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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arauco_War_and_coxistence_with_Hispanic_Chile_(1541-1810)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arauco_War_and_coxistence_with_Hispanic_Chile_(1541-1810)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arauco War and coxistence with Hispanic Chile (1541-1810)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arauco_War_and_coxistence_with_Hispanic_Chile_(1541-1810)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapuches_and_the_Republic_of_Chile_(1810-1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuches_and_the_Republic_of_Chile_(1810-1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mapuches and the Republic of Chile (1810-1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapuches_and_the_Republic_of_Chile_(1810-1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilean_dictatorship_(1973-1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_dictatorship_(1973-1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Chilean dictatorship (1973-1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_dictatorship_(1973-1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilean_transition_to_democracy_(1990-1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_transition_to_democracy_(1990-1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Chilean transition to democracy (1990-1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_transition_to_democracy_(1990-1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mapuche Activist Movements and Government Responses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mapuche Activist Movements and Government Responses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1996–2004:_Ralco_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996–2004:_Ralco_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1996–2004: Ralco controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996–2004:_Ralco_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2009 incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_attempts_at_reconciliation:_proposed_constitutional_amendment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_attempts_at_reconciliation:_proposed_constitutional_amendment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>2009 attempts at reconciliation: proposed constitutional amendment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_attempts_at_reconciliation:_proposed_constitutional_amendment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_hunger_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_hunger_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2010 hunger strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_hunger_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2013_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2013_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>January 2013 events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2013_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–2022:_Upsurge_of_the_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–2022:_Upsurge_of_the_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>2016–2022: Upsurge of the conflict</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2016–2022:_Upsurge_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2016–2022: Upsurge of the conflict subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2016–2022:_Upsurge_of_the_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visit_by_Izkia_Siches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_by_Izkia_Siches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Visit by Izkia Siches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_by_Izkia_Siches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_organized_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_organized_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Claims of organized crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_organized_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>New constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Terrorism_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Terrorism_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anti-Terrorism Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Terrorism_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous conflict in Chile and Argentina (1990 –)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Updates needed past January 11, 2024.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mapuche conflict (Armed Clashes)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Macro_Zona_Sur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Macro_Zona_Sur.jpg/220px-Macro_Zona_Sur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Macro_Zona_Sur.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1990 – present</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> & <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">ongoing</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Armed_Forces" title="Chilean Armed Forces">Chilean Armed Forces</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Argentine_Republic" title="Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic">Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic</a></li></ul> <hr /> Armed civilians</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> Armed Mapuche Indigenist Insurgents and Allies </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/23px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/35px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/45px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/23px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/35px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/45px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Resistencia_Ancestral_Mapuche" title="Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche">Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Logo_Weichan_Auka_Mapu.jpg/17px-Logo_Weichan_Auka_Mapu.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Logo_Weichan_Auka_Mapu.jpg/25px-Logo_Weichan_Auka_Mapu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Logo_Weichan_Auka_Mapu.jpg/33px-Logo_Weichan_Auka_Mapu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="214" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Weich%C3%A1n_Auka_Mapu" title="Weichán Auka Mapu">Weichán Auka Mapu</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> Resistencia Mapuche Malleco</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anarchist_flag_2.svg/23px-Anarchist_flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anarchist_flag_2.svg/35px-Anarchist_flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anarchist_flag_2.svg/45px-Anarchist_flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antagonic_Nuclei_of_the_New_Urban_Guerrilla" title="Antagonic Nuclei of the New Urban Guerrilla">NANGU</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Gabriel Boric</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> Héctor Llaitul<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></span> Facundo Jones Huala</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mapuche conflict</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">conflicto mapuche</i>) involves <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> communities, also known as the Araucanians,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> (Spanish name given to the historic region that the Mapuche inhabited in Chile) and nearby regions of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puelmapu" title="Puelmapu">Argentina</a>. The conflict itself is related to the land ownership disputes between the State of Argentina and Chile since the 19th Century<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">big forestry companies</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their contractors. In the past decade of the conflict, Chilean police and some non-indigenous landowners have been confronted by indigenist militant Mapuche organizations and local Mapuche communities in the context of the conflict. Some scholars argue the conflict is an indigenous self-determination conflict;<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others like <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Huenchumilla" title="Francisco Huenchumilla">Francisco Huenchumilla</a> see it as the expression of a wider political conflict that affects all of Chile given the existence of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">other indigenous groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mapuche indigenist activists demand greater autonomy, recognition of rights, and the return of what they consider "historical ancestral lands", which some families have documents prove their ownership of specific lands with the "Títulos de Merced"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others apply it as a <a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">broader concept</a>, not having family ties to the land. The Mapuche conflict intensified following the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">return of democracy</a> in the 1990s, with indigenist activists seeking to rectify the loss of what they call "ancestral territory" during the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of the Araucanía</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mapuche Indigenists lack a central organization. Individuals and communities carry out their struggle independently by different means. Some groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> (CAM), have used violent tactics since 1998, while other groups have preferred non-violent tactics and institutional negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violent activists have been scrutinized for their finances and international links, with some being accused of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> of wood, either by performing the theft themselves or <a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">taking possession of stolen wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ltfinancia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltfinancia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ltfinancia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltfinancia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personnel of Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco have been in Venezuela meeting high-ranking officials of the <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The handling of the conflict by Chilean authorities has been the subject of controversy and political debate. The label of "terrorism" by authorities has been controversial as well as the killing of unarmed Mapuches by police followed by failed <a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">cover-ups</a>. Another point of contest is the "militarization of Araucanía", yet the use of military-grade <a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">long guns</a> against police vehicles has been cited as explaining the need for armoured vehicles. There are recurrent claims of Mapuche "<a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict has received the attention of international <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">human rights organizations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, which have criticized the Chilean government's treatment of the Mapuche.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty.org_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many activists have been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuche police and Mapuche contractors have also been killed by violent activists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nain1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nain1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00223433211064778">MACEDA database</a> has compiled more than 2,600 events related to this conflict (1990-2016). </p><p>The area where the conflict has been most violent is known as "Zona Roja" (lit. Red Zone) and lies in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Arauco_Province" title="Arauco Province">Arauco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malleco_Province" title="Malleco Province">Malleco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official 2002 Chilean census found 609,000 Chileans identifying as Mapuches.<sup id="cite_ref-Stgotimes_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stgotimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same survey determined that 35 percent of the nation's Mapuches think the biggest issue for the government to resolve relates to their ancestral properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Stgotimes_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stgotimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official 2012 Chilean census found the number of Mapuches in Chile to be 1,508,722<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2017 census a total of 1,745,147, representing around 10% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arauco_War_and_coxistence_with_Hispanic_Chile_(1541-1810)"><span id="Arauco_War_and_coxistence_with_Hispanic_Chile_.281541-1810.29"></span>Arauco War and coxistence with Hispanic Chile (1541-1810)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arauco War and coxistence with Hispanic Chile (1541-1810)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg/220px-Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg/330px-Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg/440px-Lautaro_-_Mindef.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>, a military leader of the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict has a historical background in the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a>, which varied in intensity and had several peace periods because of agreements between the Hispanic Monarchy and Mapuche tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the Mapuche people, better known as the Reche (Ethnonym meaning: authentic human being) at this time, were divided into three sub-groups living in and around the region of what is now central and south-central Chile between the Aconcagua River and the Chiloé.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Pikunche</a> (Mapudungan for people from the north) lived in the northern part of this region and were defeated by the Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Pikunche lost all ownership of their lands and were forcibly assimilated into Spanish society.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Huilliche (Mapudungan for people from the South) lived in the South of the region between the Valdivia River and the Chiloé Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They survived the conflict with the Spanish due to the relatively light presence of the Spanish in this particular part of the region and due to the fact that they posed no threat to Spanish outposts in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lastly, the central Reche, who inhabited the region between the Maule and Tolten Rivers, regularly entered into violent conflict with the Spanish and successfully held off the colonial power.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central Reche eventually experienced a large societal transformation due to the introduction of the horse to their society which resulted in economic changes in trade, political restructuring, and a relocation of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transformation took place between the second half of the 16th century and the end of the 18th century and led to the emergence of a new cultural identity for the group originating from the central Reche into the Mapuche.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually after a sustained period of war between the Mapuche and Spanish lasting for about a century, the two sides came together and created a peace agreement called the Treaty of Quilin in 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty and various agreements that followed legally recognized the Mapuche as distinct and authonomous people from the Spanish, being part of the territories of the Catholic Monarchy, as well as established a border between Spanish and indigenous lands at the <a href="/wiki/Bio_Bio_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio Bio River">Bio Bio River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement effectively put an end to the large-scale conflict between the Mapuche and the Spanish, although small conflicts continued between the two sides until decolonization in the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mapuche were the only indigenous group under Spanish control from the 16th-19th century to gain full independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the two cultures were independent of one another, they continued to trade and share agricultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapuches_and_the_Republic_of_Chile_(1810-1973)"><span id="Mapuches_and_the_Republic_of_Chile_.281810-1973.29"></span>Mapuches and the Republic of Chile (1810-1973)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mapuches and the Republic of Chile (1810-1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg/280px-Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg/420px-Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg/560px-Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the "old" and the "new" frontier established by 1870</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Independence war, some Mapuche tribes fought in favor of the Hispanic Monarchy, and some others for the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Chile successfully achieved independence from the Spanish Empire, the peace between the Mapuche and those inhabiting the rest of Chile effectively evaporated.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Spanish Empire still legally recognized the Mapuche as authonomous following decolonization, no such agreement existed with the newly independent Chilean government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict rooted in land ownership issues. </p><p>The Chilean government did eventually recognize the Mapuche as distinct people through the formation of the Indigenous Settlement Commission in 1813 which was created to help move the Mapuche reservations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, The Decree of March 4, 1819 by President Bernardo O’Higgins recognized the ability of Mapuche peoples to enter into legal contracts, the law of July 10, 1823 recognized Mapuche rights to property, and the Treaty of Tapihue in 1825 officially recognized the Mapuche as a state within Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these laws were being passed by the Chilean government, the Chilean population continued to slowly encroach and acquire Mapuche land, often through deceptive and unfair means.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866 the Chilean government passed the Indigenous Reservations Law which led to mass rebellion by the Mapuche people in 1870 and 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Frenchman, <a href="/wiki/Or%C3%A9lie-Antoine_de_Tounens" title="Orélie-Antoine de Tounens">Orélie-Antoine de Tounens</a>, tryied to create the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia</a> in the region, the Chilean government started the “Pacification of Araucania” movement between 1862 and 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was essentially an <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">occupation of Araucania</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Chilean Army</a> in the late 19th century. After 1881 the land was divided into plots and distributed mostly among private owners (including foreign and Chilean settlers as well as members of the army). The Mapuche (around 100,000 persons according to the 1907 Census) were confined to almost 3,000 atomized reservations named <i>titulos de merced.</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actions by the Chilean government were essentially an effort by the government to incorporate the territories which were previously authonomous de facto. In 1962, the Chilean government passed the Law of Agrarian Reform which made all lands taken from the Mapuche before 1946 dedicated for public use.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encroachment efforts appeared to subside when Salvadore Allende was elected president as his government was responsible for restoring significant amounts of Mapuche land.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Law 17.729 helped to restore almost 850,000 acres of Mapuche land and gave the Mapuche people stronger land ownership rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Mapuche were actively involved in the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_land_reform" title="Chilean land reform">Chilean land reform</a>. More than 150,000 hectares of land were transferred to the communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_dictatorship_(1973-1990)"><span id="Chilean_dictatorship_.281973-1990.29"></span>Chilean dictatorship (1973-1990)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chilean dictatorship (1973-1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the land that was regained by the Mapuche under the Allende Presidency was later taken back during the counter-agrarian reform process implemented during the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">military dictatorship</a> (1973–1990).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, in 1973 the successful military coup of General Augusto Pinochet established a military dictatorship that effectively reversed many of the policies of the Allende government.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the Pinochet government did not recognize the Mapuche as a distinct group within Chile, but an integral part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the government only recognized its people as Chilean citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, all of the land regained by the Mapuche during the Allende government was returned to previous owners or opened up to development.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the previous Allende Government, Pinochet focused on giving individual land property and not collective. The dictatorship transfered land to thousands of indigenous families. Between 1978 and 1990, 69.984 individual land titles were given.<sup id="cite_ref-FutaLonko_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutaLonko-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time the Mapuche leaders did not consider their new "private property" an offense to their ancestors. In February 1989, General Augusto Pinochet had a meeting with the groups belonging to the Mapuche "Regional Councils" who gave him the title of "<i>Ulmen Futa Lonco</i>", which means "Great Authority" in Mapuche language.<sup id="cite_ref-FutaLonko_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutaLonko-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clinic_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diploma that was given said: "The General Board of Loncos and Chiefs of Nueva Imperial and the 30 communes of the IX Region of Araucanía, agreed to name H.E., the President of the Republic Captain General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, Ulmen Futa Lonco".<sup id="cite_ref-FutaLonko_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutaLonko-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clinic_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinic-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1980s onward, large swathes of southern Chile became integrated into the country's export economy, forming what has been described as an <a href="/wiki/Enclave_economy" title="Enclave economy">enclave economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cepeda2012MX_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepeda2012MX-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central component of this is the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">forestry sector</a>, with several plantations in plots that were originally part of the land reform and others in plots claimed by communities.<sup id="cite_ref-cepeda2012MX_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepeda2012MX-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988 a <a href="/wiki/1988_Chilean_presidential_referendum" title="1988 Chilean presidential referendum">referendum</a> was held in which the "No" option won, and in 1989 Patricio Aylwin was elected President of Chile, assuming office on 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_transition_to_democracy_(1990-1996)"><span id="Chilean_transition_to_democracy_.281990-1996.29"></span>Chilean transition to democracy (1990-1996)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chilean transition to democracy (1990-1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mapuches_(1992).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Mapuches_%281992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches"><i>Wenufoye</i> flag</a> was created in 1992 by <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A1n_Huilcam%C3%A1n" title="Aucán Huilcamán">Aucán Huilcamán</a> from the Indigenist organization, <a href="/wiki/Consejo_de_Todas_las_Tierras" title="Consejo de Todas las Tierras">Council of All Lands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mapuche conflict continued in the 1990s following the return of democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict started in areas inhabited mostly by Mapuches like the vicinities of <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a>, where the indigenous communities have been demanded that their ancestral lands, which were now the property of logging corporations, farming companies, and individuals, be turned over to them.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAHT_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAHT-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, forestry companies owned three times more ancestral Mapuche land than the actual Mapuche people.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the Chilean government passed the Indigenous Peoples Act which recognized Mapuche participation, land, cultural, and development rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the law created the <a href="/wiki/CONADI" title="CONADI">National Indigenous Development Corporation (CONADI)</a>, an indigenous governing body founded to help support the development of indigenous peoples in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the law gave substantial promise of reconciliation and justice to the Mapuche people, in reality, the act continues to be extremely underwhelming and disappointing to most Mapuche people in contemporary society.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses">Mapuche Activist Movements and Government Responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mapuche Activist Movements and Government Responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996–2004:_Ralco_controversy"><span id="1996.E2.80.932004:_Ralco_controversy"></span>1996–2004: Ralco controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1996–2004: Ralco controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, Spanish utility company Endesa initiated the BíoBío Hydroelectric Dam project, including a series of dams on the Upper BíoBío River. The dams, particularly the Ralco Dam, led to the displacement of Mapuche/Pehuenche communities due to flooding of ancestral lands.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Bank's involvement through its International Finance Corporation (IFC) drew criticism for policy violations, prompting internal reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, ENDESA, the National Electric Enterprise created by the State undertook hydroelectric projects on the BioBio River.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building of the Pangue dam (1996-1997) caused flooding of 500 hectares occupied by the Pehuenche communities. Many of the Pehuenche signed away their land rights due to the lack of literacy among the people. The flooding led to ancestral cemeteries being washed away and the relocation of families and communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the construction of the Pangue Dam, the relatively isolated Bio Bio River attracted timber contractors who would give landowners an undisclosed amount of money for the harvesting of their trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the success of the Pangue Dam, the conception of the Ralco Dam began. The Ralco Dam was initially supposed to be the biggest dam proposed for the BioBio, constructed 27 kilometers from the Pangue Dam. At over 155 meters tall, it would flood 3,400 hectares of land to generate 570 megawatts of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed Ralco Dam would displace approximately 500 to 1,000 persons comprising 91 families of the Quepuca-Ralco and Ralco-Lepoy. The dam would also threaten 27 species of mammals, 10 species of amphibians, 9 species of reptiles, and 8 species of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The Ralco Dam finished construction in 2004. </p><p>In response to the controversies surrounding the Ralco Dams’ construction, the Chilean Government signed the INFORME N° 30/04, PETICIÓN 4617/02, SOLUCION AMISTOSA, with the Iner-American Commission on Human Rights. The Government promised to not build any more mega-projects and hydroelectric projects on Indigenous lands surrounding the Bio Bio River. </p><p>Despite the Chilean government's commitments to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights to halt such projects on Indigenous lands, further controversial dams like Angostura and Rucalhue were developed. These continued to affect the local communities by flooding lands and threatening cultural traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resistance has grown, particularly among youth, who have organized sit-ins, plebiscites, and petitions against the ongoing developments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial construction of the Ralco dam was met with controversy due to the indigenous Mapuche being relocated. While the displaced were given monetary repayment, many complained that it was too little compared to the dam company's profits. Many protests have been held over the events of the construction of the Ralco Dam.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been sit-ins that have blocked access roads to the plant for machinery and workers. All sit-ins have ended quickly where participants eventually get evicted, however, the construction of the Ralco Dam has increased citizen participation. </p><p>There have been increased protections in place from the actions of the construction of the Ralco Dam. The National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI) to “protect yet substantially develop lands.”<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CONANDI was put in place to negotiate between indigenous peoples and corporations to acquire disputed land for return to the indigenous groups. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2011</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_incidents">2009 incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2009 incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg/200px-Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg/300px-Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg/400px-Protesta_apoyo_Patricia_Troncoso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration in Santiago, after the killing of two Mapuche activists.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous incidents such as violent land occupations, burning of private property and demonstrations have occurred in <a href="/wiki/Arauco,_Chile" title="Arauco, Chile">Araucania</a>. In the wake of the deaths of a few of its activists, Mapuche organization <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> played a key role by organizing and supporting violent land occupations and other <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct actions</a>, such as the burning of houses and farms, that have ended up in clashes with the police. </p><p>The government of <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet" title="Michelle Bachelet">Michelle Bachelet</a> said that it was not ready to contemplate expropriating land in the southern region of Araucania to restore lost ancestral territory to the Mapuche.<sup id="cite_ref-LAHT2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAHT2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government set out to buy land for use by 115 Mapuche communities, however, according to government officials, the current owners had nearly tripled the prices they were demanding. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the government policy of buying and distributing land has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-LAHT2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAHT2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two special presidential envoys were sent to southern Chile to review the increasingly fractious "Mapuche situation".<sup id="cite_ref-Stgotimes_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stgotimes-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_attempts_at_reconciliation:_proposed_constitutional_amendment">2009 attempts at reconciliation: proposed constitutional amendment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2009 attempts at reconciliation: proposed constitutional amendment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Correlating to these incidents, in 2009, the Chilean Government (Senate) voted to amend the constitution to include specific rights for indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional amendment regarding Mapuche recognition would change the way the country treats violations of indigenous rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formal complaints regarding any violations would now pass through the formal court system.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There will also be attempts at increasing the reaction time of the state to indigenous rights violations. This is in response to previous violations where permanent damage already occurred before an indigenous person’s voice was heard.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amended constitution would also include a clause stating any project, law, act, etc. that is created without proper consultation of indigenous groups is nullified.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Special Rapporteur’s report stated the guidelines for the consultation process. Consultation must occur in the beginning stages of any project, law, or act that is proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act of consultation must meet a good faith principle where the state and indigenous groups look for solutions rather than conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consultation must also be a discourse between the two groups rather than a gathering of information by either side.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the consultation process must define the scope of the project in its entirety. This includes granting access to documents, financials, modifications, etc. to the indigenous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_hunger_strike">2010 hunger strike</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2010 hunger strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_Mapuche_hunger_strike" title="2010 Mapuche hunger strike">2010 Mapuche hunger strike</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehuelche_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/200px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/300px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tehuelche_flag.svg/400px-Tehuelche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Mapuche-Tehuelche people created in 1991, a symbol of their claim to some Argentine-Mapuche areas.</figcaption></figure><p> Between 2010 and 2011, <a href="/wiki/2010_Mapuche_hunger_strike" title="2010 Mapuche hunger strike">a series of hunger strikes by Mapuche community members</a> imprisoned in Chilean prisons to protest against the conditions in which the proceedings against them took place, mainly due to the application of the antiterrorist law, and for the double prosecutions they were subject to, because parallel proceedings were carried out in the ordinary and military courts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The strikes began on July 12, 2010, with a group that was in preventive detention, some for more than one year and a half, all accused of violating anti-terrorism legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2013_events">January 2013 events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: January 2013 events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A march was held in commemoration of the death of Matías Catrileo in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> in January 2013. During the march a group of masked men threw <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">molotov cocktails</a> at banks. Later the same group caused incidents near <a href="/wiki/Estaci%C3%B3n_Mapocho" title="Estación Mapocho">Estación Mapocho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commemoration was associated by newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a> with the assault and torching of a truck on <a href="/wiki/Chile_Route_5" title="Chile Route 5">Chile Route 5</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_Region" title="Araucanía Region">Araucanía Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of January 4, 2013, the agricultural business couple Luchsinger-Mackay died in a fire in their house in <a href="/wiki/Vilc%C3%BAn" title="Vilcún">Vilcún</a>, Araucanía Region.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PericiasEM_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PericiasEM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a> said it was arson in a preliminary report while the newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a>, linked it to the commemoration of the death of Matías Catrileo and to the truck burning the previous days.<sup id="cite_ref-FamiliaLT_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamiliaLT-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relative of the dead persons claimed there was a campaign to empty the region of farmers and businessmen adding that "the guerrilla is winning" and lamented the "lack of rule of law".<sup id="cite_ref-FamiliaLT_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FamiliaLT-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A male activist wounded by a bullet was <a href="/wiki/Detention_(imprisonment)" title="Detention (imprisonment)">detained</a> by police 600 m from the torched house.<sup id="cite_ref-PericiasEM_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PericiasEM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate thesis claims the house was attacked by at least seven persons and that the "machi" had received the bullet wound from the occupants of the house before dying in the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-PericiasEM_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PericiasEM-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 30, a <a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">freight train</a> was <a href="/wiki/Derailment" title="Derailment">derailed</a> near <a href="/wiki/Collipulli" title="Collipulli">Collipulli</a> to be then assaulted by men with firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-cnncolli_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnncolli-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interior minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Chadwick" title="Andrés Chadwick">Andrés Chadwick</a> said the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chilean_Antiterrorist_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chilean Antiterrorist Law (page does not exist)">Chilean Antiterrorist Law</a> will be applied to those responsible for the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-cnncolli_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnncolli-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016–2022:_Upsurge_of_the_conflict"><span id="2016.E2.80.932022:_Upsurge_of_the_conflict"></span>2016–2022: Upsurge of the conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2016–2022: Upsurge of the conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png/220px-Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png/330px-Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png/440px-Quema_de_iglesias_-_Araucania_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A church is burned in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_%284%29.jpg/220px-Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_%284%29.jpg/330px-Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_%284%29.jpg/440px-Presidente_Pi%C3%B1era_participa_en_ceremonia_mapuche_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>President Piñera participates in a Mapuche religious ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2016, there has been an increasing number of attacks in the region, especially against churches, machinery, forest industries, and security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A June 2018 article in the equaltimes.org website reported that "military police (GOPE) often intervene violently, on the side of the companies, intimidating the Mapuche communities, acting indiscriminately against women or minors."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest Carlos Bresciani, who has spent 15 years heading the <a href="/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_Jesuita_Mapuche" title="Misión Jesuita Mapuche">Misión Jesuita Mapuche</a> in Tirúa,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that he doesn't see autonomy coming easily, given the disposition of the Chilean Senate, and that the "underlying problem is how communities participate in decision-making in their own territories".<sup id="cite_ref-S.A.P_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S.A.P-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bresciani observed that the violence "reflects that there is an open wound."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2018, while saying Mass before thousands at <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a>, "the de facto capital of the Mapuche community", <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> called for an end to the violence,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for solidarity with "those who daily bear the burden of those many injustices".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Catrillanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilo Catrillanca">Camilo Catrillanca</a>, the grandson of a local Indigenous leader, was shot in the head during a police operation in a rural community near the town of Ercilla. His death triggered nationwide protest leading to seven police officers being convicted in connection with the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> urged Switzerland to stop deportation of Mapuche activist Flor Calfunao to Chile because of concern for her human rights, including the risk of torture.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 June 2021, a police officer was wounded during clashes with suspected indigenous militia groups in the Biobío region. In the same region volunteer firefighters were caught in crossfire between police forces and indigenous militiamen while trying to get to the La Pasión farm to put out a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 July 2021, protest erupted during the opening constitutional session, with citizens demanding an amnesty law for supposed political prisoners who had been arrested during the country's political unrest in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late July, fighting was reported between state forces and suspected indigenous militias in the Araucanía and Biobío regions. In the Biobío commune of Tirua, armed men ambushed a police unit, injuring two police officers. Finally, in the Araucanía city of Carahue, militiamen exchanged fire with police officers carrying out a protective order outside the building of a logging company. Two police officers and a worker were injured, before the suspects escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October, Chilean President <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a> declared a state of emergency and deployed troops to Biobio and Araucania in response to clashes between security forces and Mapuche groups.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 December 2021, the Mapuche organization Lafkenche Mapuche Resistance claimed responsibility for the following sabotage actions in Wallmapu in support of Mapuche political prisoners and fallen fighters: </p> <ul><li>Wednesday 24 November: Burning of four trucks for extracting aggregate material from the Trongol river, and a forestry truck belonging to Bosques Arauco, in the Sector Los Rios, Los Alamos.</li> <li>Thursday 9 December: Burning of 15 forestry machines, in the Coihue-Yeneco Estate of Forestal Arauco. Lebu.</li> <li>Tuesday 14 December: Burning of 15 forestry machines in the El Tesero Estate of Forestal Arauco. Curanilahue.</li> <li>Tuesday 22 December: Burning of 31 summer cabins in the Sector Lincuyin. Contulmo.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_by_Izkia_Siches">Visit by Izkia Siches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Visit by Izkia Siches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 15, 2022, Interior Minister Izkia Siches visited Araucania, an area heavily populated by Mapuche groups. The visit ended when shots were fired and Siches was forced to evacuate.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the event relations between the state and Mapuche have continued to deteriorate.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election of President Boric was initially promising for the Mapuche as they had made progress after centuries of disputes. Furthermore, the Chilean state recently proposed a new constitution that would greatly increase indigenous rights within Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many Mapuche members are questioning the state after the recent encounter with Minister Siches.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victor Queipul, a Mapuche leader, commented on Siches' visit: “Minister Siches had no intention of listening to the Mapuche people, her aim was solely to strengthen her ministerial position without tackling Mapuche issues, In that case, we are unwilling to welcome her. If the ministry wants dialogue, they must follow the correct protocols.”<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mapuche also claim they were never consulted about the visit and were alarmed when they saw a military entourage approaching. In response to the shooting, Boric announced a state of emergency in the area of Araucania leading to more military presence.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mapuche disagreed with the move saying the government violated rules regarding consultation. Furthermore, they increasingly believe Boric’s decisions mirror those of previous dictators who sought to topple the Mapuche. Less than a week following the state of an emergency announcement one worker was shot and four others badly injured.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the five victims involved were Mapuche peoples, and the attack mirrors those by police officers and security firms against Mapuche activists.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mapuche groups believe the state of emergency is to serve the special interests of the forestry companies in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe it offers them personal protection from attacks through state interference. There have also been reports of corruption between local police officers and forestry companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officers are alleged to have received payments from forestry companies while still under contract with the Chilean government.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_organized_crime">Claims of organized crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Claims of organized crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Groups of Mapuche fighters continued to cause disruption within Chile’s wooded area in the months leading to summer. The attacks continue with the same motive of freeing ancestral lands currently held by private enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing president Boric doesn’t see the violent conflict as a means to an end to the tumultuous relationship between the state and Mapuche people.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks have also become more targeted going after specific individuals rather than just property or machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motives behind the attacks are also questioned by many in Chile. While the ancestral land claims are proven to be legitimate many believe criminal organizations have taken advantage of the dire scenario. Through the struggle for land organized crime has surfaced and reports of drug trafficking are present.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspects of potential crime are the seven militant groups that are currently at war with the Chilean state.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state firmly believes at least some groups are using the struggle for land as a facade for their true motives. Furthermore, police reports have claimed they made multiple cocaine busts and uncovered marijuana plants all concealed among the forestry plants in remorse regions.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lumber companies have also been affected by the potential of organized crime. According to the forestry chamber, 4% of the 4,500 logging trucks that transit everyday carry stolen wood.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wood is stolen from the lumber companies, laundered through sawmills, and eventually sold with falsified documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>In response to the high tensions in the area, President Boric responded: “I have the duty to use all legal tools to guarantee the security of the population, and I will not waver in using them.”<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boric deployed more troops to the area after arson, shootings, and destruction of property rose from 1,118 in 2019 to 1,771 in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks in 2022 alone have increased by 44 from January to April.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victims of such attacks are commonly, but not exclusively, forestry workers, police officers, and military personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mapuche people have also been caught in the crossfire. Common Mapuche who are targeted are those who work for the forestry companies as they are denounced by more radical Mapuche groups. The feelings among the Mapuche regarding President Boric’s decision are quite mixed. Some believe it will offer some safety and security, while others think it mirrors the actions of former dictator Augusto Pinochet.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, many Mapuche believe that the violence is detrimental to their communities and must come to an end. Cristobal Nancufil, a 19-year-old Mapuche member, doesn't believe in the violence: “I don’t feel part of this struggle, Ethnic pride is good. But attacking someone’s property that long ago belonged to Mapuche, how is this the fault of the descendants?”<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poverty in the region is also higher at 17.4% compared to 10.8% for the rest of the nation, further worsening the condition of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_74-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_constitution">New constitution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: New constitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(Chile)" title="Constitutional Convention (Chile)">Constitutional Convention</a> made a new constitution proposal in 2021 and 2022 that would have changed the economic and political system of the country. Changes put in place would have created independednt judiciary systems for people who indentified as indigenous. The proposal of constitution would have mainly hurt the legal rights of mining companies, decentralized the government and shifted more power to rural areas of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposal contemplated indigenous representation in Congress with the ability to veto projects, laws, etc. on issues concerning and not concerning them.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, the new constitution would have defined Chile as a “<a href="/wiki/Plurinational_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurinational state">plurinational state</a>” which is several nations in one.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution was heavily focused on the overrepresentation of indigenous communities. Indigenous communities make up about 12% of the population, according to the 2020 census.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution would have given them greater political representation. Many Mapuche supported the constitutional change and some opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugo Antonio Alcaman is an association of Mapuche professionals leader who opposes the constitution: “We were supposed to be fighting privilege, but suddenly we look like the privileged ones.”<sup id="cite_ref-:10_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers also feared the idea of a new constitution since it intruded on private property rights. Many believed their property wouldn’t be respected and they feared a repeat of state land seizures that happened in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed constitution did not pass in the end for a multitude of reasons. One, was the overrepresentation of Mapuche in Congress and the conflict that it could cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the usage of the word plurinational was also a major concern for the citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many didn’t know if plurinational was simply an ideology or if it would bring along legitimate policy change.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word plurinational caused concern for the majority and the constitution was vetoed with 62% voting against it.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another more conservative constitution, that was viewed as harmful to Mapuche interests, was also rejected in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-Terrorism_Law">Anti-Terrorism Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Anti-Terrorism Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chilean government's usage of the "Anti-Terrorism Law" in the conflict is a focal point of the controversy surrounding the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> condemned the use of the Anti-Terrorism Law against Mapuche activists.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a> have made similar criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty.org_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a May 2022 poll by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadem (page does not exist)">Cadem</a> 76% of Chileans believe there is terrorism in Araucanía Region.<sup id="cite_ref-Cademvivimos_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cademvivimos-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a rise from the 56% that believed so in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Cademvivimos_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cademvivimos-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Cadem polls show that those who reject the notion that there is terrorism in Araucanía Region decreased from 41% to 19% in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-Cademvivimos_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cademvivimos-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Indigenous peoples in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Indigenous peoples in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistencia_Ancestral_Mapuche" title="Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche">Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are also claims of members of <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a> training with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">FARC</a> guerrillas in Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Vivanco" title="José Miguel Vivanco">José Miguel Vivanco</a> have asserted in December 2020 that "there are no political prisoners in Chile",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view echoed by former President <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Pi%C3%B1era" title="Sebastián Piñera">Sebastián Piñera</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Igor_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igor-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the existence of Mapuche political prisoners has been rejected in 2022 by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Monsalve" title="Manuel Monsalve">Manuel Monsalve</a>, subsecretary of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Public_Security_(Chile)" title="Ministry of the Interior and Public Security (Chile)">Ministry of the Interior and Public Security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoccara2002" class="citation journal cs1">Boccara, Guillaume (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20122946">"The Mapuche People in Post-Dictatorship Chile"</a>. <i>Études rurales</i> (163/164): 283–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.7984">10.4000/etudesrurales.7984</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-2182">0014-2182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20122946">20122946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+rurales&rft.atitle=The+Mapuche+People+in+Post-Dictatorship+Chile&rft.issue=163%2F164&rft.pages=283-303&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0014-2182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20122946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fetudesrurales.7984&rft.aulast=Boccara&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20122946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Lucia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/4/12/a-journey-through-chiles-conflict-with-mapuche-resistance-groups">"A journey through Chile's conflict with Mapuche rebel groups"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320105332/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/4/12/a-journey-through-chiles-conflict-with-mapuche-resistance-groups">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=A+journey+through+Chile%27s+conflict+with+Mapuche+rebel+groups&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2021%2F4%2F12%2Fa-journey-through-chiles-conflict-with-mapuche-resistance-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayul,_Pedro;_Alejandro_Corvalan;_Dany_Jaimovich;_Matteo_Pazzona2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cayul, Pedro; Alejandro Corvalan; Dany Jaimovich; Matteo Pazzona (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433211064778">"Introducing MACEDA: New micro-data on an indigenous self-determination conflict"</a>. <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>59</b> (6): 903–912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00223433211064778">10.1177/00223433211064778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248144192">248144192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Introducing+MACEDA%3A+New+micro-data+on+an+indigenous+self-determination+conflict&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=903-912&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00223433211064778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248144192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Cayul%2C+Pedro%3B+Alejandro+Corvalan%3B+Dany+Jaimovich%3B+Matteo+Pazzona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F00223433211064778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCholakian2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cholakian, Daniel (30 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodalcultura.am/2018/05/presentan-coleccion-sobre-el-pensamiento-mapuche-contemporaneo/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Comprender la verdadera naturaleza del conflicto mapuche es un imperativo para la clase dirigente"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Nodal Cultura</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nodal+Cultura&rft.atitle=%22Comprender+la+verdadera+naturaleza+del+conflicto+mapuche+es+un+imperativo+para+la+clase+dirigente%22&rft.date=2018-05-30&rft.aulast=Cholakian&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodalcultura.am%2F2018%2F05%2Fpresentan-coleccion-sobre-el-pensamiento-mapuche-contemporaneo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/investigacion-y-datos/noticia/aplicabilidades-titulos-de-merced-y-de-comisario-un-glosario-para-entender/YRFOKDEDOZFRJEFVN26UGCUF7Y/#:~:text=Documentos%20entregados%20entre%201884%20y,pertenec%C3%ADan%20antes%20de%20ser%20quitados.">"Aplicabilidades, títulos de merced y de comisario: Un glosario para entender"</a> (in Spanish). La Tercera. 28 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aplicabilidades%2C+t%C3%ADtulos+de+merced+y+de+comisario%3A+Un+glosario+para+entender&rft.pub=La+Tercera&rft.date=2021-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Finvestigacion-y-datos%2Fnoticia%2Faplicabilidades-titulos-de-merced-y-de-comisario-un-glosario-para-entender%2FYRFOKDEDOZFRJEFVN26UGCUF7Y%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDocumentos%2520entregados%2520entre%25201884%2520y%2Cpertenec%25C3%25ADan%2520antes%2520de%2520ser%2520quitados.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">On the conflict before 1990 see Olaf Kaltmeier: Volkseinheit und ethnische Differenz. Mapuche-Bewegung und comunidades während der Regierung Salvador Allende, in:<a href="/wiki/Jahrbuch_f%C3%BCr_Forschungen_zur_Geschichte_der_Arbeiterbewegung" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung">Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung</a>, Heft III/2003 (German Language).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPardal2018" class="citation news cs1">Pardal, Alberto Barba (29 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.equaltimes.org/in-chile-the-mapuche-are-battling#.W-uHTJNKgb4">"In Chile, the Mapuche are battling for their land"</a>. <i>Equal Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114141357/https://www.equaltimes.org/in-chile-the-mapuche-are-battling#.W-uHTJNKgb4">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Equal+Times&rft.atitle=In+Chile%2C+the+Mapuche+are+battling+for+their+land&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Pardal&rft.aufirst=Alberto+Barba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equaltimes.org%2Fin-chile-the-mapuche-are-battling%23.W-uHTJNKgb4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ltfinancia-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ltfinancia_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ltfinancia_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabrín2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Labrín, Sebastián (26 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/financiando-la-violencia-rural-en-territorio-mapuche/M5KVJWYFGBFHTLSMPCEHN5UGP4/">"Financiando la violencia rural en territorio mapuche"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524135619/https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/financiando-la-violencia-rural-en-territorio-mapuche/M5KVJWYFGBFHTLSMPCEHN5UGP4/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Tercera&rft.atitle=Financiando+la+violencia+rural+en+territorio+mapuche&rft.date=2020-09-26&rft.aulast=Labr%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Fla-tercera-domingo%2Fnoticia%2Ffinanciando-la-violencia-rural-en-territorio-mapuche%2FM5KVJWYFGBFHTLSMPCEHN5UGP4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChile" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chile, C. N. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/detienen-a-emilio-berkhoff-en-un-operativo-antinarcotico-y-recaudan-mas-de-800-kilos-de-cocaina_20200615/">"Operativo antinarcótico en Concepción: Detienen a Emilio Berkhoff, ex líder de la CAM"</a>. <i>CNN Chile</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917032509/https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/detienen-a-emilio-berkhoff-en-un-operativo-antinarcotico-y-recaudan-mas-de-800-kilos-de-cocaina_20200615/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Chile&rft.atitle=Operativo+antinarc%C3%B3tico+en+Concepci%C3%B3n%3A+Detienen+a+Emilio+Berkhoff%2C+ex+l%C3%ADder+de+la+CAM&rft.aulast=Chile&rft.aufirst=C.+N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnchile.com%2Fpais%2Fdetienen-a-emilio-berkhoff-en-un-operativo-antinarcotico-y-recaudan-mas-de-800-kilos-de-cocaina_20200615%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivas2018" class="citation web cs1">Rivas, Sebastián (14 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/canciller-venezolano-recibe-caracas-lider-la-cam-hector-llaitul/446423/">"Canciller venezolano recibe en Caracas a líder de la CAM Héctor Llaitul"</a>. <i>La Tercera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527172121/https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/canciller-venezolano-recibe-caracas-lider-la-cam-hector-llaitul/446423/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Tercera&rft.atitle=Canciller+venezolano+recibe+en+Caracas+a+l%C3%ADder+de+la+CAM+H%C3%A9ctor+Llaitul&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft.aulast=Rivas&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Fpolitica%2Fnoticia%2Fcanciller-venezolano-recibe-caracas-lider-la-cam-hector-llaitul%2F446423%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrera2010" class="citation web cs1">Carrera, Patricio (19 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latercera.com/noticia/ex-farc-reconoce-a-miembros-de-la-cam-y-dice-que-fueron-instruidos-en-colombia/">"Ex Farc reconoce a miembros de la CAM y dice que fueron instruidos en Colombia"</a>. <i>La Tercera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527172122/https://www.latercera.com/noticia/ex-farc-reconoce-a-miembros-de-la-cam-y-dice-que-fueron-instruidos-en-colombia/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Tercera&rft.atitle=Ex+Farc+reconoce+a+miembros+de+la+CAM+y+dice+que+fueron+instruidos+en+Colombia&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.aulast=Carrera&rft.aufirst=Patricio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latercera.com%2Fnoticia%2Fex-farc-reconoce-a-miembros-de-la-cam-y-dice-que-fueron-instruidos-en-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapuexpress.org/2022/07/20/23-presos-politicos-mapuche-recluidos-en-la-carcel-de-angol-inician-huelga-de-hambre-indefinida/">"23 presos políticos Mapuche recluidos en la Cárcel de Angol inician huelga de hambre indefinida"</a>. <i>mapuexpress.org</i> (in Spanish). 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mapuexpress.org&rft.atitle=23+presos+pol%C3%ADticos+Mapuche+recluidos+en+la+C%C3%A1rcel+de+Angol+inician+huelga+de+hambre+indefinida&rft.date=2022-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapuexpress.org%2F2022%2F07%2F20%2F23-presos-politicos-mapuche-recluidos-en-la-carcel-de-angol-inician-huelga-de-hambre-indefinida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-conflicto_mapuches-defienden-a-sus--presos-pol%C3%ADticos--al-inicio-de-estado-de-emergencia/47605192">"Mapuches defienden a sus "presos políticos" al inicio de estado de emergencia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">Swissinfo</a></i> (in Spanish). 18 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Swissinfo&rft.atitle=Mapuches+defienden+a+sus+%22presos+pol%C3%ADticos%22+al+inicio+de+estado+de+emergencia&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Fspa%2Fchile-conflicto_mapuches-defienden-a-sus--presos-pol%25C3%25ADticos--al-inicio-de-estado-de-emergencia%2F47605192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoblete2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poblete, Jorge (11 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ex-ante.cl/quienes-son-los-presos-mapuche-que-la-convencion-constituyente-pide-liberar/">"Quiénes son los presos mapuche que la Convención Constituyente pide liberar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ex-Ante_(online_newspaper)" title="Ex-Ante (online newspaper)">Ex-Ante</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ex-Ante&rft.atitle=Qui%C3%A9nes+son+los+presos+mapuche+que+la+Convenci%C3%B3n+Constituyente+pide+liberar&rft.date=2021-07-11&rft.aulast=Poblete&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ex-ante.cl%2Fquienes-son-los-presos-mapuche-que-la-convencion-constituyente-pide-liberar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaza2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plaza, Francisca (12 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioagricultura.cl/nacional/2020/12/12/director-de-human-rights-watch-no-hay-presos-politicos-en-chile.html">"Director de Human Rights Watch: "No hay presos políticos en Chile"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Agricultura" title="Radio Agricultura">Radio Agricultura</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Agricultura&rft.atitle=Director+de+Human+Rights+Watch%3A+%22No+hay+presos+pol%C3%ADticos+en+Chile%22&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft.aulast=Plaza&rft.aufirst=Francisca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioagricultura.cl%2Fnacional%2F2020%2F12%2F12%2Fdirector-de-human-rights-watch-no-hay-presos-politicos-en-chile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomo2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romo, Samuel (1 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2021/06/01/presidente-pinera-cierra-la-puerta-nos-oponemos-a-una-ley-de-indulto-o-amnistia-en-chile-no-hay-presos-politicos/">"Presidente Piñera cierra la puerta: "Nos oponemos a una ley de indulto o amnistía (…) en Chile no hay presos políticos"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mostrador" title="El Mostrador">El Mostrador</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mostrador&rft.atitle=Presidente+Pi%C3%B1era+cierra+la+puerta%3A+%22Nos+oponemos+a+una+ley+de+indulto+o+amnist%C3%ADa+%28%E2%80%A6%29+en+Chile+no+hay+presos+pol%C3%ADticos%22&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft.aulast=Romo&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmostrador.cl%2Fdia%2F2021%2F06%2F01%2Fpresidente-pinera-cierra-la-puerta-nos-oponemos-a-una-ley-de-indulto-o-amnistia-en-chile-no-hay-presos-politicos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Igor-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Igor_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMora2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mora, Igor (5 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rebelion.org/expertos-refutan-a-pinera-en-chile-si-hay-presos-politicos/">"Expertos refutan a Piñera: en Chile sí hay presos políticos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rebelion.org" title="Rebelion.org">Rebelion.org</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rebelion.org&rft.atitle=Expertos+refutan+a+Pi%C3%B1era%3A+en+Chile+s%C3%AD+hay+presos+pol%C3%ADticos&rft.date=2021-06-05&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frebelion.org%2Fexpertos-refutan-a-pinera-en-chile-si-hay-presos-politicos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vargas, Felipe (17 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2022/03/17/1055162/monsalve-presos-politicos-n-hay.html">"Monsalve dice que no hay presos políticos mapuche: "Lo están por delitos tipificados en Código Penal"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">Emol</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emol&rft.atitle=Monsalve+dice+que+no+hay+presos+pol%C3%ADticos+mapuche%3A+%22Lo+est%C3%A1n+por+delitos+tipificados+en+C%C3%B3digo+Penal%22&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft.aulast=Vargas&rft.aufirst=Felipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emol.com%2Fnoticias%2FNacional%2F2022%2F03%2F17%2F1055162%2Fmonsalve-presos-politicos-n-hay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesty.org-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amnesty.org_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amnesty.org_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/chile-autoridades-deben-dejar-de-criminalizar-personas-mapuches-a-traves-de-ley-antiterrorista/">"Chile: Authorities must stop criminalizing Indigenous Mapuche people under the Anti-Terrorism Law"</a>. <i>www.amnesty.org</i>. 5 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210708182109/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/05/chile-autoridades-deben-dejar-de-criminalizar-personas-mapuches-a-traves-de-ley-antiterrorista/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amnesty.org&rft.atitle=Chile%3A+Authorities+must+stop+criminalizing+Indigenous+Mapuche+people+under+the+Anti-Terrorism+Law&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2Fchile-autoridades-deben-dejar-de-criminalizar-personas-mapuches-a-traves-de-ley-antiterrorista%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal2011" class="citation web cs1">Vidal, Aldo (27 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapuche-nation.org/espanol/html/documentos/doc-104.htm">"Lista de Mapuche Muertos post Dictadura en Relación al Llamado "Conflicto" Mapuche"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190917163434/https://www.mapuche-nation.org/espanol/html/documentos/doc-104.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lista+de+Mapuche+Muertos+post+Dictadura+en+Relaci%C3%B3n+al+Llamado+%22Conflicto%22+Mapuche&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Vidal&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapuche-nation.org%2Fespanol%2Fhtml%2Fdocumentos%2Fdoc-104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartínez2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martínez, Brenda (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2020/10/30/eugenio-nain-carabinero-baleado-en-la-araucania-fallecido/">"Quién era Eugenio Nain, el carabinero que murió baleado en Metrenco"</a>. <i>El Dínamo</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104215332/https://www.eldinamo.cl/nacional/2020/10/30/eugenio-nain-carabinero-baleado-en-la-araucania-fallecido/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Mostrador&rft.atitle=T%C3%ADa+de+cabo+Eugenio+Nain%3A+%22A+%C3%A9l+no+lo+mataron+por+ser+carabinero%2C+lo+mataron+por+ser+mapuche%22&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmostrador.cl%2Fnoticias%2Fmultimedia%2F2020%2F11%2F01%2Ftia-de-cabo-eugenio-nain-a-el-no-lo-mataron-por-ser-carabinero-lo-mataron-por-ser-mapuche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miranda, Cristian (26 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2022/05/26/santo-reinao-sin-pelos-en-la-lengua-ningun-mapuche-que-quiera-retomar-su-territorio-lo-va-a-hacer-encapuchado/">"Santo Reinao, sin pelos en la lengua: "Ningún mapuche que quiera retomar su territorio, lo va a hacer encapuchado"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mostrador" title="El Mostrador">El Mostrador</a></i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527173927/https://www.elmostrador.cl/destacado/2022/05/26/santo-reinao-sin-pelos-en-la-lengua-ningun-mapuche-que-quiera-retomar-su-territorio-lo-va-a-hacer-encapuchado/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mostrador&rft.atitle=Santo+Reinao%2C+sin+pelos+en+la+lengua%3A+%22Ning%C3%BAn+mapuche+que+quiera+retomar+su+territorio%2C+lo+va+a+hacer+encapuchado%22&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmostrador.cl%2Fdestacado%2F2022%2F05%2F26%2Fsanto-reinao-sin-pelos-en-la-lengua-ningun-mapuche-que-quiera-retomar-su-territorio-lo-va-a-hacer-encapuchado%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasadre2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Basadre, Pablo (2 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ex-ante.cl/la-verdadera-zona-roja-mapuche-como-es-el-lugar-donde-fue-atacado-el-equipo-de-tvn/">"La verdadera zona roja mapuche: Cómo es el lugar donde fue atacado el equipo de TVN"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ex-Ante_(online_newspaper)" title="Ex-Ante (online newspaper)">Ex-Ante</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ex-Ante&rft.atitle=La+verdadera+zona+roja+mapuche%3A+C%C3%B3mo+es+el+lugar+donde+fue+atacado+el+equipo+de+TVN&rft.date=2021-04-02&rft.aulast=Basadre&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ex-ante.cl%2Fla-verdadera-zona-roja-mapuche-como-es-el-lugar-donde-fue-atacado-el-equipo-de-tvn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabrínDíaz" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Labrín, Sebastián; Díaz, Sebastián. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interactivo.latercera.com/mapa-de-violencia-en-macrozona-sur/">"El mapa definitivo de la violencia en la Macrozona sur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Tercera&rft.atitle=El+mapa+definitivo+de+la+violencia+en+la+Macrozona+sur&rft.aulast=Labr%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz%2C+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finteractivo.latercera.com%2Fmapa-de-violencia-en-macrozona-sur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaúl2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paúl, Fernanda (19 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-58844067">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mientras no cambie la mentalidad colonialista y discriminatoria del Estado de Chile, el conflicto mapuche tiene muy poca posibilidad de resolverse": José Bengoa, historiador y antropólogo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Mundo" title="BBC Mundo">BBC Mundo</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Mundo&rft.atitle=%22Mientras+no+cambie+la+mentalidad+colonialista+y+discriminatoria+del+Estado+de+Chile%2C+el+conflicto+mapuche+tiene+muy+poca+posibilidad+de+resolverse%22%3A+Jos%C3%A9+Bengoa%2C+historiador+y+antrop%C3%B3logo&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=Pa%C3%BAl&rft.aufirst=Fernanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fmundo%2Fnoticias-america-latina-58844067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stgotimes-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stgotimes_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stgotimes_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stgotimes_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santiagotimes.cl/santiagotimes/index.php/2009082116951/news/political-news/chile-indigenous-conflict-makes-political-waves">"CHILE INDIGENOUS CONFLICT MAKES POLITICAL WAVES"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHILE+INDIGENOUS+CONFLICT+MAKES+POLITICAL+WAVES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santiagotimes.cl%2Fsantiagotimes%2Findex.php%2F2009082116951%2Fnews%2Fpolitical-news%2Fchile-indigenous-conflict-makes-political-waves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censo.cl/">"Censo 2017 – Todos Contamos – Este Censo necesita todo tu apoyo para saber cuántos somos, cómo somos y cómo vivimos"</a>. <i>www.censo.cl</i> (in European Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628095328/http://www.censo.cl/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongabar&rft.atitle=Dan+Construction+Ignites+Indigenous+Youth+Movement+in+Southern+Chile&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.au=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%2Fdocument%2F%3Fpdmfid%3D1516831%26crid%3Df4a27557-0200-4f85-8ab2-11f4991d2843%26pddocfullpath%3D%252Fshared%252Fdocument%252Fnews%252Furn%253AcontentItem%253A66W6-J231-F03R-N35M-00000-00%26pdcontentcomponentid%3D484266%26pdteaserkey%3Dsr1%26pditab%3Dallpods%26ecomp%3D-znyk%26earg%3Dsr1%26prid%3D07963175-4989-4292-8e64-1fdab66eec3e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAHT2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAHT2_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAHT2_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342083&CategoryId=14094">"Chile Rules Out Land Seizures to Satisfy Indian Demands"</a>. <i>Latin American Herald Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125093341/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=342083&CategoryId=14094">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Chile+Rules+Out+Land+Seizures+to+Satisfy+Indian+Demands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laht.com%2Farticle.asp%3FArticleId%3D342083%26CategoryId%3D14094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2011/06/09/comuneros-mapuche-terminan-huelga-de-hambre-tras-87-dias.shtml">"Comuneros mapuche deponen huelga de hambre tras 87 días (In Spanish)"</a>. <i>Bio Bio Chile</i>. 9 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924225000/https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2011/06/09/comuneros-mapuche-terminan-huelga-de-hambre-tras-87-dias.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bio+Bio+Chile&rft.atitle=Comuneros+mapuche+deponen+huelga+de+hambre+tras+87+d%C3%ADas+%28In+Spanish%29&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biobiochile.cl%2Fnoticias%2F2011%2F06%2F09%2Fcomuneros-mapuche-terminan-huelga-de-hambre-tras-87-dias.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2011/05/25/corte-ratifica-absolucion-de-justicia-militar-en-caso-de-mapuche-condenados-por-ataque-a-fiscal.shtml">"Ratifican fallo absolutorio de Juzgado Militar en caso de mapuche condenados por ataque a fiscal (In Spanish)"</a>. <i>Bio Bio Chile</i>. 25 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924225003/https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/2011/05/25/corte-ratifica-absolucion-de-justicia-militar-en-caso-de-mapuche-condenados-por-ataque-a-fiscal.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bio+Bio+Chile&rft.atitle=Ratifican+fallo+absolutorio+de+Juzgado+Militar+en+caso+de+mapuche+condenados+por+ataque+a+fiscal+%28In+Spanish%29&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biobiochile.cl%2Fnoticias%2F2011%2F05%2F25%2Fcorte-ratifica-absolucion-de-justicia-militar-en-caso-de-mapuche-condenados-por-ataque-a-fiscal.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501793-9-marcha-por-conmemoracion-de-muerte-de-matias-catrileo-provoca-incidentes-en.shtml">Marcha por conmemoración de muerte de Matías Catrileo provoca incidentes en Santiago Centro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304134936/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501793-9-marcha-por-conmemoracion-de-muerte-de-matias-catrileo-provoca-incidentes-en.shtml">Archived</a> 4 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a></i>, 3 January 2013. Retrieved on 4 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501714-9-con-quema-de-camion-se-inicio-conmemoracion-tras-cinco-anos-de-la-muerte-de.shtml">Quema de camión en La Araucanía marca conmemoración de muerte de Matías Catrileo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104025153/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501714-9-con-quema-de-camion-se-inicio-conmemoracion-tras-cinco-anos-de-la-muerte-de.shtml">Archived</a> 4 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a></i>, 3 January 2013. Retrieved on 4 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501822-9-fiscalia-confirma-muerte-de-dos-personas-en-nuevo-atentado-incendiario-a-casa.shtml">Fiscalía confirma muerte de dos personas en nuevo atentado incendiario a casa patronal en La Araucanía</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128154309/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501822-9-fiscalia-confirma-muerte-de-dos-personas-en-nuevo-atentado-incendiario-a-casa.shtml">Archived</a> 28 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a></i>, 4 January 2013. Retrieved on 4 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PericiasEM-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PericiasEM_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PericiasEM_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PericiasEM_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pericias indican que Werner Luchsinger y Vivian MacKay murieron por acción del fuego, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">El Mercurio</a></i>, 23 March 2013. Retrieved on 4 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FamiliaLT-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FamiliaLT_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FamiliaLT_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501839-9-familia-confirma-que-los-fallecidos-en-ataque-a-casa-patronal-en-la-araucania.shtml">Familia confirma que los fallecidos en ataque a casa patronal en La Araucanía son el matrimonio Luchsinger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105083116/https://www.latercera.com/noticia/nacional/2013/01/680-501839-9-familia-confirma-que-los-fallecidos-en-ataque-a-casa-patronal-en-la-araucania.shtml">Archived</a> 5 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Tercera" title="La Tercera">La Tercera</a></i>, 4 January 2013. Retrieved on 4 April 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnncolli-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnncolli_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnncolli_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/se-aplicara-la-ley-antiterrorista-contra-los-responsables-del-atentado-en-collipulli_20130430/">"Se aplicará la Ley Antiterrorista contra los responsables del atentado en Collipulli"</a>. CNN Chile. 30 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726225900/https://www.cnnchile.com/pais/se-aplicara-la-ley-antiterrorista-contra-los-responsables-del-atentado-en-collipulli_20130430/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Se+aplicar%C3%A1+la+Ley+Antiterrorista+contra+los+responsables+del+atentado+en+Collipulli&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnchile.com%2Fpais%2Fse-aplicara-la-ley-antiterrorista-contra-los-responsables-del-atentado-en-collipulli_20130430%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/region-de-la-araucania/tren-de-carga-sufrio-descarrilamiento-en-collipulli/2013-04-30/113953.html">Tren de carga sufrió descarrilamiento en Collipulli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007052757/http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/region-de-la-araucania/tren-de-carga-sufrio-descarrilamiento-en-collipulli/2013-04-30/113953.html">Archived</a> 7 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Cooperativa" title="Radio Cooperativa">Radio Cooperativa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/al-menos-19-camiones-incendiados-biobio-y-araucania">"Al menos 23 camiones incendiados en el Biobío y La Araucanía"</a>. <i>Tele 13</i> (in Spanish). 16 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616030130/http://www.t13.cl/noticia/nacional/al-menos-19-camiones-incendiados-biobio-y-araucania">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tele+13&rft.atitle=Al+menos+23+camiones+incendiados+en+el+Biob%C3%ADo+y+La+Araucan%C3%ADa&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t13.cl%2Fnoticia%2Fnacional%2Fal-menos-19-camiones-incendiados-biobio-y-araucania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperativa.cl" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cooperativa.cl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/policial/atentados/quema-de-camiones-en-la-araucania-y-biobio-gobierno-se-querella-por/2018-02-16/135609.html">"Quema de camiones en La Araucanía y Biobío: Gobierno se querella por incendio terrorista"</a>. <i>Cooperativa.cl</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035035/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/policial/atentados/quema-de-camiones-en-la-araucania-y-biobio-gobierno-se-querella-por/2018-02-16/135609.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cooperativa.cl&rft.atitle=Quema+de+camiones+en+La+Araucan%C3%ADa+y+Biob%C3%ADo%3A+Gobierno+se+querella+por+incendio+terrorista&rft.au=Cooperativa.cl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativa.cl%2Fnoticias%2Fpais%2Fpolicial%2Fatentados%2Fquema-de-camiones-en-la-araucania-y-biobio-gobierno-se-querella-por%2F2018-02-16%2F135609.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesuitas2009" class="citation web cs1">Jesuitas, Misión Mapuche- (28 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tiruasj.blogspot.com/2009/05/noticias-de-mayo.html">"Misión Jesuita Mapuche: Noticias de Mayo..."</a> <i>Misión Jesuita Mapuche</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181015003041/http://tiruasj.blogspot.com/2009/05/noticias-de-mayo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Misi%C3%B3n+Jesuita+Mapuche&rft.atitle=Misi%C3%B3n+Jesuita+Mapuche%3A+Noticias+de+Mayo...&rft.date=2009-05-28&rft.aulast=Jesuitas&rft.aufirst=Misi%C3%B3n+Mapuche-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftiruasj.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F05%2Fnoticias-de-mayo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S.A.P-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S.A.P_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.A.P." class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S.A.P., El Mercurio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Politica/2014/10/972563/lo-que-el-estado-no-hizo-de-derecho-las-comunidades-lo-estan-haciendo-de-hecho">"Carlos Bresciani, el jefe jesuita en la zona mapuche: "Lo que el Estado no hizo de derecho, las comunidades lo están haciendo de hecho"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>LaSegunda.com</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903051820/http://www.lasegunda.com/Noticias/Politica/2014/10/972563/lo-que-el-estado-no-hizo-de-derecho-las-comunidades-lo-estan-haciendo-de-hecho">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LaSegunda.com&rft.atitle=Carlos+Bresciani%2C+el+jefe+jesuita+en+la+zona+mapuche%3A+%22Lo+que+el+Estado+no+hizo+de+derecho%2C+las+comunidades+lo+est%C3%A1n+haciendo+de+hecho%22&rft.aulast=S.A.P.&rft.aufirst=El+Mercurio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasegunda.com%2FNoticias%2FPolitica%2F2014%2F10%2F972563%2Flo-que-el-estado-no-hizo-de-derecho-las-comunidades-lo-estan-haciendo-de-hecho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapuche.info/print.php?pagina=5121">"Ñuke Mapu – Centro de Documentación Mapuche"</a>. <i>www.mapuche.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200213052034/http://www.mapuche.info/print.php?pagina=5121">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mapuche.info&rft.atitle=%C3%91uke+Mapu+%E2%80%93+Centro+de+Documentaci%C3%B3n+Mapuche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapuche.info%2Fprint.php%3Fpagina%3D5121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMapuche+conflict" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoblete2018" class="citation web cs1">Poblete, Kate Linthicum, Jorge (16 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-chile-mapuche-pope-20180116-story.html">"The long fight of the Mapuche people at times has turned violent. Pope Francis is about to get involved"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114100454/http://www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-chile-mapuche-pope-20180116-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/File:Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/120px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/180px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/240px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aillarehue" title="Aillarehue">Aillarehue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalmapu" title="Butalmapu">Butalmapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemamull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemamull">Chemamull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuel" title="Cuel">Kuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">Lonko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">Machi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_military" title="Mapuche military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mapuche_culture" title="Polygamy in Mapuche culture">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehue" title="Rehue">Rehue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruka_(house_type)" title="Ruka (house type)">Ruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Rüxafe (silverwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">Toki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmen_(Mapuche)" title="Ulmen (Mapuche)">Ulmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wampu (page does not exist)">Wampu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weichafe" title="Weichafe">Weichafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werk%C3%A9n" title="Werkén">Werkén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Wenufoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Wünelfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boroanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroanos">Boroanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cuncos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapochoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapochoes">Mapochoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promaucaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promaucaes">Promaucaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poya_people" title="Poya people">Poya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_de_Todas_las_Tierras" title="Consejo de Todas las Tierras">Consejo de Todas las Tierras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federaci%C3%B3n_Mapuche_de_Estudiantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes (page does not exist)">Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_football_team" title="Mapuche football team">Mapuche football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistencia_Ancestral_Mapuche" title="Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche">Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weich%C3%A1n_Auka_Mapu" title="Weichán Auka Mapu">Weichán Auka Mapu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">Battle of the Maule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%B3n" title="Malón">Malón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization of Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">1723 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">1766 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_a_muerte" title="Guerra a muerte">Guerra a muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_de_los_chilenos" title="Camino de los chilenos">Camino de los chilenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Desert Campaign (1833–1834)">Desert Campaign (1833–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucania_and_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">1881 uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parliaments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Paicav%C3%AD_(1612)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Paicaví (1612) (page does not exist)">Paicaví (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quillín (1641)">Quillín (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Quillín (1647) (page does not exist)">Quillín (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Boroa" title="Parliament of Boroa">Boroa (1651)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malloco" title="Parliament of Malloco">Malloco (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Negrete_(1726)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1726)">Negrete (1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Negrete_(1793)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1793)">Negrete (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Las_Canoas" title="Parliament of Las Canoas">Las Canoas (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tapihue_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Tapihue (1825)">Tapihue (1825)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tolt%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Toltén">Toltén (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Coz_Coz" title="Parliament of Coz Coz">Coz Coz (1907)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mapuche" title="Category:Mapuche">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights"><b>Indigenous rights</b></a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights"><b>Minority rights</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War conflicts in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> conflicts in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_North_America" title="List of conflicts in North America">List of conflicts in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Central_America" title="List of conflicts in Central America">List of conflicts in Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_South_America" title="List of conflicts in South America">List of conflicts in South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict (1994–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Drug_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Drug War">Mexican Drug War (2006–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War (1960–1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche conflict (1997–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru (1980–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay (2005–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapu" title="Wallmapu">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Template talk:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing_military_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ongoing military conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ongoing_armed_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing armed conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Central African Republic Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Chad_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in Chad (2016–present)">Insurgency in Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_DR_Congo_clashes" title="Western DR Congo clashes">Western DR Congo clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">ADF insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Insurgency in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Insurgency in the Sahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Niger" title="Jihadist insurgency in Niger">Jihadist insurgency in Niger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libyan Crisis (2011–present)">Libyan Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudanese nomadic conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence in South Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Western Saharan clashes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_bandit_conflict" title="Nigerian bandit conflict">Nigerian bandit conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Conflict in the Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azawad_conflict" title="Azawad conflict">Azawad conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_gang_crackdown" title="Salvadoran gang crackdown">Salvadoran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_gang_crackdown" title="Honduran gang crackdown">Honduran gang crackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war in Haiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_security_crisis" title="Ecuadorian security crisis">Ecuadorian security crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Paraguay" title="Insurgency in Paraguay">Insurgency in Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Peruvian conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%E2%80%93Taliban_conflict" title="Islamic State–Taliban conflict">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Internal conflict in Bangladesh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_drug_war" title="Bangladesh drug war">Drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Radd-ul-Fasaad" title="Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad">Insurgency in Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Sectarian violence in Pakistan">Sectarian violence in Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-<br />east</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalay_clashes" title="Kalay clashes">Kalay clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen%E2%80%93Mon_conflict" title="Karen–Mon conflict">Karen–Mon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Conflict in Rakhine State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Conflicts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraq conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Islamic State insurgency in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi–led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Iran–Israel conflict in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency">Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency_(2015%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Kurdistan Workers' Party insurgency (2015–present)">2015–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daraa_insurgency" title="Daraa insurgency">Daraa insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert_campaign_(December_2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Syrian Desert campaign (December 2017–present)">Desert campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-rebel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Inter-rebel conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rojava_conflict" title="Rojava conflict">Rojava conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Russian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian%E2%80%93Turkish_border_clashes_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian civil war">Syrian–Turkish border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Deir_ez-Zor" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor">Islamic State insurgency in Deir ez-Zor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">Georgian–Ossetian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&oldid=1256893625">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mapuche_conflict&oldid=1256893625</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mapuche_conflict" title="Category:Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_conflicts" 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