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<span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endemic_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemic_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Endemic species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemic_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyrcanian forests</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غابات هيركانيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غابات هيركانيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkan_me%C5%9F%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Hirkan meşələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hirkan meşələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="হাইরক্যানিয়ান বন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইরক্যানিয়ান বন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_mixt_hirc%C3%A0_del_Caspi" title="Bosc mixt hircà del Caspi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bosc mixt hircà del Caspi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrk%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_lesy" title="Hyrkánské lesy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hyrkánské lesy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkaniske_skove" title="Hyrkaniske skove – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hyrkaniske skove" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkanische_W%C3%A4lder" title="Hyrkanische Wälder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hyrkanische Wälder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosque_mixto_hircano_del_Caspio" title="Bosque mixto hircano del Caspio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bosque mixto hircano del Caspio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkaniaj-kaspiaj_miksaj_arbaroj" title="Hirkaniaj-kaspiaj miksaj arbaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hirkaniaj-kaspiaj miksaj arbaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspiar_Baso_misto_hirkandarra" title="Kaspiar Baso misto hirkandarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaspiar Baso misto hirkandarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جنگل‌های هیرکانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگل‌های هیرکانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%AAts_mixtes_hyrcaniennes_de_la_Caspienne" title="Forêts mixtes hyrcaniennes de la Caspienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Forêts mixtes hyrcaniennes de la Caspienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanijske_%C5%A1ume" title="Hirkanijske šume – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hirkanijske šume" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreste_miste_ircane_del_Caspio" title="Foreste miste ircane del Caspio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Foreste miste ircane del Caspio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="היערות המעורבים הכספיים-הירכאניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היערות המעורבים הכספיים-הירכאניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanijos_mi%C5%A1kai" title="Hirkanijos miškai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hirkanijos miškai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrkaniai_erd%C5%91k" title="Hürkaniai erdők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hürkaniai erdők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഹിർകാനിയൻ വനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിർകാനിയൻ വനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresti_Irkanjani" title="Foresti Irkanjani – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Foresti Irkanjani" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="هیرکانی جنگل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هیرکانی جنگل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspisch-Hyrcaanse_gemengde_bossen" title="Kaspisch-Hyrcaanse gemengde bossen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaspisch-Hyrcaanse gemengde bossen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E6%B5%B7%E3%81%AE%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%BE%A4" title="カスピ海のヒルカニア森林群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カスピ海のヒルカニア森林群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkansk_skog" title="Hyrkansk skog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hyrkansk skog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkansk_skog" title="Hyrkansk skog – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hyrkansk skog" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girkan_o%CA%BBrmonlari" title="Girkan oʻrmonlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Girkan oʻrmonlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasy_hyrka%C5%84skie" title="Lasy hyrkańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lasy hyrkańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Гирканские леса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гирканские леса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspijski_hirkanski_me%C5%A1ani_gozdovi" title="Kaspijski hirkanski mešani gozdovi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaspijski hirkanski mešani gozdovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirkanijske_%C5%A1ume" title="Hirkanijske šume – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hirkanijske šume" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrkaniska_skogarna" title="Hyrkaniska skogarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hyrkaniska skogarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazar_Hyrkania_karma_ormanlar%C4%B1" title="Hazar Hyrkania karma ormanları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hazar Hyrkania karma ormanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%93%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Каспійсько-Гірканські мішані ліси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каспійсько-Гірканські 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href="/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ecoregion in Iran and Azerbaijan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hercynian_Forest" title="Hercynian Forest">Hercynian Forest</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em;line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/272px-3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/408px-3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/544px-3615554_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="689" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sisangan National Forest, Mazandaran Iran</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregion_PA0407.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ecoregion_PA0407.svg/272px-Ecoregion_PA0407.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ecoregion_PA0407.svg/408px-Ecoregion_PA0407.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ecoregion_PA0407.svg/544px-Ecoregion_PA0407.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1443" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hyrcanian mixed forests (purple)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Ecology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Borders</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_lowland_desert" title="Caspian lowland desert">Caspian lowland desert</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag_semi-desert" title="Kopet Dag semi-desert">Kopet Dag semi-desert</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag_woodlands_and_forest_steppe" title="Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe">Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Elburz_Range_forest_steppe" title="Elburz Range forest steppe">Elburz Range forest steppe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe" title="Eastern Anatolian montane steppe">Eastern Anatolian montane steppe</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_shrub_desert_and_steppe" title="Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe">Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird species</th><td class="infobox-data">296<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mammal species</th><td class="infobox-data">98<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">55,100 km<sup>2</sup> (21,300 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Iran</li><li>Azerbaijan</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#cde5b2;">Conservation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Habitat loss</th><td class="infobox-data">51%<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Protected</th><td class="infobox-data">10.30%<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Hyrcanian Forests</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">Natural: (ix)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_year_of_inscription#2019_(43rd_session)" title="List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription">2019</a> <small>(43rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1584">1584</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Western_Asia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hyrcanian forests</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">جنگل های هیرکانی</span>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <i lang="az">Hirkan meşələri</i>) are a zone of lush lowland and montane forests covering about 55,000 square kilometres (21,000 sq mi) near the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. The forest is named after the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> as the <b>Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</b>. Since 5 July 2019, the Hyrcanian Forests have been designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, the heritage site expanded to incorporate portions of the forest located in Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Iran, the Hyrcanian ecoregion comprises a long strip along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> mountains. It covers parts of five provinces, from east to west: <a href="/wiki/North_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="North Khorasan Province">North Khorasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Golestan Province">Golestan</a> (421,373 hectares (1,041,000 acres) being its south and southwest plus eastern regions of the Gorgan plain), <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardabil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardabil Province">Ardabil</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Golestan_National_Park" title="Golestan National Park">Golestan National Park</a> spans the boundary of Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. In the Mazandaran province, where the Hyrcanian forest is estimated at 965,000 ha (3,730 sq mi), 487,195 ha (1,881 sq mi) are used commercially, 184,000 ha (710 sq mi) are protected and the rest are regarded as forest lands or over-used forests. The total of the forest woods used in this province is estimated at 770,551 cubic metres (27,211,800 cu ft). The Kojoor, Dohezar and Sehezar forest watersheds are in Mazandaran province, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan province</a> (these forests are graded from 1 to 3 with an area of 107,894 ha (417 sq mi); 182,758 ha (706 sq mi) and 211,972 ha (818 sq mi), respectively. The commercial utilization is 184,202 m<sup>3</sup> (6,505,000 cu ft) and the non-commercial utilization is 126,173 m<sup>3</sup> (4,455,800 cu ft). The Masooleh, Ghaleh Roodkhan and Astara forest watersheds are in Gilan province) and <a href="/wiki/Ardabil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardabil Province">Ardabil Province</a>. At higher elevations to the south, the ecoregion grades into the <a href="/wiki/Elburz_Range_forest_steppe" title="Elburz Range forest steppe">Elburz Range forest steppe</a>. </p><p>In southeastern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> the ecoregion spans through the <a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Lowland" title="Lankaran Lowland">Lankaran Lowland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talysh_Mountains" title="Talysh Mountains">Talysh Mountains</a>. </p><p>The ecoregion's climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> at lower altitudes; at mid-altitudes it has <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> features, while in the mountains it is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a>. Summer is a humid but low-precipitation season. Alborz is the highest mountain range in the Middle East and it captures, by <a href="/wiki/Relief_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief precipitation">relief precipitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> mists, much of the evaporation of the southern Caspian Sea. Annual rainfall ranges from 900 mm (35 in) in the east to 1,600 mm (63 in) in the west, making the forests much lusher than the desert, semi-desert, and steppe regions which it borders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png/200px-Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png/300px-Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png/400px-Map_iran_biotopes_simplified-fr.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Map of biotopes of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#aeff2f; color:black;"> </span> Forest steppe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#32cd32; color:black;"> </span> Forests and woodlands</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffc0a8; color:black;"> </span> Semi-desert</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff0b9; color:black;"> </span> Desert lowlands</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c8fb98; color:black;"> </span> Steppe</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffffff; color:black;"> </span> Salted alluvial marshes</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_(40)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg/220px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg/330px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg/440px-Ghaleye_Rud_Khan_%2840%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Hyrcanian broadleaf deciduous forest in <a href="/wiki/G%C4%ABl%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gīlān Province">Gīlān Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG/220px-Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG/330px-Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG/440px-Lerik_Azerbaijan_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Hyrcanian broadleaf deciduous forest in <a href="/wiki/Lerik_District" title="Lerik District">Lerik District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The natural forest vegetation is temperate <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadleaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadleaved">broadleaved</a> forest. 32.7 percent of volume of Hyrcanian forest is of oriental beech (<i><a href="/wiki/Fagus_orientalis" title="Fagus orientalis">Fagus orientalis</a></i>). A main feature of the region is the lack of <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>; only relics of coniferous species are present, which include European yew (<i><a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">Taxus baccata</a></i>), junipers (<i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniperus">Juniperus</a></i> spp.), Mediterranean cypress (<i><a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Cupressus sempervirens</a></i> var. <i>horzontalis</i>) and Chinese arborvitae (<i><a href="/wiki/Platycladus_orientalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycladus orientalis">Platycladus orientalis</a></i>). </p><p>The Caspian Sea coastal plains were once covered by chestnut-leaved oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_castaneifolia" title="Quercus castaneifolia">Quercus castaneifolia</a></i>), European box (<i><a href="/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens" title="Buxus sempervirens">Buxus sempervirens</a></i>), black alder (<i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a> </i>subsp.<i> barbata</i>), Caucasian alder (<i><a href="/wiki/Alnus_subcordata" title="Alnus subcordata">Alnus subcordata</a></i>), Caspian poplar (<i><a href="/wiki/Populus_alba" title="Populus alba">Populus alba</a></i> var. <i>caspica</i>) and Caucasian wingnut (<i><a href="/wiki/Pterocarya_fraxinifolia" title="Pterocarya fraxinifolia">Pterocarya fraxinifolia</a></i>), but these forests have been almost entirely converted to urban and agricultural land. (Mosadegh, 2000; Marvie Mohadjer, 2007) </p><p>The lower slopes of <a href="/wiki/Talysh_Mountains" title="Talysh Mountains">Talysh</a> and Alborz Mountains below 700 metres (2,300 ft) harbor diverse humid forests containing chestnut-leaved oak, European hornbeam (<i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">Carpinus betulus</a></i>), Persian ironwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Parrotia_persica" title="Parrotia persica">Parrotia persica</a></i>), Caucasian zelkova (<i><a href="/wiki/Zelkova_carpinifolia" title="Zelkova carpinifolia">Zelkova carpinifolia</a></i>), Persian silk tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Albizia_julibrissin" title="Albizia julibrissin">Albizia julibrissin</a></i>), and date-plum (<i><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_lotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diospyros lotus">Diospyros lotus</a></i>) along with shrubs holly (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilex_hyrcana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilex hyrcana (page does not exist)">Ilex hyrcana</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Ruscus_hyrcanus" title="Ruscus hyrcanus">Ruscus hyrcanus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Danae_racemosa" title="Danae racemosa">Danae racemosa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Atropa_pallidiflora" title="Atropa pallidiflora">Atropa pallidiflora</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lianas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smilax_excelsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smilax excelsa (page does not exist)">Smilax excelsa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hedera_pastuchovii" title="Hedera pastuchovii">Hedera pastuchovii</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-WWF_Full_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF_Full-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Mosadegh, 2000; Marvie Mohadjer, 2007). Persian Ironwood is endemic to the Talysh Mountains and northern Iran and nearly pure stands of the tree can be particularly dramatic, with lichen-covered branches twisting together and only dead leaves in the deep shade of the forest floor. In addition, the ironwood's yellow leaves turn a faint lilac in the fall.<sup id="cite_ref-mobot_Azerbaijan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobot_Azerbaijan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the medium elevations between 700 and 1,500 metres (2,300 and 4,900 ft), oriental beech is the dominant tree species in this cloudy zone in pure and mixed stands with other noble <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a> such as chestnut-leaved oak, Caucasian oak (<i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macranthera" title="Quercus macranthera">Quercus macranthera</a></i>), European hornbeam (<i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_betulus" title="Carpinus betulus">Carpinus betulus</a></i>), Oriental hornbeam (<i><a href="/wiki/Carpinus_orientalis" title="Carpinus orientalis">C. orientalis</a></i>) and sweet chestnut (<i><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Castanea sativa</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CEPF_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEPF-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its floristic composition, these beech forests are linked with European forests and with affinities to the beech forests of the Balkans. However, local conditions of <a href="/wiki/Aspect_(geography)" title="Aspect (geography)">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edaphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphic">edaphic</a> factors, such as soil moisture and depth, are all of importance in determining the composition of the vegetation, which leads to the establishment of different beech subcommunities. (Mosadegh, 2000; Marvie Mohadjer, 2007) </p><p>Upper mountain and subalpine zones are characterized by Caucasian oak, Oriental hornbeam, <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a> and meadows occur at the highest elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other native tree species include Caspian locust (<i><a href="/wiki/Gleditsia_caspica" title="Gleditsia caspica">Gleditsia caspica</a></i>), velvet maple (<i><a href="/wiki/Acer_velutinum" title="Acer velutinum">Acer velutinum</a></i>), Cappadocian maple (<i><a href="/wiki/Acer_cappadocicum" title="Acer cappadocicum">Acer cappadocicum</a></i>), European ash (<i><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Fraxinus excelsior</a></i>), Wych elm (<i><a href="/wiki/Ulmus_glabra" title="Ulmus glabra">Ulmus glabra</a></i>), wild cherry (<i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_avium" title="Prunus avium">Prunus avium</a></i>), wild service tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Sorbus_torminalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbus torminalis">Sorbus torminalis</a></i>) and lime tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Tilia_platyphyllos" title="Tilia platyphyllos">Tilia platyphyllos</a></i>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Leopard_(Panthera_pardus_saxicolor).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Persian_Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus_saxicolor%29.jpg/220px-Persian_Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus_saxicolor%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Persian_Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus_saxicolor%29.jpg/330px-Persian_Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus_saxicolor%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Persian_Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus_saxicolor%29.jpg/440px-Persian_Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus_saxicolor%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana" title="Panthera pardus tulliana">Persian Leopard</a>, found mostly in Iran</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tiger</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_tigris_tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera tigris tigris">Panthera tigris tigris</a></i>) was once the apex predator of the biome before its extinction. The remaining large mammals include the Persian/Caucasian leopard (<i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_pardus_tulliana" title="Panthera pardus tulliana">Panthera pardus tulliana</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a> (<i>Lynx lynx</i>), <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a> (<i>Canis aureus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a> (<i>Felis chaus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger</a> (<i>Meles canescens</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter</a> (<i>Lutra lutra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_Full_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF_Full-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geptner1972_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geptner1972-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This ecoregion is the main green resting area for birds migrating between central-northern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> so a key habitat for many bird species. Notable birds seen here are the greylag goose (<i><a href="/wiki/Anser_anser" class="mw-redirect" title="Anser anser">Anser anser</a></i>), white-fronted goose (<i><a href="/wiki/Anser_albifrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Anser albifrons">Anser albifrons</a></i>), Little bustard (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetrax_tetrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrax tetrax">Tetrax tetrax</a></i>), glossy ibis (<i><a href="/wiki/Plegadis_falcinellus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plegadis falcinellus">Plegadis falcinellus</a></i>), Eurasian spoonbill (<i><a href="/wiki/Platalea_leucorodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Platalea leucorodia">Platalea leucorodia</a></i>), night heron (<i><a href="/wiki/Nycticorax_nycticorax" class="mw-redirect" title="Nycticorax nycticorax">Nycticorax nycticorax</a></i>), red-breasted goose (<i><a href="/wiki/Branta_ruficollis" class="mw-redirect" title="Branta ruficollis">Branta ruficollis</a></i>), peregrine falcon (<i><a href="/wiki/Falco_peregrinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Falco peregrinus">Falco peregrinus</a></i>), Dalmatian pelican (<i><a href="/wiki/Pelecanus_crispus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelecanus crispus">Pelecanus crispus</a></i>), cattle egret (<i><a href="/wiki/Bubulcus_ibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubulcus ibis">Bubulcus ibis</a></i>), squacco heron (<i><a href="/wiki/Ardeola_ralloides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardeola ralloides">Ardeola ralloides</a></i>), greater flamingo (<i><a href="/wiki/Phoenicopterus_roseus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicopterus roseus">Phoenicopterus roseus</a></i>), white-headed duck (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxyura_leucocephala" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyura leucocephala">Oxyura leucocephala</a></i>), and Caspian snowcock (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetraogallus_caspius" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraogallus caspius">Tetraogallus caspius</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_Full_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF_Full-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endemic_species">Endemic species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Endemic species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg/220px-Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg/330px-Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg/440px-Paradactylodon_persicus02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>An adult <a href="/wiki/Persian_brook_salamander" title="Persian brook salamander">Persian mountain salamander</a>, found only in the Hyrcanian forest region</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hyrcanian forests are thought to have served as a <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugium</a> for certain species during changing climatic conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_edible_dormouse" title="Iranian edible dormouse">Iranian edible dormouse</a> (<i>Glis persicus</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> of this ecoregion, and is thought to have evolved when mid-<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> climatic change led to the fragmentation of the ancestral <i><a href="/wiki/Glis_(genus)" title="Glis (genus)">Glis</a></i> population, with one such population fragment surviving in these forests and evolving into a new species.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bat <i><a href="/wiki/Myotis_hyrcanicus" title="Myotis hyrcanicus">Myotis hyrcanicus</a></i> is likely also endemic to this region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is also known to preserve a unique lineage of <a href="/wiki/Bicolored_shrew" title="Bicolored shrew">bicolored shrew</a> (<i>Crocidura leucodon</i>) that diverged from the other lineages during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, about 1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_brook_salamander" title="Persian brook salamander">Persian mountain salamander</a> (<i>Paradactylodon persicus</i>) is an aquatic salamander endemic to high rainfall regions of the Hyrcanian forest. It is primarily known from its aquatic larvae which live in permanent streams with forest cover. This is a very understudied species and very few adults have ever been found. It is under threat from habitat loss due to logging, agricultural development, and urban sprawl.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diversity and endemism of the species make the Caspian Hyrcanian forests a priority and unique feature for species conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitats are threatened by conversion into tea, vegetable, fruit, and vine plantations, unsustainable forestry and poaching. </p><p>Protected areas in Azerbaijan include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gizil-Agach_State_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Gizil-Agach State Reserve">Gizil-Agach State Reserve</a> – 88.4 square kilometres (34.1 sq mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirkan_National_Park" title="Hirkan National Park">Hirkan National Park</a> - 427.97 square kilometres (165.24 sq mi)</li></ul> <p>Protected areas in Iran include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_National_Park" title="Golestan National Park">Golestan National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jahan_Nama_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jahan Nama Protected Area (page does not exist)">Jahan Nama Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Alborz_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Alborz Protected Area (page does not exist)">Central Alborz Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisar_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisar Protected Area (page does not exist)">Lisar Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siah_Keshim_Protected_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siah Keshim Protected Area (page does not exist)">Siah Keshim Protected Area</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dodangeh_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dodangeh Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Dodangeh Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neka_Miankaleh_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neka Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Neka Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selkeh_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selkeh Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Selkeh Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dashtenaz_Wildlife_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dashtenaz Wildlife Refuge (page does not exist)">Dashtenaz Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Azerbaijan" title="Geography of Azerbaijan">Geography of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Western_Asia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia">List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoekstraMolnarJenningsRevenga2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofglobalcon0000unse"><i>The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26256-0"><bdi>978-0-520-26256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Global+Conservation%3A+Changes%2C+Challenges%2C+and+Opportunities+to+Make+a+Difference&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26256-0&rft.aulast=Hoekstra&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Molnar%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Jennings%2C+M.&rft.au=Revenga%2C+C.&rft.au=Spalding%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Boucher%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Heibel%2C+T.+J.&rft.au=Ellison%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofglobalcon0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcanian+forests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialtribune.com/articles/travel/98765/irans-hyrcanian-forests-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-list">"Iran's Hyrcanian Forests Added to UNESCO World Heritage List"</a>. <i>Financial Tribune</i>. 5 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Hyrcanian+Forests+Added+to+UNESCO+World+Heritage+List&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Ftravel%2F98765%2Firans-hyrcanian-forests-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcanian+forests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1584">"Hyrcanian Forests"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyrcanian+Forests&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcanian+forests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRechingerSchönbeck-Temesy197" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rechinger, Karl Heinz; Schönbeck-Temesy, Eva (197). 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World Wildlife Fund. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/g200/g078.html">the original</a> on August 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caucasus-Anatolian-Hyrcanian+Temperate+Forests&rft.pub=World+Wildlife+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fwildworld%2Fprofiles%2Fg200%2Fg078.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHyrcanian+forests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests_ecoregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest_ecoregions" title="Template talk:Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest_ecoregions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests_ecoregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_deciduous_montane_forests" title="Apennine deciduous montane forests">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests" title="Atlantic mixed forests">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_temperate_mixed_forests" title="Azores temperate mixed forests">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mixed_forests" title="Baltic mixed forests">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mixed_forests" title="Cantabrian mixed forests">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests" title="English Lowlands beech forests">English Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_evergreen_forests" title="Madeira evergreen forests">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_moist_mixed_forests" title="North Atlantic moist mixed forests">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Basin_mixed_forests" title="Po Basin mixed forests">Po Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Submediterranean_forest_complex" title="Crimean Submediterranean forest complex">Crimean Submediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Dinaric Mountains mixed forests">Dinaric Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe" title="East European forest steppe">East European forest steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodope_montane_mixed_forests" title="Rodope montane mixed forests">Rodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Central Anatolian deciduous forests">Central Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests">Eastern Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine%E2%80%93Colchic_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests">Euxine–Colchic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_forest_steppe" title="Zagros Mountains forest steppe">Zagros Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China_loess_plateau_mixed_forests" title="Central China loess plateau mixed forests">Central China loess plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Korean_deciduous_forests" title="Central Korean deciduous forests">Central Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Changbai Mountains mixed forests">Changbai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_Plain_evergreen_forests" title="Changjiang Plain evergreen forests">Changjiang Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_Mountains_evergreen_forests" title="Daba Mountains evergreen forests">Daba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō deciduous forests">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_He_Plain_mixed_forests" title="Huang He Plain mixed forests">Huang He Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_mixed_forests" title="Manchurian mixed forests">Manchurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonkai_evergreen_forests" title="Nihonkai evergreen forests">Nihonkai evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonkai_montane_deciduous_forests" title="Nihonkai montane deciduous forests">Nihonkai montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain_deciduous_forests" title="Northeast China Plain deciduous forests">Northeast China Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Ling_Mountains_deciduous_forests" title="Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests">Qin Ling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin_evergreen_broadleaf_forests" title="Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests">Sichuan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin%E2%80%93Kurile_mixed_forests" title="South Sakhalin–Kurile mixed forests">South Sakhalin–Kurile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Korea_evergreen_forests" title="Southern Korea evergreen forests">Southern Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiheiyo_evergreen_forests" title="Taiheiyo evergreen forests">Taiheiyo evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiheiyo_montane_deciduous_forests" title="Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests">Taiheiyo montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin_deciduous_forests_and_steppe" title="Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests">West Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">List of World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran" title="Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran">The Armenian Monastic Ensembles</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Monastery">St. Thaddeus Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">St. Stepanos Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Dzordzor" title="Chapel of Dzordzor">Chapel of Dzordzor</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Chupan" title="Chapel of Chupan">Chapel of Chupan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God,_Darashamb" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arg-%C3%A9_Bam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg-é Bam">Bam</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">and its cultural landscape</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Cultural landscape of</span> <a href="/wiki/Meymand,_Kerman" title="Meymand, Kerman">Maymand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus_(tower)" title="Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)">Gonbad-e Qabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Naqsh-e Jahan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasargadae_Persian_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasargadae Persian Garden (page does not exist)">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolatabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolatabad Garden (page does not exist)">Dolatabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasabad Garden (page does not exist)">Abbasabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">Akbarieh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">Pahlevanpour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Safi_al-Din_Kh%C4%81neg%C4%81h_and_Shrine_Ensemble" title="Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble">Sheikh Safi's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Soltaniyeh" title="Dome of Soltaniyeh">Dome of Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar_Historical_Hydraulic_System" title="Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System">Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Tabriz" title="Bazaar of Tabriz">Bazaar of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Qanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Qanat">Persian Qanat</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Ghasabeh" title="Qanats of Ghasabeh">Ghasabeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Baladeh_Ferdows" title="Qanats of Baladeh Ferdows">Baladeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarch_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarch qanat (page does not exist)">Zarch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Abad_Moshir_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Abad Moshir qanat (page does not exist)">Hassan Abad Moshir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goharriz_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goharriz qanat (page does not exist)">Goharriz</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbarabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbarabad qanat (page does not exist)">Akbarabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghasemabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghasemabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ghasemabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moun_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moun qanat (page does not exist)">Moun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazvan_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazvan qanat (page does not exist)">Vazvan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozdabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozdabad qanat (page does not exist)">Mozdabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebrahimabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebrahimabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ebrahimabad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Historic city of Yazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Archaeological_Landscape_of_Fars_Region" title="Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region">Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Dokhtar" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar">Qal'eh Dokhtar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Investiture_Relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Investiture Relief (page does not exist)">Ardashir Investiture Relief</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_Relief_of_Ardashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory Relief of Ardashir (page does not exist)">Victory Relief of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Khurreh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Khurreh (page does not exist)">Ardashir Khurreh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">City of <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Statue_of_Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal Statue of Shapur I">Colossal Statue of Shapur I</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_cave" title="Shapur cave">Shapur cave</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_of_Uramanat" title="Cultural Landscape of Uramanat">Cultural Landscape of Uramanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Caravanserai" title="The Persian Caravanserai">The Persian Caravanserai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran"><img alt="Flag of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/80px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iran</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e Loot">Lut Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Hyrcanian Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:50px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Historic Centre of Sheki with the Khan’s Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Hyrcanian forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Baku)" title="Old City (Baku)">Walled City of Baku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Shirvanshahs" title="Palace of the Shirvanshahs">Shirvanshah's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Tower_(Baku)" title="Maiden Tower (Baku)">Maiden Tower</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Azerbaijan"><img alt="Flag of Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/75px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Azerbaijan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&oldid=1259472557">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hyrcanian_forests&oldid=1259472557</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Ecoregions of Azerbaijan">Ecoregions of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_Iran" title="Category:Ecoregions of Iran">Ecoregions of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_Asia" title="Category:Ecoregions of Asia">Ecoregions of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_Europe" title="Category:Ecoregions of Europe">Ecoregions of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Forests of Azerbaijan">Forests of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forests_of_Iran" title="Category:Forests of Iran">Forests of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Flora of Azerbaijan">Flora of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Iran" title="Category:Flora of Iran">Flora of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alborz_(mountain_range)" title="Category:Alborz (mountain range)">Alborz (mountain range)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Astara_District" title="Category:Astara District">Astara District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lankaran_District" title="Category:Lankaran District">Lankaran District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lerik_District" title="Category:Lerik District">Lerik District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masally_District" title="Category:Masally District">Masally District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yardimli_District" title="Category:Yardimli District">Yardimli District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Gilan_province" title="Category:Geography of Gilan province">Geography of Gilan province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Golestan_province" title="Category:Geography of Golestan province">Geography of Golestan province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Mazandaran_province" title="Category:Geography of Mazandaran province">Geography of Mazandaran province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Azerbaijan">Mountain ranges of Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Iran" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Iran">Mountain ranges of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palearctic_ecoregions" title="Category:Palearctic ecoregions">Palearctic ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Category:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Temperate_rainforests" title="Category:Temperate rainforests">Temperate rainforests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Iran">World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan">World Heritage Sites in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a 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