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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hetaira" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гетэра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гетэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гетэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гетэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Хетера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хетера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hetaira" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A9ra" title="Hetéra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hetéra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A6re" title="Hetære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hetære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A4re" title="Hetäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hetäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Hetäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hetäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetajro" title="Hetajro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hetajro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="هتایرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هتایرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ta%C3%AFre" title="Hétaïre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hétaïre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hetaira" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Հետերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հետերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaira" title="Etaira – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etaira" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofgle%C3%B0ikona" title="Hofgleðikona – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hofgleðikona" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etera" title="Etera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הטאירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הטאירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гетера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гетера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaera" title="Hetaera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hetaera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C4%93ra" title="Hetēra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hetēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaere" title="Hetaere – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hetaere" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9" title="ヘタイラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘタイラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A6re" title="Hetære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hetære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гетера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гетера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A9ra" title="Hetéra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hetéra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetera" title="Hetera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hetera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het%C3%A4r" title="Hetär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hetär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaerae" title="Hetaerae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hetaerae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaera" title="Hetaera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hetaera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гетера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гетера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetaira" title="Hetaira – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hetaira" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%99%85%E8%8A%B1_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)" title="交际花 (古希腊) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="交际花 (古希腊)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of prostitute in Ancient Greece</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hetaerism" redirects here. For the concept in anthropology, see <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bachofen" title="Johann Jakob Bachofen">Johann Jakob Bachofen</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hetaireia" title="Hetaireia">Hetaireia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg/200px-Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg/300px-Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg/400px-Banqueters_Met_1979.11.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption>Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span> and her client, approx. 430 BC. The fact that she is on the couch with him is telling, as wives were not allowed into the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">ἑταίρα</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">companion</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>; <small><abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>.</small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἑταῖραι</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Latinized</a> as <b><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaera</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <small><abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr></small> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaerae</i></span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>), was a type of <a href="/wiki/Courtesan" title="Courtesan">courtesan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">prostitute in ancient Greece</a>, who served as an artist, entertainer, and conversationalist in addition to providing sexual service. Custom excluded the wives and daughters of Athenian citizens from the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>, but this prohibition did not extend to <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span>, who were often foreign born and could be highly educated. Other female entertainers made appearances in the otherwise male domain, but <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> joined the male guests in their sexual joking, sometimes evidencing a wide knowledge of literature in their contributions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetaira&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg/200px-Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg/300px-Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg/400px-Banqueters_hetaera_Louvre_Myr272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Two banqueters and a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_harps" title="Ancient Greek harps">psalterion</a>-playing <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaera</i></span> sitting together on a <i><a href="/wiki/Klin%C4%93" title="Klinē">klinē</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> from Myrina, Mysia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 25</span> BC. The harp is an <a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">angular harp</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, historians of ancient Greece have distinguished between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece#Pornai" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">pornai</a></i>, another class of prostitute. In contrast to pornai, who provided sex for numerous clients in brothels or on the street, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> were thought to have had only a few men as clients at any one time, to have had long-term relationships with them, and to have provided companionship and intellectual stimulation as well as sex.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seltman" title="Charles Seltman">Charles Seltman</a> wrote in 1953 that "hetaeras were certainly in a very different class, often highly educated women".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently historians have questioned the extent to which there was really a distinction between <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> and pornai. The second edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, for instance, held that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span> was a euphemism for any kind of prostitute.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position is supported by Konstantinos Kapparis, who holds that <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Acharnae" title="Apollodorus of Acharnae">Apollodorus</a>' famous tripartite division of the types of women in the speech <a href="/wiki/Against_Neaera" title="Against Neaera">Against Neaera</a> ("We have courtesans for pleasure, concubines for the daily tending of the body, and wives in order to beget legitimate children and have a trustworthy guardian of what is at home."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) classes all prostitutes together, under the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third position, advanced by Rebecca Futo Kennedy, suggests that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> "were not prostitutes or even courtesans".<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy14-69_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy14-69-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, she argues, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> were "elite women ... who participated in <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">sympotic</a> and luxury culture",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairoi</i></span>—the masculine form of the word—was used to refer to groups of elite men at symposia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy14-69_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy14-69-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg/220px-Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg/330px-Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg/440px-Hetaira_playing_kottabos_-_Greek_Getty_Villa_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Painting, on the inside of a <i><a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a></i>, of a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span> or prostitute playing <a href="/wiki/Kottabos" title="Kottabos">kottabos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">drinking game</a> played at symposia in which the participants flicked the dregs of their wine at a target.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Even when the term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span> was used to refer to a specific class of prostitute, though, scholars disagree on what precisely the line of demarcation was. Kurke emphasises that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> veiled the fact that they were selling sex through the language of gift-exchange, while pornai explicitly commodified sex.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurke97-108_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurke97-108-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leslie Kurke claims that both <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> and pornai could be slaves or free, and might or might not work for a <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">pimp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurke97-108_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurke97-108-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapparis says that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> were high-class prostitutes, and cites <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Dover</a> as pointing to the long-term nature of hetairai's relationships with individual men.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miner disagrees with Kurke, claiming that <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> were always free, not slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with sexual services, women described as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> rather than <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pornai</i></span> seem to have often been educated, and have provided companionship.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kurke, the concept of hetairism was a product of the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>, where <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> were permitted as sexually available companions of the male party-goers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>' <i>Deipnosophistai</i>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> are described as providing "flattering and skillful conversation": something which is, elsewhere in classical literature, seen as a significant part of the hetaira's role.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly, "witty" and "refined" were seen as attributes which distinguished <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> from common pornai.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hetairai are likely to have been musically educated, too.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetairai</i></span> could become very wealthy, and control their own finances. However, their careers could be short, and if they did not earn enough to support themselves, they might have been forced to resort to working in <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">brothels</a>, or working as pimps, in order to ensure a continued income as they got older.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetaira&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars also disagree about the identification of hetaeras in ancient Greek vase painting. Attributes which might identify hetaeras include nudity, involvement in erotic activity, and the presence of money bags. Working with textiles, depiction on kylixes, and being named in inscriptions have all also been used as evidence that women depicted on vases are hetaeras. However, the reliability of all of these indications has been questioned: for instance nudity in the context of athletics, wedding rituals, or supplication does not necessarily relate to sex work. Some scholars have argued that it is impossible to distinguish hetaeras from other kinds of women, or that some depictions of women are intentionally ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A prostitute putting on her himation in front of her client. The lyre shows that she is a musician called for a banquet. Tondo of an Attic cup with red figures. Euphronius v. 490 BC, British Museum."><img alt="A prostitute putting on her himation in front of her client. The lyre shows that she is a musician called for a banquet. Tondo of an Attic cup with red figures. Euphronius v. 490 BC, British Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg/120px-Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg/180px-Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg/240px-Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A prostitute putting on her <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a> in front of her client. The lyre shows that she is a musician called for a banquet. <i><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">Tondo</a></i> of an Attic cup with red figures. Euphronius v.<span class="nowrap"> </span>490 BC, British Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drunken banqueter with a drinking dish, flirting with a musician holding a lyre or barbiton"><img alt="Drunken banqueter with a drinking dish, flirting with a musician holding a lyre or barbiton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg/120px-Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg/180px-Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg/240px-Drunken_banqueter_Louvre_G13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2415" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drunken banqueter with a drinking dish, flirting with a musician holding a lyre or barbiton</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symposium, men on couches, the only woman present is a hetaira."><img alt="Symposium, men on couches, the only woman present is a hetaira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg/120px-Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg/180px-Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg/240px-Cr%C3%A1tera_con_simposio_del_pintor_de_Nicias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Symposium, men on couches, the only woman present is a <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Party musicians are often associated with prostitution. Bottom painting of a bowl from Attica, with red clay figures on a black background. The author is the so-called Painter of Colmar, c. 480 BC. The Louvre Museum."><img alt="Party musicians are often associated with prostitution. Bottom painting of a bowl from Attica, with red clay figures on a black background. The author is the so-called Painter of Colmar, c. 480 BC. The Louvre Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg/120px-Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg/180px-Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg/240px-Banquet_scene_Louvre_G135.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Party musicians are often associated with prostitution. Bottom painting of a bowl from Attica, with red clay figures on a black background. The author is the so-called Painter of Colmar, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480 BC</span>. The Louvre Museum.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Man and hetaira in symposium"><img alt="Man and hetaira in symposium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG/120px-Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG/180px-Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG/240px-Kylix_of_the_Symposium_of_the_Hetairai_by_Oltos_vase_painter_-_MAN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Man and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span> in symposium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me,_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_(1861)_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th century interpretation of the hetaira: Jean-Léon Gérôme's painting Phryne Before the Areopagus depicts the hetaira Phryne on trial. The sight of her nude body, according to legend, persuaded the jurors to acquit her."><img alt="19th century interpretation of the hetaira: Jean-Léon Gérôme's painting Phryne Before the Areopagus depicts the hetaira Phryne on trial. The sight of her nude body, according to legend, persuaded the jurors to acquit her." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_%281861%29_-_01.jpg/120px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_%281861%29_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_%281861%29_-_01.jpg/180px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_%281861%29_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_%281861%29_-_01.jpg/240px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me%2C_Phryne_revealed_before_the_Areopagus_%281861%29_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th century interpretation of the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>'s painting <i><a href="/wiki/Phryne_Before_the_Areopagus" title="Phryne Before the Areopagus">Phryne Before the Areopagus</a></i> depicts the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hetaira</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Phryne" title="Phryne">Phryne</a> on trial. The sight of her nude body, according to legend, persuaded the jurors to acquit her.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetaira&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prostitutes_and_courtesans_of_antiquity" title="List of prostitutes and courtesans of antiquity">List of prostitutes and courtesans of antiquity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oiran" title="Oiran">Oiran</a></i>: class of courtesans in Edo period and Imperial Japan</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qayna</a></i>: class of courtesans in pre-modern Islamic world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Rome" title="Prostitution in ancient Rome">Prostitution in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetair-" title="Hetair-">Hetair-</a>, a Greek linguistic root</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetaira&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKurke1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kurke, Leslie (1997). "Inventing the "Hetaira": Sex, Politics, and Discursive Conflict in Archaic Greece". <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 107–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25011056">10.2307/25011056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011056">25011056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+%22Hetaira%22%3A+Sex%2C+Politics%2C+and+Discursive+Conflict+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-108&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25011056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25011056%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kurke&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeltman1953" class="citation book cs1">Seltman, Charles (1953). <i>Women in Greek Society</i>. London. p. 115ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Greek+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115ff&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Seltman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1998">Davidson 1998</a>, p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScullard1970" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L.; Scullard, H.H., eds. (1970). <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 512.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=512&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapparis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). <i>Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]</i>. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollodoros+%27Against+Neaira%27+%5BD.59%5D&rft.pages=161&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kapparis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapparis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). <i>Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]</i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollodoros+%27Against+Neaira%27+%5BD.59%5D&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kapparis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapparis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kapparis, Konstantinos A. 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(1999). <i>Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]</i>. p. 408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollodoros+%27Against+Neaira%27+%5BD.59%5D&rft.pages=408&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kapparis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Miner, Jess (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/31252/1/CourtesanConcubine.pdf">"Courtesan, Concubine, Whore: Apollodorus' Deliberate Use of Terms for Prostitutes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>124</b> (1): 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajp.2003.0023">10.1353/ajp.2003.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2152%2F31252">2152/31252</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21966719">21966719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28158600">28158600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Courtesan%2C+Concubine%2C+Whore%3A+Apollodorus%27+Deliberate+Use+of+Terms+for+Prostitutes&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2152%2F31252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28158600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21966719&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajp.2003.0023&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Jess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.lib.utexas.edu%2Fbitstream%2F2152%2F31252%2F1%2FCourtesanConcubine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapparis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kapparis, Konstantinos A. 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"Inventing the "Hetaira": Sex, Politics, and Discursive Conflict in Archaic Greece". <i>Classical Antiquity</i>. <b>16</b> (1): 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25011056">10.2307/25011056</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011056">25011056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Inventing+the+%22Hetaira%22%3A+Sex%2C+Politics%2C+and+Discursive+Conflict+in+Archaic+Greece&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25011056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25011056%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kurke&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2003" class="citation journal cs1">McClure, Laura (2003). "Subversive Laughter: The Sayings of Courtesans in Book 13 of Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae". <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>124</b> (2): 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Subversive+Laughter%3A+The+Sayings+of+Courtesans+in+Book+13+of+Athenaeus%27+Deipnosophistae&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2003" class="citation journal cs1">McClure, Laura (2003). "Subversive Laughter: The Sayings of Courtesans in Book 13 of Athenaeus' Deipnosophistae". <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>124</b> (2): 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=Subversive+Laughter%3A+The+Sayings+of+Courtesans+in+Book+13+of+Athenaeus%27+Deipnosophistae&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=268&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamel2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamel, Debra (2003). <i>Trying Neaira: The True Story of a Courtesan's Scandalous Life in Ancient Greece</i>. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trying+Neaira%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Courtesan%27s+Scandalous+Life+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=New+Haven+%26+London&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=Debra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapparis1999" class="citation book cs1">Kapparis, Konstantinos A. (1999). <i>Apollodoros 'Against Neaira' [D.59]</i>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollodoros+%27Against+Neaira%27+%5BD.59%5D&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kapparis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2024" class="citation cs2">McClure, Laura (2024), <i>Phryne of Thespiae: Courtesan, Muse, and Myth</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 41–46, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197580882" title="Special:BookSources/9780197580882"><bdi>9780197580882</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phryne+of+Thespiae%3A+Courtesan%2C+Muse%2C+and+Myth&rft.pages=41-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197580882&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hetaira&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, J. (1998). <i>Courtesans and Fishcakes: The consuming passions of classical Athens</i>. London: Fontana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtesans+and+Fishcakes%3A+The+consuming+passions+of+classical+Athens&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHetaira" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110204846/http://www.hist.uib.no/antikk/antres/Womens%20life.htm">An essay on women’s lives in classical Athens</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/athenaeus13a.html#c25">The hetaerae of Athens - from Book 13 of Athenaeus</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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