344-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-230-26344-1"><bdi>978-1-230-26344-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hesiod%2C+the+Poems+and+Fragments%2C+Done+Into+English+Prose&rft.pages=fragments+S396-423&rft.pub=Theclassics+Us&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=978-1-230-26344-1&rft.au=Hesiod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9uungEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hesiod-the-poems-and-fragments">"The Poems and Fragments - Online Library of Liberty"</a>. oll.libertyfund.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oll.libertyfund.org&rft.atitle=The+Poems+and+Fragments+-+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fhesiod-the-poems-and-fragments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_62-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophrastusHort2019" class="citation book cs1">Theophrastus; Hort, Arthur (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/enquiryintoplant01theouoft">Enquiry into plants and minor works on odours and weather signs, with an English translation by Sir Arthur Hort, bart</a>. London W. Heinemann – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enquiry+into+plants+and+minor+works+on+odours+and+weather+signs%2C+with+an+English+translation+by+Sir+Arthur+Hort%2C+bart&rft.pub=London+W.+Heinemann&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.au=Theophrastus&rft.au=Hort%2C+Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenquiryintoplant01theouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesperia.68.3-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hesperia.68.3_63-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999">Flint-Hamilton 1999</a>, p. 375 </li> <li id="cite_note-Homer.Butler1898-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Homer.Butler1898_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomerButler_(Transl.)1898" class="citation book cs1">Homer; Butler (Transl.), Samuel (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9kpAAAAYAAJ">The Iliad of Homer: Rendered Into English Prose for the Use of Those who Cannot Read the Original</a>. 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Harvard Common Press. pp. 414–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55832-591-3"><bdi>978-1-55832-591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+Vegetables%3A+A+Cook%27s+Compendium+of+all+the+Vegetables+from+The+World%27s+Healthiest+Cuisine%2C+with+More+than+200+Re&rft.pages=414-&rft.pub=Harvard+Common+Press&rft.date=2012-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-55832-591-3&rft.au=Clifford+A.+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQwFjDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-libertyfund.org-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-libertyfund.org_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-libertyfund.org_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/hesiod-the-poems-and-fragments">"The Poems and Fragments – Online Library of Liberty"</a>. oll.libertyfund.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oll.libertyfund.org&rft.atitle=The+Poems+and+Fragments+%E2%80%93+Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fhesiod-the-poems-and-fragments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999">Flint-Hamilton 1999</a>, p. 374 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999">Flint-Hamilton 1999</a>, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Frogs" title="The Frogs">The Frogs</a> 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Dalby, p.89. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Dalby, p.23. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Dalby, p.90; Flint-Hamilton, p.375. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Flacelière, p.208. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Peace 1127–1129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0038&layout=&loc=1127">Peace</a>. trans. Eugene O'Neill, Jr. 1938. accessed 23 May 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Demosthenes, Against Androtion 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999">Flint-Hamilton 1999</a>, p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-Works-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Works_78-0">^</a> Hesiod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0132">Works and Days</a> 588–93, trans. Hugh G. Evelyn-White 1914. accessed 23 May 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSparkes1962">Sparkes 1962</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-Athenaeus.attalus(III)-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Athenaeus.attalus(III)_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Athenaeus.attalus(III)_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus3.html">"Athenaeus: Deipnosophists - Book 3"</a>. www.attalus.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.attalus.org&rft.atitle=Athenaeus%3A+Deipnosophists+-+Book+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Fold%2Fathenaeus3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Life of Lycurgus 12:12. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Apud Athenaeus 138d, trans. quoted by Dalby, p.126. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Life of Lycurgus 12:3 and <a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a> fgt.72 Wehrli. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Various History 14:7. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Peace 374. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Sparkes, p.123. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnyderKlippel2003">Snyder & Klippel 2003</a>, p. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-ehw.gr-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehw.gr_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehw.gr_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constantinople.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaId=11931">"Great Online Encyclopaedia of Constantinople"</a>. constantinople.ehw.gr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constantinople.ehw.gr&rft.atitle=Great+Online+Encyclopaedia+of+Constantinople&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstantinople.ehw.gr%2Fforms%2FfLemmaBodyExtended.aspx%3FlemmaId%3D11931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.4.iv.html">"The Internet Classics Archive - The History of Herodotus by Herodotus"</a>. classics.mit.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classics.mit.edu&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Classics+Archive+-+The+History+of+Herodotus+by+Herodotus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHerodotus%2Fhistory.4.iv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Dalby, p.67. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus4.html">"Athenaeus: Deipnosophists - Book 4"</a>. www.attalus.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.attalus.org&rft.atitle=Athenaeus%3A+Deipnosophists+-+Book+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.attalus.org%2Fold%2Fathenaeus4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1993">Davidson 1993</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4UeyRkqgvQC&q=olives">Siren feasts: a history of food and gastronomy in Greece</a>. 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Vol. 1. London W. Heinemann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enquiry+into+plants+and+minor+works+on+odours+and+weather+signs%2C+with+an+English+translation+by+Sir+Arthur+Hort%2C+bart&rft.pub=London+W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Theophrastus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenquiryintoplant01theouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iliad.Bk.11.(1898)-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Iliad.Bk.11.(1898)_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomerButler_(Transl.)1898" class="citation book cs1">Homer; Butler (Transl.), Samuel (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9kpAAAAYAAJ">The Iliad of Homer: Rendered Into English Prose for the Use of Those who Cannot Read the Original</a>. 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English translation from Dalby (2003), p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-Athenaeus1854-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Athenaeus1854_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthenaeus_(of_Naucratis.)Yonge1854" class="citation book cs1">Athenaeus (of Naucratis.); Yonge, C.D. (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3vkpAAAAYAAJ">The Deipnosophists; Or, Banquet of the Learned</a>. Vol. v.3. London: H.G. Bohn. Retrieved 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deipnosophists%3B+Or%2C+Banquet+of+the+Learned&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1854&rft.au=Athenaeus+%28of+Naucratis.%29&rft.au=Yonge%2C+C.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3vkpAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Athenaeus 40f–41a commenting on Odyssey 17.208. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Athenaeus 41a commenting on Iliad 2.753. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Pindar, fgt.198 B4. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Σωματώδης sōmatōdēs, Athenaeus 42a. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Βαρυσταθμότερος barystathmoteros, Athenaeus 42c. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Κοῦφος kouphos, Athenaeus 42c. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Κατάξηρος kataxēros, Athenaeus 43a. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Ὀξύς oxys, <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> fgt.229 M. I316 = Athenaeus 43b. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Τραχὐτερος trakuteros, Athenaeus 43b. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Οἰνώδης oinōdēs, Athenaeus 42c. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Antiphanes fgt.179 Kock = Athenaeus 43b–c. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Athenaeus 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Apud <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Life of Lycurgus, 9:7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Athenaeus 28d–e. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> First mention in <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, Materia Medica 5.34; Dalby, p.150. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Various History 12:31. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Athenaeus 31d. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> E.g. <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samia_(play)" title="Samia (play)">Samia</a> 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Various History, 13:6. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Various History, 2:38. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Dalby, p.88–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Iliad 15:638–641. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Odyssey 10:234. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Homeric hymn to Demeter 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Characters 4:2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Peace 712. </li> <li id="cite_note-Suda,tau,599-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suda,tau,599_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda,tau,599_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda,tau,599_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda,tau,599_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda,tau,599_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suda,tau,599_136-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/tau/599">Suda, tau, 599</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/pi/253">Suda, pi, 253</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=mithaecus-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Mithaecus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DZ%3Aentry+group%3D3%3Aentry%3Dzopyrinus-bio-1">A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Zopyrinus</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Wilkins, "Introduction: part II" in Wilkins, Harvey and Dobson, p.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Apud Athenaeus 8c–d. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> For a comparison of Persian and Greek cuisine, see Briant, pp.297–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Herodotus 1:133. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Apud Athenaeus 539b. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Description of Greece 15:3,22. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Ctesias fgt.96 M = Athenaeus 67a. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Plutarch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lycurgus.html">Life of Lycurgus</a> 12:13, trans. John Dryden. Accessed 26 May 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Stratagems, 4:3,32. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Stratagems 4:82. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Various History 22:24. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Gorgias 518b. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Euphro Comicus fgt.11 Kock = Athenaeus 7d–f. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Suidas s.v. ἀφὐα. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Dodds, pp.154–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>, Frogs 1032. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0032&layout=&loc=1032">Trans. Matthew Dillon</a>, accessed 2 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Flint-Hamilton, pp.379–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a> 12:68. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence</a> 4.62. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Various History (11:3). </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Athenaeus 412f. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Athenaeus 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a> 8:12. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Epictetus" title="Epictetus">Epictetus</a>, Discourses 15:2–5, trans. W.E. Sweet. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Exhortation for Medicine 9, trans. S.G. Miller. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Pausanias 6:7.10. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Briant, P. Histoire de l'Empire perse de Cyrus à Alexandre. Paris: Fayard, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-59667-0" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-59667-0">2-213-59667-0</a>, translated in English as From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57506-031-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57506-031-0">1-57506-031-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, A.</a> Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. London: Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15657-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15657-2">0-415-15657-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, James (1993). "Fish, Sex and Revolution in Athens". The Classical Quarterly. 43 (1): 53–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800044177">10.1017/S0009838800044177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171016802">171016802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Fish%2C+Sex+and+Revolution+in+Athens&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-66&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800044177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171016802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dodds, E.R. "The Greek Shamans and the Origins of Puritanism ", The Greek and the Irrational (Sather Classical Lectures). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962 (1st edn 1959).</li> <li>Flacelière R. La Vie quotidienne en Grèce au temps de Périclès. Paris: Hachette, 1988 (1st edn. 1959) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-01-005966-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-01-005966-2">2-01-005966-2</a>, translated in English as Daily Life in Greece at the Time of Pericles. London: Phoenix Press, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-507-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-507-9">1-84212-507-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint-Hamilton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Flint-Hamilton, Kimberly B. (July 1999). "Legumes in Ancient Greece and Rome: Food, Medicine, or Poison?". Hesperia. 68 (3): 371–385. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/148493">148493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hesperia&rft.atitle=Legumes+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Food%2C+Medicine%2C+or+Poison%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-385&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F148493%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Flint-Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Migeotte, L., L'Économie des cités grecques. Paris: Ellipses, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7298-0849-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-7298-0849-3">2-7298-0849-3</a> (in French)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderKlippel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Lynn M.; Klippel, Walter E. (2003). "From Lerna to Kastro: further thoughts on dogs as food in ancient Greece: perceptions, prejudices, and reinvestigations". British School at Athens Studies. 9: 221–231. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40960350">40960350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+School+at+Athens+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Lerna+to+Kastro%3A+further+thoughts+on+dogs+as+food+in+ancient+Greece%3A+perceptions%2C+prejudices%2C+and+reinvestigations&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=221-231&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40960350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Lynn+M.&rft.au=Klippel%2C+Walter+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparkes1962" class="citation journal cs1">Sparkes, B. A. (1962). "The Greek Kitchen". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 82: 121–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F628548">10.2307/628548</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/628548">628548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162981087">162981087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Kitchen&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=121-137&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162981087%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F628548%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F628548&rft.aulast=Sparkes&rft.aufirst=B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Greek+cuisine" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wilkins, J., Harvey, D. and Dobson, M. Food in Antiquity. Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85989-418-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85989-418-5">0-85989-418-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>(in French) Amouretti, M.-Cl. Le Pain et l'huile dans la Grèce antique. De l'araire au moulin. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1989.</li> <li>(in French) Delatte, A. Le Cycéon, breuvage rituel des mystères d'Éleusis. Paris: Belles Lettres, 1955.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Detienne" title="Marcel Detienne">Detienne, M.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Vernant" title="Jean-Pierre Vernant">Vernant, J.-P.</a> (trans. Wissing, P.). The Cuisine of Sacrifice Among the Greeks. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989 (1st edn. 1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14353-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-14353-8">0-226-14353-8</a></li> <li>Davidson, James. Courtesans and Fishcakes: The Consuming Passions of Classical Athens. Fontana Press. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006863434" title="Special:BookSources/978-0006863434">978-0006863434</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Greek_cuisine&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>(in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510045028/http://www.vegetarisme.fr/Articles/index.php?p=AuCommencement.html">"Végétarisme, au commencement…"</a> (French language article on the origins of vegetarianism)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/~kelseydb/Exhibits/Food/text/Food.html">A Taste of the Ancient World</a> (University of Michigan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-recipe.com/category/ancient-greek-recipes/">Ancient Greek Recipes and posts about Ancient Greek Cuisine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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title="Cuisine">Cuisines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_cuisines" title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cuisines" title="Outline of cuisines">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 – c. 560 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 550–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 595–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a 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