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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_details_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Structural details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_details_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Water technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Structural technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Vandalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtual_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtual_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Virtual reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtual_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Susa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Susa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Susa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Susa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_details_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_details_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Structural details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_details_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naqsh-e_Rustam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Naqsh-e Rustam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naqsh-e_Rustam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naqsh-e Rustam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naqsh-e_Rustam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ka'ba-ye_Zartosht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ka'ba-ye_Zartosht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ka'ba-ye_Zartosht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behistun_inscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behistun_inscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behistun inscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behistun_inscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة أخمينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة أخمينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fh%C9%99m%C9%99ni_memarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Əhəməni memarlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhəməni memarlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_aquem%C3%A8nida" title="Arquitectura aquemènida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura aquemènida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_aquem%C3%A9nida" title="Arquitectura aqueménida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura aqueménida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="معماری هخامنشیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری هخامنشیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Աքեմենյանների ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աքեմենյանների ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_achemenide" title="Architettura achemenide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura achemenide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="აქემენიდური არქიტექტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქემენიდური არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_aquem%C3%AAnida" title="Arquitetura aquemênida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura aquemênida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Архитектура Ахеменидов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Архитектура Ахеменидов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Меъмории Ҳахоманишиён – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Меъмории Ҳахоманишиён" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Архітектура Ахеменідів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Архітектура Ахеменідів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ہخامنشی فن تعمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہخامنشی فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Achaemenid architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pers%C3%A9polis,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pers%C3%A9polis%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_56.jpg/250px-Pers%C3%A9polis%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_56.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pers%C3%A9polis%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_56.jpg/375px-Pers%C3%A9polis%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pers%C3%A9polis%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_56.jpg/500px-Pers%C3%A9polis%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8609" data-file-height="3806" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg/250px-Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg/375px-Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg/500px-Immortels_-_dynamosquito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/250px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/375px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/500px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top: The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, approximately 2500 years old; Centre: Frieze of archers, circa 510 BC, from the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>; Bottom: A well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> from <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> (Iran)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Achaemenid architecture</b> includes all architectural achievements of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persians</a> manifesting in construction of spectacular cities used for governance and inhabitation (<a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>), temples made for worship and social gatherings (such as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> temples), and <a href="/wiki/Mausoleums" class="mw-redirect" title="Mausoleums">mausoleums</a> erected in honor of fallen kings (such as the burial tomb of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>). Achaemenid architecture was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Boardman_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boardman_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salvini_B_2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvini_B_2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talebian_2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talebian_2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quintessential feature of Persian architecture was its eclectic nature with foreign elements, yet producing a unique <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian identity</a> seen in the finished product.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Achaemenid architecture is academically classified under <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Persian architecture</a> in terms of its style and design.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Achaemenid architectural heritage, beginning with the expansion of the empire around 550 B.C., was a period of artistic growth that left an extraordinary architectural legacy ranging from Cyrus the Great's solemn tomb in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> to the splendid structures of the opulent city of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-book_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">second Persian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_dynasty" title="Sasanian dynasty">Sassanid dynasty</a> (224–624), revived Achaemenid tradition by construction of temples dedicated to fire, and monumental palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-book_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps the most striking extant structures to date are the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, a once opulent city established by the Achaemenid king, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> for governmental and ceremonial functions, and also acting as one of the empire's four capitals. Persepolis would take 100 years to complete and would finally be ransacked and burnt by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 330 B.C.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar architectural infrastructures were also erected at <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> by Darius the Great, serving similar functions as <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, such as reception of foreign dignitaries and delegates, performance of imperial ceremonies and duties, and also housing the kings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pasargadae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mausoleum_of_Cyrus_the_Great">Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg/220px-Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg/330px-Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg/440px-Pasargad_Tomb_Cyrus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of Cyrus the Great in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png/220px-CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png/330px-CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png/440px-CyrustheGreatTombDrawingbyThruthSeeker_22042.png 2x" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2531" /></a><figcaption>Dimensions of the tomb</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></b> </p><p>Despite having ruled over much of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient world</a>, Cyrus the Great would design a tomb that depicts extreme simplicity and modesty when compared to those of other ancient kings and rulers. The simplicity of the structure has a powerful effect on the viewer, since aside from a few cyma moldings below the roof and a small rosette above its small entrance, there are no other stylistic distractions.<sup id="cite_ref-ronald_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural_details">Structural details</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structural details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his death, Cyrus the Great's remains were interred in his capital city of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, where today his <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> tomb (built around 540–530<sup id="cite_ref-UN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) still exists. The translated ancient accounts give a vivid description of the tomb both geometrically and aesthetically; "With its massive stonework and smooth surfaces relieved by the minimum of decorative detail, the tomb creates an impression of dignity, simplicity, and strength. In design it combines two distinct elements: a high plinth composed of six receding tiers and a modest, gabled tomb chamber. In its original state the tomb probably measured c. 11,1 o m from the once hidden foundation level to the apex of the roof. Of the six tiers of the plinth, the lowest has an average height of 1,65 m, the second and third have a height of 1,05 m, and the last three each have a uniform height of 57,5 cm. The base of the plinth measures c. 13,35×12,30 m, while the base of the tomb chamber measures c. 6,40 × 5,35 m. As for the cella's other measurements, the narrow doorway, in its present condition without its original doorsills, is 1,39 m high and 78 cm wide; the passage is 1,20 long; and the chamber is 3,17 m in length with a uniform width and height of 2,11 m. The walls of the chamber are up to 1,50 m thick. Above the chamber, a hollow compartment in the roof, almost divided in two for structural reasons, measures 4,75 m in length and 85 cm in height. The capstone of the roof is missing."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>'s direct testimony indicates that Cyrus the Great was indeed buried in the chamber inside the edifice, as he describes Alexander seeing it during his visit to Pasargadae, but it is also a possibility that the body of Cyrus the Great had been interred below the structure, and that the tomb seen on the top is in fact a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> or a false tomb. </p><p>There was originally a golden <a href="/wiki/Coffin" title="Coffin">coffin</a> inside the mausoleum, resting on a table with golden supports, inside of which the body of Cyrus the Great was interred. Upon his resting place, was a covering of tapestry and drapes made from the best available Babylonian materials, using fine Median workmanship; below his bed was a fine red carpet, covering the narrow rectangular base of his tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Translated Greek accounts describe the tomb as having been placed in the fertile Pasargadae gardens, surrounded by trees and ornamental shrubs, with a group of Achaemenian protectors (the "<a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a>"), stationed nearby to protect the edifice from theft or damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magi were a group of on-site Zoroastrian observers, located in their separate but attached structure possibly a <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a>, paid and cared for by the Achaemenid state (by some accounts they received a salary of daily bread and flour, and one sheep payment a day<sup id="cite_ref-james_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The magi were placed in charge of maintenance and also prevention of theft. Years later, in the ensuing chaos created by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s invasion of Persia and loss of a centralized authority directing and caring for the Magi, Cyrus the Great's tomb was broken into and most of its luxuries were looted. When Alexander reached the tomb, he was horrified by the manner in which the tomb was treated, and questioned the Magi and put them to court.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some accounts, Alexander's decision to put the Magi on trial was more about his attempt to undermine their influence and his show of power in his newly conquered empire, than a concern for Cyrus's tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, Alexander the Great ordered <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Cassandreia" title="Aristobulus of Cassandreia">Aristobulus of Cassandreia</a> to improve the tomb's condition and restore its interior.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleveland_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleveland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tomb was originally ornamented with an inscription that, according to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (and other ancient sources), stated:<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O man! I am Cyrus the Great, who gave the Persians an empire and was the king of Asia. Grudge me not therefore this monument.</p></blockquote> <p>The edifice has survived the test of time for some 2,500 years. After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arab invasion into Persia</a> and collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, Arab armies wanted to destroy this historical artifact, on the basis that it was not in congruence to their Islamic tenets, but quick thinking on the part of the local Persians prevented this disaster. The Persians renamed the tomb, and presented it to the invading army as the tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>'s mother. It is likely that the inscription was lost at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-elliot_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliot-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> (Shah of Iran), the last official monarch of Persia, during his <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire</a> paid significant homage to the Achaemenid kings and specially Cyrus the Great. Just as Alexander the Great before him, the Shah of Iran wanted to appeal to Cyrus's legacy to legitimize his own rule by extension.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah of Iran however was generally interested in protection of imperial historical artifacts. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a>, the tomb of Cyrus the Great survived the initial chaos and vandalism propagated by the Islamic revolutionary hardliners who equated Persian imperial historical artifacts with the late Shah of Iran. There are allegations of the tomb being in danger of damage from the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Sivand_Dam" title="Sivand Dam">Sivand Dam</a> on river Polvar (located in the province of <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Pars</a>) and water related damage, but there is no official acknowledgement of this claim. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> recognizes the tomb of Cyrus the Great and Pasargadae as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> site.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KyrosCeremonies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah of Iran's 2,500 years celebrations"><img alt="Shah of Iran's 2,500 years celebrations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/KyrosCeremonies.jpg/85px-KyrosCeremonies.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/KyrosCeremonies.jpg/128px-KyrosCeremonies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/KyrosCeremonies.jpg/171px-KyrosCeremonies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shah of Iran's 2,500 years <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">celebrations</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="An animated picture of the mausoleum"><img alt="An animated picture of the mausoleum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif/120px-Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif/180px-Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif/240px-Tomb_of_Cyrus_the_Great_animated.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An animated picture of the mausoleum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PasargahAir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Cyrus under repair"><img alt="Tomb of Cyrus under repair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PasargahAir.jpg/120px-PasargahAir.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PasargahAir.jpg/180px-PasargahAir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PasargahAir.jpg/240px-PasargahAir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of Cyrus under repair</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four-winged_guardian">Four-winged guardian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Four-winged guardian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasargades_winged_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pasargades_winged_man.jpg/170px-Pasargades_winged_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pasargades_winged_man.jpg/255px-Pasargades_winged_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Pasargades_winged_man.jpg/340px-Pasargades_winged_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The four winged guardian figure of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>, with four wings, a two horned crown, and a royal Elamite clothing</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps one of the most memorable remaining architectural and artistic works is the bas-relief of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae. This is a bas-relief cut upon a stone slab depicting a figure or a guardian man, most likely a resemblance of Cyrus himself, possessing four wings shown in an <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> style, dressed in <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> traditional clothing, assuming a pose and figure of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> god, and wearing a crown that has two horns, in what resembles an <i><a href="/wiki/Ovis_longipes_palaeoaegyptiacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovis longipes palaeoaegyptiacus">Ovis longipes palaeoaegyptiacus</a>.</i> The structure originally had an upper stone slab that in three different languages, (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian language">Babylonian</a>) declared, "I, (am) Cyrus the king, an Achaemenid."<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This carved in limestone writing was in place when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ker_Porter" title="Robert Ker Porter">Sir Robert Ker Poter</a> described the piece in 1818 but, at some point has been lost. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Stronach" title="David Stronach">David Stronach</a> has suggested that there were originally four such figures, set against doorways to the Palace of Cyrus in Pasargadae.<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That this bas-relief has such an eclectic styling with elements of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>, reflects "..'the oecumenical attitude of the Achaemenian kings, who from the time of Cyrus, onward adopted a liberal policy of tolerance and conciliation toward the various religions embraced within their empire'..."<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would therefore depict the eclectic nature of Achaemenid life from policies of the kings to their choice of architecture. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, recounts that Cyrus saw in his sleep the oldest son of Hystaspes, [Darius the Great] with wings upon his shoulders, shadowing with the one wing Asia, and with the other wing Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noted <a href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Gershevitch" title="Ilya Gershevitch">Ilya Gershevitch</a> explains this statement by Herodotus and its connection with the four winged figure in the following way:<sup id="cite_ref-ilya_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilya-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Herodotus, therefore as I surmise, may have known of the close connection, between this type of winged figure, and the image of the Iranian majesty, which he associated with a dream prognosticating, the king's death, before his last, fatal campaign across the Oxus.</p></blockquote> <p>This relief sculpture, in a sense depicts the eclectic inclusion of various art forms by the Achaemenids, yet their ability to create a new synthetic form that is uniquely Persian in style, and heavily dependent on the contributions of their subject states. After all, that is what distinguishes Achaemenid architecture from those of other kingdoms. It is its originality in context of fusion and inclusion of existing styles, in such a way as to create awe-inspiring structures. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A recreation of the details of the four winged figure in Olympic Park, Sydney. Note the details of the two-horned crown"><img alt="A recreation of the details of the four winged figure in Olympic Park, Sydney. Note the details of the two-horned crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png/96px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png/144px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png/192px-Olympic_Park_Cyrus-2.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A recreation of the details of the four winged figure in Olympic Park, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. Note the details of the two-horned crown</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae,_Iran,_05-31-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the private palace of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae where this winged figure could have served as decoration"><img alt="Ruins of the private palace of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae where this winged figure could have served as decoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae%2C_Iran%2C_05-31-2008.jpg/120px-Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae%2C_Iran%2C_05-31-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae%2C_Iran%2C_05-31-2008.jpg/180px-Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae%2C_Iran%2C_05-31-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae%2C_Iran%2C_05-31-2008.jpg/240px-Cyrus_the_Great%27s_private_palace_at_Pasargadae%2C_Iran%2C_05-31-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the private palace of Cyrus the Great in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> where this winged figure could have served as decoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_made_me,_I_stand_to_testify!.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An erect column found in the ruin complex of Cyrus's private palace. Unlike Apadana columns no fluting is used"><img alt="An erect column found in the ruin complex of Cyrus's private palace. Unlike Apadana columns no fluting is used" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrus_made_me%2C_I_stand_to_testify%21.jpg/90px-Cyrus_made_me%2C_I_stand_to_testify%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrus_made_me%2C_I_stand_to_testify%21.jpg/135px-Cyrus_made_me%2C_I_stand_to_testify%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Cyrus_made_me%2C_I_stand_to_testify%21.jpg/180px-Cyrus_made_me%2C_I_stand_to_testify%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An erect column found in the ruin complex of Cyrus's private palace. Unlike Apadana columns no <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluting</a> is used</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A so-called "swallow-tail" (or "dovetail") staple. This is an early, huge example of staple used in architecture in order to fasten stones together."><img alt="A so-called "swallow-tail" (or "dovetail") staple. This is an early, huge example of staple used in architecture in order to fasten stones together." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg/120px-Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg/180px-Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg/240px-Pasargadae_Swallow-Tail_Staples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A so-called "swallow-tail" (or "dovetail") <a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">staple</a>. This is an early, huge example of staple used in architecture in order to fasten stones together.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persepolis">Persepolis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Persepolis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg/800px-2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg/1200px-2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg/1600px-2009-11-24_Persepolis_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5256" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panorama of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Persepolis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Plan_of_Persepolis.png/220px-Plan_of_Persepolis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Plan_of_Persepolis.png/330px-Plan_of_Persepolis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Plan_of_Persepolis.png/440px-Plan_of_Persepolis.png 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>An incomplete schematic blueprint of Persepolis; note – <b>C</b>: Apadana Hall, <b>G</b>: "Talar-i-Takht" or hall of 100 column, <b>N</b>: "Tachar" or palace of Darius, <b>H</b>: "Hadish" or Palace of Xerxes the Great, <b>B</b>:"Darvazeh-i-Mellal" or gate of all nations, <b>F</b>: Trypilon;<sup id="cite_ref-book_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not shown (behind the reference text): "khazaneh" (treasury)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/220px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/330px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/440px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>A well-preserved <a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a> showing the details of the capital of the columns in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> is the Latinized version of the Old Persian name, "Parsa" literally meaning the "city of Persians." Another spectacular achievement of the Achaemenids, Persepolis became one of the four capitals of the empire. Initiated by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> around 518 B.C., it would grow to become a center for ceremonial and cultural festivities, a center for dignitaries and visitors to pay homage to the king, a private residence for the Persian kings, a place for <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> to bring gifts for the king in the Spring during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, as well as a place of governance and ordinance.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persepolis's prestige and grand riches were well known in the ancient world, and it was best described by the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> as "the richest city under the sun".<sup id="cite_ref-ronald_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_details_2">Structural details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structural details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today the archaeological remnants of this once opulent city are about 70 kilometers northeast of the modern Iranian city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/F%C4%81rs_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fārs Province">Pars</a> province, in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Persepolis is a wide, elevated complex 40 feet high, 100 feet wide, and a third of a mile long,<sup id="cite_ref-book_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of multiple halls, corridors, a wide terrace, and a special, double, symmetrical stairway that would provide access to the top of the terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stairway would delineate <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> scenes of various motifs of daily life or nature, including some that were literal as well as metaphorical; Some scenes would show natural acts such as a lion attacking its prey but bear symbolism of spring and the <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> festival. Other scenes would depict, subjects from all states of the empire presenting gifts to the king, as well as scenes depicting royal guards, or scenes of social interactions between the guards or the dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stairway is sometimes referred to as "All countries."<sup id="cite_ref-gov_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure was constructed from various halls and complexes that included, hall of <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> (the largest hall with 36 columns), "Tachar" (the private chamber of Darius the Great), "Hadish" (added later on as a private chamber for king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes the Great">Xerxes the Great</a>), the "Talar-i-Takht" also known as the 100-columned hall serving as the throne hall for general meeting with the king, "Darvazeh-i-Mellal" (the gate of all nations), the "khazaneh" (the royal treasury), a hall/palace complex later on developed by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a>, Tripylon (council hall), and the "rock cut tombs of the kings" or <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most impressive hall in the complex is the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> hall, occupying an area of about 109 square meters with 36 <a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian columns</a>, each more than 19 m tall. Each column is <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a>, with a square base (except a few in the <a href="/wiki/Porticos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porticos">porticos</a>), and an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Capital_(column)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (column)">capital</a> with two animals supporting the roof. The structure was originally closed off from the elements by mud-brick walls over 5 meters thick and over 20 meters tall.<sup id="cite_ref-stronach_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stronach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The columns have a composite capital depicting addorsed bulls or creatures. The columns in the porticoes have circular bases and are capped by ornate capitals after the end of the fluting, themselves topped by detailed addorsed bulls, supporting the roof.<sup id="cite_ref-stronach_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stronach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apadana's relief is also unique in that it delineates the presence and power of the king. Known as "Treasure reliefs" the depicted scenes on Apadana stress the continuity of the kingdom through Darius the Great, and stress his presence throughout the empire, as well as depict his army of Persian <a href="/wiki/Immortals_(Persian_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortals (Persian Empire)">immortals</a>. Perhaps this was Darius's attempt to create a symbol of the assured continuity of his line. Apadana hall and the adjacent structures in the complex are believed to have been designed to host large number of people. In fact, the halls of Persepolis could at any one time host some ten thousand visitors easily, with the king and the royal staff seated appropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-stronach_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stronach-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grandeur of Persepolis is in its architectural details, its impressive, tall, and upright columns, in its skilfully crafted reliefs depicting people from all walks of life, and from all corners of the empire, and most importantly in its historical importance as both a political and a social center of Achaemenid royal life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering">Engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Fortifications</a> (PF) Tablets, dating to between 509 and 494, are ancient Persian documents that describe many aspects of construction and maintenance of the Persepolis.<sup id="cite_ref-george_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tablets are important because they highlight two important aspects of the Achaemenid life and the construction of Persepolis: Firstly, that the structure was created by workers, who were paid rations or wages, and secondly the structure had an intricate system of engineering involving weight bearing and architectural elements, and most notably an irrigation system composed of a system of closed pipes and open aqueducts. The following text from <i>PF 1224</i>, delineates both points: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>32 BAN (9.7 litres) of grain...the high priest at Persepolis... received and gave (it as) bonus to post-partum Greek women at Persepolis, irrigation (workers), whose apportionment are set....<sup id="cite_ref-george_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_technologies">Water technologies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The runoff and sewer network of Persepolis are among the most complex in the ancient world. Persepolis is constructed on the foot of a mountain (Rahmat Mountain), with an elevated terrace that is partially man made and partially part of the mountain complex. As Persepolis was in essence an important cultural center often used by the beginning of the spring during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> it enjoyed great precipitation and water runoffs from the molten ice and snow. The sewer network assumed great importance at this critical time as it was meant to both handle the water flow downward from higher areas as well as manage the inhabitant's sewage runoffs, and their water needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to prevent flooding, the Achaemenids used two engineering techniques to divert snowmelt and mountain runoff. The first strategy was to collect the runoff in a well with a square opening 4.2 m wide and a depth of 60 m, allowing a volume of 554 cubic meters, or 554,000 liters, (60 x 4.2 x 4.2) of runoff to be collected. The water would be diverted toward the reservoir via multiple masonry gutters strategically located around the structure. The second strategy was to divert water away from the structure should the reservoirs be filled to capacity; this system used a 180-meter-long conduit 7 m wide and 2.6 m deep located just west of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The water system was far more complex than just the reservoirs and the water conduits, and involved a very sophisticated system of closed pipes and irrigation. The irrigation system was divided into five zones, two serving the north part of the structure and three the southern part. The irrigation system was designed to be harmonious with the structure. Drainage canals were built in the center of the columns, and small draining holes and conduits were included on each floor which would carry water off of the floors, the roof, and the sewage portals into an underground sewage network and away from the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five zones (I–V) all possessed a runoff capacity of 260 L/s (liters/second)--more than sufficient for handling mountain runoff, indicating that the system was also used for water supply to the inhabitants, sewage management, and even irrigation of the gardens around the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Reservoir.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A schematic diagram of the reservoir"><img alt="A schematic diagram of the reservoir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Persepolis_Reservoir.png/54px-Persepolis_Reservoir.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Persepolis_Reservoir.png/81px-Persepolis_Reservoir.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Persepolis_Reservoir.png/108px-Persepolis_Reservoir.png 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A schematic diagram of the reservoir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photo of the reservoir as it exists today"><img alt="A photo of the reservoir as it exists today" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg/120px-Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg/180px-Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg/240px-Takhtejamshid_1189.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A photo of the reservoir as it exists today</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Irrigation zones (I, II) in north and (III, IV, V) in south[22]"><img alt="Irrigation zones (I, II) in north and (III, IV, V) in south[22]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png/120px-Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png/180px-Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png/240px-Irrigation_zones_of_Persepolis.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Irrigation zones (I, II) in north and (III, IV, V) in south<sup id="cite_ref-Mays_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structural_technologies">Structural technologies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structural technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order for such a massive structure to have functioned properly it meant that the weight of the roof, columns and indeed the terrace had to be distributed evenly. Construction at the base of the mountain offered some structural support. The ceiling material was a composite application of wood and stone decreasing its overall weight. Extensive use of stone in Persepolis, not only guaranteed its structural integrity for the duration of its use but also meant that its remains lasted longer than the mud-bricks of <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Susa palaces</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parse7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The remaining structural columns & doorways"><img alt="The remaining structural columns & doorways" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parse7.jpg/120px-Parse7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parse7.jpg/180px-Parse7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parse7.jpg/240px-Parse7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The remaining structural columns & doorways</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Another view of the columns"><img alt="Another view of the columns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Tachar-Persepolis-Iran.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another view of the columns</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="The columns and the door frames"><img alt="The columns and the door frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Apadana_palace_in_persepolis_in_Iran.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The columns and the door frames</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars agree that it was Darius the Great who initiated the construction and expansion of the Persepolis project, however German archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Herzfeld" title="Ernst Herzfeld">Ernst E. Herzfeld</a>, believed that it was Cyrus the Great who chose the site for the construction, although it ultimately came down to Darius the Great to finish the construction and create its impressive buildings. Excavations on behalf of the Oriental Institute of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago University">Chicago University</a>, headed by Herzfeld in 1931 and later cooperation by Eric F. Schmidt in 1933 led to some of the most impressive uncovering of Achaemenid artifacts, palaces, and structures. Herzfeld felt that the site of Persepolis was made for special ceremonies and was meant to convey the power of the Achaemenid empire to its subject nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On some accounts, Persepolis was never officially finished as its existence was cut short by Alexander the Great, who in a fit of anger, ordered the burning of the city in 330 B.C. Started originally by Darius the Great a century earlier, the structure was constantly changing, receiving upgrades from subsequent Persian monarchs, and undergoing renovation to maintain its impressive façade. After the burning of the city, Persepolis was deserted and it was relatively lost to history until the excavations of Herzfeld, Schmidt, and the Chicago team uncovered it in the 1930s. This great historical artifact is unfortunately at serious risk of "irreparable damage"<sup id="cite_ref-book_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from neglect, the elements, and vandalism. </p><p>Persepolis was by no means the only large scale Achaemenid project, as <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> also hosted a similar structure initiated by Darius for similar ceremonial purposes. However, that history is able to enjoy the remains of Persepolis as opposed to meager remnants of Susa, owes partly to selection of stone in construction of Persepolis over mud-brick in Susa, and the fact that it had been relatively uninhabited, protecting it from wear and tear of inhabitants. Politically, Persepolis also was a significant find because nearby discovery of <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>, the Persian necropolis home to Darius the Great shed light on the significance it has had as one of the major capitals of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ronald_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naqsh-e Rustam would not only house Darius the Great, but also his son <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes the Great">Xerxes the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> as well. The necropolis complex was looted following invasion of Alexander, and possibly in the Sassanid period and during the Arab invasion. </p><p>During the time of <a href="/wiki/Shah_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah of Iran">Shah of Iran</a>, the structure enjoyed protection and coverage as Mohammad Reza Shah appeased to its royal and national symbolism. During this time period many western politicians, poets, artists, and writers were gravitated to Iran, and Persepolis, either as a function of the political relations with the Iranian monarchy or to report on, or visit the ruins. Such figures include the procession of international dignitaries attending the <a href="/wiki/2,500_year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire</a> held by Shah, as well as individual visits by such figures as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a> of Germany, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Graves_(writer)" title="Ralph Graves (writer)">Ralph Graves</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i> magazine. In an article in ``Life`` in 1971, Graves describes his experience at Persepolis in the following way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When you see Persepolis for the first time as I did, facing Marvdasht, you are likely to be disappointed but once inside the ruins themselves you are overwhelmed by the still-proud soaring columns, and by the quality and the fresh state of the bas-relief carvings which are certainly among the finest in the history of the world’s art. But mostly you are transfixed by the sudden realization that all this happened 24 centuries ago, and that people from every nation in the known world of the time had stood in the same place and felt the same.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010,_Iran,_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubke in his visit to Persepolis"><img alt="Lubke in his visit to Persepolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/116px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/174px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/232px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0010%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lubke in his visit to Persepolis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008,_Iran,_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubke and the bas-relief"><img alt="Lubke and the bas-relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0008%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lubke and the bas-relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004,_Iran,_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubke and the wall relief"><img alt="Lubke and the wall relief" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/120px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/180px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg/240px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F017011-0004%2C_Iran%2C_Staatsbesuch_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_L%C3%BCbke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lubke and the wall relief</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theatrical performance by western artists in Shiraz Arts Festival"><img alt="Theatrical performance by western artists in Shiraz Arts Festival" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg/120px-CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg/180px-CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg/240px-CunninghamDunnBrownShiraz1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="2089" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Theatrical performance by western artists in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_Arts_Festival" title="Shiraz Arts Festival">Shiraz Arts Festival</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vandalism">Vandalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vandalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history there have been instances of neglect or vandalism in Persepolis. The most notable historical figure to vandalize this structure was <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, who after entering Persepolis in 330 B.C. called it the "most hateful city in Asia" and allowed his Macedonian troops to pillage it.<sup id="cite_ref-Laura_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laura-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this stern hatred, Alexander also admired the Persians as is obvious through his respect for <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, and his act of giving a dignified burial to <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a>. Years later upon revisiting the city he had burnt, Alexander would regret his action. <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> depicts the paradoxical nature of Alexander when he recounts an anecdote in which Alexander pauses and talks to a fallen statue of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes the Great">Xerxes the Great</a> as if it were a live person: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Shall I pass by and leave you lying there because of the expeditions you led against Greece, or shall I set you up again because of your magnanimity and your virtues in other respects?<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In retrospect, it must be understood that despite his momentary lapse of judgment and his role as having been the single most significant figure to bring an end to Persepolis, Alexander is not by any means the only. Many individuals in the following centuries would damage Persepolis including thieves and vandals during the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid era</a>. When the Arab armies invaded in the seventh century, they took to causing civil disturbances, religious persecution of Persians, and burning of the books. That no clear record of their vandalism remains to date, is most likely due to their destruction of books and historical records.<opinionated><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the colonial era, and in WWII, the structure would also suffer vandalism at the hands of the Allies. Natural causes such as earthquakes and winds have also contributed to the overall demise of the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first French excavation in Susa carried out by the Dieulafoys and the looting and the destruction of Persian antiquities by the so-called archeologists had a deep impact on the site. Jane Dieulafoy writes in her diary: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Yesterday I was gazing at the huge stone cow found recently; it weighs around 12,000 kilos! It is impossible to move such an enormous mass. I couldn't control my anger. I took a hammer and started striking the stone beast. I gave it some ferocious blows. The head of the pillar burst open like ripe fruit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Even to date the structure is not safe from destruction and vandalism. After the Iranian revolution, a group of fundamentalists serving <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a>, including his right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Khalkhali" title="Sadegh Khalkhali">Sadegh Khalkhali</a>, tried to bulldoze both the renowned Persian poet, <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi's tomb</a>, and Persepolis, but they were stopped by the provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gallery below highlights only some of these unfortunate acts of vandalism mostly by foreign visitors from the late 1800s to mid-1900s. Currently the structure is at high risk of "irreparable damage."<sup id="cite_ref-book_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A graffito left during the Sassanid era by a horseman"><img alt="A graffito left during the Sassanid era by a horseman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg/90px-Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg/135px-Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg/180px-Persepolis_sassanian_horseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A graffito left during the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> era by a horseman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A graffito left by explorer Henry Morton Stanley of New York Herald"><img alt="A graffito left by explorer Henry Morton Stanley of New York Herald" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG/120px-Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG/180px-Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG/240px-Stanley_Persepolis_graffiti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A graffito left by explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="English graffiti left by foreign visitors"><img alt="English graffiti left by foreign visitors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Persepolis_graffiti.jpg/120px-Persepolis_graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Persepolis_graffiti.jpg/180px-Persepolis_graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Persepolis_graffiti.jpg/240px-Persepolis_graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">English graffiti left by foreign visitors</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtual_reconstruction">Virtual reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Virtual reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>French archaeologist, Egyptologist, and historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chipiez" title="Charles Chipiez">Charles Chipiez</a> (1835–1901) has created some of the most advanced virtual drawings of what <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> would have looked like as a metropolis of the Persian Empire. The following mini-gallery depicts his virtual recreations.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first image on the left is a view of the "Talar-i-Takht" or the 100 columns hall of Persepolis. Note on the far left portion of the image, the famous "<a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a>" (or chimeric man, lion, eagle beast) greeting the visitors (look below for a picture of a lamassu). Chipiez's drawings delineate his technical prowess and attention to details. </p><p>The second picture from the left, is Chipiez's drawing of the columns, their <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> ornation, and roof structure of the palace of Darius in Persepolis, also known as "Tachar." It has bull details, as well as the use of wood in construction of the roof. This explains why the palace caught fire when Alexander the Great, set it aflame. </p><p>The third picture from the left, is a more detailed, technical drawing of the "Talar-i-Takht" or the 100 column hall. Note the layering of the roof, the detailing on the edges of the roof, the window structures, and the technical detailing of the construction poles. </p><p>The last picture, on the right, is a panoramic view of the outside of the palace of Darius the Great in Persepolis. Details of the Persepolis reliefs are depicted as one can note the symbolic scenes of lions attacking bulls, accompanied by two groups of Persian soldiers protecting (symbolically in this case) the infrastructure above. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of 100 columns (Hall of the throne, or "Talar-i-Takht")"><img alt="Hall of 100 columns (Hall of the throne, or "Talar-i-Takht")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg/120px-Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg/180px-Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg/240px-Chipiez_100_colonnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall of 100 columns (Hall of the throne, or "Talar-i-Takht")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Analysis of the roof, and column's capital of the "Tachar" or palace of Darius"><img alt="Analysis of the roof, and column's capital of the "Tachar" or palace of Darius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg/120px-Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg/180px-Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg/240px-Persepolis_Rec_Iso_Toit_Tach_Chipiez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Analysis of the roof, and column's capital of the "Tachar" or palace of Darius</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An aerial reconstruction of the structure in "Talar-i-Takht" or 100 columns hall"><img alt="An aerial reconstruction of the structure in "Talar-i-Takht" or 100 columns hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg/120px-Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg/180px-Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg/240px-Persepolis_Rec_iso_Toit_P100C_Chipiez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An aerial reconstruction of the structure in "Talar-i-Takht" or 100 columns hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virtual construction of the entrance to palace of Darius the Great, Persepolis"><img alt="Virtual construction of the entrance to palace of Darius the Great, Persepolis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg/120px-Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg/180px-Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg/240px-Persepolis_T_Chipiez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Virtual construction of the entrance to palace of Darius the Great, Persepolis</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Susa">Susa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Susa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14584070300).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/220px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/330px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/440px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction drawing of the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_at_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Darius at Susa">Palace of Darius at Susa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg/220px-Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg/330px-Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg/440px-Decorative_motives_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Glazed siliceous bricks depicting palms disposed as flowers, (ca. 510 B.C.) from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, Susa. Note the lively coloration preserved thanks to the structure, being protected from the elements by being buried. Item is currently on display in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg/220px-Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg/330px-Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg/440px-Decorative_motives2_griffins_frieze_Louvre_Sb3323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Another decorative terra-cotta frieze from palace of Darius the Great at Susa, depicting what seems to be spirals. Note the blue color and the resemblance to the ocean</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> was an ancient city (5500 B.C.) even by the time of the Achaemenids. Susa became a part of the Achaemenid Empire in 539 B.C., and was expanded upon by Darius the Great with construction of Palace of Darius, and later development of palace of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>. The palace had a unique Apadana, resembling the one in Persepolis, except this hall was much larger than its Persepolis counterpart covering some 9,200 square meters.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrus the Great chose Susa as a site for one of his fortifications creating a wall there that was significantly taller than older walls made by the Elamites. This choice might have been to facilitate the trade from <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> northward.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What remains in way of structure from this once active capital, are five archaeological mounds, today located in modern Shush, in southwestern Iran, scattered over 250 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-man_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_details_3">Structural details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Structural details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Darius's design of his palace in Susa would resemble Persepolis structurally and aesthetically but would incorporate more of a local flair. The structure hosted a large hall of throne or <i>Apadana</i> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> of the Persepolis. This Susa version of Apadana would be composed of three <a href="/wiki/Porticoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Porticoes">porticoes</a> at right angles to each other, one of which was closed in all three sides by the walls, and only open in its southward direction. The palace was decorated with reliefs in enameled terra-cotta of lions walking.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intricate scenes depicting archers of king Darius would decorate the walls, as well as motifs of nature such as double-bulls, unicorns, <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(architecture)" title="Fascia (architecture)">fasciae</a> curling into volutes, and palms disposed as a flower or a bell. The archers in particular depict a unique symbiosis of Persian, Ionian and Greek artistry of the time probably reflecting the origin of the artists who were originally hired by Darius the Great, and their personal reflections on the finished work.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most striking terra-cotta relief is that of the <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a>, depicting a winged creature resembling a lion with wings of an eagle (picture not shown here). The terra-cotta brick reliefs were decorated with lively dye colorations often giving them a lifelike quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_3">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Architecturally, the palace of Darius in Susa, was the epitome of the Persian architecture at the height of the empire's growth. Originally erected by Darius, and extensively renovated and modified by <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>, it was meant to reflect the same opulence and prestige as Persepolis. This was Darius the Great's attempt to decorate his summer capital of Susa and to show case its glory. </p><p>For its construction, Darius brought <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> architects and workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kent_1953_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kent_1953-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Darius’ palace, Egyptianizing cavetto cornices were introduced as a decoration over the lintels of niches, windows and doorways.<sup id="cite_ref-Porada_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porada-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, all buildings at Persepolis were to have such cornices.<sup id="cite_ref-Porada_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porada-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Marcel-Auguste_Dieulafoy" title="Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy">Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy</a> discovered the remnants of the palace of Darius, among the ruins of Susa producing the artifacts of this once magnificent structure now at display in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum, France. He also wrote a series of architectural observations known as "<i>L'Art antique de la Perse</i>" which made a significant impression on the art community as to the intricacy of the Achaemenid architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-history_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Dieulafoy and his wife Jane, made significant contributions in way of excavation, Susa remains were noted by many observers years before and were in fact officially noted by <a href="/wiki/William_Loftus_(archaeologist)" title="William Loftus (archaeologist)">William K. Loftus</a> in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-man_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susa was a wealthy city by the time Alexander the Great invaded it, and it is said that he required 10,000 camels and 20,000 donkeys to carry away the treasures.<sup id="cite_ref-Aedeen_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part the architectural wealth of Susa lies in its palaces, and ceremonial structures most of which have been eroded away by time or wear and tear. Today the most important remnants of the Achaemenid contribution to the architecture of ancient Susa are found in remnants of the Palace of Darius the Great in the original excavation site, or hosted in foreign nations' museums as Persian artifacts. Today the archaeological remains of the structure remain exposed to the elements, wear and tear, and human activity, and it seems that remains of Susa would be forever lost, except perhaps for few selected pieces on display at the Louvre or foreign nations' museums. </p><p>Below are a few selected photos from the palace of Darius. The photo on the far left depicts the famous Archers' relief from the palace of Darius, from Susa. The second picture from the right, is a two-dimensional "<a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a>" a mythical creature with wings of an eagle, head of a man, and body of a lion. The picture in the middle, is of the base of a column from the palace of Darius in Susa, inscribing in its rim, in three languages (Babylonian, Elamite, and Old Persian), that Darius, is the "great king of kings." </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terra-cotta frieze of the Apadana of Susa, depicting an Achaemenid soldier. Note the intricate clothing details, and lively coloration of the piece"><img alt="Terra-cotta frieze of the Apadana of Susa, depicting an Achaemenid soldier. Note the intricate clothing details, and lively coloration of the piece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg/72px-Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg/108px-Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg/143px-Lancer_Darius_palace_Louvre_Sb3320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terra-cotta frieze of the Apadana of Susa, depicting an Achaemenid soldier. Note the intricate clothing details, and lively coloration of the piece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell shaped base of a column from the palace of Darius in Susa bearing a trilingual inscription: "I, Darius, the great king of the kings""><img alt="Bell shaped base of a column from the palace of Darius in Susa bearing a trilingual inscription: "I, Darius, the great king of the kings"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg/112px-Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg/167px-Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg/223px-Campaniforma_column_base_Apadana_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell shaped base of a column from the palace of Darius in Susa bearing a trilingual inscription: "<i>I, Darius, the great king of the kings</i>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A creature with a head of a man, body of a lion, and wings of an eagle, resembling a "lamassu," from the palace of Darius, Susa, Shush"><img alt="A creature with a head of a man, body of a lion, and wings of an eagle, resembling a "lamassu," from the palace of Darius, Susa, Shush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/82px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/123px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/164px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A creature with a head of a man, body of a lion, and wings of an eagle, resembling a "lamassu," from the palace of Darius, Susa, <a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Remnant of the Apadana at Susa built by Darius I. Only the foundations remain, but there was once a large hall of columns located on this structure."><img alt="Remnant of the Apadana at Susa built by Darius I. Only the foundations remain, but there was once a large hall of columns located on this structure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg/120px-King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg/180px-King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg/240px-King%27s_apartments_Apadana_Susa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Remnant of the Apadana at Susa built by Darius I. Only the foundations remain, but there was once a large hall of columns located on this structure.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naqsh-e_Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Naqsh-e Rustam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghsh-e_rostam,_Ir%C3%A1n,_2016-09-24,_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg/900px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="900" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg/1350px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg/1800px-Naghsh-e_rostam%2C_Ir%C3%A1n%2C_2016-09-24%2C_DD_20-24_PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="18256" data-file-height="4844" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A panorama of the <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> mountain complex</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> is an archaeological site located about 6 kilometers to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> in Marvdasht region in the Fars province of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-garthwaite_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garthwaite-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nash-e Rustam acts as a <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> for the Achaemenid kings, but is a significant historical entity in that it also housed ancient <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> relief, as well as later relief by the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid</a> kings. Naqsh-e Rustam is not the actual name of this massive structure, but is the <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> compound word composed of "Naqsh" meaning "face", or "facade", and "<a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rustam</a>" referring to the hero of the Persian epic <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanids</a> lived centuries before the drafting of the Shahnameh by the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, and therefore the name is a misnomer, the result of the great amnesia of Persians about their ancient past, that settled over them after being conquered by the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg/220px-Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg/330px-Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg/440px-Map_of_Naqsh-e_Rostam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the site. "K" denotes the "Cube of Zoroaster." Letters (A, B, C, D) denote tombs of <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> respectively. Numbers are Sassanid reliefs</figcaption></figure> <p>The name therefore is a retrospective creation, due to lack of historical documents and lack of any inclusive knowledge of its origin. In ancient Persia, this structure would overlook the now long gone city of <a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Istakhr</a> easily accessible from Persepolis. Istakhr had a religious role as it was the place where Achaemenids held their reverence of the water goddess <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a>. The structure is carved into a native limestone rock mountain, and houses the burial chambers of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>, all Achaemenid monarchs of Persia. There is also an incomplete tomb, as only its lower cruciform arm is carved out of the rock, while the rest is unfinished. It is speculated to belong to king <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-garthwaite_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garthwaite-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kings were interred behind a facade and <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock relief</a>, that would resemble an accurate depiction of the king's own palace and its structural details. The accuracy of the facade and its association with the actual structure of the kings' palaces is so close that they almost produce a view of how the structures would have looked before time reduced them to remains; Tomb of Darius the Great, for instance mirrors his palace in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, the "Tachar" even in scale and dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tombs are carved into the mountain's side, in form of a cross (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: <i>chalipa</i>), depressed into the mountain's <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> background, and elevated from the ground. The relief which is found in the depressed cruciform is that which depicts the respective king's palace, and also depicts on its roof, the relief figure of the king praying, to <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a> or what most believe is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> icon, <a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the enigmatic features of the complex is a cubical, stone structure standing 12.5 meters tall, and around 7 meters wide, called the "<a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a>" translating to the "Cube of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>" believed to have been constructed during the Acahemenid era and modified and changed during the Sassanid era. The structure is cubical in base, with blind impressions on the side resembling windows, and a ruined staircase leading to a small door in the front leading to a completely empty interior.<sup id="cite_ref-garthwaite_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garthwaite-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are varied speculations as to its function discussed below. </p><p>The structure also once housed an ancient Elamite relief which has been almost entirely replaced by the Sassanid reliefs. Today but a figure of a man remains of the Elamite contribution to this mountain. The later Sassanids, also created their own historical signature on the structure, called the <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rajab" title="Naqsh-e Rajab">Naqsh-e Rajab</a>. Though numerous and very detailed, the study of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid architecture">Sassanid architectural</a> achievements sheds light on some of the architectural achievements during the second Persian empire's reign. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archer_King,_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Achaemenid Archer King, Fire and Foroohar. Top of the Achaemenid tombs."><img alt="Achaemenid Archer King, Fire and Foroohar. Top of the Achaemenid tombs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Archer_King%2C_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg/120px-Archer_King%2C_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Archer_King%2C_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg/180px-Archer_King%2C_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Archer_King%2C_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg/240px-Archer_King%2C_Fire_and_Foroohar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Achaemenid Archer King, Fire and <a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Foroohar</a>. Top of the Achaemenid tombs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Personecropol_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="closeup of top of the Achaemenid tombs"><img alt="closeup of top of the Achaemenid tombs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Personecropol_%282%29.jpg/115px-Personecropol_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Personecropol_%282%29.jpg/173px-Personecropol_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Personecropol_%282%29.jpg/230px-Personecropol_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">closeup of top of the Achaemenid tombs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Necropol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zoom view"><img alt="Zoom view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Necropol.jpg/103px-Necropol.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Necropol.jpg/155px-Necropol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Necropol.jpg/207px-Necropol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zoom view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modeling of Achaemenid tombs on tomb of Ferdowsi."><img alt="Modeling of Achaemenid tombs on tomb of Ferdowsi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg/91px-Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg/137px-Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg/182px-Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="3197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modeling of Achaemenid tombs on tomb of Ferdowsi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Personecropol_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="closeup of the roof of the Achaemenid tombs"><img alt="closeup of the roof of the Achaemenid tombs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Personecropol_%283%29.jpg/120px-Personecropol_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Personecropol_%283%29.jpg/180px-Personecropol_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Personecropol_%283%29.jpg/240px-Personecropol_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">closeup of the roof of the Achaemenid tombs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial tomb of Darius the Great. Note the relief of Bahram II of the Sassanids at the base"><img alt="Burial tomb of Darius the Great. Note the relief of Bahram II of the Sassanids at the base" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg/90px-Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg/135px-Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Darius_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial tomb of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>. Note the relief of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanids</a> at the base</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Burial tomb of Artaxerxes I. Note the relief of Hormizd II of the Sassanids at the base"><img alt="Burial tomb of Artaxerxes I. Note the relief of Hormizd II of the Sassanids at the base" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg/86px-Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg/129px-Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg/172px-Tomb_ascribed_to_Artaxerxes_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2208" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Burial tomb of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>. Note the relief of <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanids</a> at the base</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Personecropol_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="closeup of top of the Achaemenid tombs"><img alt="closeup of top of the Achaemenid tombs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Personecropol_%281%29.jpg/113px-Personecropol_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Personecropol_%281%29.jpg/169px-Personecropol_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Personecropol_%281%29.jpg/225px-Personecropol_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">closeup of top of the Achaemenid tombs</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ka'ba-ye_Zartosht"><span id="Ka.27ba-ye_Zartosht"></span>Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ka'ba-ye Zartosht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg/170px-Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg/255px-Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg/340px-Tour_nagsh-e-rostam_iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A close up view of the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a> ("Cube of Zoroaster") showing the stairs, the narrow opening, and the blind windows. Note its placement in a depression, as well as the unique rectangular markings on the façade</figcaption></figure> <p>This enigmatic structure stands erect around 12.5 meters tall (~ 35 feet), with a linear, cubical shape and a square base (~ 22 feet in sides),<sup id="cite_ref-james_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> constructed in what is essentially a dug out rectangular depression, having on all but one of its sides, four rectangular depressions resembling blind windows, and multiple minute rectangular depressions in the façade interdispersed among the blind windows as well as the side housing the staircase. The staircase leads to a small door (5 feet by 6 feet in dimensions) opening to an interior apartment of about 12 feet square.<sup id="cite_ref-james_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure's roof houses a minimal <a href="/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature">entablature</a> of a repeating square pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-james_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire structure is posited on a raised stone platform that is composed of a few stone slabs, in a sequentially smaller yet in a concentric, pyramidally shaped succession. This structure is enigmatic, both in its aesthetic choice seen in its rather odd design, and façade, as well as its location, and supposed function. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg/220px-Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg/330px-Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg/440px-Old_Achaemenian_temple_at_Pasargades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>"Zendan-i-Soleiman" or <i>Jail of Solomon</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>. Note the incredible resemblance between this structure and the "Cube of Zoroaster" (shown left) down to the details of the façade</figcaption></figure> <p>From one perspective, its proximity to the kings' tombs, and its simple design, is by some scholars thought to indicate that the cube was a Zoroastrian temple, and the Naqsh-e Rustam was more than a mere place for grieving of the deceased kings, but a grand festive center where crowds would gather on festive days to observe the king pray to <a href="/wiki/Ahuramazda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahuramazda">Ahuramazda</a>, and bask in the structure's magnitude while praying to Ahuramazda.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would certainly be logical as the city was also adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Istakhr</a>, a major religious and cultural center. The concept of the temple being used as a fire sanctuary, is however not likely because there is no general ventilation for smoke and gasses, and also that it differs so drastically, architecturally and aesthetically from other well known contemporary temple sites in <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Pars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curiously the design although unique, is not the only one of its kind. Located not far away from the Cube of Zoroaster, there exists in <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, even to date, remnants of a structure that is very similar in its square shape and design to the "<i>Cube of Zoroaster</i>", called "<i>Zendan-i-Suleiman</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-james_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Zendan-i-Suleiman," is a compound word composed of the words, "Zendan" which is Persian for "jail", and "Suleiman" which is a local Persian dialect name of the King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, translating to <i>"Jail of Solomon."</i> Structurally both "Jail of Solomon" and "Cube of Zoroaster" have the same cubic shape, and even resemble each other in the most minute of details, including facade, and dimensions. The name "Jail of Solomon" is of course a misnomer since Solomon never did erect this structure. The term must have come as a result of a Persian tactic advised by local Persians, to protect both <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">tomb</a>, and the surrounding structures including this temple, from invading Arabs' destruction, by calling the mausoleum, the "tomb of Solomon's mother" and the temple in Pasargadae, the "Jail of Solomon."<sup id="cite_ref-elliot_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elliot-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just like the "Cube of Zoroaster", the function of the "Solomon's Jail" is not well understood. There are theories about the structures being used as a depository of objects of dynastic or religious importance as well as theories of it being a temple of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-james_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should also be noted, that the structures as they exist today are not simply the work of the Achaemenid architects and have been modified, and improved by the Sassanids, who also used them for their festive, and political needs. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naqsh-erostam.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the complex including "Cube of Zoroaster" in the northeastern direction. Note the depth of the cruciforms"><img alt="A view of the complex including "Cube of Zoroaster" in the northeastern direction. Note the depth of the cruciforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Naqsh-erostam.JPG/120px-Naqsh-erostam.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Naqsh-erostam.JPG/180px-Naqsh-erostam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Naqsh-erostam.JPG/240px-Naqsh-erostam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of the complex including "<a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Cube of Zoroaster</a>" in the northeastern direction. Note the depth of the cruciforms</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Faintly made out head, and crown of an Elamite figure's relief in Naqsh-e Rustam. The locals must have assumed the Elamite figures were those of the Persian epic hero Rostam"><img alt="Faintly made out head, and crown of an Elamite figure's relief in Naqsh-e Rustam. The locals must have assumed the Elamite figures were those of the Persian epic hero Rostam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG/90px-Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG/135px-Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG/180px-Remnant_of_Elamite_crowned_head.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faintly made out head, and crown of an Elamite figure's relief in <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>. The locals must have assumed the Elamite figures were those of the Persian epic hero <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Faint, if not unrecognizable remnants of what seems to be a throne of an Elamite king. Sassanid Empire reliefs eliminated the Elamite remnants"><img alt="Faint, if not unrecognizable remnants of what seems to be a throne of an Elamite king. Sassanid Empire reliefs eliminated the Elamite remnants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG/90px-Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG/135px-Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG/180px-Remnants_of_Elamite_snake_throne.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faint, if not unrecognizable remnants of what seems to be a throne of an Elamite king. <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid Empire</a> reliefs eliminated the Elamite remnants</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behistun_inscription">Behistun inscription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Behistun inscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/330px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/440px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Carved high in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Behistun" title="Mount Behistun">Mount Behistun</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, one can find the Behistun inscription, a text etched into the stone of the mountain describing the manner in which Darius became the king of Persia, after the previous ruler (<a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>), and how he overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Magus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magus">magus</a> usurper of the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this inscription Darius also details his <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> and delineates his position as the king and emperor of the Persian empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png/220px-Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png/330px-Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png/440px-Behistun_Inscription_Eger.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>A schematic representation of the Behistun inscription. Note from left to right: Two guards serving Darius the Great, the king himself stepping over the alleged usurper Gaumata, a group of Gaumata's <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> conspirators in chains before the king</figcaption></figure> <p>Architecturally speaking, the Behistun inscription is a massive project, that entailed cutting into the rough edge of the mountain in order to create <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> figures as seen in the pictures above. The Behistun mountain, rises up to some 1700 feet as part of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> mountain chains in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The mountain's location is ideal being close to both <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bas-relief itself is located some 300 feet above the base of the mountain. The figures represent two of the king's soldiers, the king himself standing over a fallen usurper and captives of several nations possibly dissidents, or co-conspirators. The inscription itself is written in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> character in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian language">Babylonian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscription is interpreted and deciphered with the help of many intellectuals and scholars, but the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson">Sir Henry Rawlinson</a> is credited as being most critical in the process of deciphering the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of why the understanding of the text is so vivid today is owed to Darius the Great himself, for he wrote the message of the inscription in three language, and so allowed the modern scholars to decipher one language and follow through the other two, since the message was essentially similar in all three forms. In this sense, the Behistun inscription is not only a significant architectural work, but also a significant linguistic tool, as important to the old world understanding of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">ancient Persia</a> and its languages, as <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> is to understanding <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and its languages.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A close up photograph of the Behistun inscription showing the figure of Darius the Great. Note the detail in the arrow, and the positioning of the king and his hand posture"><img alt="A close up photograph of the Behistun inscription showing the figure of Darius the Great. Note the detail in the arrow, and the positioning of the king and his hand posture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg/73px-Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg/110px-Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg/146px-Kermanshah-bisotoun_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="315" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A close up photograph of the Behistun inscription showing the figure of Darius the Great. Note the detail in the arrow, and the positioning of the king and his hand posture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Outline tracing of the figure of Darius on the Behistun inscription"><img alt="Outline tracing of the figure of Darius on the Behistun inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Darius.jpg/66px-Darius.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Darius.jpg/99px-Darius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Darius.jpg/131px-Darius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Outline tracing of the figure of Darius on the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Behistun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A picture of Mount Behistun. Note the size of the climbers compared to the size of the mountain"><img alt="A picture of Mount Behistun. Note the size of the climbers compared to the size of the mountain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mount_Behistun.jpg/120px-Mount_Behistun.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mount_Behistun.jpg/180px-Mount_Behistun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mount_Behistun.jpg/240px-Mount_Behistun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A picture of Mount Behistun. Note the size of the climbers compared to the size of the mountain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BehistunRoute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panorama of the Behistun inscription. Note that the relief inscription is 300 feet off the ground"><img alt="A panorama of the Behistun inscription. Note that the relief inscription is 300 feet off the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BehistunRoute.jpg/120px-BehistunRoute.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BehistunRoute.jpg/180px-BehistunRoute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BehistunRoute.jpg/240px-BehistunRoute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A panorama of the Behistun inscription. Note that the relief inscription is 300 feet off the ground</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_influences">Legacy and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elements of the Achaemenid style can be seen in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a>. Buildings built by the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>, in particular, show extensive influence of Achaemenid architecture and art. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khakh-e Shahrbani, currently a building of the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs"><img alt="Khakh-e Shahrbani, currently a building of the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg/120px-Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg/180px-Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg/240px-Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khakh-e_Shahrbani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khakh-e Shahrbani (page does not exist)">Khakh-e Shahrbani</a>, currently a building of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khakh-e Sahrbani shows combination of elements from Achaemenid and Persian Islamic styles"><img alt="Khakh-e Sahrbani shows combination of elements from Achaemenid and Persian Islamic styles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg/82px-Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg/123px-Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg/164px-Kakh_Shahrbani_Achaemenid_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3789" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khakh-e Sahrbani shows combination of elements from Achaemenid and Persian Islamic styles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferdowsi's self-narration at the end of his life."><img alt="Ferdowsi's self-narration at the end of his life." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg/91px-Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg/137px-Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg/182px-Ferdowsi%27s_self-narration_at_the_end_of_his_life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="3197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s self-narration at the end of his life.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanduq-e Pas-Andaz-e Bank Melli Iran Building, Ferdowsi Avenue"><img alt="Sanduq-e Pas-Andaz-e Bank Melli Iran Building, Ferdowsi Avenue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg/120px-Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg/180px-Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg/240px-Bank_Melli_Building_-_Ferdowsi_Ave..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sanduq-e Pas-Andaz-e <a href="/wiki/Bank_Melli_Iran" title="Bank Melli Iran">Bank Melli Iran</a> Building, Ferdowsi Avenue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anooshiravan-e Dadgar Girls' High School"><img alt="Anooshiravan-e Dadgar Girls' High School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg/120px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg/180px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg/240px-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anooshiravan-e_Dadgar_Girls%27_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anooshiravan-e Dadgar Girls' High School (page does not exist)">Anooshiravan-e Dadgar Girls' High School</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yazd Atash Behram fire temple."><img alt="The Yazd Atash Behram fire temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg/120px-Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg/180px-Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg/240px-Yazd_Atash_Kadeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Yazd_Atash_Behram" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazd Atash Behram">Yazd Atash Behram</a> <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temple</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(Shah_-_Emam)_Reza_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Shah - Emam) Reza Hospital of Mashhad."><img alt="(Shah - Emam) Reza Hospital of Mashhad." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Shah_-_Emam%29_Reza_1.jpg/120px-%28Shah_-_Emam%29_Reza_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Shah_-_Emam%29_Reza_1.jpg/180px-%28Shah_-_Emam%29_Reza_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/%28Shah_-_Emam%29_Reza_1.jpg/240px-%28Shah_-_Emam%29_Reza_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(Shah - Emam) Reza Hospital of Mashhad.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Froohar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foroohar (Farvahar) symbol, on top of the important buildings of Pahlavi (I) era."><img alt="Foroohar (Farvahar) symbol, on top of the important buildings of Pahlavi (I) era." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Froohar.jpg/120px-Froohar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Froohar.jpg/180px-Froohar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Froohar.jpg/240px-Froohar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Farvahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Farvahar">Foroohar (Farvahar)</a> symbol, on top of the important buildings of Pahlavi (I) era.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iran Carpet Co. (former firm of Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian)"><img alt="Iran Carpet Co. (former firm of Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg/120px-Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg/180px-Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg/240px-Sherkat_Farsh_Iran_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_Carpet_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran Carpet Co. (page does not exist)">Iran Carpet Co.</a> (former firm of <a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Bahman_Jamshidian" title="Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian">Jamshid Bahman Jamshidian</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue Sq. of Mashhad, before 1979 Rev., with Achaemenid columns."><img alt="Statue Sq. of Mashhad, before 1979 Rev., with Achaemenid columns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_%284%29.jpg/115px-Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_%284%29.jpg/173px-Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_%284%29.jpg/231px-Statue_Sq._of_Mashhad_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue Sq. of Mashhad, before 1979 Rev., with Achaemenid columns.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Courthouse place (Kakh e Dadgostari)"><img alt="Courthouse place (Kakh e Dadgostari)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg/120px-Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg/180px-Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg/240px-Ministerstvo_spravedlnosti_v_Teher%C3%A1nu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="2067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Courthouse_of_Tehran" title="Courthouse of Tehran">Courthouse place (Kakh e Dadgostari)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dariush(Darius)_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dariush Grand Hotel, Kish Island, Persian Gulf"><img alt="Dariush Grand Hotel, Kish Island, Persian Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dariush%28Darius%29_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-Dariush%28Darius%29_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dariush%28Darius%29_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Dariush%28Darius%29_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Dariush%28Darius%29_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-Dariush%28Darius%29_Grand_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Grand_Hotel" title="Dariush Grand Hotel">Dariush Grand Hotel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island</a>, Persian Gulf</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pond and fountains of two Persian gardens (Ferdowsi mausoleum and Toos Razavi Hospital)."><img alt="Pond and fountains of two Persian gardens (Ferdowsi mausoleum and Toos Razavi Hospital)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg/120px-Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg/180px-Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg/240px-Pond_and_fountains_of_Ferdowsi_mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi mausoleum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Toos</a> <a href="/wiki/Razavi_Hospital" title="Razavi Hospital">Razavi Hospital</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tehran University College of Social Sciences shows obvious traces of architecture from Persepolis."><img alt="Tehran University College of Social Sciences shows obvious traces of architecture from Persepolis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg/90px-UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg/135px-UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg/180px-UTehran_college_social_sciences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tehran University College of Social Sciences shows obvious traces of architecture from <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of Tomb of Ferdowsi"><img alt="Interior of Tomb of Ferdowsi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg/120px-Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg/180px-Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg/240px-Perspolisic_Abstract_Patterns_of_Ferdowsi_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ferdowsi" title="Tomb of Ferdowsi">Tomb of Ferdowsi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adorian (Adrian) Fire Temple in Tehran."><img alt="Adorian (Adrian) Fire Temple in Tehran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg/120px-Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg/180px-Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg/240px-Adrian_temple_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5328" data-file-height="2997" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adorian (Adrian) Fire Temple in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Achaemenid_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achaemenid_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boardman_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boardman_2000_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman J. <i>Persia and the West: An Archaeological Investigation of the Genesis of Achaemenid Art</i>. Thames & Hudson. 2000. p. 102-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvini_B_2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salvini_B_2005_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">André-Salvini B. <i>Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia</i>. University of California Press. 2005. p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talebian_2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talebian_2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talebian M. H. <i>Persia and Greece: The role of cultural interactions in the architecture of Persepolis-Pasargadae</i>. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Henry_Caffin1917" class="citation book cs1">Charles Henry Caffin (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HnoWAAAAYAAJ"><i>How to study architecture</i></a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HnoWAAAAYAAJ/page/n348">80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+study+architecture&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Charles+Henry+Caffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_HnoWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallah'far,_Sa'id2010" class="citation book cs1">Fallah'far, Sa'id (2010). <i>The Dictionary of Iranian Traditional Architectural Terms (Persian: فرهنگ واژه‌های معماری سنتی ایران)</i>. Kamyab Publications. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-350-316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-350-316-1"><bdi>978-964-350-316-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010342544">2010342544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Iranian+Traditional+Architectural+Terms+%28Persian%3A+%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF+%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%29&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Kamyab+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010342544&rft.isbn=978-964-350-316-1&rft.au=Fallah%27far%2C+Sa%27id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-book_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-book_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_Bussagli2005" class="citation book cs1">Marco Bussagli (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMfCkY6-9joC&pg=PA211"><i>Understanding Architecture</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845110895" title="Special:BookSources/9781845110895"><bdi>9781845110895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Architecture&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781845110895&rft.au=Marco+Bussagli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfMfCkY6-9joC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gov-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gov_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gov_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Gates2003" class="citation book cs1">Charles Gates (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aLb5pnm1j4C&pg=PA186"><i>Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415121828" title="Special:BookSources/9780415121828"><bdi>9780415121828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+cities%3A+the+archaeology+of+urban+life+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415121828&rft.au=Charles+Gates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aLb5pnm1j4C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ronald-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ronald_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_W._Ferrier1989" class="citation book cs1">Ronald W. Ferrier (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2Qkf0h2Pj4C&pg=PA27"><i>The Arts of Persia</i></a>. Yale University Press. pp. 27–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300039875" title="Special:BookSources/0300039875"><bdi>0300039875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+of+Persia&rft.pages=27-8&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0300039875&rft.au=Ronald+W.+Ferrier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2Qkf0h2Pj4C%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre2006" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1106">"Pasargadae"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Us0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215">A compendium of classical literature:comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches</a> Biddle. p. 313-314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cleveland-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cleveland_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF((Grk.)_Lucius_Flavius_Arrianus)_(En.)_Arrian_–_(trans.)_Charles_Dexter_Cleveland1861" class="citation book cs1">((Grk.) Lucius Flavius Arrianus) (En.) Arrian – (trans.) Charles Dexter Cleveland (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SaU1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA313"><i>A compendium of classical literature:comprising choice extracts translated from Greek and Roman writers, with biographical sketches</i></a>. Biddle. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+compendium+of+classical+literature%3Acomprising+choice+extracts+translated+from+Greek+and+Roman+writers%2C+with+biographical+sketches&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Biddle&rft.date=1861&rft.au=%28%28Grk.%29+Lucius+Flavius+Arrianus%29+%28En.%29+Arrian+%E2%80%93+%28trans.%29+Charles+Dexter+Cleveland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSaU1AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Valentine_Williams_Jackson1906" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Valentine Williams Jackson (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiapastandpr01jackgoog"><i>Persia past and present</i></a>. The Macmillan Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiapastandpr01jackgoog/page/n470">278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+past+and+present&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Abraham+Valentine+Williams+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersiapastandpr01jackgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-james-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-james_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Fergusson1851" class="citation book cs1">James Fergusson (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Us0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215"><i>The palaces of Nineveh and Persepolis restored: an essay on ancient Assyrian and Persian architecture, Volume 5</i></a>. J. Murray. pp. 214–216 & 206–209 (Zoroaster Cube: pp. 206).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+palaces+of+Nineveh+and+Persepolis+restored%3A+an+essay+on+ancient+Assyrian+and+Persian+architecture%2C+Volume+5&rft.pages=214-216+%26+206-209+%28Zoroaster+Cube%3A+pp.+206%29&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1851&rft.au=James+Fergusson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUs0TAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_GriffithsGeorge_Edward_Griffiths1816" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Griffiths; George Edward Griffiths (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monthlyreview70grifgoog"><i>The Monthly review</i></a>. Printers Street, London. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monthlyreview70grifgoog/page/n522">509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monthly+review&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Printers+Street%2C+London&rft.date=1816&rft.au=Ralph+Griffiths&rft.au=George+Edward+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonthlyreview70grifgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aedeen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aedeen_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAedeen_Cremin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aedeen_Cremin" title="Aedeen Cremin">Aedeen Cremin</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0llBlzF6UgC&pg=PA227"><i>Archaeologica: The World's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures</i></a>. frances lincoln Ltd. pp. 227–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711228221" title="Special:BookSources/9780711228221"><bdi>9780711228221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeologica%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Significant+Sites+and+Cultural+Treasures&rft.pages=227-29&rft.pub=frances+lincoln+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780711228221&rft.au=Aedeen+Cremin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0llBlzF6UgC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elliot-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elliot_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-elliot_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_BurkeMark_Elliot2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Burke; Mark Elliot (2008). <i>Iran</i>. 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Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555468477" title="Special:BookSources/9781555468477"><bdi>9781555468477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohammad+Reza+Pahlavi%2C+Shah+of+Iran&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781555468477&rft.au=James+D.+Cockcroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmohammedrezapahl0000cock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilya-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ilya_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlya_Gershevitch1985" class="citation book cs1">Ilya Gershevitch (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMLKgzj5afMC&pg=PA392"><i>The Cambridge history of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian periods, Volume 2</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 392–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521200912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521200912"><bdi>9780521200912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Iran%3A+The+Median+and+Achaemenian+periods%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=392-398&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521200912&rft.au=Ilya+Gershevitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMLKgzj5afMC%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stronach-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stronach_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stronach_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stronach_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._SchmittD._Stronach1986" class="citation web cs1">R. Schmitt; D. Stronach (December 15, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/apadana">"APADANA"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=APADANA&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.date=1986-12-15&rft.au=R.+Schmitt&rft.au=D.+Stronach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fapadana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-george-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-george_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-george_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Boys-StonesBarbara_GraziosiPhiroze_Vasunia2009" class="citation book cs1">George Boys-Stones; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Graziosi" title="Barbara Graziosi">Barbara Graziosi</a>; Phiroze Vasunia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIDDR1WD9iEC&pg=PA42"><i>The Oxford handbook of Hellenic studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. pp. 42–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199286140" title="Special:BookSources/9780199286140"><bdi>9780199286140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+Hellenic+studies&rft.pages=42-47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199286140&rft.au=George+Boys-Stones&rft.au=Barbara+Graziosi&rft.au=Phiroze+Vasunia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIDDR1WD9iEC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mays-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mays_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mays_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mays_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mays_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mays_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._MaysM._Moradi-Jalal2010" class="citation book cs1">L. Mays; M. Moradi-Jalal; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEzOzSZEAToC&pg=PA94"><i>Ancient Water Technologies</i></a>. Springer. pp. 95–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048186327" title="Special:BookSources/9789048186327"><bdi>9789048186327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Water+Technologies&rft.pages=95-100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789048186327&rft.au=L.+Mays&rft.au=M.+Moradi-Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEzOzSZEAToC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Graves1971" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph Graves (October 15, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AUAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3">"A stunning setting for a 2500th anniversary"</a>. Life magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+stunning+setting+for+a+2500th+anniversary&rft.date=1971-10-15&rft.au=Ralph+Graves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAUAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laura-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laura_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Foreman2004" class="citation book cs1">Laura Foreman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rVEa4nzLkT4C&pg=PA152"><i>Alexander the conqueror: the epic story of the warrior king, Volume 2003</i></a>. Da Capo Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306812934" title="Special:BookSources/9780306812934"><bdi>9780306812934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+conqueror%3A+the+epic+story+of+the+warrior+king%2C+Volume+2003&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780306812934&rft.au=Laura+Foreman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrVEa4nzLkT4C%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1994" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, John Maxwell (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatin00obri_0/page/104"><i>Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy: A Biography</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandergreatin00obri_0/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10617-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10617-7"><bdi>978-0-415-10617-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+The+Invisible+Enemy%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10617-7&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=John+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandergreatin00obri_0%2Fpage%2F104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon_Alexander_Nigosian1993" class="citation book cs1">Solomon Alexander Nigosian (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoroastrianfaith0000unse"><i>The Zoroastrian faith: tradition and modern research</i></a></span>. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zoroastrianfaith0000unse/page/47">47</a>–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773511446" title="Special:BookSources/9780773511446"><bdi>9780773511446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zoroastrian+faith%3A+tradition+and+modern+research&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780773511446&rft.au=Solomon+Alexander+Nigosian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzoroastrianfaith0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._N._AmbraseysC._P._Melville2005" class="citation book cs1">N. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521021876" title="Special:BookSources/9780521021876"><bdi>9780521021876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persian+Earthquakes&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521021876&rft.au=N.+N.+Ambraseys&rft.au=C.+P.+Melville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JkfKub5vakC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReza_Aslan2006" class="citation web cs1">Reza Aslan (April 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/books/review/30aslan.html?pagewanted=print">"The Epic of Iran"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chapman and Hall, limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SU9TAAAAMAAJ/page/n353">336</a>–43 & others.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+art+in+Persia&rft.pages=336-43+%26+others&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall%2C+limited&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Georges+Perrot&rft.au=Charles+Chipiez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_SU9TAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiulio_Carotti1908" class="citation book cs1">Giulio Carotti (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryart00zoetgoog"><i>A History of Art</i></a>. Duckworth & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryart00zoetgoog/page/n128">94</a>–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Art&rft.pages=94-7&rft.pub=Duckworth+%26+Co&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Giulio+Carotti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryart00zoetgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-man-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-man_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-man_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Noel_FreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_B._Beck2000" class="citation book cs1">David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA1258"><i>Eerdmans dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 1258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824004" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824004"><bdi>9780802824004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=1258&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780802824004&rft.au=David+Noel+Freedman&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft.au=Astrid+B.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA1258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kent_1953-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kent_1953_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent, Roland G. <i>Old Persian : grammar, texts, lexicon</i>. 1953. p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porada-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porada_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porada_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Porada E. <i>Classic Achaemenian Architecture and Sculpture</i>. Camb. Hist. Iran II. New York. 1985. p. 793-827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garthwaite-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garthwaite_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garthwaite_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garthwaite_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_Ralph_Garthwaite2005" class="citation book cs1">Gene Ralph Garthwaite (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqzrZ3b8aakC&pg=PA51"><i>The Persians</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 51–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405144001" title="Special:BookSources/9781405144001"><bdi>9781405144001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians&rft.pages=51-55&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781405144001&rft.au=Gene+Ralph+Garthwaite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqzrZ3b8aakC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paul-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paul_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Kriwaczek2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul Kriwaczek (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ_yENnMpKQC&pg=PA88"><i>In Search of Zarathustra: Across Iran and Central Asia to Find the World's First Prophet</i></a>. Random House, Inc. pp. 88–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307426352" title="Special:BookSources/9780307426352"><bdi>9780307426352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Zarathustra%3A+Across+Iran+and+Central+Asia+to+Find+the+World%27s+First+Prophet&rft.pages=88-90&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780307426352&rft.au=Paul+Kriwaczek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQ_yENnMpKQC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli_Sami1956" class="citation book cs1">Ali Sami (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjUbAAAAIAAJ"><i>Pasargadae: the oldest imperial capital</i></a>. Musavi Printing Office. pp. 90–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasargadae%3A+the+oldest+imperial+capital&rft.pages=90-94&rft.pub=Musavi+Printing+Office&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Ali+Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjUbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_KittoHenry_BurgessBenjamin_Harris_Cowper1856" class="citation book cs1">John Kitto; Henry Burgess; Benjamin Harris Cowper (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHUtAAAAYAAJ"><i>The journal of sacred literature and Biblical record, Volume 3</i></a>. A. Heylin. pp. 183–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+journal+of+sacred+literature+and+Biblical+record%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=183-5&rft.pub=A.+Heylin&rft.date=1856&rft.au=John+Kitto&rft.au=Henry+Burgess&rft.au=Benjamin+Harris+Cowper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHUtAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Smith1865" class="citation book cs1">Philip Smith (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryworldfr06smitgoog"><i>A history of the world from the earliest records to the present time: ancient history, Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/D._Appleton_%26_Company" title="D. Appleton & Company">D. Appleton</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryworldfr06smitgoog/page/n328">298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+world+from+the+earliest+records+to+the+present+time%3A+ancient+history%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1865&rft.au=Philip+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryworldfr06smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Poolos2008" class="citation book cs1">J. 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Infobase Publishing. pp. 38–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791096338" title="Special:BookSources/9780791096338"><bdi>9780791096338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darius+the+Great&rft.pages=38-9&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780791096338&rft.au=J.+Poolos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK0EZK08VGXEC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAchaemenid+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Template:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Template talk:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Achaemenid Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Achaemenid_Empire&#124;link=Achaemenid_Empire_Achaemenid_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire"><img alt="Achaemenid Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/15px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/23px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Falcon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/150px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/225px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Achaemenid_Falcon.svg/300px-Achaemenid_Falcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persian_Lion_Rhyton" title="Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton">Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_coinage" title="Achaemenid coinage">Achaemenid coinage</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana_hoard" title="Apadana hoard">Apadana hoard</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Danake" title="Danake">Danake</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Daric" title="Daric">Daric</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">Palace of Darius in Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Cyrus">Tomb of Cyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_column" title="Persian column">Persian column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_at_Xanthos" title="Tombs at Xanthos">Tombs at Xanthos</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Harpy_Tomb" title="Harpy Tomb">Harpy Tomb</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Payava" title="Tomb of Payava">Tomb of Payava</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I%27s_inscription_at_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I's inscription at Van">Xerxes I's inscription at Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjnameh" title="Ganjnameh">Ganjnameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Battle of Hyrba</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Battle of the Persian Border</a></span></li></ul></li> <li>Lydian-Persian Wars <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Battle of Pteria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Battle of Thymbra</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Siege of Sardis (547 BC)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opis" title="Battle of Opis">Battle of Opis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Conquest of the Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" title="Scythian campaign of Darius I">Scythian campaign of Darius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Naxos_(499_BC)" title="Siege of Naxos (499 BC)">Siege of Naxos (499 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lade" title="Battle of Lade">Battle of Lade</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eretria" title="Siege of Eretria">Siege of Eretria</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon" title="Battle of Marathon">Battle of Marathon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Battle of Artemisium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_destruction_of_Athens" title="Achaemenid destruction of Athens">Destruction of Athens</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Battle of Salamis</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea" title="Battle of Plataea">Battle of Plataea</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Battle of Mycale</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)" title="Babylonian revolts (484 BC)">Babylonian revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Delian_League" title="Wars of the Delian League">Wars of the Delian League</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon" title="Battle of the Eurymedon">Battle of the Eurymedon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Battle of Cyzicus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinthian_War" title="Corinthian War">Corinthian War</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cnidus" title="Battle of Cnidus">Battle of Cnidus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satraps%27_Revolt" title="Great Satraps' Revolt">Great Satraps' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">Second conquest of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">Wars of Alexander the Great</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Battle of the Granicus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Siege of Miletus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Siege of Halicarnassus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Siege of Tyre (332 BC)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Siege of Gaza</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Battle of Gaugamela</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_water" title="Earth and water">Earth and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Callias" title="Peace of Callias">Peace of Callias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Antalcidas" title="Peace of Antalcidas">Peace of Antalcidas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Babylon#Persian_conquest" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapies</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of the Achaemenid Empire">Districts of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">Chapar Khaneh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarium" title="Angarium">Angarium</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Angarum" title="Angarum">Angarum</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnacid_dynasty" title="Pharnacid dynasty">Pharnacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_dynasty" title="Mithridatic dynasty">Mithridatic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathid_dynasty" title="Ariarathid dynasty">Ariarathid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygdamid_dynasty" title="Lygdamid dynasty">Lygdamid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Achaemenid_clans" title="Seven Achaemenid clans">Seven Achaemenid clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DEB887">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthian_Obelisk" title="Xanthian Obelisk">Xanthian Obelisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Persepolis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persepolis" title="Template:Persepolis"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#363321">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persepolis" title="Template talk:Persepolis"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#363321">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persepolis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persepolis"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#363321">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Persepolis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Palace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachara" title="Tachara">Tachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_All_Nations" title="Gate of All Nations">Gate of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG/200px-Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG/300px-Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG/400px-Tachar_Persepolis_Iran.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Other sections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Artaxerxes_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Artaxerxes III">Tomb of Artaxerxes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Builders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Koch" title="Heidemarie Koch">Heidemarie Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmidt_(archaeologist)" title="Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)">Erich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alireza_Shapour_Shahbazi" title="Alireza Shapour Shahbazi">Alireza Shapour Shahbazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangeh_Bolaghi" title="Tangeh Bolaghi">Tangeh Bolaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,500-year_celebration_of_the_Persian_Empire" title="2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire">2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivand_Dam" title="Sivand Dam">Sivand Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Persepolis Administrative Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterskin" title="Waterskin">Waterskin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achaemenid architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321;background-color:#B9AB83; color:#363321"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Persepolis" title="Category:Persepolis">Category:Persepolis</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">List of World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran" title="Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran">The Armenian Monastic Ensembles</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Monastery">St. Thaddeus Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">St. Stepanos Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Dzordzor" title="Chapel of Dzordzor">Chapel of Dzordzor</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Chupan" title="Chapel of Chupan">Chapel of Chupan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God,_Darashamb" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arg-%C3%A9_Bam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg-é Bam">Bam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">and its cultural landscape</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cultural landscape of</span> <a href="/wiki/Meymand,_Kerman" title="Meymand, Kerman">Maymand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus_(tower)" title="Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)">Gonbad-e Qabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Naqsh-e Jahan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasargadae_Persian_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasargadae Persian Garden (page does not exist)">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolatabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolatabad Garden (page does not exist)">Dolatabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasabad Garden (page does not exist)">Abbasabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">Akbarieh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">Pahlevanpour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Safi_al-Din_Kh%C4%81neg%C4%81h_and_Shrine_Ensemble" title="Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble">Sheikh Safi's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Soltaniyeh" title="Dome of Soltaniyeh">Dome of Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar_Historical_Hydraulic_System" title="Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System">Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Tabriz" title="Bazaar of Tabriz">Bazaar of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Qanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Qanat">Persian Qanat</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Ghasabeh" title="Qanats of Ghasabeh">Ghasabeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Baladeh_Ferdows" title="Qanats of Baladeh Ferdows">Baladeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarch_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarch qanat (page does not exist)">Zarch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Abad_Moshir_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Abad Moshir qanat (page does not exist)">Hassan Abad Moshir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goharriz_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goharriz qanat (page does not exist)">Goharriz</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbarabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbarabad qanat (page does not exist)">Akbarabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghasemabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghasemabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ghasemabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moun_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moun qanat (page does not exist)">Moun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazvan_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazvan qanat (page does not exist)">Vazvan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozdabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozdabad qanat (page does not exist)">Mozdabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebrahimabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebrahimabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ebrahimabad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Historic city of Yazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Archaeological_Landscape_of_Fars_Region" title="Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region">Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Dokhtar" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar">Qal'eh Dokhtar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Investiture_Relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Investiture Relief (page does not exist)">Ardashir Investiture Relief</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_Relief_of_Ardashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory Relief of Ardashir (page does not exist)">Victory Relief of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Khurreh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Khurreh (page does not exist)">Ardashir Khurreh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">City of <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Statue_of_Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal Statue of Shapur I">Colossal Statue of Shapur I</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_cave" title="Shapur cave">Shapur cave</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_of_Uramanat" title="Cultural Landscape of Uramanat">Cultural Landscape of Uramanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Caravanserai" title="The Persian Caravanserai">The Persian Caravanserai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran"><img alt="Flag of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iran</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e Loot">Lut Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Hyrcanian Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" 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