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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_Chilean_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipwreck_of_Joven_Daniel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipwreck_of_Joven_Daniel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Shipwreck of Joven Daniel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipwreck_of_Joven_Daniel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1851_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1851_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1851 revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1851_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1859_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1859_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1859 uprising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1859_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning_of_the_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_of_the_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Planning of the occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_of_the_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Occupation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Occupation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chilean_advance_to_Malleco_(1861–62)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_advance_to_Malleco_(1861–62)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chilean advance to Malleco (1861–62) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_advance_to_Malleco_(1861–62)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapuche_response_and_Chilean_coastal_advance_(1863–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuche_response_and_Chilean_coastal_advance_(1863–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mapuche response and Chilean coastal advance (1863–1868) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapuche_response_and_Chilean_coastal_advance_(1863–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Chilean_campaign_(April_1868_–_March_1869)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Chilean_campaign_(April_1868_–_March_1869)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Second Chilean campaign (April 1868 – March 1869) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Chilean_campaign_(April_1868_–_March_1869)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliaments_of_Toltén_and_Ipilco_(December_1869_–_January_1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliaments_of_Toltén_and_Ipilco_(December_1869_–_January_1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parliaments of Toltén and Ipilco (December 1869 – January 1870) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliaments_of_Toltén_and_Ipilco_(December_1869_–_January_1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declared_war_(May_1870_–_March_1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declared_war_(May_1870_–_March_1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Declared war (May 1870 – March 1871) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declared_war_(May_1870_–_March_1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Informal_truce_(1871–1881)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Informal_truce_(1871–1881)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Informal truce (1871–1881) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Informal_truce_(1871–1881)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilean_advance_to_Cautín_(1881)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_advance_to_Cautín_(1881)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Chilean advance to Cautín (1881) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_advance_to_Cautín_(1881)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapuche_uprising_of_1881"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Mapuche uprising of 1881 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapuche_uprising_of_1881-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_peripheral_areas_(1882–83)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_peripheral_areas_(1882–83)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Occupation of peripheral areas (1882–83) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_peripheral_areas_(1882–83)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chilean_and_foreign_settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_and_foreign_settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chilean and foreign settlers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_and_foreign_settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_in_Araucanía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_in_Araucanía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Education in Araucanía </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_in_Araucanía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_and_lawlessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_and_lawlessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Violence and lawlessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_and_lawlessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Occupation of Araucanía</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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hreflang="az" data-title="Araukaniyanın işğalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloubadeg_Araokania" title="Aloubadeg Araokania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aloubadeg Araokania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Ocupación de la Araucanía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación de la Araucanía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_de_l%27Araucanie" title="Occupation de l'Araucanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation de l'Araucanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_da_Araucania" title="Ocupación da Araucania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ocupación da Araucania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Pendudukan Araucanía – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendudukan Araucanía" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupazione_dell%27Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupazione dell'Araucanía – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occupazione dell'Araucanía" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="כיבוש אראוקניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיבוש אראוקניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%A7%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="アラウカニア制圧作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラウカニア制圧作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Умиротворение Араукании – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умиротворение Араукании" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araucanian_valloitus" title="Araucanian valloitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Araucanian valloitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Tolt%C3%A9n&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Toltén">Parliament of Toltén</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Incorporation of Araucanía into Chile</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg/300px-Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg/450px-Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg/600px-Fuerte_de_Pur%C3%A9n_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>View of a modern reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Fort of Purén</a> built during the occupation.</figcaption></figure> The Occupation of Araucanía or Pacification of Araucanía (1861–1883) was a series of <a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">military campaigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">agreements</a> and penetrations by the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean army">Chilean army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> into <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> territory which led to the incorporation of <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a> into Chilean national territory. Pacification of Araucanía was the expression used by the Chilean authorities for this process. The conflict was concurrent with <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Argentine campaigns against the Mapuche</a> (1878–1885) and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>'s wars <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">with Spain</a> (1865–1866) and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">with Peru and Bolivia</a> (1879–1883). The Mapuche people had a history of <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">resistance to Spanish conquest</a> with the area known as Araucanía remaining de facto independent through the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">colonial era</a>. Following Chile's <a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">War of Independence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, relations between the nascent republic and the Mapuches of Araucanía remained mostly amicable. However <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> reasons together with <a href="/wiki/Mapuche#Mapuche,_Chileans_and_the_Chilean_state" title="Mapuche">increasingly negative attitudes</a> towards the Mapuche made Chilean authorities decide to seek an incorporation of Araucanía, by force if necessary. The Mapuche chiefdoms responded in different ways, some aligned with the central government, a substantial number followed the lead of the Arribanos in violently opposing the advance of Chilean settlers and soldiers into the region, while some others opted for neutrality. For the first ten years (1861−1871), the Mapuches were unable to prevent Chile from advancing its positions but at time were able to <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">defeat in detail</a> small detachments while avoiding large battles. Hostilities were minimal in the decade that followed, this period was mostly peaceful but ended when the Mapuches were unable to militarily oppose a large Chilean army that in March 1881 penetrated from the north to <a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_River" title="Cautín River">Cautín River</a>, putting most of the territory under Chilean rule or at least occupation. In November 1881, the Mapuches made a last-ditch effort to regain control of their territory, launching <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">coordinated strikes against Chilean settlements across the region</a>. With most of these attacks repelled and Mapuche forces defeated within a matter of days, Chile went on to consolidate its conquests in the years that followed. The conflict led to the deaths of thousands of Mapuche by warfare and disease, primarily <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Many Mapuches faced hardship from the widespread pillaging of the Chilean army, <a href="/wiki/Banditry_in_Chile" title="Banditry in Chile">bandits</a> and inability to cultivate. Disruption of the Mapuche economy was further aggravated by having their lands reduced plunging many into <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> that has persisted for generations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche history</a></div> Beginning in the second half of the 18th century Mapuche-Spanish and later Mapuche-Chilean trade increased and hostilities decreased.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa45-46-1">[1]</a> Mapuches obtained <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> from Chile and some dressed in "Spanish" clothing.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa154-2">[2]</a> Despite close contacts Chileans and Mapuches remained socially, politically and economically distinct.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa154-2">[2]</a> During Chile's first fifty years of independence (1810–1860) the government's relationship with the Araucanía territory was not a priority and the Chilean government prioritized the development of <a href="/wiki/Zona_Central,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Zona Central, Chile">Central Chile</a> over its relationship with indigenous groups.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa162-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa151-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a> stated: <blockquote>Between two Chilean provinces (<a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>) there is a piece of land that is not a province, its language is different, it is inhabited by other people and it can still be said that it is not part of Chile. Yes, Chile is the name of the country over where its flag waves and its laws are obeyed.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_Chilean_agriculture">Expansion of Chilean agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Expansion of Chilean agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wheat_cycle" title="Chilean wheat cycle">Chilean wheat cycle</a></div> The Chilean agricultural sector was badly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Chilean War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa155-6">[6]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a> that began in 1832, agriculture expanded in the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico,_Chile" title="Norte Chico, Chile">Norte Chico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa155-6">[6]</a> The next major expansion of agricultural activity occurred from 1848 onwards as a result of wheat demand during the colonization of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa155-6">[6]</a> Despite the eventual vanishing of the Californian and Australian markets, wheat cultivation remained highly profitable.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa155-6">[6]</a> In the 1850s, with the <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Valdivia,_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_sheep_farming_boom" title="Patagonian sheep farming boom">onset of sheep farming</a> in the Chilean territory at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>, Araucanía remained the sole place for agriculture to expand.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa156-7">[7]</a> Mapuche lands around the south of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADo-B%C3%ADo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bío-Bío River">Bío-Bío River</a> began to be bought by non-Mapuches in the late 18th century, and by 1860 land between Bío-Bío and <a href="/wiki/Malleco_River" title="Malleco River">Malleco River</a> was mostly under control of Chileans.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa156-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa157-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chilean_wheat_cycle" title="Chilean wheat cycle">Chilean wheat boom</a> increased pressure to acquire lands in Araucanía by Chileans and led to numerous scams and frauds against Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHL-9">[9]</a> A limited number of <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculators</a> obtained control over vast lands through frauds and maintained control over their assets with the aid of gunmen.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHLestafas-10">[10]</a> A contrast appeared: while the Chilean economy had a booming agricultural sector, a large part of the Mapuche economy revolved around livestock operations in one of the largest territories any indigenous group had ever possessed in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa45-46-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipwreck_of_Joven_Daniel">Shipwreck of Joven Daniel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shipwreck of Joven Daniel">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monvoisin,_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg/200px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg/300px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg/400px-Monvoisin%2C_Raymond_-_Naufragio_del_Joven_Daniel_-f02_det.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="3992" /></a><figcaption>Painting showing <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bravo" title="Elisa Bravo">Elisa Bravo Jaramillo</a> who was said to have survived the wreck of <a href="/wiki/Joven_Daniel" title="Joven Daniel">Joven Daniel</a> to be then kidnapped by Mapuches.</figcaption></figure> In 1849 a ship travelling between <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joven_Daniel" title="Joven Daniel">Joven Daniel</a>, was wrecked at the coast between the mouths of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_River_(Chile)" title="Imperial River (Chile)">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A9n_River" title="Toltén River">Toltén River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-396-11">[11]</a> The shipwreck was looted by a local Mapuche tribe and some of the survivors were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-396-11">[11]</a> These events became first known in Valdivia and later in Santiago where they fuelled a strong anti-Mapuche sentiment and reaffirmed prejudiced views that the Mapuches were brutal barbarians.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-396-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa163-165-12">[12]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bulnes" title="Manuel Bulnes">Manuel Bulnes</a>'s opposition called for a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> and Mapuches prepared for a confrontation with the Chilean Army.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-396-11">[11]</a> Bulnes however dismissed the calls for a punitive expedition in view of its irrelevance to the eventual conquest of Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-396-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1851_revolution">1851 revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1851 revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1851_Chilean_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Chilean Revolution">1851 Chilean Revolution</a></div> When Chilean liberals began the <a href="/wiki/1851_Chilean_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Chilean Revolution">1851 Revolution</a> Mapuche chief <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1il" title="Mañil">Mañil</a> joined the rebel army and fought with <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_la_Cruz" title="José María de la Cruz">José María de la Cruz</a>'s army against the troops of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bulnes" title="Manuel Bulnes">Manuel Bulnes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loncomilla" title="Battle of Loncomilla">Battle of Loncomilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa163-165-12">[12]</a> After defeat at Loncomilla Mañil returned south.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa163-165-12">[12]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">José Bengoa</a> Mapuches saw the government in Santiago as their main enemy, explaining thus the participation of Mapuches on the side of José María de la Cruz <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>-based revolt.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa163-165-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1859_uprising">1859 uprising</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1859 uprising">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1859">Revolution of 1859</a></div> The encroachment over time of settlers advancing from the north across Bío Bío River into Mapuche territory and the appearance of <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Valdivia,_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">German settlers</a> in the south of the Mapuche territory led chief Mañil in 1859 to call for an uprising to assert control over the territory.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa166-170-13">[13]</a> Most Mapuches responded to the call, except the communities at <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chol_Chol_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chol Chol River">Choll Choll</a>, and the southern coastal Mapuches who had strong links with <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa166-170-13">[13]</a> The towns of <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negrete" title="Negrete">Negrete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nacimiento,_Chile" title="Nacimiento, Chile">Nacimiento</a> were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa166-170-13">[13]</a> A peace proposal made by settlers was accepted in 1860 during a meeting of several Mapuche chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa166-170-13">[13]</a> The agreement established that land transfers could only be made with the approval of the chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa166-170-13">[13]</a> The 1859 uprising reinforced the Chilean view of Mapuches as a dangerous threat to the emerging settlements in Araucanía and influenced public opinion in Chile to push for the complete incorporation of Araucanía into Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando398-402-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-MemCHLdebate-15">[15]</a> These events contributed to the Chilean authorities' decision of occupying Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa166-170-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_of_the_occupation">Planning of the occupation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Planning of the occupation">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez_2.jpg/200px-Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez_2.jpg/300px-Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a>, the planner and military leader of the occupation until 1871.</figcaption></figure> In 1823, Chilean minister <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Ega%C3%B1a" title="Mariano Egaña">Mariano Egaña</a> had a project approved by Congress to colonize the territory between <a href="/wiki/Imperial_River_(Chile)" title="Imperial River (Chile)">Imperial River</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ADo_B%C3%ADo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bío Bío River">Bío Bío River</a>, establishing a series of forts on the northern shores of Imperial and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caut%C3%ADn_Rivers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cautín Rivers (page does not exist)">Cautín Rivers</a> in the middle of Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-387-16">[16]</a> Chilean president <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Freire" title="Ramón Freire">Ramón Freire</a> adopted the project initially but was later convinced to focus instead on the expulsion of the Spanish from <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, leaving the Araucanía issue pending.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando386-387-16">[16]</a> In 1849, Chilean minister <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Varas" title="Antonio Varas">Antonio Varas</a> delivered a report to the Chilean congress analyzing the situation in Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa162-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando389-391-17">[17]</a> In his report, Varas recommended that a government regime distinct from the rest of the country should be designed for an eventual incorporation of Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando389-391-17">[17]</a> Varas expressed the view that the eventual mission was to be to <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilize</a> the indigenous inhabitants by increasing their material standard of living and "raise their spirit to the moral and religious truths".<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando389-391-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Montt" title="Manuel Montt">Manuel Montt</a>, as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President of Chile</a>, passed a law on December 7 of 1852 that created the province of Arauco, a territory intended to administer all territories south of the Bío-Bío River and north of Valdivia Province.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando398-402-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Villalobos575-581-18">[18]</a> In a letter to Manuel Montt Mapuche chief <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1il" title="Mañil">Mañil</a> denounced the plunder of graves in search of <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Mapuche silver</a>, arson of <a href="/wiki/Ruka_(Mapuche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruka (Mapuche)">Mapuche houses</a> and other abuses against Mapuches that were happening in the newly created province. Mañil further accused intendant Villalón con Salbo of becoming rich by <a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">cattle theft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The final planning of the occupation of Araucanía can be largely attributed to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Villalobos575-581-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa170-174-20">[20]</a> The plan outlined by Saavedra envisaged a state-led colonization influenced by the developments of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">United States frontier</a> in sharp contrast to the old private enterprise-led Spanish colonization of Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa170-174-20">[20]</a> The plan included the following points:<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando405-419-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa170-174-20">[20]</a> <ol><li>The advancement of the Chilean Army to <a href="/wiki/Malleco_River" title="Malleco River">Malleco River</a> and the establishment there of a defensive line.</li> <li>The subdivision of state land in plots and transfer of state titles of land in the territory between Malleco and Bío Bío River to privates.</li> <li>The colonization of Araucanía by Chilean and foreign settlers, gathering foreign settlers of different nationalities in particular locations to ease their assimilation.</li> <li>Indigenous peoples were to "enter into reduction and civilization".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupation">Occupation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occupation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg/280px-Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg/420px-Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg/560px-Change_of_Chile_frontier_border_in_the_Occupation_of_the_Araucan%C3%ADa_-_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the "old" and the "new" frontier established by 1870</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_advance_to_Malleco_(1861–62)">Chilean advance to Malleco (1861–62)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chilean advance to Malleco (1861–62)">edit</a>]</div> In 1861 <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a> ordered major <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lagos" title="Pedro Lagos">Pedro Lagos</a> to advance into the confluence of <a href="/wiki/Mulch%C3%A9n_River" title="Mulchén River">Mulchén River</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bureo_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureo River">Bureo River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando426-22">[22]</a> A small fort was erected at the site between December 1861 and May 1862 after the local Mapuche chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Nampai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Nampai (page does not exist)">Manuel Nampai</a> handed over the land. From this fort the town of <a href="/wiki/Mulch%C3%A9n" title="Mulchén">Mulchén</a> grew.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando426-22">[22]</a> Following a custom inherited from colonial times, Saavedra assigned salaries to friendly Mapuche chiefs in zones of Mulchén.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando427-428-23">[23]</a> Cornelio Saavedra attempted to pressure the Chilean government to approve his plans by presenting his renounce in December 1861 and again in February 1862.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando425-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando429-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa189-192-26">[26]</a> In 1862 Saavedra advanced with a group of 800 soldiers into the remnants of the town of <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> while other troops reinforced the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Los_%C3%81ngeles,_B%C3%ADo_B%C3%ADo" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Ángeles, Bío Bío">Los Ángeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negrete" title="Negrete">Negrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacimiento,_Chile" title="Nacimiento, Chile">Nacimiento</a> and Mulchén. An eventual defense of <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9n" title="Purén">Purén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara,_Chile" title="Santa Bárbara, Chile">Santa Bárbara</a> was to be made by groups of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando431-432-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapuche_response_and_Chilean_coastal_advance_(1863–1868)">Mapuche response and Chilean coastal advance (1863–1868)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mapuche response and Chilean coastal advance (1863–1868)">edit</a>]</div> Saavedra retired from the army in January 1864 after political pressures from the ministers of President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_P%C3%A9rez" title="José Joaquín Pérez">José Joaquín Pérez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando437-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a> between Spain and an alliance between Chile and Peru made the government call Saavedra into the army again in 1866 in order to defend the coast of Araucanía against possible Spanish attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando441-29">[29]</a> Saavedra ordered a fort to be constructed in the coast between <a href="/wiki/Lebu,_Chile" title="Lebu, Chile">Lebu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_River_(Chile)" title="Imperial River (Chile)">Imperial River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando441-29">[29]</a> The government also granted Saavedra three steam ships to <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scout</a> the coast.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando442-30">[30]</a> In December 1866 the coastal locality of <a href="/wiki/Queule" title="Queule">Queule</a> was occupied by Chilean troops.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando442-30">[30]</a> In response to the Chilean advances, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arribanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arribanos (page does not exist)">Arribanos</a> decided to go to war while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lafquenche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lafquenche (page does not exist)">Lafquenches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Budi_Lake" title="Budi Lake">Budi Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A9n" title="Toltén">Toltén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queule" title="Queule">Queule</a> had a meeting where they declared themselves neutral in the conflict but still loyal to the Chilean government.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa189-192-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pehuenches" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenches">Pehuenches</a> did also declare themselves neutral.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa189-192-26">[26]</a> The Pehuenche chief Pichiñán is reported to have spoken against the <a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluches</a>, who wanted war, claiming that they engaged in robbery and received for that just punishments by Chileans.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa189-192-26">[26]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">José Bengoa</a> claims Pehuenche neutrality was indebted to the fact that their lands in the Andes were not subject to colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa189-192-26">[26]</a> Nevertheless, the Pehuenches ended up aiding the Arribanos by providing access to cattle from the <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">Pampas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lobos2017-31">[31]</a> In 1867 Saavedra called the Mapuches to a "parliament" where he informed them of the Chilean decision of fortifying the Malleco River line.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa197-32">[32]</a> The parliament was attended by around thousand <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abajinos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abajinos (page does not exist)">Abajinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuevaraT-33">[33]</a> The Arribanos gathered around 2000 men near the parliament but refused to attend unless the Chileans sent some men as <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuevaraT-33">[33]</a> Despite this incident the a parliament was held the next day.<a href="#cite_note-GuevaraT-33">[33]</a> Mapuches are reported to have been infuriated when they discovered the plans of Saavedra and that Mapuche chief Nahueltripai had allowed the Chileans to establish forts in his lands.<a href="#cite_note-GuevaraT-33">[33]</a> These events lead to the formation of an alliance between the northern Abajinos and the Arribanos.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa197-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Chilean_campaign_(April_1868_–_March_1869)">Second Chilean campaign (April 1868 – March 1869)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Chilean campaign (April 1868 – March 1869)">edit</a>]</div> As the Mapuches prepared for war many moved their families to safe sites south of <a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_River" title="Cautín River">Cautín River</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio_de_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="El Mercurio de Valparaíso">El Mercurio de Valparaíso</a>) or to <a href="/wiki/Lonquimay" title="Lonquimay">Lonquimay</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/El_Ferrocarril" title="El Ferrocarril">El Ferrocarril</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa205-207-34">[34]</a> The Abajino chiefs Catrileo and Pinolevi who had close ties with the Chilean government refused to join the Abajino-Arribano alliance and were in 1868 killed in a <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%B3n" title="Malón">malón</a> directed at them.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa201-203-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acci%C3%B3n_de_Quecherehuas_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of infantry about to face a cavalry charge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Quecherehuas_1868.jpg/220px-Acci%C3%B3n_de_Quecherehuas_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Quecherehuas_1868.jpg/330px-Acci%C3%B3n_de_Quecherehuas_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Quecherehuas_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the Mapuche <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalry charge">cavalry charge</a> at Quecherehuas.</figcaption></figure> In 1868 the Arribano chief <a href="/wiki/Quilap%C3%A1n" title="Quilapán">Quilapán</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1il" title="Mañil">Mañil</a>, attacked a Chilean outpost at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chihuaihue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chihuaihue (page does not exist)">Chihuaihue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa205-207-34">[34]</a> A group of Chileans led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lagos" title="Pedro Lagos">Pedro Lagos</a> came under attack while moving to <a href="/wiki/Quechereguas" title="Quechereguas">Quechereguas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa205-207-34">[34]</a> Yet another party of Mapuches defeated a Chilean Army group killing 23 of 28 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa205-207-34">[34]</a> In response to the initial failure commandant José Manuel Pinto launched a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> strategy in Mapuche lands in the summer of 1869.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa205-207-34">[34]</a> In these incursions by the Chilean Armies houses and crop fields were looted and more than 2 million livestock animals stolen from Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHLSegunda-36">[36]</a> Part of the Mapuche civil population, including women and children, were either killed or held captive.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHLSegunda-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa208-37">[37]</a> In addition to the pillaging by the Chilean Army, bandits looted Mapuche property with consent of Chilean authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa217-38">[38]</a> The Mapuches refused to engage in battles allowing the Chilean armies cross all over their territory.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa222-39">[39]</a> The differences in war materiel between Mapuches and the Chilean Army was huge, while Chileans used <a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">repeating rifles</a> Mapuches had few firearms and used <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHLSegunda-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa213-40">[40]</a> The war provoked a famine among Mapuches in the winter of 1869, with the situation being worsened by a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa224-41">[41]</a> Some Mapuches sold their few remaining livestock and <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silver_finery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche silver finery">their silver adornments</a> in the towns of <a href="/wiki/La_Frontera,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="La Frontera, Chile">La Frontera</a> to obtain food.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa224-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliaments_of_Toltén_and_Ipilco_(December_1869_–_January_1870)">Parliaments of Toltén and Ipilco (December 1869 – January 1870)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parliaments of Toltén and Ipilco (December 1869 – January 1870)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/300px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/450px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG/600px-Ocupacion_de_la_Araucan%C3%ADa_1869.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez</a> in a meeting with some of the main <a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">lonkos</a> of Araucania in 1869</figcaption></figure> In late 1869 and early 1870 Saavedra arranged two parliaments; one at Toltén and another at Ipinco.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa227-230-42">[42]</a> At Toltén Saavedra attempted to make agreements with the southern chiefs in order to isolate Quilapán. The chiefs attending the meeting could not agree on whether Saavedra should be allowed to establish a town in southern Araucanía or not.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa227-230-42">[42]</a> At Toltén Mapuche chiefs revealed to Saavedra that <a href="/wiki/Or%C3%A9lie-Antoine_de_Tounens" title="Orélie-Antoine de Tounens">Orélie-Antoine de Tounens</a> was once again at Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa227-230-42">[42]</a> Upon hearing that his presence in Araucanía had been revealed Orélie-Antoine de Tounens fled to Argentina, having however promised <a href="/wiki/Quilap%C3%A1n" title="Quilapán">Quilapán</a> to obtain arms.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa227-230-42">[42]</a> There are some reports that a shipment of arms seized by Argentine authorities at Buenos Aires in 1871 were ordered by Orélie-Antoine de Tounens.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa187-43">[43]</a> A French battleship, d'Entrecasteaux, that anchored in 1870 at <a href="/wiki/Corral,_Chile" title="Corral, Chile">Corral</a> drew suspicions from Saavedra of some sort of French interference.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa227-230-42">[42]</a> Accordingly, there may have been substance to these fears as information given to <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%B3n_Cifuentes" title="Abdón Cifuentes">Abdón Cifuentes</a> in 1870 an intervention in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia</a> against Chile was discussed in <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s Conseil d'État.<a href="#cite_note-Cayuqueo-44">[44]</a> At the parliament of Ipinco the Abajinos rejected all the points proposed by Saavedra. The parliament did nevertheless serve to weaken the Abajino–Arribano alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa227-230-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declared_war_(May_1870_–_March_1871)">Declared war (May 1870 – March 1871)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Declared war (May 1870 – March 1871)">edit</a>]</div> In 1870 the Chilean Army resumed its operations against the Mapuches. José Manuel Pinto formally declared war to the Mapuches on behalf of Chile in May 1870.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa238-45">[45]</a> In the 1870-1871 period the Mapuches tended to evacuate their families in advance prior to the arrivals of the looting Chilean Army.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa240-46">[46]</a> During the winter of 1870 the Chilean Army continued to burn <a href="/wiki/Ruka_(Mapuche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruka (Mapuche)">rukas</a> and steal livestock.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa240-46">[46]</a> These inconclusive operations were subject of ridicule in some Santiago newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa240-46">[46]</a> Despite this the situation of many Mapuche worsened; newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Meteoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Meteoro (page does not exist)">El Meteoro</a> reported scarcity of food, livestock numbers had declined and harvest or sowing had not been possible for many Mapuches for almost three years.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa242-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mel%C3%ADn" title="Domingo Melín">Domingo Melín</a>, who went on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Quilap%C3%A1n" title="Quilapán">Quilapán</a>, sought unsuccessfully in 1870 a peace agreement with Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa243-246-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonco_Kilapan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lonco_Kilapan.jpg/200px-Lonco_Kilapan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lonco_Kilapan.jpg/300px-Lonco_Kilapan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lonco_Kilapan.jpg/400px-Lonco_Kilapan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Quilap%C3%A1n" title="Quilapán">Quilapán</a> c. 1870.</figcaption></figure> In the summer of 1871 Quilapán amassed an army that included reinforcement of Mapuches coming from Argentina and launched a campaign against the fortified Malleco Line and the settlers around it.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa243-246-48">[48]</a> This attack was repulsed by the Chilean Army whose cavalry had recently changed its <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifles</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_repeating_rifle" title="Spencer repeating rifle">Spencer repeating rifle</a> giving them a distinct advantage against the Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa243-246-48">[48]</a> Quilapán sent a letter in March 1871 to <a href="/wiki/Orozimbo_Barbosa" title="Orozimbo Barbosa">Orozimbo Barbosa</a> seeking for a peace agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa243-246-48">[48]</a> No agreement took place but hostilities ceased for 10 years (1871–1881).<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa247-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa249-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra</a> renounced to the command of the Army of Operations of Araucanía (Ejército de Operaciones en la Araucanía) in 1871 due to political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-ejercitosaavedra-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Informal_truce_(1871–1881)">Informal truce (1871–1881)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Informal truce (1871–1881)">edit</a>]</div> During the period following the war of 1871 Mapuches in the Chilean occupied parts suffered many abuses and even murder by settlers and Chilean military.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa269-270-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa271-272-53">[53]</a> Mapuches noticed the shrinking of Chilean garrisons as Chile sent troops northwards to fight Peru and Bolivia during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–1883). The apparent weakening of Chilean military presence in Araucanía and the many abuses caused the Mapuches to start planning rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa269-270-52">[52]</a> A case of horse theft in 1880 caused chief <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mel%C3%ADn" title="Domingo Melín">Domingo Melín</a> to be escorted by Chilean troops to <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a> in order to stand trial. Before reaching Angol Domingo Melín and some of his relatives were <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">killed</a> by the Chilean military.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa271-272-53">[53]</a> The Mapuches responded to this by attacking the fort and village of <a href="/wiki/Traigu%C3%A9n" title="Traiguén">Traiguén</a> in September 1880.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa271-272-53">[53]</a> Almost thousand warriors participated in the retribution, evidence that according to <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">José Bengoa</a> the Mapuches had been preparing for war.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa271-272-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">campaigns of the Argentine Army</a> against the Mapuches in the other side of the Andes pushed in 1880 many Mapuches into Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa273-274-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenche</a> chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purr%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purrán (page does not exist)">Purrán</a> was taken prisoner by the Argentine Army and the Argentine Army penetrated in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Lonquimay" title="Lonquimay">Lonquimay</a> which Chile considered part of its legal territory.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa273-274-54">[54]</a> The fast Argentine advance alarmed Chilean authorities and contributed to the Chilean-Mapuche confrontations of 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa273-274-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_advance_to_Cautín_(1881)">Chilean advance to Cautín (1881)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chilean advance to Cautín (1881)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru" title="Chilean occupation of Peru">Chilean occupation of Peru</a></div> In January 1881 the Mapuches of the <a href="/wiki/Malleco_Province" title="Malleco Province">Malleco zone</a> rose against the Chilean occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa273-274-54">[54]</a> The town and forts of <a href="/wiki/Traigu%C3%A9n" title="Traiguén">Traiguén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumaco" title="Lumaco">Lumaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collipulli" title="Collipulli">Collipulli</a> were attacked.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-55">[55]</a> Having decisively defeated Peru in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">battles of Chorrillos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miraflores" title="Battle of Miraflores">Miraflores</a> in January 1881 Chilean authorities turned their attention to Araucanía seeking to defend the previous advances that had been so difficult to establish.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferrando547-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-57">[57]</a> The idea was not only to defend forts and settlements but also to advance the frontier all the way from <a href="/wiki/Malleco_River" title="Malleco River">Malleco River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_River" title="Cautín River">Cautín River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa275-276-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-57">[57]</a> Interior minister <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Recabarren" title="Manuel Recabarren">Manuel Recabarren</a> was appointed by president <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADbal_Pinto" title="Aníbal Pinto">Aníbal Pinto</a> to oversee the process from the town of <a href="/wiki/Angol" title="Angol">Angol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando547-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa277-278-57">[57]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Urrutia" title="Gregorio Urrutia">Gregorio Urrutia</a> was summoned from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Chilean-occupied Lima</a> to Araucanía to take charge of the Army of the South.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando547-56">[56]</a> On March 28 Gregorio Urrutia founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Chile" title="Victoria, Chile">Victoria</a> at the shores of Traiguén River.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando548-58">[58]</a> Recabarren personally led a large <a href="/wiki/Column_(formation)" title="Column (formation)">column</a> that established the forts of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quillem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quillem (page does not exist)">Quillem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lautaro,_Chile" title="Lautaro, Chile">Lautaro</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pillalelb%C3%BAn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pillalelbún (page does not exist)">Pillalelbún</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa280-281-59">[59]</a> In this last place Recabarren was approached by some Mapuche chiefs who asked him to not advance beyond Cautín River.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa280-281-59">[59]</a> Recabarren answered by telling them that the whole territory was being occupied.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa280-281-59">[59]</a> At the founding of Temuco in the northern shores of Cautín River Recabarren met chief <a href="/wiki/Venacio_Co%C3%B1oep%C3%A1n" title="Venacio Coñoepán">Venacio Coñoepán</a> and other chiefs from Choll-Choll who asked him to not advance further.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa280-281-59">[59]</a> With the Chilean advance to Cautín River a small mountain range called Cadena de Ñielol remained a focus of Mapuche resistance from where warriors conducted pillaging raids or attacks against vulnerable targets.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando550-551-60">[60]</a> To end this activity Gregorio Urrutia established a fort in the range.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando550-551-60">[60]</a> Initially Mapuches offered little resistance to Chilean advance to Cautín River.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa280-281-59">[59]</a> Recabarren believed that Mapuches had not reacted because they expected the foundation of new forts and towns to be preceded by parliaments with Chilean authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa280-281-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Araucan%C3%ADa_Comunas_-_Fecha_de_Fundaci%C3%B3n_o_de_Organizaci%C3%B3n.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Araucan%C3%ADa_Comunas_-_Fecha_de_Fundaci%C3%B3n_o_de_Organizaci%C3%B3n.png/220px-Araucan%C3%ADa_Comunas_-_Fecha_de_Fundaci%C3%B3n_o_de_Organizaci%C3%B3n.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Araucan%C3%ADa_Comunas_-_Fecha_de_Fundaci%C3%B3n_o_de_Organizaci%C3%B3n.png/330px-Araucan%C3%ADa_Comunas_-_Fecha_de_Fundaci%C3%B3n_o_de_Organizaci%C3%B3n.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Araucan%C3%ADa_Comunas_-_Fecha_de_Fundaci%C3%B3n_o_de_Organizaci%C3%B3n.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Communes grouped by dates in which they were founded, 19th century communes were founded as forts. And those of <a href="/wiki/Curarrehue" title="Curarrehue">Curarrehue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_Schmidt,_Chile" title="Teodoro Schmidt, Chile">Teodoro Schmidt</a> were organized from previous populations as late as 1981.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapuche_uprising_of_1881">Mapuche uprising of 1881</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mapuche uprising of 1881">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">Mapuche uprising of 1881</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mapuche uprising of 1881</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>November 3, 1881 – November 12, 1881</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Araucanía</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Chilean victory <ul><li>Most Mapuche attacks repelled</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Imperial" title="Nueva Imperial">Nueva Imperial</a> destroyed</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Mapuche rebels</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile"><img alt="Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Republic of Chile</a></li> <li>Mapuche allies</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marileo_Colip%C3%AD" title="Luis Marileo Colipí">Luis Marileo Colipí</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millap%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Millapán (page does not exist)">Millapán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91anco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ñanco">Ñanco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esteban_Romero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esteban Romero (page does not exist)">Esteban Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancamilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancamilla (page does not exist)">Ancamilla</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Urrutia" title="Gregorio Urrutia">Gregorio Urrutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venacio_Co%C3%B1oep%C3%A1n" title="Venacio Coñoepán">Venacio Coñoepán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>700+ dead*</li> <li>300+ wounded*</li> <li>c. 400 dead or wounded#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>*Between November 3 and 9</li> <li>#November 10 at <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> A wave of Mapuche attacks began in late February 1881, just a few days after the founding of <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a> in the middle of Mapuche territory.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa286-61">[61]</a> The first major attack was against a caravan of carts carrying injured soldiers from Temuco to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuerte_%C3%91ielol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuerte Ñielol (page does not exist)">Fuerte Ñielol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa286-61">[61]</a> The whole escort of over 40 soldiers and the 96 injured and sick soldiers were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa287-62">[62]</a> In response to these attacks <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Urrutia" title="Gregorio Urrutia">Gregorio Urrutia</a> launched an attack on the Mapuche warriors of Cadena Ñielol burning in his way over 500 <a href="/wiki/Ruka_(Mapuche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruka (Mapuche)">rukas</a> and captured over 800 cattle and horses.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa290-63">[63]</a> On the other side of the Andes <a href="/wiki/Pehuenche" title="Pehuenche">Pehuenches</a> assaulted on March the Argentine outpost of <a href="/wiki/Chos_Malal" title="Chos Malal">Chos Malal</a> killing the whole garrison of 25-30 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa293-64">[64]</a> In mid-March Mapuche chiefs met to discuss the situation. They rejected the establishment of new Chilean settlements and decided to go to war.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa287-62">[62]</a> They set 5 November as the date for their uprising.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa298-65">[65]</a> A group of Arribanos attacked by mistake on wrong date, November 3, the fort of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quillem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quillem (page does not exist)">Quillem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa298-65">[65]</a> This attack put on alert all Chilean garrisons in Araucanía, settlers took refuge in the forts.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa298-65">[65]</a> On November 5 Mapuches unsuccessfully attacked <a href="/wiki/Lumaco" title="Lumaco">Lumaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Saavedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Saavedra">Puerto Saavedra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A9n" title="Toltén">Toltén</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando552-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa297-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa300-68">[68]</a> Around <a href="/wiki/Tir%C3%BAa" title="Tirúa">Tirúa</a> Costino warriors suffered heavy casualties in two engagements with a group of more than 400 armed settlers, <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">campesinos</a> and some soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa310-311-69">[69]</a> Only <a href="/wiki/Carahue" title="Carahue">Imperial</a> was effectively overrun.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa300-68">[68]</a> The most important engagements were held at the fort of Ñielol and <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a> located at the heart of Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa313-70">[70]</a> In these localities revolting Mapuches were unsuccessful in dislodging Chileans and their allies from fortified positions.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa313-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa321-71">[71]</a> The uprising was not unanimous as a number of Mapuche leaders and communities sided with Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa300-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bengoa313-70">[70]</a> After defeat uprising Mapuche chiefs were severely punished. The <a href="/wiki/Ruka_(Mapuche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruka (Mapuche)">rukas</a> of Ancamilla and other revolting chiefs were razed.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando555-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_peripheral_areas_(1882–83)">Occupation of peripheral areas (1882–83)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Occupation of peripheral areas (1882–83)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg/300px-Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg/450px-Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg/600px-Tropas_de_Cornelio_Saavedra_en_la_Araucan%C3%ADa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Chilean army during the Occupation of Araucanía.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Saavedra_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez">Cornelio Saavedra</a> had considered the ability to cross the Andes one of the Mapuche's principal military strengths. To block Mapuches from freely crossing the Andes and to assert sovereignty over the Andean valleys several expeditions were organized in the summer of 1882.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa323-324-73">[73]</a> One expedition founded the fort of <a href="/wiki/Nitrito" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrito">Nitrito</a> in the Andean <a href="/wiki/Lonquimay" title="Lonquimay">valley of Lonquimay</a>, another founded <a href="/wiki/Cunco,_Chile" title="Cunco, Chile">Cunco</a> near <a href="/wiki/Llaima" title="Llaima">Llaima Volcano</a> and yet another expedition founded <a href="/wiki/Curacaut%C3%ADn" title="Curacautín">Curacautín</a> in the upper course of <a href="/wiki/Caut%C3%ADn_River" title="Cautín River">Cautín River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa323-324-73">[73]</a> On January 1, 1883, Chile re-founded the old city of <a href="/wiki/Villarrica,_Chile" title="Villarrica, Chile">Villarrica</a> ending thus formally the process of occupation of Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-MemCHL-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-PintoR194-74">[74]</a> Six months later, on June 1, president <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Domingo Santa María">Domingo Santa María</a> declared:<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando583-75">[75]</a><blockquote>The country has with satisfaction seen the problem of the reduction of the whole Araucanía solved. This event, so important to our social and political life, and so significant for the future of the republic, has ended, happily and with costly and painful sacrifices. Today the whole Araucanía is subjugated, more than to the material forces, to the moral and civilizing force of the republic...</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG/250px-Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG/375px-Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG/500px-Carta_de_colonizaci%C3%B3n_1916.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="2738" /></a><figcaption>Map of land ownership in western Araucanía in 1916.</figcaption></figure> Historian Ward Churchill has claimed that the Mapuche population dropped from a total of half a million to 25,000 within a generation as result of the occupation and its associated disease and famine.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The conquest of Araucanía caused numerous Mapuches to be displaced and forced to roam in search of shelter and food.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa232-233-77">[77]</a> Some Chilean forts responded by providing food rations.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa232-233-77">[77]</a> Until around 1900 the Chilean state provided almost 10,000 food rations monthly to displaced Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa232-233-77">[77]</a> Mapuche poverty was recurring theme in Chilean Army <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a> from the 1880s to around 1900.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa232-233-77">[77]</a> The Chilean government confined the Mapuche to nearly three thousand reductions (called "títulos de merced"), comprising 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> of land.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa313-70">[70]</a> The forts established in coast became nuclei for the formation of new towns.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando447-78">[78]</a> In the years following the occupation the economy of Araucanía changed from being based on sheep and cattle herding to one based on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">wood extraction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto-79">[79]</a> The loss of land by Mapuches following the occupation caused severe <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> since Mapuches continued to practise a massive livestock herding in limited areas.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa262-263-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_and_foreign_settlers">Chilean and foreign settlers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chilean and foreign settlers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg/250px-FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg/375px-FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/FamigliaCastagnaColoniCapitanPastene1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Photo of an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chilean">Italian immigrant</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Capit%C3%A1n_Pastene" title="Capitán Pastene">Capitán Pastene</a>, Araucanía.</figcaption></figure> When the territory of Araucanía was subdued the Chilean government issued calls for immigration in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR225-81">[81]</a> Some Chilean intellectuals had by 1883 became critical of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Valdivia,_Osorno_and_Llanquihue" title="German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue">German settlers in Southern Chile</a>. Chilean minister <a href="/wiki/Luis_Aldunate" title="Luis Aldunate">Luis Aldunate</a> considered that Germans integrated poorly and that the country should avoid "exclusive and dominant races to monopolize the colonization".<a href="#cite_note-cayuq200-243-82">[82]</a> For this reason after the Occupation of Araucanía was accomplished settlers of nationalities other than Germans were preferred in colonization programs.<a href="#cite_note-cayuq200-243-82">[82]</a> The most numerous groups of settlers were the <a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italians</a> who settled mainly around <a href="/wiki/Lumaco" title="Lumaco">Lumaco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> who colonized <a href="/wiki/Traigu%C3%A9n" title="Traiguén">Traiguén</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer">Boers</a> who settled mainly around <a href="/wiki/Freire,_Chile" title="Freire, Chile">Freire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitrufqu%C3%A9n" title="Pitrufquén">Pitrufquén</a>. Other settler nationalities included <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">Englishmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French people</a> and Germans.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR225-81">[81]</a> There are estimates that by 1886 there were 3,501 foreign settlers in Araucanía, another investigation points out that 5,657 foreign settlers arrived to Araucanía in the 1883–90 period.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR225-81">[81]</a> According to Chile's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agencia_General_de_Colonizaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agencia General de Colonización (page does not exist)">Agencia General de Colonización</a> in the 1882-1897 period German settlers made up only 6% of the foreign immigrants that arrived to Chile, ranking behind those of Spanish, French, Italian, Swiss and English origin.<a href="#cite_note-cayuq200-244-83">[83]</a> At first Chilean settlers arrived to Araucanía by their own initiative. Later the government begun to stimulate the settlement of Chileans in Araucanía. Chilean settlers were mostly poor and largely remained so in their new lands.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR217-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_in_Araucanía">Education in Araucanía</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education in Araucanía">edit</a>]</div> In 1858 there were 22 public schools in the province of Arauco. This number increased as with each new town established in Araucanía a school was built.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR203-85">[85]</a> Public education definitely overshadowed the older and tiny missionary school system in Araucanía during the conquest.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR203-85">[85]</a> During the conquest many Mapuche chiefs were forced to send their sons to study in <a href="/wiki/Chill%C3%A1n" title="Chillán">Chillán</a> or <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR205-86">[86]</a> In 1888 the provinces first <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Temuco" title="Temuco">Temuco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR204-87">[87]</a> Scholar Pablo Miramán claims the introduction of state education had detrimental effects on traditional Mapuche education in Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR205-86">[86]</a> The sons of Mapuche chiefs were the key targets of public education.<a href="#cite_note-PintoR205-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_and_lawlessness">Violence and lawlessness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Violence and lawlessness">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Banditry_in_Chile" title="Banditry in Chile">Banditry in Chile</a></div> After the Mapuche resistance had been crushed Araucanía suffered a sudden rise in violence and continued to be an insecure zone for many years.<a href="#cite_note-cadiz-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">Assaults</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> were common.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando620-89">[89]</a> Because of this until the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a> and other firearms were common in the households of Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Ferrando620-89">[89]</a> In 1896 a police force called Cuerpo de Gendarmes de las Colonias was created to improve law and order in the provinces of Arauco, Malleco, Cautín, Valdivia, Llanquihue and Chiloé.<a href="#cite_note-carab-90">[90]</a> This institution was until 1905 led by captain <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Trizano" title="Hernán Trizano">Hernán Trizano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carab-90">[90]</a> Later Cuerpo de Gendarmes de las Colonias would be fused with other policing bodies to form <a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Carabineros de Chile</a>, Chile's current national police force.<a href="#cite_note-carab-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_analysis">Military analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Military analysis">edit</a>]</div> The Mapuche had prior to the 19th century been able to adapt to Spanish warfare. However the 19th century Mapuche proved unable to keep up the Chilean Army's modernization and change in tactics. The Chilean Army benefited greatly from the advances of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a>, as it incorporated <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, new types of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>, rifles and revolvers.<a href="#cite_note-cayuqueoH2-46-91">[91]</a> Machine guns were incorporated to the Chilean Army in the 1870s and by 1879 Chile had fourteen.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-CayH2-45-93">[93]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> the Chilean Army had equipped itself with the most modern weaponry available in Europe and standardised ammunitions.<a href="#cite_note-CayH2-45-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-cayuqueoH2-46-91">[91]</a> Chile also improved its logistics with the use of <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a> in the rivers of Araucanía from the 1860s onward.<a href="#cite_note-CayH2-26-94">[94]</a> The expansion of railroads in the 1870s also helped Chilean logistics and communications making it possible for authorities in Santiago to quickly send reinforcements to Araucanía.<a href="#cite_note-Lobos2017-31">[31]</a> Mapuche's had historically few firearms but were able to deal with gunpowder armed enemies whose <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">rate of fire</a> was low. The usual tactic was to await <a href="/wiki/Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">volley fire</a> and then rush before enemies were able to recharge.<a href="#cite_note-cayuqueoH2-46-91">[91]</a> Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Quilap%C3%A1n" title="Quilapán">Quilapán</a>'s tactics in the 1860s and 1870s reveal they were similar to the ones employed by <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a> in the 1550s.<a href="#cite_note-Lobos2017-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-cayuqueoH2-46-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> An example of the technological changes favouring the Chilean Army was when Quilapán's warriors attack on Chilean cavalry on January 25, 1871. In this confrontation mounted Mapuche warriors were armed with <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolas" title="Bolas">bolas</a> as they assaulted Chilean cavalry that had recently changed its <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_rifle" title="Minié rifle">Minié rifles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spencer_repeating_rifle" title="Spencer repeating rifle">Spencer repeating rifles</a>. Mapuches panicked as they did not expect a second round of shots, and casualties among them were high.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa243-246-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CayH2-42-96">[96]</a> Despite the success of some Mapuches to arm themselves with firearms there was usually a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Another factor was the lack of a cooperative defense against Chilean advances among the Mapuche tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Lobos2017-31">[31]</a> Many Mapuche only reacted once Chilean advance reached their territory, for example the Abajinos.<a href="#cite_note-Lobos2017-31">[31]</a> In contrast, 17th century Mapuches who successfully repelled repeated Spanish invasions had a "supra-local level of military solidarity" despite lacking state organization.<a href="#cite_note-Dillehay2007p337-338-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucanization">Araucanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucania_and_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX (Seventh ed.). <a href="/wiki/LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM Ediciones</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-282-232-X" title="Special:BookSources/956-282-232-X"><bdi>956-282-232-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+pueblo+mapuche%3A+Siglos+XIX+y+XX&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=LOM+Ediciones&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=956-282-232-X&rft.aulast=Bengoa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Araucan%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayuqueo2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cayuqueo" title="Pedro Cayuqueo">Cayuqueo, Pedro</a> (2020). Historia secreta mapuche 2. Santiago de Chile: <a href="/wiki/Catalonia_(publisher)" title="Catalonia (publisher)">Catalonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-324-783-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-324-783-1"><bdi>978-956-324-783-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+secreta+mapuche+2&rft.place=Santiago+de+Chile&rft.pub=Catalonia&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-956-324-783-1&rft.aulast=Cayuqueo&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Araucan%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillehay2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Dillehay" title="Tom Dillehay">Dillehay, Tom</a> (2007). Monuments, empires, and resistance: The Araucanian polity and ritual narratives. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-110-7407-74-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-110-7407-74-9"><bdi>978-110-7407-74-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments%2C+empires%2C+and+resistance%3A+The+Araucanian+polity+and+ritual+narratives&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-110-7407-74-9&rft.aulast=Dillehay&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Araucan%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrando_Kaun1986" class="citation book cs1">Ferrando Kaun, Ricardo (1986). Y así nació La Frontera... (Second ed.). Editorial Antártica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-7019-83-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-7019-83-0"><bdi>978-956-7019-83-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Y+as%C3%AD+naci%C3%B3+La+Frontera...&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Editorial+Ant%C3%A1rtica&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-956-7019-83-0&rft.aulast=Ferrando+Kaun&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Araucan%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto_Rodríguez2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Pinto_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Jorge Pinto Rodríguez">Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge</a> (2003). La formación del Estado y la nacion, y el pueblo mapuche (Second ed.). Ediciones de la Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-244-156-3" title="Special:BookSources/956-244-156-3"><bdi>956-244-156-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+formaci%C3%B3n+del+Estado+y+la+nacion%2C+y+el+pueblo+mapuche&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Ediciones+de+la+Direcci%C3%B3n+de+Bibliotecas%2C+Archivos+y+Museos&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=956-244-156-3&rft.aulast=Pinto+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Araucan%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillalobos_R.Silva_G.Silva_V.Estelle_M.1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Villalobos" title="Sergio Villalobos">Villalobos R., Sergio</a>; Silva G., Osvaldo; Silva V., Fernando; Estelle M., Patricio (1974). Historia de Chile (1995 ed.). Editorial Universitaria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-11-1163-2" title="Special:BookSources/956-11-1163-2"><bdi>956-11-1163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Chile&rft.edition=1995&rft.pub=Editorial+Universitaria&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=956-11-1163-2&rft.aulast=Villalobos+R.&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Silva+G.%2C+Osvaldo&rft.au=Silva+V.%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Estelle+M.%2C+Patricio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccupation+of+Araucan%C3%ADa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mapuche" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mapuche" title="Template:Mapuche"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mapuche" title="Template talk:Mapuche"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mapuche" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mapuche"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mapuche" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapudungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun language">Mapudungun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mapudungun_placenames" title="List of Mapudungun placenames">Placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsesung%C3%BAn_dialect" title="Tsesungún dialect">Tsesungún</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/120px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/180px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg/240px-Ancient_mapuche_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aillarehue" title="Aillarehue">Aillarehue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalmapu" title="Butalmapu">Butalmapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemamull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemamull">Chemamull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuel" title="Cuel">Kuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonko" title="Lonko">Lonko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">Machi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_military" title="Mapuche military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mapuche_culture" title="Polygamy in Mapuche culture">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehue" title="Rehue">Rehue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruka_(house_type)" title="Ruka (house type)">Ruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_silverwork" title="Mapuche silverwork">Rüxafe (silverwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">Toki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmen_(Mapuche)" title="Ulmen (Mapuche)">Ulmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wampu (page does not exist)">Wampu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weichafe" title="Weichafe">Weichafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werk%C3%A9n" title="Werkén">Werkén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Wenufoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Wünelfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boroanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroanos">Boroanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cuncos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapochoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapochoes">Mapochoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promaucaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promaucaes">Promaucaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poya_people" title="Poya people">Poya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consejo_de_Todas_las_Tierras" title="Consejo de Todas las Tierras">Consejo de Todas las Tierras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Arauco-Malleco" title="Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco">Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federaci%C3%B3n_Mapuche_de_Estudiantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes (page does not exist)">Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_football_team" title="Mapuche football team">Mapuche football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistencia_Ancestral_Mapuche" title="Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche">Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weich%C3%A1n_Auka_Mapu" title="Weichán Auka Mapu">Weichán Auka Mapu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">Battle of the Maule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%B3n" title="Malón">Malón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization of Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">1723 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">1766 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerra_a_muerte" title="Guerra a muerte">Guerra a muerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_de_los_chilenos" title="Camino de los chilenos">Camino de los chilenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Desert Campaign (1833–1834)">Desert Campaign (1833–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucania_and_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">1881 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parliaments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Paicav%C3%AD_(1612)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Paicaví (1612) (page does not exist)">Paicaví (1612)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quillín (1641)">Quillín (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1647)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parliament of Quillín (1647) (page does not exist)">Quillín (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Boroa" title="Parliament of Boroa">Boroa (1651)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malloco" title="Parliament of Malloco">Malloco (1671)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Negrete_(1726)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1726)">Negrete (1726)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Negrete_(1793)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1793)">Negrete (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Las_Canoas" title="Parliament of Las Canoas">Las Canoas (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tapihue_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Tapihue (1825)">Tapihue (1825)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tolt%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Toltén">Toltén (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Coz_Coz" title="Parliament of Coz Coz">Coz Coz (1907)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mapuche" title="Category:Mapuche">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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